Assignment No 1- ML

October 8, 2024

1 #Predict the price of the Uber ride from a given pickup point
to the agreed drop-off location. Perform following tasks:
1. Pre-process the dataset.
2. Identify outliers.
3. Check the correlation.
4. Implement linear regression and random forest regression models.
5. Evaluate the models and compare their respective scores like R2, RMSE, etc. Dataset link:
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/yasserh/uber-fares-dataset

[11]: #Importing the required libraries

import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import seaborn as sns
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

[12]: #importing the dataset

df = pd.read_csv("/home/pc13/Downloads/uber.csv")

1.1 1. Pre-process the dataset.

[4]: df.head()

[4]: Unnamed: 0 key fare_amount \

0 24238194 2015-05-07 19:52:06.0000003 7.5
1 27835199 2009-07-17 20:04:56.0000002 7.7
2 44984355 2009-08-24 21:45:00.00000061 12.9
3 25894730 2009-06-26 08:22:21.0000001 5.3
4 17610152 2014-08-28 17:47:00.000000188 16.0

pickup_datetime pickup_longitude pickup_latitude \

0 2015-05-07 19:52:06 UTC -73.999817 40.738354
1 2009-07-17 20:04:56 UTC -73.994355 40.728225
2 2009-08-24 21:45:00 UTC -74.005043 40.740770
3 2009-06-26 08:22:21 UTC -73.976124 40.790844
4 2014-08-28 17:47:00 UTC -73.925023 40.744085

1
 dropoff_longitude dropoff_latitude passenger_count
0 -73.999512 40.723217 1
1 -73.994710 40.750325 1
2 -73.962565 40.772647 1
3 -73.965316 40.803349 3
4 -73.973082 40.761247 5

[5]: df.info() #To get the required information of the dataset

<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
RangeIndex: 200000 entries, 0 to 199999
Data columns (total 9 columns):
# Column Non-Null Count Dtype
--- ------ -------------- -----
0 Unnamed: 0 200000 non-null int64
1 key 200000 non-null object
2 fare_amount 200000 non-null float64
3 pickup_datetime 200000 non-null object
4 pickup_longitude 200000 non-null float64
5 pickup_latitude 200000 non-null float64
6 dropoff_longitude 199999 non-null float64
7 dropoff_latitude 199999 non-null float64
8 passenger_count 200000 non-null int64
dtypes: float64(5), int64(2), object(2)
memory usage: 13.7+ MB

[6]: df.columns #TO get number of columns in the dataset

[6]: Index(['Unnamed: 0', 'key', 'fare_amount', 'pickup_datetime',

'pickup_longitude', 'pickup_latitude', 'dropoff_longitude',
'dropoff_latitude', 'passenger_count'],
dtype='object')

[7]: df = df.drop(['Unnamed: 0', 'key'], axis= 1) #To drop unnamed column as it␣
↪isn't required

[8]: df.head()

[8]: fare_amount pickup_datetime pickup_longitude pickup_latitude \

0 7.5 2015-05-07 19:52:06 UTC -73.999817 40.738354
1 7.7 2009-07-17 20:04:56 UTC -73.994355 40.728225
2 12.9 2009-08-24 21:45:00 UTC -74.005043 40.740770
3 5.3 2009-06-26 08:22:21 UTC -73.976124 40.790844
4 16.0 2014-08-28 17:47:00 UTC -73.925023 40.744085

dropoff_longitude dropoff_latitude passenger_count

0 -73.999512 40.723217 1

2
 1 -73.994710 40.750325 1
2 -73.962565 40.772647 1
3 -73.965316 40.803349 3
4 -73.973082 40.761247 5

[9]: df.shape #To get the total (Rows,Columns)

[9]: (200000, 7)

[10]: df.dtypes #To get the type of each column

[10]: fare_amount float64

pickup_datetime object
pickup_longitude float64
pickup_latitude float64
dropoff_longitude float64
dropoff_latitude float64
passenger_count int64
dtype: object

[ ]: df.info()

<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
RangeIndex: 200000 entries, 0 to 199999
Data columns (total 7 columns):
# Column Non-Null Count Dtype
--- ------ -------------- -----
0 fare_amount 200000 non-null float64
1 pickup_datetime 200000 non-null object
2 pickup_longitude 200000 non-null float64
3 pickup_latitude 200000 non-null float64
4 dropoff_longitude 199999 non-null float64
5 dropoff_latitude 199999 non-null float64
6 passenger_count 200000 non-null int64
dtypes: float64(5), int64(1), object(1)
memory usage: 10.7+ MB

[ ]: df.describe() #To get statistics of each columns

[ ]: fare_amount pickup_longitude pickup_latitude dropoff_longitude \

count 200000.000000 200000.000000 200000.000000 199999.000000
mean 11.359955 -72.527638 39.935885 -72.525292
std 9.901776 11.437787 7.720539 13.117408
min -52.000000 -1340.648410 -74.015515 -3356.666300
25% 6.000000 -73.992065 40.734796 -73.991407
50% 8.500000 -73.981823 40.752592 -73.980093
75% 12.500000 -73.967154 40.767158 -73.963658

3
 max 499.000000 57.418457 1644.421482 1153.572603

dropoff_latitude passenger_count
count 199999.000000 200000.000000
mean 39.923890 1.684535
std 6.794829 1.385997
min -881.985513 0.000000
25% 40.733823 1.000000
50% 40.753042 1.000000
75% 40.768001 2.000000
max 872.697628 208.000000

1.1.1 Filling Missing values

[ ]: df.isnull().sum()

[ ]: fare_amount 0
pickup_datetime 0
pickup_longitude 0
pickup_latitude 0
dropoff_longitude 1
dropoff_latitude 1
passenger_count 0
dtype: int64

[ ]: df['dropoff_latitude'].fillna(value=df['dropoff_latitude'].mean(),inplace =␣
↪True)

df['dropoff_longitude'].fillna(value=df['dropoff_longitude'].median(),inplace =␣
↪True)

[ ]: df['dropoff_latitude']

[ ]: 0 40.723217
1 40.750325
2 40.772647
3 40.803349
4 40.761247
…
199995 40.740297
199996 40.739620
199997 40.692588
199998 40.695415
199999 40.768793
Name: dropoff_latitude, Length: 200000, dtype: float64

[ ]: df.head(10)

4
[ ]: fare_amount pickup_datetime pickup_longitude pickup_latitude \
0 7.5 2015-05-07 19:52:06 UTC -73.999817 40.738354
1 7.7 2009-07-17 20:04:56 UTC -73.994355 40.728225
2 12.9 2009-08-24 21:45:00 UTC -74.005043 40.740770
3 5.3 2009-06-26 08:22:21 UTC -73.976124 40.790844
4 16.0 2014-08-28 17:47:00 UTC -73.925023 40.744085
5 4.9 2011-02-12 02:27:09 UTC -73.969019 40.755910
6 24.5 2014-10-12 07:04:00 UTC -73.961447 40.693965
7 2.5 2012-12-11 13:52:00 UTC 0.000000 0.000000
8 9.7 2012-02-17 09:32:00 UTC -73.975187 40.745767
9 12.5 2012-03-29 19:06:00 UTC -74.001065 40.741787

dropoff_longitude dropoff_latitude passenger_count

0 -73.999512 40.723217 1
1 -73.994710 40.750325 1
2 -73.962565 40.772647 1
3 -73.965316 40.803349 3
4 -73.973082 40.761247 5
5 -73.969019 40.755910 1
6 -73.871195 40.774297 5
7 0.000000 0.000000 1
8 -74.002720 40.743537 1
9 -73.963040 40.775012 1

[ ]: df.isnull().sum()

[ ]: fare_amount 0
pickup_datetime 0
pickup_longitude 0
pickup_latitude 0
dropoff_longitude 0
dropoff_latitude 0
passenger_count 0
dtype: int64

[ ]: df.dtypes

[ ]: fare_amount float64
pickup_datetime object
pickup_longitude float64
pickup_latitude float64
dropoff_longitude float64
dropoff_latitude float64
passenger_count int64
dtype: object

5
 1.1.2 Column pickup_datetime is in wrong format (Object). Convert it to DateTime
Format
[ ]: df.pickup_datetime = pd.to_datetime(df.pickup_datetime,)

[ ]: df.dtypes

[ ]: fare_amount float64
pickup_datetime datetime64[ns, UTC]
pickup_longitude float64
pickup_latitude float64
dropoff_longitude float64
dropoff_latitude float64
passenger_count int64
dtype: object

1.1.3 To segregate each time of date and time

[ ]: df= df.assign(hour = df.pickup_datetime.dt.hour,

day= df.pickup_datetime.dt.day,
month = df.pickup_datetime.dt.month,
year = df.pickup_datetime.dt.year,
dayofweek = df.pickup_datetime.dt.dayofweek)

[ ]: df.head()

[ ]: fare_amount pickup_datetime pickup_longitude pickup_latitude \

0 7.5 2015-05-07 19:52:06+00:00 -73.999817 40.738354
1 7.7 2009-07-17 20:04:56+00:00 -73.994355 40.728225
2 12.9 2009-08-24 21:45:00+00:00 -74.005043 40.740770
3 5.3 2009-06-26 08:22:21+00:00 -73.976124 40.790844
4 16.0 2014-08-28 17:47:00+00:00 -73.925023 40.744085

dropoff_longitude dropoff_latitude passenger_count hour day month \

0 -73.999512 40.723217 1 19 7 5
1 -73.994710 40.750325 1 20 17 7
2 -73.962565 40.772647 1 21 24 8
3 -73.965316 40.803349 3 8 26 6
4 -73.973082 40.761247 5 17 28 8

year dayofweek
0 2015 3
1 2009 4
2 2009 0
3 2009 4
4 2014 3

6
[ ]:

[ ]: # drop the column 'pickup_daetime' using drop()

# 'axis = 1' drops the specified column

df = df.drop('pickup_datetime',axis=1)

[ ]: df.head()

[ ]: fare_amount pickup_longitude pickup_latitude dropoff_longitude \

0 7.5 -73.999817 40.738354 -73.999512
1 7.7 -73.994355 40.728225 -73.994710
2 12.9 -74.005043 40.740770 -73.962565
3 5.3 -73.976124 40.790844 -73.965316
4 16.0 -73.925023 40.744085 -73.973082

dropoff_latitude passenger_count hour day month year dayofweek

0 40.723217 1 19 7 5 2015 3
1 40.750325 1 20 17 7 2009 4
2 40.772647 1 21 24 8 2009 0
3 40.803349 3 8 26 6 2009 4
4 40.761247 5 17 28 8 2014 3

[ ]: df.dtypes

[ ]: fare_amount float64
pickup_longitude float64
pickup_latitude float64
dropoff_longitude float64
dropoff_latitude float64
passenger_count int64
hour int64
day int64
month int64
year int64
dayofweek int64
dtype: object

1.2 Checking outliers and filling them

[ ]: df.plot(kind = "box",subplots = True,layout = (7,2),figsize=(15,20)) #Boxplot␣
↪to check the outliers

[ ]: fare_amount Axes(0.125,0.786098;0.352273x0.0939024)
pickup_longitude Axes(0.547727,0.786098;0.352273x0.0939024)
pickup_latitude Axes(0.125,0.673415;0.352273x0.0939024)
dropoff_longitude Axes(0.547727,0.673415;0.352273x0.0939024)

7
dropoff_latitude Axes(0.125,0.560732;0.352273x0.0939024)
passenger_count Axes(0.547727,0.560732;0.352273x0.0939024)
hour Axes(0.125,0.448049;0.352273x0.0939024)
day Axes(0.547727,0.448049;0.352273x0.0939024)
month Axes(0.125,0.335366;0.352273x0.0939024)
year Axes(0.547727,0.335366;0.352273x0.0939024)
dayofweek Axes(0.125,0.222683;0.352273x0.0939024)
dtype: object

8
[ ]: #Using the InterQuartile Range to fill the values
def remove_outlier(df1 , col):
Q1 = df1[col].quantile(0.25)
Q3 = df1[col].quantile(0.75)
IQR = Q3 - Q1
lower_whisker = Q1-1.5*IQR
upper_whisker = Q3+1.5*IQR
df[col] = np.clip(df1[col] , lower_whisker , upper_whisker)
return df1

def treat_outliers_all(df1 , col_list):

for c in col_list:
df1 = remove_outlier(df , c)
return df1

[ ]: df = treat_outliers_all(df , df.iloc[: , 0::])

[ ]: df.plot(kind = "box",subplots = True,layout = (7,2),figsize=(15,20)) #Boxplot␣

↪shows that dataset is free from outliers

[ ]: fare_amount Axes(0.125,0.786098;0.352273x0.0939024)
pickup_longitude Axes(0.547727,0.786098;0.352273x0.0939024)
pickup_latitude Axes(0.125,0.673415;0.352273x0.0939024)
dropoff_longitude Axes(0.547727,0.673415;0.352273x0.0939024)
dropoff_latitude Axes(0.125,0.560732;0.352273x0.0939024)
passenger_count Axes(0.547727,0.560732;0.352273x0.0939024)
hour Axes(0.125,0.448049;0.352273x0.0939024)
day Axes(0.547727,0.448049;0.352273x0.0939024)
month Axes(0.125,0.335366;0.352273x0.0939024)
year Axes(0.547727,0.335366;0.352273x0.0939024)
dayofweek Axes(0.125,0.222683;0.352273x0.0939024)
dtype: object

9
[ ]: #!pip install haversine

[ ]: !pip install haversine

import haversine as hs #Calculate the distance using Haversine to calculate␣
↪the distance between to points. Can't use Eucladian as it is for flat␣

↪surface.

travel_dist = []
for pos in range(len(df['pickup_longitude'])):
long1,lati1,long2,lati2 =␣
↪[df['pickup_longitude'][pos],df['pickup_latitude'][pos],df['dropoff_longitude'][pos],df['dro

10
 loc1=(lati1,long1)
loc2=(lati2,long2)
c = hs.haversine(loc1,loc2)
travel_dist.append(c)

print(travel_dist)
df['dist_travel_km'] = travel_dist
df.head()

Collecting haversine
Downloading haversine-2.8.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl (7.7 kB)
Installing collected packages: haversine
Successfully installed haversine-2.8.0
IOPub data rate exceeded.
The notebook server will temporarily stop sending output
to the client in order to avoid crashing it.
To change this limit, set the config variable
`--NotebookApp.iopub_data_rate_limit`.

Current values:
NotebookApp.iopub_data_rate_limit=1000000.0 (bytes/sec)
NotebookApp.rate_limit_window=3.0 (secs)

[ ]: fare_amount pickup_longitude pickup_latitude dropoff_longitude \

0 7.5 -73.999817 40.738354 -73.999512
1 7.7 -73.994355 40.728225 -73.994710
2 12.9 -74.005043 40.740770 -73.962565
3 5.3 -73.976124 40.790844 -73.965316
4 16.0 -73.929786 40.744085 -73.973082

dropoff_latitude passenger_count hour day month year dayofweek \

0 40.723217 1.0 19 7 5 2015 3
1 40.750325 1.0 20 17 7 2009 4
2 40.772647 1.0 21 24 8 2009 0
3 40.803349 3.0 8 26 6 2009 4
4 40.761247 3.5 17 28 8 2014 3

dist_travel_km
0 1.683325
1 2.457593
2 5.036384
3 1.661686
4 4.116088

[ ]: travel_dist

11
[ ]: [1.6833250775073447,
2.4575932783467835,
5.036384146783453,
1.661685753650294,
4.1160881895779955,
0.0,
9.529776771411873,
0.7719995370784762,
2.3327142314177545,
4.889423641655177,
2.2508607308770285,
0.7719995370784762,
0.3022521108558365,
3.5812557740132496,
1.3099517093917648,
1.716279792276335,
0.7299665570466272,
2.515953547298386,
1.790321726187665,
1.0347050399795192,
2.4902472008677727,
0.9594701844599927,
1.2613897673437817,
1.7517650017211177,
6.1932445014761095,
2.736192584061414,
0.7232537124105735,
3.229443537425455,
1.4295172964395384,
2.233699311547041,
11.081439278313375,
1.8950491608266506,
1.9049353402365328,
3.1821178242889583,
4.467427177611096,
2.9230236888626995,
1.200213842045202,
2.635790807404098,
2.253613903554444,
9.186987668633932,
4.826533532872274,
1.2502926870845612,
0.7984742276755328,
0.840396152683202,
0.38519924001701444,
2.434346176233359,
3.127909533264099,

12
3.7346507724526368,
0.0,
4.504360509008704,
1.5579008497303448,
4.923160610490316,
7.683158068167262,
0.6855715417446852,
4.523573083259081,
4.071896214031055,
1.1746737081325782,
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2.1074756058990856,
5.901643616945056,
0.6855640840334924,
5.634300221883286,
0.7550126930090186,
0.7719995370784762,
1.0321749030315608,
5.847123145760689,
3.0962647003859574,
2.068044688771067,
1.5086978898301036,
3.310688313214333,
0.5099461974827887,
1.9072963928940811,
6.152304270973421,
6.100540899228414,
1.9571596722303939,
4.580228282398262,
4.247622321534987,
0.9043278463938618,
2.499149034842446,
0.41957484389859023,
9.507952873857636,
4.741483270405726,
0.0,
2.944307722325589,
1.2980360742853914,
6.903605106108037,
1.80509590056403,
1.3540037466619592,
1.3985793924855354,
1.0855348055513168,
0.7719995370784762,
1.2560044656304787,

13
1.2322854358550752,
2.177184869699798,
0.5913097887913589,
0.7059208750601758,
6.346979417679082,
5.5182615502859935,
2.0175432998561025,
0.5730744516191166,
0.6404690741121153,
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6.571086756415957,
2.151452815480442,
0.9853760531912669,
1.705646050191744,
0.6325957503446071,
2.5205599224510924,
5.5555911761089485,
1.2902717916405408,
2.2039006742188842,
6.669364569080815,
1.3620086545357155,
0.8339963144694047,
2.339481564210149,
1.7643888489494255,
3.2125588562896175,
1.9504898596578084,
0.7719995370784762,
2.3992175140695715,
1.4694773253693545,
1.9741348182430898,
3.740438452483117,
2.176311362468996,
1.2195234142647462,
1.1528728732020785,
2.1235004521220673,
3.5739610800397585,
1.5679009708942961,
1.0121554184708625,
3.513305615404955,
0.7719995370784762,
1.7841984734351823,
3.3520418164013033,
3.7726640147517996,
5.060744411441399,
2.7231858480669056,
4.715419442881193,
2.1793115241552314,

14
1.70866368385628,
1.19476321862848,
1.6390222354302528,
3.0685608081368967,
4.479393523696071,
1.37341302240955,
3.481380394599612,
1.0186481929664464,
3.6116963717578914,
5.578421201063091,
0.919827160362576,
3.5885450229857203,
3.4468771664826057,
0.6774823849168342,
1.166554730338164,
0.8456297568751322,
1.481729691783599,
0.5808106243688994,
1.4819618793333265,
0.9054249595313008,
2.6227549008377546,
4.431784656145714,
1.5240431957846732,
1.8947043339560112,
3.0793847352288597,
0.0,
1.066524360439298,
3.907631850108434,
0.7719995370784762,
1.3238717252730092,
1.4225749614603436,
2.31597774099886,
1.6598673834539075,
2.3359208961641458,
3.6193655097463826,
2.9547192169738765,
1.0581972284125865,
5.259926514450871,
0.9517585737436477,
2.622033614711671,
3.6544207914251037,
5.744520049956267,
1.4099935576123503,
2.3731618371467786,
0.7459983249024945,
2.037028759274383,
4.447412149306085,

15
6.266021875809639,
6.102571795022024,
1.136059938462684,
0.4445695655507225,
8.305590458344271,
2.9969312113645437,
1.6880697796691957,
3.4192543921764096,
6.379442517616808,
3.239160591551795,
1.3160927544902608,
6.3239664101151,
1.403449368792598,
1.824875242257348,
4.806348751494792,
1.1540979512543523,
9.355053828737084,
8.963162127856634,
1.8044575499927282,
0.2630230396164467,
1.0843264058702755,
1.1339639614584733,
3.066968595549588,
0.8447879467847005,
2.4567303881601017,
1.9441282991504945,
4.424827920856918,
0.7549463978280366,
6.340800401734032,
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4.615772843385764,
1.7514377249484463,
1.9070604598703718,
5.0955040732855235,
6.88898020535702,
10.074405138041094,
0.8717589098431497,
4.946085236853659,
9.422584168938348,
0.8805574307190026,
1.4136419949939485,
2.1171056720053976,
2.396713554128903,
1.428890513842054,
1.2696816522951435,
3.0761080538691283,
0.777776683309271,

16
4.524011276386306,
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1.4854335767232132,
0.7914244945415305,
8.823221045719995,
0.7748849127532341,
0.574224053339419,

31
1.5572587259249049,
5.417481197925349,
1.9910491217540927,
0.8163556242359274,
2.735692293927604,
2.1836766349334704,
1.6379171357573095,
6.610539990722355,
0.84176399432555,
3.8236706667296887,
7.131694041260707,
3.0733435903123745,
0.8890510578085677,
4.271729805094748,
4.721744721434179,
2.663716247771879,
1.0980991988116056,
3.8046520760400804,
2.4475734097926733,
3.689529829970618,
1.341043427245331,
0.6398617286820958,
1.5215388206847715,
2.5993959286001367,
2.3379833439380504,
2.27566569572684,
9.03067787232202,
0.6661168931067618,
2.2536868002308568,
1.02463767282862,
3.1742910627896994,
1.344639742223829,
4.493648352494523,
3.8806438419065334,
2.7676433882404505,
1.7570889810476737,
2.9112630931231327,
1.1944836627488047,
1.9954416277497475,
1.3414797805465732,
3.0115765585384358,
5.119835556459173,
1.3890144546952996,
1.971155434455477,
7.360919160254177,
8.168851795768553,
1.8998668113230914,

32
 2.7330975056713473,
0.3046672682119567,
2.3681857721120796,
7.736758887641531,
5.5952430670051205,
2.3364752879742516,
0.7200963018558747,
4.356159432256988,
1.7001217778094833,
2.368860127883199,
2.568767296328695,
1.1259514789242318,
3.2279354198279515,
…]

[ ]: #Uber doesn't travel over 130 kms so minimize the distance

df= df.loc[(df.dist_travel_km >= 1) | (df.dist_travel_km <= 130)]
print("Remaining observastions in the dataset:", df.shape)

Remaining observastions in the dataset: (200000, 12)

[ ]: #Finding inccorect latitude (Less than or greater than 90) and longitude␣
↪(greater than or less than 180)

incorrect_coordinates = df.loc[(df.pickup_latitude > 90) |(df.pickup_latitude <␣

↪-90) |

(df.dropoff_latitude > 90) |(df.

↪dropoff_latitude < -90) |

(df.pickup_longitude > 180) |(df.

↪pickup_longitude < -180) |

(df.dropoff_longitude > 180) |(df.

↪dropoff_longitude < -180)

[ ]: incorrect_coordinates

[ ]: Empty DataFrame
Columns: [fare_amount, pickup_longitude, pickup_latitude, dropoff_longitude,
dropoff_latitude, passenger_count, hour, day, month, year, dayofweek,
dist_travel_km]
Index: []

[ ]: df.drop(incorrect_coordinates, inplace = True, errors = 'ignore')

[ ]: df.head()

[ ]: fare_amount pickup_longitude pickup_latitude dropoff_longitude \

0 7.5 -73.999817 40.738354 -73.999512

33
 1 7.7 -73.994355 40.728225 -73.994710
2 12.9 -74.005043 40.740770 -73.962565
3 5.3 -73.976124 40.790844 -73.965316
4 16.0 -73.929786 40.744085 -73.973082

dropoff_latitude passenger_count hour day month year dayofweek \

0 40.723217 1.0 19 7 5 2015 3
1 40.750325 1.0 20 17 7 2009 4
2 40.772647 1.0 21 24 8 2009 0
3 40.803349 3.0 8 26 6 2009 4
4 40.761247 3.5 17 28 8 2014 3

dist_travel_km
0 1.683325
1 2.457593
2 5.036384
3 1.661686
4 4.116088

[ ]: df.isnull().sum()

[ ]: fare_amount 0
pickup_longitude 0
pickup_latitude 0
dropoff_longitude 0
dropoff_latitude 0
passenger_count 0
hour 0
day 0
month 0
year 0
dayofweek 0
dist_travel_km 0
dtype: int64

[ ]: sns.heatmap(df.isnull()) #Free for null values

[ ]: <Axes: >

34
[ ]: corr = df.corr() #Function to find the correlation

[ ]: corr

[ ]: fare_amount pickup_longitude pickup_latitude \

fare_amount 1.000000 0.154069 -0.110842
pickup_longitude 0.154069 1.000000 0.259497
pickup_latitude -0.110842 0.259497 1.000000
dropoff_longitude 0.218675 0.425619 0.048889
dropoff_latitude -0.125898 0.073290 0.515714
passenger_count 0.015778 -0.013213 -0.012889
hour -0.023623 0.011579 0.029681
day 0.004534 -0.003204 -0.001553
month 0.030817 0.001169 0.001562
year 0.141277 0.010198 -0.014243
dayofweek 0.013652 -0.024652 -0.042310

35
 dist_travel_km 0.786385 0.048446 -0.073362

dropoff_longitude dropoff_latitude passenger_count \

fare_amount 0.218675 -0.125898 0.015778
pickup_longitude 0.425619 0.073290 -0.013213
pickup_latitude 0.048889 0.515714 -0.012889
dropoff_longitude 1.000000 0.245667 -0.009303
dropoff_latitude 0.245667 1.000000 -0.006308
passenger_count -0.009303 -0.006308 1.000000
hour -0.046558 0.019783 0.020274
day -0.004007 -0.003479 0.002712
month 0.002391 -0.001193 0.010351
year 0.011346 -0.009603 -0.009749
dayofweek -0.003336 -0.031919 0.048550
dist_travel_km 0.155191 -0.052701 0.009884

hour day month year dayofweek \

fare_amount -0.023623 0.004534 0.030817 0.141277 0.013652
pickup_longitude 0.011579 -0.003204 0.001169 0.010198 -0.024652
pickup_latitude 0.029681 -0.001553 0.001562 -0.014243 -0.042310
dropoff_longitude -0.046558 -0.004007 0.002391 0.011346 -0.003336
dropoff_latitude 0.019783 -0.003479 -0.001193 -0.009603 -0.031919
passenger_count 0.020274 0.002712 0.010351 -0.009749 0.048550
hour 1.000000 0.004677 -0.003926 0.002156 -0.086947
day 0.004677 1.000000 -0.017360 -0.012170 0.005617
month -0.003926 -0.017360 1.000000 -0.115859 -0.008786
year 0.002156 -0.012170 -0.115859 1.000000 0.006113
dayofweek -0.086947 0.005617 -0.008786 0.006113 1.000000
dist_travel_km -0.035708 0.001709 0.010050 0.022294 0.030382

dist_travel_km
fare_amount 0.786385
pickup_longitude 0.048446
pickup_latitude -0.073362
dropoff_longitude 0.155191
dropoff_latitude -0.052701
passenger_count 0.009884
hour -0.035708
day 0.001709
month 0.010050
year 0.022294
dayofweek 0.030382
dist_travel_km 1.000000

[ ]: fig,axis = plt.subplots(figsize = (10,6))

sns.heatmap(df.corr(),annot = True) #Correlation Heatmap (Light values means␣
↪highly correlated)

36
[ ]: <Axes: >

link text### Dividing the dataset into feature and target values
[ ]: x =␣
↪df[['pickup_longitude','pickup_latitude','dropoff_longitude','dropoff_latitude','passenger_c

[ ]: y = df['fare_amount']

1.2.1 Dividing the dataset into training and testing dataset

[ ]: from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split

X_train,X_test,y_train,y_test = train_test_split(x,y,test_size = 0.20)

[ ]: X_train

[ ]: pickup_longitude pickup_latitude dropoff_longitude \

157695 -73.989162 40.774402 -73.963910
138060 -73.976410 40.763250 -73.974850
154745 -73.979125 40.767502 -73.975640
46559 -73.949280 40.781178 -73.995903
46288 -73.968557 40.761720 -73.980340

37
 … … … …
86479 -73.988541 40.737064 -74.001640
175709 -73.961227 40.770820 -73.965755
90215 -73.977798 40.789196 -73.994744
177725 -74.006920 40.729010 -73.952205
171840 -74.002592 40.747009 -73.986591

dropoff_latitude passenger_count hour day month year dayofweek \

157695 40.806314 1.0 20 1 4 2010 3
138060 40.753368 1.0 15 25 6 2011 5
154745 40.781337 1.0 12 8 12 2012 5
46559 40.723438 3.5 15 14 3 2015 5
46288 40.740283 1.0 20 23 7 2012 0
… … … … … … … …
86479 40.726208 3.5 12 10 1 2015 5
175709 40.764065 3.0 12 4 1 2009 6
90215 40.750306 1.0 8 16 3 2013 5
177725 40.784377 1.0 0 20 11 2013 2
171840 40.740498 1.0 13 30 12 2013 0

dist_travel_km
157695 4.136531
138060 1.106658
154745 1.566124
46559 7.526228
46288 2.582080
… …
86479 1.635753
175709 0.842375
90215 4.553762
177725 7.690388
171840 1.530130

[160000 rows x 11 columns]

[ ]: X_test

[ ]: pickup_longitude pickup_latitude dropoff_longitude \

27952 -73.978792 40.736315 -73.975704
193032 -74.004529 40.753718 -74.004529
171813 -73.969090 40.797722 -73.963737
102534 -73.963525 40.711047 -73.975850
164693 -73.981447 40.741292 -73.998290
… … … …
100480 -73.995567 40.726507 -73.981867
179674 -73.986132 40.760803 -73.955890
179836 -73.985319 40.727517 -73.972175

38
 16945 -73.929786 40.768318 -73.931804
143499 -74.002419 40.733700 -73.999237

dropoff_latitude passenger_count hour day month year dayofweek \

27952 40.753726 1.0 13 2 4 2014 2
193032 40.753718 1.0 18 24 11 2010 2
171813 40.776917 1.0 18 7 10 2014 1
102534 40.781695 2.0 4 10 3 2013 6
164693 40.754300 2.0 12 2 1 2014 3
… … … … … … … …
100480 40.729350 3.5 12 29 5 2013 2
179674 40.764217 1.0 17 23 3 2010 1
179836 40.747370 1.0 16 4 1 2014 5
16945 40.766520 1.0 3 15 12 2012 5
143499 40.744091 3.5 0 1 1 2015 3

dist_travel_km
27952 1.953417
193032 0.000000
171813 2.356902
102534 7.924028
164693 2.026156
… …
100480 1.196938
179674 2.575166
179836 2.469756
16945 0.262386
143499 1.186137

[40000 rows x 11 columns]

[ ]: y_train

[ ]: 157695 9.70
138060 5.30
154745 8.00
46559 22.25
46288 6.50
…
86479 10.00
175709 4.10
90215 12.50
177725 21.50
171840 6.00
Name: fare_amount, Length: 160000, dtype: float64

[ ]: y_test

39
[ ]: 27952 9.50
193032 5.70
171813 10.50
102534 22.25
164693 8.00
…
100480 6.50
179674 9.30
179836 7.00
16945 5.50
143499 5.50
Name: fare_amount, Length: 40000, dtype: float64

1.2.2 Linear Regression

[ ]: from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression

regression = LinearRegression()

[ ]: regression.fit(X_train,y_train)

[ ]: LinearRegression()

[ ]: regression.intercept_ #To find the linear intercept

[ ]: 3683.630887451561

[ ]: regression.coef_ #To find the linear coeeficient

[ ]: array([ 2.54340686e+01, -7.57923589e+00, 2.02667021e+01, -1.80328583e+01,

7.19258624e-02, 6.40579214e-03, 3.69636670e-03, 5.89888832e-02,
3.70474390e-01, -3.44173390e-02, 1.84433879e+00])

[ ]: prediction = regression.predict(X_test) #To predict the target values

[ ]: print(prediction)

[ 9.21725408 3.28832288 10.00595244 … 10.00276185 7.37297707

7.16977415]

[ ]: y_test

[ ]: 27952 9.50
193032 5.70
171813 10.50
102534 22.25
164693 8.00
…

40
 100480 6.50
179674 9.30
179836 7.00
16945 5.50
143499 5.50
Name: fare_amount, Length: 40000, dtype: float64

1.2.3 Metrics Evaluation using R2, Mean Squared Error, Root Mean Sqared Error

[ ]: from sklearn.metrics import r2_score

[ ]: r2_score(y_test,prediction)

[ ]: 0.664995440543817

[ ]: from sklearn.metrics import mean_squared_error

[ ]: MSE = mean_squared_error(y_test,prediction)

[ ]: MSE

[ ]: 9.830495516036072

[ ]: RMSE = np.sqrt(MSE)

[ ]: RMSE

[ ]: 3.1631357043785315

1.2.4 Random Forest Regression

[ ]: from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestRegressor

[ ]: rf = RandomForestRegressor(n_estimators=50) #Here n_estimators means number of␣

↪trees you want to build before making the prediction

[ ]: rf.fit(X_train,y_train)

[ ]: RandomForestRegressor(n_estimators=50)

[ ]: y_pred = rf.predict(X_test)

[ ]: y_pred

[ ]: array([10.155, 8.863, 10.03 , …, 9.75 , 6.516, 6.485])

41
 1.2.5 Metrics evaluatin for Random Forest
[ ]: R2_Random = r2_score(y_test,y_pred)

[ ]: R2_Random

[ ]: 0.8000142586249277

[ ]: MSE_Random = mean_squared_error(y_test,y_pred)

[ ]: MSE_Random

[ ]: 5.868454259399225

[ ]: RMSE_Random = np.sqrt(MSE_Random)

[ ]: RMSE_Random

[ ]: 2.460259594138213

42