108 | A.

CFundamentals
6
PEAKEACTORAND FORVI FACTOR
There exists a definite relation among the peak value, average value and R.M.S.
alternating quantity. The relationship is expressed by two factors, namely; form factoryalue of an
factor. and peak
FORM FACTOR
Tne raio of ms value to the average value of analternating quantity is called forn factor
R.M.S value
Form factor =
Average value
0.707x Max. value
For a sinusoidal voltage or current, Form
factor = 0.637 x Max. value =1.11
PEAK FACTOR
The ratio of maximum value to the rms value of an alternating quantity is called its peak
factor
Max. value
Peak factor =
R.M.S value

For a sinusoidal voltage or current, Peak factor = Max. value

=1414
0.707x Max. value
Peak factor is also called crest factor or amplitude factor.

7 SOLVED NUMERICAL PROBLEMS

1, Obtain the form factor and peak factor ofa sinusoidal waveform.

Consider a sinusoidal wave given below in figure 7. Here the maximum value of the sine wave is
Vm and time period 2r.

2
32

Figure 7: Sine wave

R.M.S value Max. value
We know that Form factor = and Peak factor =
Average value R.M.S value
 109 | A.C Fundamentals
R.M.Svalue

vt) V,sin9
2 2
1 1-cos29

0
V'sin 9d0 -,
2 2r sin 20 j2r
m
(1-cos28)de m

4n 2

V V V

Similarly ms

Average Value
Average value of voltage or current of a sinusoidal waveform over one period is zero.
Therefore, the average value of positive half cycle is calculated.
V,v0dt=Evede-.sin8 d-Ya 0
sin de
2V,m
avg

21
Similarly I,g
Form factor =
R.M.S value V2 =1.11
Average value 2V/ 242
Max. value
Peak factor =
R.M.Svalue V
2=1.414
2. Obtain the form factor and peak factor of a square waveform.
Consider a square wave shown in figure &with maximum value Vm and time period T.
RM.Svalue Max. value
We know that Form factor = and Peak factor =
Average value R.M.S value
 110 | A.CFundamental,
v () A
Vm

0
TI2

Figure 8: Square wave

T
V t=0 to
v(t) =
to T

R.M.S value

T T/2

-jo'a-, T/2
W 2T 2
m
-fdt--v.
0

V=V ms

Average value
waveform over on#
Average value of voltage or current of a symmetrical (about X- axis)
calculated.
period is zero. Therefore, the average value of positive half cycle is
T/2
V,dt
T/2
=

R.M.Svalue Vn -=1
Form factor =
Average value Vm
Max. value
Peak factor =
RM.S value V
 111 | A.C Fundamentals
3. Obtain the form factor and peak factor of a triangle waveform.

v(t)

TI2
t
T/4 K

Figure 9 :Triangle wave

Consider a triangle wave shown in figure 9 with peak value Vm and time period T. One quarter of
the wave during 0to T/4 is expressed as v (t) =mm-t.The R.M.S value of the first quarter of the
T/4
wave is same for the complete wave.

R.M.S value

T/4 2
1 4 T/4/ V4?
Vms
=
fv()°dt = dt = m
dt
VT/4 T T²
1T/4
4x16V?2 T/4 64v 2 64V 2
T' tdt = T'
m
3 3T
m
64V
V 3T64
V
Jo V3
Average value

T/4 4 4 T/4 T/4

16
0 T/4 T/4
-tdt =
TT
V
m

0
tdt
-Vtdt
0

T/4
T² 16V,
16Vo
T²x2 4 T2 16 T'm 2

Form factor = R.M.S value VN3 2

Average value V/2
Peak factor = Max. value
R.M.Svalue
m
--3
 112 | A.Ct
4. Obtain the form factor and peak factor of a saw tooth waveform. Fundarnert
v() 4

t
T 2T 3T
Figure 10: Saw tooth wave
The sawtooth wave v(t) is shown in figure 10. The equation representing v(t) can be
using the general equation for a straight line passing through the originy=m. Here mi. obtaite
slope of the line, xand y represent the coordinates. v(t)
Here y=v(t) and x=t
V
slope m
V,-0 (I})
T-0 T

We have y= mx
(.5 T
v(t)=T t Figure 11

R.M.S value

2 2T 3
dt =

Average value

Form factor =
RM.S value VN3
Average value V/2
Max. value
Peak factor =
R.M.Svalue
m

-=3
m/

S. Find the average value, RM.S value, form factor and peak factor for a full wave
rectified sine wave.

The full wave rectified sine wave is shown in figure 12. Its period is 1.
 113 | A.CFundamentals
v(0) 4

2 37

Figure 12: Full rectified sine wave

R.M.S value

v(t=V, sin0
1-cos20
V
ms
, sin? de= 2
do
0

2 7
Sin 297
27 -f(l-cos20) de =

V27
m

2
V2 2

27

Tms 2

Similarly I =

Average Value
V V
m
sin d0 n -cos e
0

2V
V=
avg
m

2I
Similarly ,g
Form factor = R.M.Svalue V/N2 =1.11
Average value 2V/n 2/2
Peak factor = Max. value
V/N2 =V2=1.414
m

R.M.Svalue
 114 | A.CFundamerta
6. Find the average value, R.M.S value, form factor and peak factor for a half
rectifled sine wave.

The half wave rectified sine wave is shown in v(0) 4

figure 13. Its period is 2r. The mathematical
representation of the given waveform is

V 9 )to n
v(t) = 2x
= to 2
Figure 13: Half wave rectified sine wau.

R.M.S value

v(t)= V, sin 9
1 27 2x
1
V=
Tns
T
(v, sin 0j'de+[od
1 1-cos20
íy 'sin0 de =
m
de
|2r 2

2 n
sin 20
4n
m

-f(1-cos20) de = 47
m

2 Jo

V 2 V 2 W 2
V = m
-[r-0] =, m

4 2
Similarly I ms

Average Value
27
1 1 V V
V,-vt)dt v@)d9 V,sine de+(ode Yn
2
sinedê =-
2
cos 8
2T
20 0

avg
2r

Similarly I
Form factor =
R.M.S value Va/2 =1.57
Average value Vn
Max.value Im
-=2
Peak factor =
R.M.S value V/2
 115 | A.C Fundamentals
Findthe average and rms value for the given
7. wave form. [KTUJULY 2016]

0 t
2 3
Figure 14
Average Value

va4jod 1

RM.S value

8. Caleulate the rms and average value of the

voltage wave form shown in figure.
[KTU JAN2016]

50

2 4 6
Figure 15
Ihe equation representing saw tooth wave can be
line passing through the origin y = obtained using the general equation for a straight
m. Here m is the
SIope of the line, x and y represent the
coordinates. 50
Here y=V and x =t
(2, 50 )
slope m=-50- 0 50
-=25
2-0 2
We have y= mX (0,0) t

V= 25t
Figure 16
 116 ACFurndamern,

R.M.S value

ms

625 625
2
V2xal2=28.86V
Jo

Average value
25 2]= 25V
wave formshown in figure.
9. Calculate the rms and average value of the voltage

3 t
2
Figure 17

The wave can be represented mathematically as

y=t for 0<t<l; V=l for 1<t<2

=0.25+ 0.5=0.75
Average value, Vav =

-0.8165V
Vms

is rms value of curret

10. The equation of an alternating current is i=1414sin314t. What
and frequency?
Maximum value of current, ImC0eficient of the sine of the time angle =141.4 A
RMS value of current, -max =100 A

Coefficient of time 314 = 50 Hz

Frequency, f=. 27 2
 117 | A.C Fundamentals

alternating current varying sinusoidally with afrequency of 50 Hz has an rms value

11. An
Write down the equation for instantaneous current. (b) Find the instantaneous
of 20A. (a)
lue at 0.0025s.(c) Find the instantaneous value of current 0.125s after passing through a
positive maximum value. (d) At what time, measured froma positive
maximum value, will
20191
the instantaneous current be 14.14A? [KTUDEC
f= o-2nf-314 radian
(a)Lm20A, 50 Hz,
L, =2xIm =2x20A-28.28
EL,sinot= 28.28sin 314t -(1)
180
0=314 radian =314x=18000 degree

(b) when t-0.0025 s

= 28.2 sin (18000 x0.0025)-20A
() Since the time values are given from the point where the current has positive maximum value,
the equation (1) modified to I= 28.28sin314t +2 = 28.28 cos314t
180
314 radian =314x -=18000 degree
At t=0.125s
-28.28 cos (18000 x0.125)=0A
(@) when i=14.14 A
14.14= 28.28 cos (18000x)
1
t=- -=0.0033s =3.335 ms
300