Introduction of Phytomedicine and Isolation Technique of Curcumin from Curcuma Longa Linn

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Applications
Volume 9, Issue 5 Sep - Oct 2024, pp: 59-75 www.ijprajournal.com ISSN: 2456-4494
Introduction of Phytomedicine and Isolation Technique of

Curcumin from Curcuma Longa Linn
Prashant Tripathi, Vikas awasthi, Prachi verma, Vidhi Nigam, Sneha verma,
Shraddha verma
Chaudhary institute of pharmaceutical science ,sherpur lakhimpur kheri
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Date of Submission: 01-09-2024 Date of Acceptance: 10-09-2024
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I. INTRODUCTION OF Phytomedicines are also called as

PHYTOMEDICINE BOTANICAL MEDICINE/PLANT MEDICINE
The word Phytomedicine has been derived from which is differ from Chinese herbalism ,
Greek word Phyto which means Plants . phytotherapists use these plants which have
medicinal value and grow mainly in the western
hemisphere .
Phytomedicines is rooted in scientific Phytomedicine is defined as a crude drug

research and therefore not to be confused with ( dried herb) , an essential oil, an extract or fraction
homeopathy . of it for medicinal properties and quite often
It takes its name from the word used in complex mixture of compound that generally occur
other parts of Europe . where plants base medicine in low(variable)concentration . the most commonly
continue to be provided by doctors and pharmacists used phytomedicine are plant extract obtain
as Phytomedicine . through the use solvent by maceration or
The method which is used for evaluation percolation of dried plant . the extract can be used
of plants based medicine are similar to those which as liquid preparation or in powdered form . water
is used by orthodox medicines . every herb contains and alcohol are most commonly used as solvent for
many active chemicals ingredient unlike extraction. Some times fraction are used,which
conventional drug which focus on specific contain more concentrated level of the active
chemical,botanical or herbal medicine may principles that genrally obtained by the partition
combine several actions to support body’s health . with solvent of increasing polarity .
DOI: 10.35629/4494-09055975 Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 59
Sometimes availability and quality of the received more attention in recent years and the
raw materials are frequently problematic because number of publication produced annually in this
the active principle are often known , and field is the hypenened analytical technique. Which
standardization and stability through feasible are has enablled a reliable fingerprint to be obtained.
not easy. Compared with modern medicine herbal This has lead to a growing class and a promising
medicine costless are more often used to treat market as it generates revenue of 21.7 billion per
chronic disease and appear to have less frequent year .
undesirable side effect . so modern techniques
HOW DOES PHYTOMEDICINE WORKS body to restore itself to health. the phytotherapist
In phytomedicine or plant medicine are approaches each patient as a unique individual in
selected to modulate or strengthen the body’s own making a diagnosis and assessing their needs .
functions and immune system , hence it support the
The herbal medicine wich are prescribed

may be a combination of plants choosen for the
therapeutic actions required to treat individual .
They provide strengthen to the immune system instead of destroying the pathogens .
HISTORY OF PHYTOMEDICINE trails and careful observation fron animal studies,

Phytomedicines came into existence since people belonging to ancient periods started
the advent of human civilization. SHENG NONGS employing herbs as a therapeutic method against
Herbal book which are preliminary sources of several illnesses.
traditional folk knowledge based on use of herbs in Based on this, the ever so popular Chinese
China and dates back to around 3000 BC. It herbal medicine as well as Indian herbal medicine,
provide the details of almost 365 plants, animals native to and prominently developed in ancient
and minerals which find a place in medication. China, Japan, Korea, and India, continue to rule
Approximately 420,000 species of plants are found and influence the modern health–care even today.
on earth , however, their various uses are not well As per the estimate of world health organization
understood . (WHO),herbal medicines are one of the most
There are three major areas, namely, food important primary health-care for around 3.5-4
(foodstuff), medicine (folk and traditional billion people across the world, and a major portion
medicine), and research (phytochemical analysis), of traditional medicine involves the plant extract-
that predominantly find an immense use of herbal derived medicines and decoction which may also
preparations and products and hence can be be termed as the “modern herbal medicine’’.
explored further. Gaining experience from random
PREHISTORIC TIMES ANCIENT TIMES

Plants, including many now used as In ancient time Sumeria, hundreds of
culinary herbs and species, have been used as medicinal plants including myrrh and opium are
medicines, not essentialy effectively, from listed on clay tablets from around 3000 BC.
prehistoric times. From ancient times to present time,
Human settlement are often surrounded Ayurvedic medicine as documented in the Atharva
by weeds used as herbal medicines such as nettle, veda, the Rig veda and the Sushruta Samthita has
dandelion and chickweed. For instance, a 60,000- used hundreds of herbs and spices, such as
year-old Neanderthal burial site,”Shanidar IV”, in turmeric, which contains curcumin.
northern Iraq has yielded large amounts of pollen The chinese pharmacopoeia,the Shennong
from 8 plant species, 7 of which are used now as ben cao jing records plant medicines such as
herbal product. chaulmoogra for leprosy,ephedra and hemp.In
arround 60AD,the greek physician Pedanius
Dioscorides,working for roman army k.j
documented over 1000 recipes for medicine using
over 600 medicinal plant in De materia medica. the
book remained the authoritative reference on
herbalism for over 1500 years, into the 17 th century.
CURRENT TRENDS OF PHYTOMEDICINE The journal provides a unique platform

Current Trends in Phytomedicine and Clinical for scientists to encourage research publication to
Therapeutics is an open access, peer-reviewed research scholars, academicians, professionals and
journal focussing on current advancements in the students engaged in their respective field.
field of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics. More than 70% of India's 1.1 billion
Current Trends in Phytomedicine and Clinical population still use these non-allopathic systems of
Therapeutics journal covers various aspects of medicine. Currently, there is no separate category
related areas like Phytomedicine, Phytology, of herbal drugs or dietary supplements, as per the
phytotherapy, and toxicology of plants and their Indian Drugs Act. However, there is a vast
extracts etc. experiential-base for many of the natural drugs.
PHYTOMEDICINE FROM HIGHER PLANTS which are derived from higher plant . from 1971 to
Plant based drug provide outstanding to 1990 new drugs such as ectoposide , Eguggulsteron
modern therapeutics for example,serpentine , Teniposide appear all over the world 2% of drugs
isolated from the root of indian plant rauwolfia were introduced from 1991 to 1995 including
serpentina in 1953. Was a rewolutionary event in paciltaxel, toptecan, gomishin, irinotecan etc .
the treatment of hypertension and lowering of vinblastin isolated from the catharanthus rosesus
blood pressure.during 1950 to 1970 approximately (Farnsworth et al,1967 ) is used for the treatment
100 plants based new drug were introduced in the hodkings, choriocarcinoma,non hodkings
USA drug market including deserpedine resinine, lymphomas,leukemia in children,testicular and
resinnamine,reserpine,vinblastin and vincristine neck cancer.
Vincristin is recommended for acute lymphocytic ROLE OF PHYTOMEDICINE IN HUMAN

leukemia in childhood ,advanced stages of SOCIETY
hodgkins , lymphoma carcoma , small cell lungs , People on all continents have used
cervical and breast cancer . hundreds to thousands of indigenous plants for
treatment of illness since ancient times ( levetin and
Mc Mohan , 2002 ) . indegenous healers often bitter herbs they would normally reject (
claim to have learned by observing that sick huffman,2003 ) .
animals changed their food preferences to nibbel at
Low land gorrilas take 90% of their food . phytochemicals which modulate enzymes that are
stuff from the fruits of aframomum melegueta , a used for therapy should be classified, identified
relative of the ginger plant which is a powerful cardioactive agent are derived more effective
antimicrobial and apperently keeps shigellosis and analogues should be synthesized to preserve
similar infections bay sick animals tend to forage endangered species. the synergistic property of
plants rich in secondary metabolites , such as phytochemical in plants extract often is tangled as
tannins and alkaloids. since these phytochemicals an advantage that is difficult to changed by single
often have antiviral , antibacterial , antifungal and synthetic drug. It is our advice that “hybrid
antihelminthics properties , a plausible case can be phytochemicals” that can imitate this synergistic
made for self treatment by animals in the wild . action could be synthesized using templates from
plants.
Cardiotoxicity And Cardioprotective Effect Of Although advancements in the fight
Phytomedicinal Plants against cardiovascular diseases, it has remained the
Medicinal plants are the future of number one cause of mortality worldwide.
medicines. Now phytomedicine are coming into Cardioprotective medicinal plants can greatly
equal prominance with orthodox medicine contribute to germinate the tide of this disease.
worldwide. however, some medicinal plants are However, because only a thin line of delimitation
becoming endangered species. it is important to exists between a medicinal plant being
mention that many cardioprotective agent have cardioprotective and its being a poison at times,
been found in various plants , but these compounds proper classification and screening is important.
are not going for clinical trials and then ultimately This information should be available to all users of
to pharmacy . the role of phytotherapy research medicinal plants.
should be drug development from medicinal plants
TURMERIC south it is called “manjal,” a word that is frequently

SYNONYMS- HALDI , SAFFRON INDIAN , used in ancient Tamil literature. The name turmeric
CURCUMA BIOLOGICAL SOURCE - It is derives from the Latin word terra
derived from the rhizome of CURCUMA merita (meritorious earth), referring to the color of
LONGA FAMILY ground turmeric, which resembles a mineral
- ZINGIBERACEA GEOGRAPHICAL pigment. It is known as terre merite in French and
SOURCE - Today, turmeric is widely cultivated simply as “yellow root” in many languages. In
in the tropics and goes by different names in many cultures, its name is based on the Latin
different cultures and countries . In North India, word curcuma.
turmeric is commonly called “haldi,” a word It is generally originated from india , Pakistan,
derived from the Sanskrit word haridra, and in the America , Indonesia etc .
MARPHOLOGY
MICROSCOPIC CHARACTERS –
Root: The outline of TS of adventitious root is circular .
Epiblema – Single layered. Consists of thick walled Cortex – Heterogeneous differentiated into :-
cutinized cells. In old specimen the epiblema is ( A) Outer cortex – Composed of parenchymatous
withered and is replaced by ten-layered rectangular tissue of secondary and primary cortex
cork cells
(B) Middle cortex – Made up of radially arranged

air chambers separated by one cell thick partition USES
wall – the trabaculae (a character of hygrophilous 1. It is used in the treatment of depression .
plant) 2. It protect our body from free radicals .
Endodermis – In the innermost layer of the cortex, 3. Turmeric used in servical cancer .
the cells are rectangular and barrel shaped. 4. It is used as a condiment or spice and
Pericycle – Three to four layered, consists of colouring agent , especially for ointments and
rectangular cells creams . ,
Vascular tissue – Radially arranged. Phloem 5. It is used for the detection of boric acid .
patches and xylem are arranged alternately. 6. It is used in the treatment of conjunctivitis,
Pith – Well developed and thick walled small pox and chicken pox .
parenchymatous. 7. It is a powerful anti-oxidant.
Rhizome: It consist TS of rhizome triangular and
circular. FROM TRADITIONAL MEDICINE TO
MODERN MEDICINE
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENT Now modern medicines are mostly used in
curcumine, and Volatile oils include d-α- treatment of various diseases, which is less than
phellandrene, d-sabinene, cinol, borneol, 100 years old in comparison of traditional
zingiberene, and sesquiterpenes. There are a variety medicine., traditional medicine served mankind for
of sesquiterpenes, like germacrone,termerone, α-, thousands of years, which are safe and effective.
and β-termerones, β-bisabolen, α-curcumene, The mechanism or the scientific basis of traditional
zingiberene; β-sesquiphellanderene; bisacurone; medicine are not well understood .
curcumenone; etc.
EXTRACTION, ISOLATION OF CURCUMIN 2. ULTRASONIC-ASSISTED EXTRACTION

FROM TURMERIC 3. MICROWAVE-ASSISTED EXTRACTION
There are several methods which are used in the 4. ENZYME-ASSISTED EXTRACTION
extraction of curcumin 5. SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION
1. SOXHLET EXTRACTION 6. PRESSURIZED LIQUID EXTRACTION
EXTRACTION PROCESS OF CURCUMIN
(A) Sample Preparation : Turmeric rhizomes were (B) Extraction and Purification: Then the sample
appropriately collected and washed. after that are subjected for the extraction process. commonly
drying and grinding were done. Drying and size traditional method are used for the extraction
reduction are essential process which plays an process for curcumin because of low cost of
important role in the process of extraction of operation and easy handling.
curcumin from turmeric.
FRESH TURMERIC RHIZOMES
SHORTING
( to remove foreign material )
WASHING
( For the proper cleaning of rhizomes )
DRAINING
( Remove water used in washing )
SPREDING
( Used to remove moisture content )
SLICING
( Increase surface area for rapid drying )
OVEN DRYING ( AT 60℃ )
MILLING/GRINDING
STORAGE/SAMPLE COLLECTION
EXTRACTION OF CURCUMIN BY REFLUX CONDENSATION PROCESS :

Take dried crued rhizome of turmeric
Then the dried rhizome of the turmeric is triturated in mortal pistle since it converted in to fine powder
After that take 15 gm of turmeric powder in round bottom flask
Add 150 ml of organic solvent
Dissolve the powder drug with organic solvent in round bottom flask
Extraction for 2hr by reflex condentation process
Then filter the solution with filter paper Now,residue and filterate is obtained
and weight the residue
Then take the marc in another beaker
Dissolve the marc with 150ml of acetone in round bottom flask
Extraction for 2hrs by reflux condensation process
Then the marc is centrifuged at 3500rpm for 10mins
Then filter the solution with filter paper
Residue and filterate get seperated
Then place the marc for specific period of time
After few days we get the form of pure curcumin
Then calculate the % yield of curcumin by following formula
𝐏𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐘𝐢𝐞𝐥𝐝
𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭 (%) 𝐘𝐢𝐞𝐥𝐝 =
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐘𝐢𝐞𝐥𝐝
Practical Yield = 0.71gm

Theoretical Yield = 1-6 gm per 100 gm / (0.9gm in 15gm)
So , acoording to the formula: -
𝟎.𝟕𝟏 𝐗( 𝟏𝟎𝟎)
% Yield =
𝟎.𝟗𝟎
% Yield = 78.88%
ISOLATION OF CURCUMIN BY SOXHLET APPARATUS :

PROCEDURE
Turmeric powder extrcted with 95% alcohol in soxhlet apparatus
Filter the solution and concentrate to semisolid residue by evaporation
Add 0.1% NaoH solutionand shake slowely,alkali layer is separated
Acidify with Hcl
Yellow colour precipitate is formed
Concentrate the solution by stirring
Lumpy mass of resins separate out
Filter and evaporate the filtrate
Pure Crystal of curcumin is obtained
 And the percent yield is calculated by Mobile phase: Chloroform : ethanol:glacial

the following formula acetic acid (94:5:1)
Percent( %) Yield = Practical Yield / Detecting agent : Anisaldehyde sulphuric acid
Theoratical Yield reagent
Rf value : 0.79, 0.60,and 0.43
STANDARDS OF QUALITY Colour test: Bright yellow fluorescent
Foreign organic matter : Not more than 2.0 per
cent Sample Preparation for TLC Analysis
Ash Not more than 8.0 per cent A 100 mg amount of C.
Water soluble extractives : Not less than 9.0 xanthorrhiza rhizomes from each region was
per cent accurately weighed and placed into a 2 mL
Alcohol – soluble extractives : Not less than microtube, and then 1.5 mL methanol was added.
10.0 per cent The mixtures were vortexed for 5 min and then
Moisture : Not more than 10.0 per cent followed by centrifugation at 4000 rpm for 5 min.
To prepare sample stock solution, 1 mL supernatant
PROPERTIES from the previous extraction was transferred to a
 Appearance: Orange yellow crystaline 10.0 mL volumetric flask and diluted to volume
powder with methanol. Test solutions were prepared by
 Odour : Characterstic transferring 2.0 mL of each sample stock solution
 Taste : Slightly pungent and bitter of C. xanthorrhiza extract from Bantul, Kulon
 Solubility : Insoluble in water and ether , but Progo, and Karanganyar, and transferring 4.0 mL
soluble in alcohol of each sample stock solution of C.
xanthorrhiza extract from Sleman and Pati, into
IDENTIFICATION BY CHEMICAL TEST respective 5.0 mL volumetric flasks and diluting to
 Powdered drug + sulphuric acid ( H2SO4) volume with methanol. Binary mixtures of C.
gives crimson colour xanthorrhiza from Sleman with various
concentrations (10%, 25%, 40%, 50%, and 75%)
 The aquous solution of turmeric + boric acid
of C. aeruginosa as adulterant were also prepared.
gives reddish brown colour which on
Extraction of each binary mixture was done
addition of alkali changes to greenish blue .
according to the previous step. Sample stock
 Sample id treated with acetic anhydride and
solution for binary mixture was prepared by
concentrated H2SO4 it gives violet colour .
transferring each 1.0 mL supernatant from the
when this test is observed under UV light , red
previous extraction to 10.0 mL volumetric flask for
fluorescence is seen .
mixtures of 10% and 25% C. aeruginosa, and
transferring each 1.0 mL supernatant from the
TLC METHOD
previous extraction to respective 5.0 mL volumetric
Sample preparation : Dissolve 1mg of
flasks for mixtures of 40%, 50%, and 75% C.
curcumin in 1ml of methanol
aeruginosa, and then diluting to volume with
Stationary phase : Silica gel G
methanol.
IDENTIFY TEST OF CURCUMIN IN PURIFIED TURMERIC EXTRACT USING TLC

Preparation of test solution
preparation of reference solution and solvent system
chloroform :ethanol : glacial acetic acid ( 94:5:1)
preparation of stationary phase using silica gel as an adsorbent
densitometric scan at 366 nanometer
𝐃𝐈𝐒𝐓𝐀𝐍𝐂𝐄 𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐕𝐄𝐄𝐋𝐃 𝐁𝐘𝐒𝐎𝐋𝐔𝐓𝐄

RF( RETENTION FACTOR ) =
𝐃𝐈𝐒𝐓𝐀𝐍𝐂𝐄 𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐕𝐄𝐋𝐋𝐄𝐃 𝐁𝐘 𝐒𝐎𝐋𝐕𝐄𝐍𝐓
RF = 0.77
RESULT: The Rf values were found to be 0.77 , 0.53 , 0.24 for curcumin, de methoxy curcumin and bis
demethoxy curcumin respectively .
II. CONCLUSION activities. Phytochemical analysis of turmeric has

The beneficial effects of turmeric are revealed a large number of compounds, including
traditionally achieved through dietary consumption, curcumin, volatile oil, and curcuminoids, which
even at low levels, over long periods of time. A have been found to have potent pharmacological
precise understanding of effective dose, safety, and properties .
mechanism of action is required for the rational use
of turmeric in the treatment of human diseases. REFERENCE
Further clinical studies are warranted if turmeric is [1]. “WALLIS T.E.” , A Text Book of
to be employed in meeting human needs and pharmacognosy,fifth edition1999,
improving human welfare. The activities of published by S.K Jain for CBS publishers
turmeric include antibacterial, antiviral, anti- and distributors ( NEW DELHI ), Page
inflammatory, antitumor, antioxidant, antiseptic, No. 339 - 341
cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, [2]. “ C EVANS WILLIAM”, The text book
nephroprotective, radioprotective, and digestive of “Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy”,
16th edition, 2009, published by Elsevier

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[4]. “SHAH BIREN,SETH A.K”, A text book
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Edtition 2010, published by Elsevier
publication (NEW DELHI), Page No. 339-
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[5]. https://en.m.wikipedia.org Extraction of
Curcumin from Turmeric plant.
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International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Applications

Introduction of Phytomedicine and Isolation Technique of

I. INTRODUCTION OF Phytomedicines are also called as

Phytomedicines is rooted in scientific Phytomedicine is defined as a crude drug

The herbal medicine wich are prescribed

HISTORY OF PHYTOMEDICINE trails and careful observation fron animal studies,

PREHISTORIC TIMES ANCIENT TIMES

CURRENT TRENDS OF PHYTOMEDICINE The journal provides a unique platform

Vincristin is recommended for acute lymphocytic ROLE OF PHYTOMEDICINE IN HUMAN

TURMERIC south it is called “manjal,” a word that is frequently

Root: The outline of TS of adventitious root is circular .

(B) Middle cortex – Made up of radially arranged

EXTRACTION, ISOLATION OF CURCUMIN 2. ULTRASONIC-ASSISTED EXTRACTION

EXTRACTION PROCESS OF CURCUMIN

FRESH TURMERIC RHIZOMES

OVEN DRYING ( AT 60℃ )

EXTRACTION OF CURCUMIN BY REFLUX CONDENSATION PROCESS :

After that take 15 gm of turmeric powder in round bottom flask

Add 150 ml of organic solvent

Extraction for 2hr by reflex condentation process

Then take the marc in another beaker

Dissolve the marc with 150ml of acetone in round bottom flask

Extraction for 2hrs by reflux condensation process

Then the marc is centrifuged at 3500rpm for 10mins

Then filter the solution with filter paper

Residue and filterate get seperated

Then place the marc for specific period of time

After few days we get the form of pure curcumin

Then calculate the % yield of curcumin by following formula

Practical Yield = 0.71gm

So , acoording to the formula: -

ISOLATION OF CURCUMIN BY SOXHLET APPARATUS :

Filter the solution and concentrate to semisolid residue by evaporation

Add 0.1% NaoH solutionand shake slowely,alkali layer is separated

Acidify with Hcl

Yellow colour precipitate is formed

Concentrate the solution by stirring

Lumpy mass of resins separate out

Filter and evaporate the filtrate

Pure Crystal of curcumin is obtained

 And the percent yield is calculated by Mobile phase: Chloroform : ethanol:glacial

IDENTIFY TEST OF CURCUMIN IN PURIFIED TURMERIC EXTRACT USING TLC

preparation of reference solution and solvent system

chloroform :ethanol : glacial acetic acid ( 94:5:1)

preparation of stationary phase using silica gel as an adsorbent

densitometric scan at 366 nanometer

𝐃𝐈𝐒𝐓𝐀𝐍𝐂𝐄 𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐕𝐄𝐄𝐋𝐃 𝐁𝐘𝐒𝐎𝐋𝐔𝐓𝐄

II. CONCLUSION activities. Phytochemical analysis of turmeric has

16th edition, 2009, published by Elsevier

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