GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE

JAGDALPUR, BASTAR (C.G.)-494005

LAB RECORD
OF
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING LAB
300229 (37)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

NAME OF STUDENT

SEMESTER

BATCH

ROLL NO.

ACADEMIC SESSION
 LABARATORY CLASSES - INSTRUCTIONS
TO STUDENTS

1. Students must attend the lab classes with ID cards and in the prescribed
uniform.
2. Boys-shirts tucked in and wearing closed leather shoes. Girls’ students
with cut shoes, overcoat, and plait incite the coat. Girls’ students
should not wear loose garments.
3. Students must check if the components, instruments and machinery are
in working condition before setting up the experiment.
4. Power supply to the experimental set up/ equipment/ machine must be
switched on only after the faculty checks and gives approval for doing
the experiment. Students must start to the experiment. Students must
start doing the experiments only after getting permissions from the
faculty.
5. Any damage to any of the equipment/instrument/machine caused due to
carelessness, the cost will be fully recovered from the individual (or)
group of students.
6. Students may contact the lab in charge immediately for any unexpected
incidents and emergency.
7. The apparatus used for the experiments must be cleaned and returned to
the technicians, safely without any damage.
8. Make sure, while leaving the lab after the stipulated time, that all
the power connections are switched off.
 Index
Sr.
Name Of Experiment Date Signature Remark
No.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING LAB

1th SEM. MECHANICAL

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

SL. PAGE
NAME OF EXPERIMENTS
NO. NO.
1 To verify law of triangle of forces. 01

2 To verify the Law of Polygon of forces. 04

To determine the support reaction of a simply supported beam, subjected

3 to point loads. 07

To find the co-efficient of static friction between the following block and
wooden plane-1.Wooden block.2.Block with Glass surface.3.Block with
4 sun mica surface 10

To study the jib crane and to determine the forces in the member of jib
5
crane. 19

To study the Single Purchase Winch Crab and to draw the following
diagrams-1.Load – effort diagram2.Load – Ideal effort diagram3.Load –
efficiency diagram.Also state the law of machine determines the maximum
efficiency of the machine.
6 27

To study the Double Purchases winch Crab and to draw the following
diagrams.1.Load – effort diagram 2.Load – Ideal effort diagram 3.Load –
efficiency diagram Also state the law of machine determines the maximum
efficiency of the machine.
7 33

8 To determine the stiffness of a helical compression spring 36

 To verify the law of lever, in the case of-(a) Simple lever (b) Compound
9 lever. 38

To study the Simple Screw Jack and draw the following diagrams- Load –
effort diagram 2.Load – Ideal effort diagram 3.Load – efficiency diagram
Also state the law of machine determines the maximum efficiency of the

machine.

10 40
 EXPERIMENT NO :- 1
OBJECT-

To verifies the Law of Triangular forces.

THEORY-

If a number of co-planer forces acting at a point are in equilibrium, they can present by the
side of a triangle taken in order.

APPARATUS-

The apparatus consists of awoken boarded fixed vertically on a wall and provided with two
frictionless pulleys corner. Three rings passing through the pulleys are tied to a common
circular ring. At the end of the strings hanger are proved for the weight.

PROCEDURE-

1) Fix a small drawing sheet with the help of drawing pins.

2) Put the different weight in all the three hangers.
3) Wait for equilibrium position of system.
4) Trace two or more points below each string with the help of mirror and pencil.
5) Remove the weights.
6) Repeat the experiments for different weights.
7) Draw vector diagram.
OBSERVATIONS TABLE-

SL. Weight W1 Weight W2 Weight W3 Result (Error in

NO. (gram.) (gram.) (gram.) gram)
1
2
3
4
5

PRECAUTIONS-

1)
2)
3)

DISCUSSION-

1) What is the law of triangular forces?

2) Define the following term-Resultant force, closing error.

*************
 EXPERIMENT NO- 02

OBJECT: -

To verify the law of polygon of forces.

THEORY: -

If a number of coplanar forces, acting at a point are in equilibrium, then they can be
represented by the sides of a polygon taken in order.

APPARATUS: -

The apparatus used for the experiment is called ‘Force Table’. It consists of a
circular aluminium plate graduated in degrees all round the periphery to determine
the directions of forces. The table, as shown in figure, can be levelled by means of
three leveling screws. There are five movable jaws which can be fixed at any
position on the graduated circular plate. A knob is fixed at the centre of the plate. A
circular ring is kept over the knob. Five string pass over the jaws and one end of
each string is tied to the ring and the other end is tied to a weight hanger. When
five forces are in equilibrium then the knob is in the centre of the ring i.e. the ring is
equidistant from the knob.

Figure: -
PROCEDURE:-

1. Fix one of the jaws at zero degree.

2. Put different weights to all the hangers.
3. Adjust the position of the remaining four jaws such that the ring is in
equilibrium.
4. Note down the angular positions and magnitude of the weights.
5. Change the weights on the hangers and angular positions of jaws except
the jaw fixed at zero degree.
6. Repeat the experiment.
7. Take at least five readings.
8. Report the observations on the following table.
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS: - 5gms = 1 cm

Readings Set 1 Set 2 Set 3 Set 4 Set 5

Force F1
Magnitude = ------------
Angular position = 0
Angle Ф ……………….

Force F2
Magnitude = ------------
Angular position = 0
Angle α ……………….

Force F3
Magnitude = ------------
Angular position = 0
Angle β ……………….

Force F4
Magnitude = ------------
Angular position = 0
Angle γ……………….

Force F5
Magnitude = ------------
Angular position = 0
Angle θ ……………….

RESULTS:-

Measure the closing error in each case.

DISCUSSIONS:-

1. What is the law of parallelogram of forces?

2. What is the law of triangle of forces?
3. Are the forces co-planer and concurrent?
4. What does the closing error indicate?
5. Why polygons are not closed when the force system are in equilibrium?

*******
 EXPEREMENT NO-03

OBJECT-
To determine the support reaction of a simply supported beam, subjected to point loads.
APPARATUS-
It consists of beam simply supported at the ends on two-spring balance. It has two hooks
can moved along the beam. Through these two hooks can be applied to the beam. Spring
measure the support reaction.

SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM

THEORY-

A simply supported beam is that which is supported by a hinge.

RA + RB = W1 + W2 + W3 -------------- (1)
Taking moment about the hinged join A.
We have-
RB = W1.a + W2.b ----------------------- (2) l
Calculating value of RB from equation (2) and subtracting in equation (1) both the reaction

can be calculation.

PROCEDURE-

1. Taking the initial reading of the spring balance S1 and S2.

2. Measure the length of the beam.
3. Put the some known weight on the load hanger attached to the hooks.
 4. Note down distance a and b and reading of the spring balance.
5. Change the distance a and b repeat the experiment for various distances.

OBERVATION AND CALCULATION-

1. Length of beam L =--------------cms.

2. Initial reading (I.R.) of spring balance-

S1 = ----gms.

S2 = ----gms.
 Sr. Load W1 Load Distance Reading of spring Reading of spring

No. W2 a b Balance Balance

S1 S2

Sl. By Experimental Value By Experimental % Error in RA= % Error in RB

Calculation of Reaction Calculation Value of

No (Exp.val-cal.val) (Exp.val-cal.val)
Reaction Reaction
RB= S2-I.R. Reaction X100 X100
RB =
RA= S1-I.R
RA = Exp.val Exp.val
W1.a+W1.b W1+W2- RB

3
4

RESULT-
Compare the experimental and analytical value of supports reaction and find out the
percentage error.
% Error in RA =
% Error in RB =

PRECAUTIONS-
1)
2)
3)

DISCUSSION-
1. What is the support reaction in the case of beam?
2. Draw the bending moment and shear force diagram.
3. State type of reaction and give their usage.

************
 EXPEREMENT NO-04

OBJECT-
To find the co-efficient of static friction between the following block and wooden plane-
1. Wooden block.
2. Block with Glass surface.
3. Block with sun mica surface

THEORY-
Let two surface are in contact. Some one attempts to move surface with respect to the other,
then tangential force called friction force are developed between the contact surface which
appose the motion of one body with the other. In the limiting condition this frictional forces
bears a constant ratio with the normal reaction. This constant ratio is termed as coefficient
of friction. The coefficient of friction is independent of the extent of areas of the contact
surfaces but depends upon the materials and the nature (roughness or smoothness) of the
surfaces in the contact.

APPARATUS-

The apparatus consists of a wooden plane, which is hinged at end and supported near to the
other end. A frictionless pulley is attached at the free end. The wooden plane is kept on the
inclined position with the help of the support. The angle of inclined can be varied and can
be read on the scale provided.
 PROCEDURE-

1. Weight and note down the weight of each block in grams.

2. Adjust the inclination of wooden plane at an angle say 15 0 with horizontal and note
down the angle.
3. Put the block on the inclined plane.
4. Attached one end of the given string to the block kept on the inclined plane and other
end to the pan.
5. Put some weight from the weight box in the pan and knock it slightly, continue
adding weight in the pan until the block is in the condition of impending motion 9 i.e.
block just about to start) up the plane.
6. Note down the weights on the pan.
7. Adjust the inclination of the plane to 200 and 250.
8. Repeat the above experiment for glass and wooden block.

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONS-

Weight of the pan = ----------------

Sl. Material Angle of Weight Tangential force Coefficient Average

No. of block inclination of block including weight of friction
W (gm) of pan (gm) μ μ
0
1 15
2 Wood 200
3 250
1 150
2 Glass 200
3 250
1 150
2 Sun mica 200
3 250

μ = (p-sinθ) / (Wcosθ)

RESULT-
1. μ Between Wood and Wood = -------------------------------------------------------
2. μ Between Wood and Glass = --------------------------------------------------------
 3. μ Between wood and Sun Mica = ---------------------------------------------------

PRECAUTIONS-
1. The weight should be added in the pan until the block is just about to start.

DISCUSSION-

1) What is the difference between static and dynamic friction?

2) Define angle of friction and angle of repose?
3) Why is the coefficient of kinetic friction is less than the coefficient of static
friction?
4) State the law of friction.
5) Compare the experimental value of μ with its standard value for all the cases.

************
 EXPEREMENT NO-05

OBJECT-

To study the jib crane and to determine the forces in the member of jib crane.

THEORY-

According two the law of triangle of forces, a point will be in equilibrium under the action
of three forces if-
1) Forces are concurrent and coplanar.
2) These three forces can be represented in magnitude and direction by three sides of a
triangle taken in order.

JIB CRANE
As per sine rule of triangles or triangles law of forces.

T/PQ = C/RQ = W/PR

Therefore

T = PQ/PR x W

C = RQ/PR x W

PROCEDURE-

1) Fix the chain PQ to the hook of the vertical member.

2) Put some weight on hanger.
3) Measure length PR, RQ, and PQ.
4) Note the readings of the spring balance T and C.
5) Change the weights on hanger and again note the value of T and C.
6) Change the distance PR and repeat the experiment for two times more.

OBERVATIONS-

1) Initial reading of spring balance in chain =

2) Initial reading of spring balance in beam =
 S. W PR PQ RQ Tens- Compres- Graphical Graphical Differe- Differe-
No (Kg) (cm) (cm) (cm) ion sion C value of T value of C nce in nce in
T (kg) (kg)=(PQ/P (kg)=(RQ/PR) T (kg) C (kg)
(kg) R) xW xW
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3

Draw the free body diagram of point Q and force triangle for the several of W and measure
T and C. compare the graphical values of T and C with the experimental value and find out
the difference.

RESULT-
Law of triangle of forces is verified and corresponding error are shown in table.

PRECAUTIONS-

2) Zero error of spring balance should be subtracted from the corresponding value of
compression and tension.
3) Whole apparatus should be stationary and the weight hanger should not swing.

DISCUSSIONS-

1) What is the maximum value of difference between the graphical and experimental
value of T and C and what would be the main reasons for this high error?

*********
 EXPERIMENT NO-06

OBJECT-

To study the Single Purchase Winch Crab and to draw the following diagrams-

1) Load – effort diagram

2) Load – Ideal effort diagram
3) Load – efficiency diagram
Also state the law of machine determines the maximum efficiency of the machine.

SINGLE PURCHASE WINCH CRAB

THEORY-

The Single Purchase Winch Crab is a simple lifting machine in which a large load W
can be lifted by a small effort P.
The velocity ratio (v) is given by
V = (T2 x R) / (T1 x r)
Where T1 T2 are the Nos. of teeth on pinion and gear respectively.
R is the radius of the effort wheel and r is radius of load axle (mm).
Efficiency η = W/(P x V)
Where P is the effort required to lift the load W.
The ideal effort (pi) is calculated by
Pi = W / V
And the maximum efficiency is given by
ηmax = 1 / (m x v)
The law of machine is
P = mW + C
Where m is the slope of the load – effort line
C is the intercept of the load – effort line on y – axis.

PROCEDURE-

1) Count the No. of teeth on pinion (T1).

2) Count the No. of teeth on gear (T2).
3) Measure the circumference of the effort wheel.
4) Measure the circumference of the load axle.
5) Note the weight of the pan attached to the effort wheel string.
6) Note the weight of the hanger on the load axle string.
 7) Put some weight on the hanger to lift the load.
8) Note down the value of the load and effort including hanger.
9) Change the load and repeat the experiment. Take at least five readings.

OBSERVATION-

1) No. of teeth on the pinion (T1) = ------------------------------------------------

2) No. of teeth on the gear (T2) = -------------------------------------------------------
3) Circumference of the effort wheel (2 W R) = --------------------------------------
4) Circumference of the load axle (2лR) = --------------------------------------------
5) Weight of the effort hanger = --------------------------------------------------------
6) Weight of the load hanger = ----------------------------------------------------------

SL. Load Effort Ideal effort pi Mechanical Efficiency

NO. including including = W/V (gm) advantage = η = (W/PV) x
hanger (W) the hanger W/P 100 %
(gm) (p) (gm)
1
2
3
4
5

CALCULATION-

1) Calculate the radius of the effort wheel.

R = Circumference / 2л
2) Calculate the radius of load axle.
r = circumference / 2л
3) Calculate velocity ratio
V = (T2 x R) / (T1 x r)
4) Calculate the ideal effort (pi) and the efficiency for all the loads and complete the
table.
5) Draw the required diagram.
6) Calculate the slope (m) of load – effort diagram, m =
7) Calculate the maximum efficiency ηmax = 1/ (mv)
8) Measure C from the load – effort diagram.
9) Write the law of machine P = mW + C
The law of machine relating the effort and load is a straight line and is expressed
as
 P = mW + C
Where P = effort (gram)
W = load (gram)
C = Intercept on the effort axis (from the graph)
m = Slope of the load vs effort line
= (P2 – p1) / (W2 – W1)
ηmax = 1 /mV = ------

RESULT-

Velocity ratio = --------------------------------------------

The law of machine p = m W + C = ---------W + --------------
Maximum efficiency, ηmax = (1/mV) x 100 = ------------------- %

PRECAUTIONS-

1) Put the weight on the pan carefully.

2) Increase the weight gradually.

DISCUSSION-

1) What is the use of law of machine?

2) How will you reduce the effort required to lift a particular load?
3) Define the following terms – Mechanical advantages, Velocity ratio, ideal effort,
ideal load reversibility of machine?

*************
 EXPEREMENT NO-O7

OBJECT-

To study the Double Purchases winch Crab and to draw the following diagrams.
1) Load – effort diagram
2) Load – Ideal effort diagram
3) Load – efficiency diagram
Also state the law of machine determines the maximum efficiency of the machine.

DOUBLE PURCHASES WINCH CRAB

APPARATUS-

Double purchase winch crab consists of two pairs of gears. These two pairs of gears
enhance the velocity ratio considerably. This is used to lift loads through large distances.

THEORY-

Double purchase winch crab is a lifting machine, which is a modification in the single
purchase winch crab to increase the velocity by adding one more pair of gears. The V.R. is
given by-
V = (T4 /T3) x (T2/T1) x (R/r)
Where, T1 and T3 are the numbers of teeth on pinions and T2 and T4 are the numbers of
teeth on gears.
R and r are the radius of effort wheel and load drum respectively,

The efficiency of the machine is given by

η = W / (P x V)

PROCEDURE-

1) Count the number of teeth on gears and pinions.

2) Measure the circumference of load axle and effort wheel.
3) Put some known weight on the load hanger.
4) Determine the effort at effort pan so that load starts moving up.
5) Repeat the experiment for various loads.

OBERVATION AND CALCULATION-

 Number of teeth on pinion, T1 =
Number of teeth on gear, T2 =
Number of teeth on pinion, T3 =
Number of teeth on gear, T4 =
Circumferences of load axle (2лr) =
r =
Circumference of effort wheel (2лR) =
R=
Plot the required diagrams and calculate slope pf load effort line m = --------------

The law of machine relating the effort and load is a straight line is expressed as –
P = mW = C
Where p = effort (gm)
W= load (gm)
C = Intercept on the effort axis (from the graph)
m = slope of the load Vs effort line
= (P2 – P1) / (W2 – W1)

The efficiency of the machine is given by

η = W / (P x V)

And the maximum efficiency is given by

ηmax = 1 / (m x v)

SL. Load Effort Ideal effort pi Mechanical Efficiency

NO. including including the = W/V (gm) advantage = η = (W/PV) x
hanger (W) hanger W/P 100 %
(gm) (p) (gm)
1
2
3
4
5

RESULT-

Velocity ratio = --------------------------------------------

The law of machine p = m W + C = ---------W + --------------
 Maximum efficiency, ηmax = (1/mV) x 100 = ------------------- %

PRECAUTIONS-

1) Circumference should be measured very carefully.

2) The weight should be put gradually on effort pan.
3) The weight of hanger and pan should be taken into account.

DISCUSSION-

1) In what way higher velocity ratio helps?

2) Why efficiency is increasing with load?
3) What is the use of law of machine?

************
 EXPERIMENT NO- 08

OBJECT-
To determine the stiffness of a helical compression spring

HELICAL COMPRESSION SPRING

THEORY-
The stiffness of a spring is defined, as the load required producing unit deflection. Within
the elastic limit of the material of the spring. The load is found to be proportional to the
deflection. The unit of stiffness of spring is N/m in SI system. The stiffness of spring is also
called spring constant.
PROCEDURE-

The deflection of the given helical spring is measured by a vernier. Calculate the least count
of the vernier scale. Note the weight of the hanger. Add some weight to the hanger and
measure the deflection by vernier scale. Go on adding more weight on the hanger and
measure the deflection every time. Now reduce the weight one by one in the same order and
again the deflection. Take at least six readings.

OBSERVATIONS TABLE-

Least count of the venier =

Weight of the hanger =

SL. Load Deflection of Deflection of Average Stiffness

No. Including spring (mm) spring (mm) deflection (Wx9.81)/δ
Hanger (kg) Load Load δ (mm) (N/mm)
increasing decreasing
1
2
3
4
5

CALCULATION-

1) Calculate e the average deflection.

 2) Calculate the stiffness by dividing the load W with average deflection δ for each
reading.
3) Calculate the average stiffness of the spring.
4) Plot the graph between the load W and the deflection δ taking them on Y and X- axis
respectively.
5) Determine the average stiffness from the graph.
6) Compare the stiffness value obtained by calculation and that obtained by graph.

RESULT-
The average value of the stiffness of the helical spring is –
By calculation =
By graph =

DISCUSSION-

1) Compare the two values of stiffness and plot out the reasons for the difference?
2) What are the various types of spring and where they are used?
3) What is the significance of knowing the spring constant?
4) How can you increase or decrease the stiffness of a spring?
5) How will you determine the least count of the vernier scale provided?

*************
 EXPERIMENT NO : - 09
OBJECT: -

To verify the law of lever, in the case of-(a) Simple lever (b) Compound lever.

APPARATES: -

Levers of both types, weight box and a scale.

THEORY: -

Lever is a simple machine. It’s a straight or bent rod pivoted in between and is used to
obtain the mechanical advantage. Lever AC has fulcrum at B. the effort P is applied at C
and load is lifted at end A. The compound lever has more than one fulcrum i.e B & G in fig.
Taking moments about the fulcrum B, In case of simple lever, we have
P×BC = W× AB

OR =

Proceeding over similar lines, we can write the ratio of load to effort in case of compound
lever as –

=
PROCEDURE:-

1) Note down the zero error of spring balance.

2) The position of hook and measure AB and BC.
3) Put the weight hanger on the hook and note down the corresponding reading of spring
balance.
4) Add some known weight on the weight hanger and record the corresponding spring
balance reading.
5) Repeat the experiments in the other loads.
 6) Change the position of the hook and repeat the experiment.
7) For compound lever repeat the experiment for various positions of weight hanger and
loads.
8) Measure distances BD, BC, AG, and GF.

OBSERVATION TABLE:-

SIMPLE LEVER
Zero error of spring balance = --- kg
Distance AB = --- cm

S. No. Reading Weight Distance Ratio Ratio % error

of spring including BC W/P
balance hanger (cm) (q)
W (gm) and hook
(p)
P (gm)

RESULTS:-
Law of leverage i.e. ‘moment of load about fulcrum point is equal to the moment
of effort about the same point ’ is verified.

PRECAUTIONS:-

1)
2)
3)

DISCUSSIONS:-
 1) What is bell crank lever?
2) Give the examples of simple lever and the compound lever in use.

EXPEREMENT NO-10

OBJECT-

To study the Simple Screw Jack and draw the following diagrams-
1. Load – effort diagram
2. Load – Ideal effort diagram
3. Load – efficiency diagram
Also state the law of machine determines the maximum efficiency of the machine.
 SIMPLE SCREW JACK

APPARATUS-

The simple screw jack consists of a screw, which is free to rotate in a nut and effort wheel
is fixed to this screw at the top. Nut is fixed with the body. A string is wrapped around the
head of screw rod and one end of the string is attached to the effort pan.

THEORY-

The velocity ratio (V.R.) of any lifting machine is given as-

V.R. =Distance traveled by the effort / Distance traveled by the load
In case of simple screw jack-
V.R. = (2лl) /p
L = Length of handle
P = pitch of the screw

Mechanical advantage is given by

M.A. = W / P
W = Load lifted
P = effort applied
PROCEDURE-

1. Determine the pitch of the screw thread.

2. Measure the circumference of the effort wheel or head.
3. Put some known weight on the head of the screw and find out the corresponding
effort required to lift the load by adding the weight on the effort pan.
4. Repeat the experiment for at lest five of load.

OBERVATION AND CALCULATION-

1. Circumference of effort wheel (2лr) = ----------------------------------------------

2. Hence the diameter of effort wheel = -----------------------------------------------
3. Length of handle = l =-----------------------------------------------------------------
4. Velocity ratio (V.R.) = (2лl) /p = ----------------------------------------------------
 SL. Load Effort Ideal effort pi Mechanical Efficiency
NO. including including = W/V (gm) advantage = η = (W/PV) x
hanger (W) the hanger W/P 100 %
(gm) (p) (gm)
1
2
3
4
5

The law of machine relating the effort and load is a straight line and is expressed as-

P = m. W + C
Where P = effort (kg)
W = load
C = Intercept on the effort axis (from the graph)
m = Slope of the load Vs effort line

= (P2 –P1) / (W2 –W1)

ηmax = 1 / (m x v)

RESULT-

Velocity ratio = --------------------------------------------

The law of machine p = m W + C = ---------W + --------------
Maximum efficiency, ηmax = (1/mV) x 100 = ------------------- %

PRECAUTIONS-

1. String should be inflexible.

2. Weight should be added gradually.
3. Jack should be properly lubricant.
DISCUSSION-

1. Why the machine is called simple screw jack?

2. Where this screw jack is used?
3. What are the advantages of irreversible machine?
4. Explain the pitch and lead of screw.

************