AC –

Item No. –
As Per NEP 2020

University of Mumbai

Syllabus for (MSc Biotechnology)

Semester – Sem I and II
PG GR dated 16th May, 2023

(With effect from the academic year 2023-24)

University of Mumbai

Syllabus for Approval (As per NEP 2020)

Sr.
No. Heading Particulars
1 O: ____ Title of program MSc Biotechnology

2 O: ______ Eligibility The learners who have either passed bachelor’s

 degree Examination of University of Mumbai in
Science/ Technology or equivalent Degree of any
other University recognized as equivalent thereto
with Major in Biotechnology, Life Sciences, Botany,
Zoology, Microbiology, Applied or Allied Biological
Sciences, Bioinformatics, Agriculture Sciences,
Fisheries Science, Veterinary Sciences.
OR
Chemistry, Physics, Information Technology,
Computer Sciences, or any other sciences with
biological sciences as ancillary subject
3 R: _____ Duration of program
Two years
4 R: ____ Intake Capacity
20 (variable as per college intake sanctioned)
5 R: ______Scheme of CSCS
Examination
6 R: ______ Standards of Passing

7 No. of years/Semesters: One year, Sem I & II

8 Program Level: P.G. 6.0

9 Pattern: Semester

10 Status: New

11 To be implemented from
Academic Year : From Academic Year: 2023

Sign of HOD Sign of Dean,

Prof Varsha Kelkar Mane Prof S S Garje
Department of Biotechnology Dean Science

Preamble

1) Introduction

Biotechnology a multidisciplinary subject has had and will continue to have a

major impact on our lives. The technology uses biological sources like cells and
their derivatives for applications spanning agriculture aka Green Biotechnology,
medicine /Red Biotechnology, textiles, dairy (White Biotechnology), food and
pharmaceuticals from marine resources (Blue Biotechnology), packaging, fuels
etc. Mankind has witnessed its immense contribution in the last three years
especially that revolutionized diagnostics and therapeutics. Personalized
medicine, designer genes, CRISPER Cas 9 are increasingly being tested for the
benefit of mankind.

Bioremediation however has been successful implemented for the clean-up of

hazardous pollutants as has the use of biopesticides and biofertilizers which
have reduced the use and hazards of toxic chemical insecticides and pesticides.

Green Biotechnology has very well addressed the increase in crop productivity,
addressing the concerns of malnutrition and starvation. Renewable, and
 sustainable energy sources for production of biofuels has been the forte of
Biotechnology. Marine biotechnology has been exploring the products that can
be tapped from aquatic flora and fauna.

Ethical concerns, unseen fears and environmental impacts loom the horizon,
none the less. An in-depth study of the subject is thus essential to enable
understand the field better and wider, define laws governing the feasibility and
approve conduct of research not only for the benefit of mankind but the
environment in toto.

2) Aims and Objectives

The course aims at empowering the learner with a knowledge base in processes
and applications that would impact and influence existing prototypes of green,
blue, red, and white Biotechnology.

After the completion of the course the students will be skilled and equipped with
contemporary knowledge in Biotechnology and would be eligible for jobs in
varied industrial sectors.

3) Learning Outcomes
The learner would be able to:

• Demonstrate fundamental knowledge of the subjects included.

• Design experiments to investigate the problems in varied fields of Biotechnology
and allied areas.

• Understand and Interpret Data and derive unique solutions to existing and
emerging issue.

4) Baskets of Electives:

• Molecular diagnostics
• Clinical Research
• Intellectual Property Rights
• Immunology
• Bioanalytical and Biophysical techniques
• Bioenterpreneruship
• Molecular Biology
 • Any suitable MOOCs

5) Scheme of Examination:
Syllabus
(MSc Biotechnology) (Sem. I & II)

Team for Creation of Syllabus

No Name College Name Sign
1 Prof Varsha Kelkar Mane
UD Biotechnology
2 Dr Bhupendra Pushkar
3 Dr Rohan Gavankar Viva College
4 Dr Bhuvaneshwari Krishna CHM College
5 Ms Rashmi Bhave Gogate Joglekar College
6 Dr Shilpa Gharat Sonopant Dandekar College
Dr Shailaja Palan
7 Dr Sonal Upadhyay Vikas College
8 Dr Namrata Desai ICLES' Motilal Jhunjhunwala College
9 Ms Archana Tajane BNN College
11 Mr Chetan Patil
12 Dr Mukesh Pimpliskar KME’s G M Momin Women’s college
13 Ms Shobha
14 Ms Shweta
14 Ms Vaishalee
15 Ms Vinaya J

Sign of HOD Sign of Dean

Name of the Head: Professor Varsha Kelkar Mane Name of the Dean: Prof S S Garje
Name of the Department: Biotechnology Name of the Faculty: Science

MSc Biotechnology Course Structure

 Semester I and II
Major OJT RP Cum
Year Leve Sem. RM / FP . Cr.
l (2 Yr)
Mandatory* Electives Any one
TH P TH PR
R
Course 1 4 2 2 2 4 - - 22
Sem Biochemistry Molecular
I Diagnostics
I OR
Immunology 2 2
OR
Clinical
research 4 -
OR
6.0 Any of
MOOCs 4 -

Course 2 4 2
Bioprocess
Engineering
and
technology
Course 3 2 -
Basics in IPR
and Patents
Course 1 4 2 2 2 4* - 22
Sem Bioinfo & BioEntrepre
II Biostatistics neurship
OR -
Bioanalytical 4 -
and
Biophysical
techniques
OR 2 2
Molecular
Biology
OR
Any of 4 -
MOOCs
Course 2 4 2
Plant and
Animal
Biotechnology
Course 3 2 -
Patenting in
Biotechnology
and Bioethics
Cum. Cr.
For PG 28 8 4 4 - 44
Diploma

*OJT with emphasis on instrumentation- /primary data

collection that can be used for their research projects in
subsequent semesters
LEARNING OUTCOMES BASED EDUCATION -
The M.Sc. Biotechnology course has been designed on
the basis of learning outcome based curriculum
framework. The course covers the fundamental and
advanced areas of Biotechnology with a range of core
subjects in each semester. Along with providing the
traditional biotechnology knowledge, the course also has
enough scope for inter- and multi-disciplinary subjects in
the form of departmental electives.
This course also caters the skill enhancement needs of
the students as well as provides opportunity for
collaboration and learning from other disciplines.
Every semester has a practical course for strengthening
their skills in designing and conducting experiments in the
field of Biotechnology.

PROGRAMME LEARNING OUTCOMES (PLO) -

After the completion of this programme, the students will
be able -
PLO 1 - To identify, formulate, review research literature,
analyse, and design experiments and identify the solutions
for complex problems using modern tools.
PLO 2 - To apply the knowledge of basic biotechnology to
solve complex problems in society.
PLO 3 - To apply reasoning informed by contextual
knowledge to assess societal, health, safety and the
consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional
biotechnology practices.
PLO 4 - To recognize the need and have the ability to
engage in independent and lifelong learning in
technological change.
PLO 5 - To function effectively as an individual and as a
member or leader in diverse teams and in inter- and multi-
disciplinary areas.
TEACHING PATTERN
One (01) Credit would be of 15 learning hours for 15
weeks and will be spent on classroom teaching and
learning as prescribed by the University. One (01) Credit
for practicals would be of 30 hands on hours for 15 weeks
and will be spent in laboratory teaching, learning and
performing as prescribed by the University. Each lecture
duration would be for 60 min
The names of the reference books provided in the syllabus
are for guidance purposes only. Students and faculty are
encouraged to explore additional reference books, online
lectures, videos, science journals for latest/ additional
information.

SCHEME OF EXAMINATION (THEORY AND

PRACTICALS) :
M.Sc. Part-I Biotechnology; Semester –I

Course-I Biochemistry (PSBT101)

On successful completion of the course the learner would demonstrate and explain the
understanding of the following:
Units Topics Credit No of
lectures
Glycosylation of Biomolecules - Synthesis N-linked, O- 15
linked, and GPI linked glycoproteins and role of
Unit-I glycosylation.
Glycobiolog Lipid aggregates: micelles, bilayers, and liposomes-
y structure, types, preparation, characterization, and
& therapeutic applications of liposomes.
Membrane Composition and Architecture of membrane: structural
Biochemistr lipids in membranes, membrane bound proteins -
y structure, properties, and function.
Membrane Dynamics: lipid movements, flippase,
FRAP, Lipid raft, Membrane fusion. Solubilization of
the membrane by using different detergents.

Unit- II Translocation of Secretory Proteins across the ER 15

Membrane, Insertion, Protein Modifications, Folding,
Protein and Quality Control in the ER, Protein sorting and
Transport export from Golgi Apparatus.
& Sorting of Proteins to Mitochondria and Chloroplasts.
Membrane Molecular Mechanisms of Vesicular Traffic, early and
Trafficking later Stages of the Secretory Pathway, Receptor-
Mediated Endocytosis. Protein degradation: Ubiquitin-
proteasome pathway and lysosomal proteolysis.
Forces stabilising nucleic acid structures, triple helix. 15
Unit- III Superhelix topology- linking number, Twist and
writhing number, measurement of supercoiling and
Biochemistr Topoisomerases. Nucleic acid binding protein –
y Leucine Zipper, Zinc fingers, OB fold, Beta Barrel,
of Nucleic Helix-turn-helix, Helix-loop-helix. Biosynthesis of
acids nucleic acids and inborn errors of nucleic acid
Metabolism.
Methodologies for detection: Protein –Protein and
DNA –Protein interactions: Gel retardation assay, DNA
footprinting, Yeast 2 Hybrid Method advantages and
limitations, yeast split-hybrid and reverse two-hybrid
systems, Co-Immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and Far-
Western Blot Analysis.
Unit- IV Biosynthesis of Amino acids; phenylalanine, tyrosine, 15
Bioenergetic threonine, and methionine. Bioenergetics- coupled
s and interconnecting reactions in metabolism; oxidation of
regulation of carbon fuels; recurring motifs in metabolism.
metabolism Integration of central metabolism; entry/ exit of various
biomolecules from central pathways, principles of
metabolic regulation. Strategies of energy Metabolism:
organ specialization- Brain, Muscle, Adipose Tissue,
Liver, Kidney. Metabolic Homeostasis
PSBT- 101
2 credits
1. To prepare Acetate and Phosphate buffers using the
Henderson-Hassel Bach equation.
2. Purification of protein by ammonium sulphate
fractionation, dialyze and separation.
using PAGE CBB/silver staining, Glycoprotein staining.
3. To determine an unknown protein concentration using
Biuret, Folin lowry’s and Bradford's assay
4. Isolation of genomic DNA from plant/animal source
5. Isolation of cholesterol and lecithin from egg yolks.
6. Paper chromatography of Aminoacids, detection using
Ninhydrin

References
For theory:
1. Stryer, L. (2015). Biochemistry. (8th edition) New York:
Freeman.
2. Lehninger, A. L. (2012). Principles of Biochemistry (6th
edition). New York, NY: Worth.
3. Voet, D., & Voet, J. G. (2016). Biochemistry (5th
edition). Hoboken, NJ: J. Wiley & Sons.
4. Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts,
K., & Walter, P. (2008).
5. Lodish, H. F. (2016). Molecular Cell Biology (8th Ed.).
New York: W.H. Freeman.
6. Krebs, J. E., Lewin, B., Kilpatrick, S. T., & Goldstein, E.
S. (2014).
7. Lewin's Genes XI. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett
Learning.
8. Cooper, G. M., & Hausman, R. E. (2013). The Cell: a
Molecular Approach (6th Ed.). Washington: ASM;
Sunderland.
 9. Laouini et.al. Preparation, Characterization and
Applications of Liposomes: State of the Art. journal of
Colloid Science and Biotechnology Vol. 1, 147–168,
2012
10. Watson, James D., Baker, Tania A., Bell, Stephen P. &
Gann, Alexander: Molecular biology of the gene. (6th
ed.) New York. Pearson Education Inc., 2008. 0-321-
50781-9
For practical
1. Principles and techniques of Biochemistry and
molecular biology (7th Ed, 2010) Keith Wilson and
John Walker, Cambridge university Press.
2. Biochemistry Laboratory (2nd Ed, 2012) Rodney
Boyer, Pearson’s Publication.
3. Biochemical Methods, Sadasivam and Manikam(3 rd

Ed, 2008)New age international publishers,2008.

4. An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry (3 Edition), rd

David T Plummer, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing

Company Limited, 1992.

Course II -Bioprocess engineering and technology (PSBT 102)

On successful completion of the course the learner would demonstrate and explain the
understanding of the following:
Units Topics Credit No of
lectures
Unit-I Sources of Microorganisms Used in Biotechnology- 15
Basic Literature search and culture collection supply,
principles Isolation de novo of organisms producing metabolites
of of economic importance. Strain Improvement-
biochemical Selection from naturally occurring variants,
engineering Manipulation of the genome of industrial organisms in
strain improvement Bioreactor design and analysis.
Media formulation and optimization methods;
sterilization of bioreactors aeration and agitation in
bioreactors KLa value (factors affecting and methods
of determination).

Unit- II Principles of Microbial Growth: Batch Fermentation, 15

Fed-Batch Fermentation, Continuous Fermentation
Production of Maximizing the Efficiency of the Fermentation
proteins from Process
recombinant High-Density Cell Cultures, Increasing Plasmid
microorganis Stability, Quiescent E. coli Cells, Protein Secretion
ms and Reducing Acetate
Bioreactors: Typical Large-Scale Fermentation
Systems
Two-Stage Fermentation in Tandem Airlift Reactors,
Two-Stage Fermentation in a Single Stirred-Tank
 Reactor, Batch versus Fed-Batch Fermentation,
Harvesting Microbial Cells, Disrupting Microbial Cells,
Downstream Processing, Protein Solubilization,
Large-Scale Production of plasmid DNA
Introduction and scope 15
Unit- III 1. Enzymes sourced from animals and plants used in
Applications food manufacturing technology
of 2. Enzyme usage in food applications.
enzyme Mechanism of enzyme function and reactions in food
technology processes
in food 1.Starch-processing and related carbohydrates.
processing 2. Lipases for production of food components:
interesterified fat
3. Enzymes in protein modification: hydrolyzed
protein
4.Enzymes in bread making - flavour, texture and
keeping quality
5. Enzymes in dairy product manufacture
6. Enzymes in fruit and vegetable processing and
juice extraction
7.Enzymes in fish and meat processing
8. Beer Production using Immobilized Cell
Technology
Unit- IV 1. Microbial biomass production: mushrooms, SCP 15
Applications 2.Fermented foods from: meat and fish, bread,
of Microbial Vegetables (sauerkraut, cucumber), Legumes and
tehnology Oil, Seeds soya bean fermentations
3. Beverages: a) Stimulant Beverages -coffee, cocoa
and tea fermentations b) Alcoholic beverages - Cider
production
4. Food additives and supplements: a) Lipids,
Nucleosides, nucleotides and related compounds-
Vitamins
b) Natural food preservatives- bacteriocins from lactic
acid bacteria – production and applications e.g. Nisin
c) Microbial production of colours and flavours.
d) Polyhydric alcohols: low-calorie sweetener
particularly useful for sweetening food products for
diabetics
e) Microbial exopolysaccharides - Xanthan gum
5. Process Food wastes- for bioconversion to useful
products (Compost, biofuels, biomass cheap source
of raw material in fermentation etc)

Practical -PSBT-102
2 Credits
1. Microbial pigment/metabolite: a. production – factors
affecting – pH, temp, nutrients, static/ shaker
conditions,submerged/ surface. b. extraction – soluble
and insoluble pigments- organic solvent extraction
and purification.
2. Immobilize an organism / enzyme and detect the
conversion of substrate to product.
3. Demonstration of media optimization by Placket
Burman test- demonstration
4. Methods for measurement of cell mass: a. Direct
physical measurement of dry weight, wet weight, or
volume of cells after centrifugation. b. Indirect
measurement. c. Turbidity measurements employ
instruments to determine the amount of light scattered
 by cell suspension.
5. Demonstration of Analytical techniques like HPLC,
FPLC, GC, GC-MS etc. for measurement of amounts
of products/substrates.
6. Quality Assurance in a Biotechnology/food/beverage
industry – Field visit and report
7. Method validation for any biochemical test (Accuracy,
Limit of Detection, Limit of Quantitation, Specificity,
Linearity and range, Ruggedness and Robustness) –
Report writing
References:
1. Shuler, M. L., & Kargi, F. (2002). Bioprocess
Engineering: Basic Concepts. Upper Saddle River,
NJ: Prentice Hall.
2. Stanbury, P. F., & Whitaker, A. (2010). Principles of
Fermentation Technology. Oxford:
Pergamon Press.
3. Bailey, J. E., & Ollis, D. F. (1986). Biochemical
Engineering Fundamentals. New York:
McGraw-Hill.
4. El-Mansi, M., & Bryce, C. F. (2007). Fermentation
Microbiology and Biotechnology. Boca
Raton: CRC/Taylor & Francis.
5. Lee, Y. K. (2013). Microbial Biotechnology: Principles
and Applications. Hackensack, NJ:
World Scientific.
6. Alexander N. Glazer and Hiroshi Nikaido -Microbial
Biotechnology: Fundamentals of Applied
Microbiology, 2nd Edition
7. Michael Waites and Morgan , Rockney and Highton -
Industrial microbiology : An Introduction
8. Robert Whitehurst and Maarten Van Oort - Enzymes
in food technology 2nd ed
9. Nduka Okafor Modern industrial microbiology and
biotechnology Science Publishers, Enfield,
(2007)
 Course III - Basics in IPR and Patents (PSBT 103)
On successful completion of the course the learner would demonstrate and explain
the understanding of the following:
Unit Topics Credit No of
Lectures
World Intellectual Property Organisation 15
Unit I (WIPO) – Functions of WIPO – Membership 2
Introduction – GATT Agreement – Paris Convention –
to IPR TRIPS agreement.
Types of IP: patents, trademarks, trade
secrets, copyright & related rights, industrial
design, geographical indications,
Biodiversity importance and legislation,plant
variety protection and farmers rights act,
traditional knowledge.
Unit II Eligibility criteria, concept of novelty, 15
Basics of concept of inventive step;
Patent Patenting systems- Indian Patent Act and
amendments, Process of Patenting, Types
of patent applications, Patent Agent,
Patent Search, Rights of the patent holder,
Assignment and licensing of patents and
patent Infringement, case studies.

References:
1. Ganguli, P. (2001). Intellectual Property Rights:
Unleashing the Knowledge Economy. Tata McGraw-
Hill Publishing Company.
2. Karen F. Greif, Jon F. Merz - Current Controversies in
the Biological Sciences_ Case Studies of Policy
Challenges from New Technologies (Basic Bioethics)-
The MIT Press (2007)
3. Padma Nambisan (Auth.) - An Introduction to Ethical,
Safety and Intellectual Property Rights
4. Issues in Biotechnology- Academic Press (2017)
5. David Castle - The Role of Intellectual Property Rights
in Biotechnology Innovation (2011)
6. Goel, D., & Parashar, S. (2013). IPR, Biosafety and
Bioethics. Pearson Education India.
7. Singh, S. S. (2004). The Law of Intellectual Property
Rights. Deep and Deep Publications, New Delhi, 96.
8. Talwar Shabana; Intellectual Property Rights in WTO
and Developing Countries, Edition 2010,Serials
Publications, New Delhi.
 Elective : PSBTE I Immunology
On successful completion of the course the learner would demonstrate and explain the
understanding of the following:
Unit Topics Credit No of
Lectures
Active and passive immunization; live, killed,
I attenuated, subunit vaccines; vaccine technology:
Vaccinology role and properties of adjuvants, recombinant DNA
and protein based vaccines, plant-based vaccines,
reverse vaccinology; peptide vaccines, conjugate
vaccines; antibody genes and antibody
15
engineering: chimeric, generation of monoclonal 2
antibodies, hybrid monoclonal antibodies; catalytic
antibodies and generation of immunoglobulin gene
libraries, idiotypic vaccines and marker vaccines,
viral-like particles (VLPs), dendritic cell based
vaccines, vaccine against cancer, T cell based
vaccine, edible vaccine and therapeutic vaccine.
II Precipitation, agglutination and complement
Antigen- mediated immune reactions; advanced
antibody immunological techniques: RIA, ELISA, Western
interactions blotting, ELISPOT assay, immunofluorescence
microscopy, flow cytometry and immunoelectron
15
microscopy; surface plasmon resonance,
biosensor assays for assessing ligand –receptor
interaction; CMI techniques: lymphoproliferation
assay, mixed lymphocyte reaction, cell cytotoxicity
assays, apoptosis, microarrays, transgenic mice,
gene knock outs.

Practical Electives PSBT E I

- 2 Credits
1. Preparation and sterility testing of heat killed
vaccines.
2. To perform the Dot blot assays
3. Latex bead agglutination / precipitation test for
detection of rheumatoid factor (RF)
4. Separation of lymphocytes on Ficoll Histopaque and
viability count
5. Study of precipitation reactions- Ouchterlony and
Mancini
6. Demonstration of Western blotting
7. Widal test- quantitative
8. RPR ( Rapid Plasma Reagin)- kit based
9. Determination of ESR

References
 1. Kindt, T. J., Goldsby, R. A., Osborne, B. A., &Kuby, J.
(2006). Immunology. New York: W.H. Freeman.
2. Murphy, K., Travers, P., Walport, M., & Janeway, C.
(2012). Janeway’s Immunobiology. New York: Garland
Science.
3. An introduction to Immunology C V Rao Narosa
Publishing house
4. Immunology essential and fundamental, Second
edition S Pathak & U P Parveen Publishing House
5. Text Book of Medical Biochemistry, Praful Godkar.
Bahalani Publishers
6. Immunology, An introduction, fourth edition. Ian R
Tizard Thomson
7. Immunology, fifth Ed Goldsby, T J. Kindt, Osborne,
Janis Kuby Freeman and company.
8. Immunology, sixth Ed Roitt, Brostoff, Male Mosby, An
imprint of Elsevier science Ltd
9. Practical immunology, Frank Hay, 4th Edition ,
Blackwell Science
10. Medical Microbiology, Anantnaraya.

Elective PSBTE II: Molecular diagnostics

On successful completion of the course the learner would demonstrate and explain the
understanding of the following:
Unit Topics Credit No of
Lectures
Techniques:
Unit I Molecular amplification techniques
Diagnostic ● Target amplification systems
Microbiology ● Probe amplification systems
● Signal amplification
PCR in molecular diagnostics; viral and bacterial
detection
Quantitation of organisms – internal controls,
external standards, calibrators, absolute and 15
relative quantification 2
Identification and classification of organisms using
molecular markers- 16S rRNA typing/sequencing
Detection and identity of microbial diseases Direct
detection and identification of pathogenic
organisms/ viruses e.g. TB and HIV Clinical utility
of molecular diagnostics tests (NAAT) for Hepatitis
and AIDS.
Molecular identification of fungal pathogens
Pharmacogenetics
Unit II Genomics: Gene expression by SAGE and
Functional Functional Microarrays- Construction of
Genomics and microarrays – genomics and genomic arrays,
Proteomics cDNA arrays and oligo arrays and Proteomics its
applications, NGS platforms, high and low read
sequences
Proteomics: Separation and Identification of
Proteins 2D-PAGE, isoelectric focusing, Edmand
reaction Protein tryptic digestion and peptide mass 15
fingerprinting mass spectrometry, MALDI-TOF
 Protein Expression Profiling: Protein Microarrays/
Protein chips: Types and applications, Gel-based
quantitative proteomics: DIGE 15 (Difference in
Gel Electrophoresis)
Clinical and biomedical applications of proteomics,
Introduction to metabolomics, lipidomics,
metagenomics and systems biology.

Practical Elective PSBT E

II: 2 credits

1. Antimicrobial sensitivity test and demonstration of

drug resistance.
2. Identification of microorganisms using biochemical
testing (performing) and 16sr DNA sequencing
(demonstration)
3. Visit to molecular diagnostic lab/ cytogenetic lab:
Report
4. Sample collection, storage and processing in
molecular diagnostic labs
5. Photo album of chromosomal abnormalities in normal
and disease condition numerical detected by using
different probes – centromeric, locus specific,
telomeric Structural -Translocations and fusion genes,
Detection of inversions and interstitial deletions by
SKY, CGH for a disease or cancer.
6. Separation of human serum / plasma proteins / egg
white using Native PAGE.
7. Demonstration/ video of 2D PAGE
8. Demonstration of Affinity chromatography

References:
For theory
1. Campbell, I. D. (2012). Biophysical Techniques.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2. Serdyuk, I. N., Zaccai, N. R., & Zaccai, G. (2007).
Methods in Molecular Biophysics:
Structure,Dynamics, Function. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
3. Phillips, R., Kondev, J., & Theriot, J. (2009). Physical
Biology of the Cell. New York: Garland Huang, B.,
Bates, M., & Zhuang, X. (2009). Super-Resolution
Fluorescence Microscopy. Annual Review of
Biochemistry, 78(1), 993-1016.
doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.77.061906.092014.
4. Lander, E. (2016). The Heroes of CRISPR. Cell,
164(1-2), 18-28. doi:10.1016/j. cell.2015.12.041.
5. Ledford, H. (2016). The Unsung Heroes of CRISPR.
 Nature, 535(7612), 342-344.
doi:10.1038/535342a.
6. Molecular Imaging Theranostics, 4(4), 386-398.
doi:10.7150/thno.8006 Coleman, W. B., & Tsongalis,
G. J. (2010). Molecular Diagnostics: for the Clinical
Laboratorian. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press.
7. Molecular biology of the cell by Bruce Alberts,
Alexander Johnson, Julian Lewis, Martin Rafi, Keith
Roberts, and Peter Walter. 5th ed. 2008
8. Molecular Microbiology Diagnostic Principles and
practice third edition, David H. Persing and Fred C.
Tenover Copyright _ 2016 by ASM Press
9. Methods in Molecular Biology, Vol. 204: Molecular
Cytogenetics: Protocols and Applications, Edited by:
Y. S. Fan © Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ 2001
10. Genome 3 TA Brown Molecular Biotechnology –
Principles and applications of recombinant
technology, Glick 4 edition 2010
th

11. Human Molecular Genetics. Tom Strachan and

Andrew Read, 2004, 3 Edition, Garland
rd

12. Introduction to human molecular genetics. Jack

Pasternak, 2005, 2 Edition, Wiley publication.
nd

For Practicals
1. Principles and techniques of Biochemistry and
molecular biology (7th Ed, 2010) Keith Wilson and
John Walker, Cambridge university Press.
2. Biochemistry Laboratory (2nd Ed, 2012) Rodney
Boyer, Pearson’s Publication.
3. Biochemical Methods, Sadasivam and Manikam(3rd
Ed, 2008)New age international publishers,2008.
4. An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry (3rd Edition),
David T Plummer, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing
Company Limited, 1992
 Elective PSBTE III: Clinical Research
On successful completion of the course the learner would demonstrate and explain the
understanding of the following:
Unit Topics Credit No of
Lectures
1.Historical Perspectives: Nuremberg Code Study, The
I Belmont Report, The declaration of Helsinki, Origin and
Principles of International Conference on Harmonization –
Good Clinical Practice (ICH-GCP) guidelines
2. Informed Consent Process: Ethical principles governing
informed consent process, Structure and content of a Patient
Information Sheet, Structure and content of an Informed 4 15
Consent Form, The process of taking informed consent and
documentation
3. Clinical Trial Study team: Roles and responsibilities of:
Investigator, Study Coordinator, Sponsor, Monitor, Contract
Research Organization, Site management Organizations.

II 1. Types and Designs used in Clinical Research: Types of

research designs based on Controlling Method
(Experimental, Quasi experimental, and Observational
methods) Randomization techniques (Simple randomization,
restricted randomization, blocking method and
stratification),Time Sequences (Prospective and
Retrospective), Sampling methods (Cohort study, case
15
Control study and cross sectional study), Health outcome
measures (Clinical & Physiological, Humanistic and
economic)
2. Clinical trial Documents: Guidelines to the preparation of
following documents: Protocols, Investigator’s Brochure,
Informed Consent Form, Case report forms, Contracts and
agreements, Trial Master File preparation and maintenance,
Investigator Site File, Pharmacy File, Dairy Cards
III 1. Clinical Trial Start up activities: Site Feasibility Studies,
Site/Investigator selection, Pre-study visit, Investigator
meeting, Clinical trial agreement execution, Ethics committee
document preparation and submission, Site initiation visit
2. Investigational Product: Procurement and Storage of
investigation product
3. Preparation and conduct of monitoring visit: Review of 15
source documents, CRF, ICF, IP storage, accountability and
reconciliation, Study Procedure, EC communications, Safety
reporting, Monitoring visit reporting and follow-up Close-Out
visit: Study related documents collection, Archival
requirement, Investigational Product reconciliation and
destruction, Close-Out visit report.
IV 1. Quality Assurance and Quality Control in Clinical Trials:
Audit criteria, Audit process, Responsibilities of stakeholders
in audit process, Audit follow-up and documentation, Audit
resolution and Preparing for FDA inspections, Fraud and
misconduct management
15
2. Clinical Data Management: Infrastructure and System
Requirement for Data Management: Electronic data capture
 systems, Selection and implementation of new systems,
System validation and test procedures, Coding dictionaries,
Data migration and archival

References:
1. Recent Central Drugs Standard Control Organization.
Good Clinical Practices-Guidelines for Clinical Trials on
Pharmaceutical Products in India. New Delhi: Ministry of
Health; 2013, 2017.
2. International Conference on Harmonization of Technical
requirements for registration of Pharmaceuticals for
human use. ICH Harmonized Tripartite Guideline.
Guideline for Good Clinical Practice.E6; May 1996.
3. Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research on Human
Subjects 2000, 2014, 2017. Indian Council of Medical
Research, New Delhi.
4. Textbook of Clinical Trials edited by David Machin,
Simon Day and Sylvan Green, March 2005, John Wiley
and Sons.
5. Clinical Data Management edited by R K Rondels, S A
Varley, C F Webbs. Second Edition, Jan 2000, Wiley
Publications

Semester II
Course I -Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (PSBT 201)

On successful completion of the course the learner would demonstrate and explain the
understanding of the following:
Unit Topics Credit No of
Lectu
res
Suggested unit content-
Unit I Bioinformatics basics: Computers in biology and
Bioinformatics medicine; Introduction to Unix and Linux systems and
basic commands; Biological XML DTD’s; databases and
search tools: biological background for sequence
analysis, NCBI- publicly available tools; resources at EBI;
4 15
DNA sequence analysis: gene bank sequence database;
submitting DNA sequences to databases, pairwise
alignment techniques: BLAST and FASTA, motif discovery
and gene prediction; local structural variants of DNA, their
relevance in molecular level processes, and their
identification; assembly of data from genome sequencing
Unit II Multiple sequence alignment: CLUSTALW and
Bioinformatics CLUSTALX for multiple sequence alignment, submitting
DNA protein sequence to databases: where and how to
submit, SEQUIN; submitting aligned sets of sequences,
updating submitted sequences; methods of phylogenetic
15
analysis.
Protein modelling: Protein structure and classification
databases; Protein structure visualization; Protein
structure analysis: Secondary, (Chou Fasman algorithm,
GOR algorithm, Tertiary (Homology modelling,
Threading, Ab initio)
Unit III Introduction and scope of statistics in biological studies
Biostatistics and basic concepts. Collection of data, by different
sampling methods: Simple random sampling, stratified
random sampling and systematic sampling and non
random sampling. Measures of central tendency; Mean,
Median and Mode. Measures of Dispersion: Variance/ 15
standard deviation, coefficient of variation and standard
error. Confidence limits for mean and proportion.
Probability and Basic concepts: Normal and binomial
distribution. Correlation and regression analysis for a
bivariate data: Scatter diagram
Unit IV Test of Hypothesis: Null hypothesis, alternate hypothesis,
Biostatistics test statistics, Type I and Type II errors, level of
significance and critical region. Z test: for a single sample,
two samples, t-test a single sample, two samples and 15
testing the significance of the correlation. Coefficient: t
paired test, Chi-square (x2 test): As a goodness of fit and
in 2x2 contingency test

Practical-
PSBT201 2 credit
1. Using NCBI and Uniprot web resources
2. Introduction and use of various genome databases.
3. Sequence information resource: Using NCBI,
EMBL, Genbank, Entrez, Swissprot/ TrEMBL,
UniProt.
 4. Similarity searches using tools like BLAST and
interpretation of results.
Multiple sequence alignment using ClustalW.
5. Phylogenetic analysis of protein and nucleotide
sequences.
6. Use of gene prediction methods (GRAIL, Genscan,
Glimmer) (Demonstration)
7. Homology modeling
8. Use of various primer designing and restriction site
prediction tools.
9. Use of different protein structure prediction
databases (PDB, SCOP, CATH).
10. Measures of central tendency: Mean, median and
mode for grouped and ungrouped data
11. Measures of dispersion: Standard deviation for
grouped and ungrouped data: standard value for
the mean and proportion
12. Confidence limits for the mean and proportion
13. Probability: Normal distribution and Binomial
distribution use of normal tables
14. Correlation and Regression: Estimation of
correlation coefficient, to fit regression equations
from bivariate data
15. Test of hypothesis: a) Z-test, b) t-test c) x2 test
References:
1. Lesk, A. M. (2002). Introduction to Bioinformatics.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2. Mount, D. W. (2001). Bioinformatics: Sequence and
Genome Analysis. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold
Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
3. Baxevanis, A. D., & Ouellette, B. F. (2001).
Bioinformatics: a Practical Guide to the Analysis of
Genes and Proteins. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
4. Pevsner, J. (2015). Bioinformatics and Functional
Genomics. Hoboken, NJ.: Wiley-Blackwell.
5. Bourne, P. E., & Gu, J. (2009). Structural Bioinformatics.
Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Liss.
6. Lesk, A. M. (2004). Introduction to Protein Science:
Architecture, Function, and Genomics. Oxford:
Oxford University Press.
7. S. P. Gupta, Statistical Methods, (45th Revised Edition),
Publisher SCHAND
8. William G. Cochran, Sampling Techniques (3th Edition),
Wiley and sons
9. Boris V. Gnedenko, Theory of Probability (6th Edition),
CRC Press, 13-May-1998
10. Oscar Kempthorne, Klaus Hinkelmann, Design and
Analysis of Experiments, Volume1: Introduction
to Experimental Design, 2nd Edition, ISBN: 978-0-471-
72756-9 December 2007
11. Acheson Johnston Duncan, Quality Control and
Industrial Statistics (5th Edition), Irwin; 5 edition
January 1, 1986
12. BK Mahajan, Methods in Biostatistics (7th Edition),
Published December 1st 2008 by JP Medical Ltd

Paper II - Plant and Animal Biotechnology (PSBT 202)

On successful completion of the course the learner would demonstrate and explain the
understanding of the following:
Unit Topics Credit No of
Lectur
es
Historical perspective; totipotency; culture and
I Plant tissue organogenesis; Somatic embryogenesis; establishment
culture of Animal cell cultures – callus culture, cell suspension
culture, media culture preparation – nutrients and plant
hormones; sterilization techniques; applications of tissue
culture - micropropagation; somaclonal variation;
androgenesis and its applications in genetics and plant 4 15
breeding; germplasm conservation and cryopreservation;
synthetic seed production; protoplast culture and somatic
hybridization - protoplast isolation; culture and usage;
somatic hybridization - methods and applications; cybrids
and somatic cell genetics; plant cell cultures for
secondary metabolite production.
II Plant Genetic engineering: Agrobacterium-plant interaction;
Genetic Genetic virulence; Ti and Ri plasmids; opines and their
manipulation manipulations significance; T-DNA transfer; disarmed Ti
s plasmid; Genetic transformation - Agrobacterium-
mediated gene delivery; cointegrate and binary vectors
and their utility;
direct gene transfer - PEG-mediated, electroporation, 15
particle bombardment and alternative methods;
screenable and selectable markers; characterization of
transgenics; chloroplast transformation; marker-free
methodologies; advanced methodologies - cisgenesis,
intragenesis and genome editing; molecular pharming -
concept of plants as biofactories, production of industrial
enzymes and pharmaceutically important compounds.
III Brief history of animal cell culture; ATC media: serum,
Animal cell serum free and plant based serum alternatives and
culture and chemically defined media.Application of animal cell
animal culture for virus isolation and in vitro testing of drugs,
reproductive testing of toxicity of environmental pollutants in cell
Biotechnolog culture, application of cell culture technology in
y production of human and animal viral vaccines and
pharmaceutical proteins. Novel strategies and
advancement in mammalian cell line development, large
scale production of animal cells, advances in tissue
engineering, use of genetic engineering tools for therapy.
15
Animal reproductive biotechnology: structure of sperms
reproductive and ovum; cryopreservation of sperms and
ova of biotechnology livestock; artificial insemination;
super ovulation, and embryo recovery and in vitro
fertilization; culture of Vaccinology embryos;
cryopreservation of embryos; embryo transfer
 technology; transgenic manipulation of animal embryos;
applications of transgenic animal technology; animal
cloning - basic concept, cloning for conservation for
conservation endangered species;
IV Molecular Molecular markers - hybridization and PCR based
mapping and mapping and markers RFLP, RAPD, STS, SSR, AFLP,
marker SNP markers; marker DNA fingerprinting-principles and
assisted applications; assisted introduction to mapping of
selection. genes/QTLs; marker-assisted selection - strategies for
15
Introducing genes of biotic and abiotic stress resistance
in plants: genetic basis for disease resistance in animals;
molecular diagnostics of pathogens in plants and
animals; detection of meat adulteration using DNA based
methods.

Practical
PSBT202 2
credits
Plant tissue culture
1. Prepare culture media with various supplements for
plant tissue culture.
2. Prepare explants from suitable plants for inoculation
under aseptic conditions.
3. Isolate plant protoplast by enzymatic and mechanical
methods and attempt fusion by PEG
4. Culture Agrobacterium tumefaciens and attempt
transformation of any dicot species.
5. Undertake plant genomic DNA isolation by CTAB
method and its quantitation by visual as well
as spectrophotometric methods.
Animal cell culture:
6. Count cells of an animal tissue and check their viability.
7. Prepare culture media with various supplements for
plant and animal tissue culture.
8. Prepare single cell suspension from spleen and thymus.
9. Isolate DNA from animal tissue by SDS method.
10. Attempt animal cell fusion using PEG.

References:

1. Biology of plant metabolomics, Robert Hall, Annual

Plant Reviews, 43, Chichester, West Sussex;Ames,
Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011
2. Plant Biotechnology. Umesha, S. (2013).
3. Glick, B. R., & Pasternak, J. J. (2010). Molecular
Biotechnology: Principles and Applications of
Recombinant DNA. Washington, D.C.: ASM Press.
4. Brown, T. A. (2006). Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis:
 An Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell
Publishers.
5. Primrose, S. B., & Twyman, R. M. (2006). Principles
of Gene Manipulation and Genomics.Malden, MA:
Blackwell Pub.
6. Slater, A., Scott, N. W., & Fowler, M. R. (2003). Plant
Biotechnology: The Genetic Manipulation of Plants.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
7. Gordon, I. (2005). Reproductive Techniques in Farm
Animals. Oxford: CAB International.
8. Levine, M. M. (2004). New Generation Vaccines. New
York: M. Dekker.
9. Pörtner, R. (2007). Animal Cell Biotechnology:
Methods and Protocols. Totowa, NJ: HumanaPress.
10. Chawla, H. S. (2000). Introduction to Plant
Biotechnology. Enfield, NH: Science.
11. Razdan, M. K. (2003). Introduction to Plant Tissue
Culture. Enfield, NH: Science.
12. Slater, A., Scott, N. W., & Fowler, M. R. (2008). Plant
Biotechnology: n Introduction to Genetic Engineering.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
13. Buchanan, B. B., Gruissem, W., & Jones, R. L.
(2015). Biochemistry & Molecular Biology of Plants,
Wiley 2002

PSBT203 Patenting in Biotechnology and Bioethics

On successful completion of the course the learner would demonstrate and explain the
understanding of the following:
Unit Topics Credit No of
Lectures
Unit I Patentability of Statutory Provisions Regarding
Patenting Biotechnological
Biotechnology Inventions Under the Current Patent Act
1970 (as
Inventions Amended 2005).
Interpreting TRIPS in the Light of Biotechnology,
Territorial Nature of Patents,: From Territorial to Global 2 15
Patent Regime, Inventions, Feasibility of a Uniform Global
Patent, System, Merits and Demerits of Uniform Patent
Law,
Relevance of the Existing International Patent, Tentative
Harmonization Efforts, Implications of Setting up a
Uniform World Patent System.
Unit II Introduction, bioethics in health care- euthanasia,
Bioethics Bioethics artificial reproductive technologies, prenatal
diagnosis, genetic screening, gene therapy, organ
transplantation. Ethics of clinical research, Bioethics in
15
research – cloning and stem cell research, Human and
animal experimentation, Agricultural biotechnology -
Genetically engineered food, environmental risk, labeling
and public opinion. Bioterrorism.
References:
1. Ganguli, P. (2001). Intellectual Property Rights:
Unleashing the Knowledge Economy. Tata
McGraw-Hill Publishing Company.
2. Karen F. Greif, Jon F. Merz - Current Controversies in
the Biological Sciences_ Case Studies of Policy
Challenges from New Technologies (Basic Bioethics)-
The MIT Press (2007)
3. V. Sreekrishna - Bioethics and Biosafety in
Biotechnology-to New Age International Pvt Ltd
Publishers (2007)
4. Padma Nambisan (Auth.) - An Introduction to Ethical,
Safety and Intellectual Property Rights
5. Issues in Biotechnology- Academic Press (2017)
6. Kshitij Kumar Singh (auth.) - Biotechnology and
Intellectual Property Rights_ Legal and Social
Implications-Springer India (2015)
7. Talwar Shabana; Intellectual Property Rights in WTO
and Developing Countries, Edition 2010,
Serials Publications, New Delhi.

PSBT Elective IV. Bio Entrepreneurship

On successful completion of the course the learner would demonstrate and explain the
understanding of the following:
Unit Topics Credit No of
Lectu
res
Unit I Innovation and entrepreneurship in bio-business 15
Introduction and scope in Bio-entrepreneurship, Types
Innovation and of bio-industries and competitive dynamics between
entrepreneurshi the sub-industries of the bio-sector (e.g.
p pharmaceuticals vs. Industrial biotech), Strategy and
operations of bio-sector firms; Factors shaping
opportunities for innovation and entrepreneurship in
bio-sectors, and the business implications of those
opportunities, Alternatives faced by emerging biofirms
and the relevant tools for strategic decision,
Entrepreneurship development programs of public and
private agencies (MSME, DBT, BIRAC, Make In India), 3
strategic dimensions of patenting & commercialization
strategies.
II Bio markets: business strategy and marketing 15
Business Negotiating the road from lab to the market (strategies
strategies and processes of negotiation with financers,
government and regulatory authorities), Pricing
strategy, Challenges in marketing in bio business
(market conditions & segments; developing distribution
channels, the nature, analysis and management of
 customer needs), Basic contract principles, different
types of agreement and contract terms typically found
in joint venture and development agreements, Dispute
resolution skills.
Unit III Business plan preparation including statutory and legal 15
Finance and requirements, Business feasibility study, financial
accounting management issues of procurement of capital and
management of costs, Collaborations & partnership,
Information technology

Elective
Practicals 1
credit
1. Case study - Successful Entrepreneurship in
Biotechnology/pharma industry - Presentation
2. Project submission on startup ideas and validation,
presentation and report writing.
References -
Adams, D. J., & Sparrow, J. C. Enterprise for Life
Scientists: Developing Innovation and Entrepreneurship in
the Biosciences Scion
Shimasaki, C. D. Biotechnology Entrepreneurship:
Starting, Managing, and Leading Biotech Companies
Academic Press Latest Edition
Onetti, A., & Zucchella, A. Business Modeling for Life
Science and Biotech Companies: Creating Value and
Competitive Advantage with the Milestone Bridge
Routledge Latest Edition
Jordan, J. F. Innovation, Commercialization, and Start-Ups
in Life Sciences CRC Press Latest Edition

PSBT Elective V: Bioanalytical and Biophysical

techniques

On successful completion of the course the learner would demonstrate and explain the
understanding of the following:
Unit Topics Credit No of
Lectures
Confocal microscopy, Scanning Probe
I microscope, AFM, cryotomy scanning and
Microscopic transmission microscopes, different fixation and
techniques staining techniques for EM, freeze-etch and
freeze- fracture methods for EM, image 4 15
processing methods in microscopy, single cell
imaging. Environmental
SEM and its advantages, Immunoelectron
microscopy.
II I: HPLC and GC : Specialized columns &
Chromatography detectors in HPLC
Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography
(UPLC),
Fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) 15
2D-HPLC and preparative HPLC
 Universal and specific Detectors in GC (FID, TCD,
ECD, FPD and NPD), Derivatisation for GC and
Applications
III HPTLC vs TLC
HPTLC Principles Densitometry & quantitation in HPTLC
and HPTLC in fingerprinting & QC
Instrumentation, Troubleshooting 15
Applications of HPTLC
Method Development and validation
Preparative HPTLC
IV Introduction and principle of:fluorescence
Spectroscopy spectroscopy, Light scattering spectroscopy,
Luminometry, circular dichroism, NMR and ESR
spectroscopy, Molecular structure determination 15
using X-ray diffraction, X ray crystallography and
NMR, Molecular analysis using light scattering, IR,
Atomic absorption Spectroscopy

References:
1. Douglas A.Skoog, Principles of Instrumental Analysis,
Saunders College Publishing
2. Chung Chow Chan, Y.C.Lee, Analytical Method
Validation and Instrumental Performance Verification,
Wiley Interscience o Raymond P.W.Scott,
3. Chromatographic Detectors Design Function Function
and Operation, Marcel Dekker Inc
4. D.J.David, Gas Chromatographic Detectors, John
Wiley & Sons
5. G.Subramanian, Preparative and Process Scale
Liquid Chromatography, Ellis Horwood
6. W.M.A.Niessen, Liquid Chromatography Mass
Spectrometry 2nd ed, Marcel Dekker Inc
7. Dr.P.D.Sethi, HPTLC High Performance Thin Layer
Chromatography

Elective PSBTE VI : Molecular Biology

On successful completion of the course the learner would demonstrate and explain the
understanding of the following:
Unit Topics Credit No of
Lectures
I Gene cloning – The role of restriction endonucleases,
Molecular Vectors, Identifying a specific clone with a specific
Cloning probe, cDNA cloning, Rapid amplification of cDNA
Methods ends.
The Polymerase Chain Reaction – Standard PCR, 2 15
Using RT-PCR in cDNA cloning, Real-time PCR.
Methods of expressing cloned genes – Expression
vectors, Other eukaryotic vectors, Using the Ti
plasmid to transfer genes to plants,.
II Molecular separations – Gel electrophoresis, 2D-gel
Molecular Tools electrophoresis, Ion-exchange chromatography, Gel-
for Studying filtration chromatography, affinity chromatography.
Genes and Labelled tracers – Autoradiography, Phosphorimaging,
Gene Activity Liquid Scintillation Counting, Non-radioactive tracers.
Nucleic acid hybridization – Southern blots, DNA
fingerprinting and DNA typing, in-situ hybridization,
Immunoblots (Western blots).
 DNA sequencing and physical mapping – Sanger
method, Automated DNA sequencing, High-
throughput sequencing, Restriction mapping.
Site directed mutagenesis. 15
Mapping and quantifying transcripts – Norther blots,
S1 mapping, Primer extension, Run-off transcription
and G-less cassette transcription.
Measuring transcription rates in-vivo – Nuclear run-on
transcription, Reporter gene transcription, Measuring
protein accumulation in vivo.
Assaying DNA-protein interactions – Filter binding,
Gel mobility shift, DNase and other footprinting, ChIP.
Assaying protein-protein Interactions.
Finding RNA sequences that interact with other
molecules – SELEX, Functional SELEX.
Knockout and Transgenics – Knockout mice,
Transgenic mice.

Practical elective: 2
credits
1. Extraction of genomic DNA from bacteria using commercial kit.
2. PCR and PCR amplicon clean-up.
3. Extraction and purification of DNA band from agarose gels (gel extraction).
4. Cloning of a gene into a plasmid and transforming it into E. coli.
5. Restriction digestion and ligation.
6. Expression of cloned gene using an inducer.
7. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP).

References :
1. Molecular Biology (5 Edition) – Robert Weaver.(McGraw Hill)
th

2. Molecular Biotechnology- Glick and Pasternak ASM Press.

3. Cell and Molecular Biology- Concepts and Experiments—Karp – Wiley
International.
4. Molecular Cell Biology Fifth Edition by Lodish et al W. H. Freeman (2003)