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Python Basics
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First Program
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Python Comments

► Comments can be used to explain Python

code.
► Comments can be used to make the code more
readable.
► Comments can be used to prevent execution
when testing code.
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Values and types

► A value(literal) is one of the fundamental ► >>>type("Hello, World!")

things like a word or a number that a
program manipulates. ► <class 'str'>

► These values belongs to different types ► >>> type(17)

► <class 'int'>
► >>>"Hello, World"
► 'Hello, World'
1,000,000)
ints 1 0 0 #interpreted as a comma ► >>> type(17.5)
ated list of three integers . ► <type 'float'>
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Literals

► String Literals
► In Python, a string literal is a sequence of
characters enclosed in single or double
quotation marks
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Python Variables

► Variables are containers for storing data

values.
► Unlike other programming languages,
Python has no command for declaring a
variable.
► A variable is created the moment you first
assign a value to it.
► A variable is a name that refers to a value.
► Assignment statements create new
variables and also give them values to
refer to
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Python Variables

► Variables do not need to be declared with any ► x = 4 # x is of type int

particular type and can even change type after
► x = "Sally" # x is now of type str
they have been set.
► print(x)
► print(type(x))
► x=1.56
► print(type(x))

Output
Sally
<class 'str'>
<class 'float'>
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Variable Names

► A variable can have a short name (like x and

y) or a more descriptive name (age, carname,
total_volume).
► A variable name must start with a letter or the
underscore character
► A variable name cannot start with a number
► A variable name can only contain alpha-
numeric characters and underscores (A-z, 0-9,
and _ )
► Variable names are case-sensitive (age, Age
and AGE are three different variables)
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Assign Value to Multiple Variables

► Python allows you to assign values to

multiple variables in one line:
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Assign Value to Multiple Variables

► We can assign the same value to multiple

variables in one line:
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Output Variables

► The Python print statement is often used

to output variables.
► To combine both text and a variable,
Python uses + the character:
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Output Variables

► For numbers, the ‘+’ character works as a

mathematical operator:

If you try to
combine a string
and a number,
Python will give
you an error:
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Excercises

► Create a variable named carname and ► Carname=‘Volvo’

assign the value Volvo to it.
► Create a variable named x and assign the ► X=50
value 50 to it
► Display the sum of 5+10 using two ► X=5
variables x&y
► Y=10
► Print(x+y)
► Create a variable called z , assign x+y to
it
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Python Data Types

► Data types are the classification or

categorization of data items.
► Data types represent a kind of value which
determines what operations can be performed
on that data.
► Variables can store data of different types, and
different types can do different things.
► Python has the following data types built-in by
default, in these categories:
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Python Data Types

► Python has five standard data

types −
► Numbers
► String
► List
► Tuple
► Dictionary
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Getting the Data Type

► You can get the data type of any object by

using type() function
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Data Type

► If you want to specify the data type, you can

use the following constructor functions:
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Excercises
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Escape Sequences

► Escape sequences are the way Python

expresses special characters, such as the
tab, the newline, and the backspace
(delete key), as literals.
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Numeric Data Types and Character Sets

► There are three numeric types in Python: ► Int

► int ► Int, or integer, is a whole number, positive
or negative, without decimals, of
► float unlimited length.
► Complex
► Variables of numeric types are created when
you assign a value to them:
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Numeric Data Type

► Float ► Float can also be scientific numbers with

an "e" to indicate the power of 10.
► Float, or "floating point number" is a number,
positive or negative, containing one or more
decimals.
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Numeric Data Type

► Complex
► Complex numbers are written with a "j" as the imaginary part:
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Type Conversion

► Type Casting:
In typing casting, a data type is converted into
another data type by the programmer using the
casting operator during the program design.
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Type Conversion

► Type Coercion
► In type conversion, a data type is
automatically converted into another data type
by a compiler at the compiler time.
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Type Conversion

► You can convert from one type to another with

the int() float() complex() methods
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Excercise
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Character Sets

► Some programming languages use different

data types for strings and individual
characters.
► In Python, character literals look just like
string literals and are of the string type.
► All data and instructions in a program are
translated to binary numbers before being run
on a real computer.
► To support this translation, the characters in a
string each map to an integer value.
► This mapping is defined in character sets,
among them the ASCII set and the Unicode
set.
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Ord() and char()

► Python’s ord and char functions convert

characters to their numeric ASCII codes
and back again, respectively.
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Strings

► Assigning a string to a variable is done

with the variable name followed by an
equal sign and the string:
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Python Booleans

► In programming you often need to know

if an expression is True or False
► You can evaluate any expression in
Python, and get one of two answers True
or False
► When you compare two values, the
expression is evaluated and Python
returns the Boolean answer:
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Keywords

► Python has a set of keywords that are

reserved words that cannot be used as
variable names, function names, or any
other identifiers:
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Statements in Python

► Instructions written in the source code for ► Multi-Line Statements:

execution are called statements.
► Statements in Python can be extended to one
► There are different types of statements in the or more lines using parentheses (), braces {},
Python programming language like square brackets [], semi-colon (;), continuation
character slash (\).
► Assignment statement,
► Conditional statement,
► Looping statements etc.
► These all help the user to get the required
output.
► For example, n = 50 is an assignment
statement.
Different Forms of Assignment Statements in 33
Python

► 1. Basic form: ► 3. List assignment(same as tuple)

► student = 'Geeks' ► [x, y] = [2, 4]
► print('x = ', x)
► print(student)
► print('y = ', y)
► 2. Tuple assignment:
► 4. Sequence assignment:
► # equivalent to: (x, y) = (50, 100)
► a, b, c = 'HEY'
► x, y = 50, 100 Output
► print('x = ', x) a=H
► print('a = ', a)
b=E
► print('y = ', y) ► print('b = ', b) c=Y
► print('c = ', c)
Different Forms of Assignment Statements in 34
Python

► 5. Multiple- target assignment:

► x = y = 75
► print(x, y)
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Expressions

► An expression is a combination of values,

variables, operators, and calls to functions.
► Expressions need to be evaluated.
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Python Operators

► Operators are used to perform operations ► Python divides the operators in the following
on variables and values. groups:
► Arithmetic operators
► Assignment operators
► Comparison operators
► Logical operators
► Identity operators
► Membership operators
► Bitwise operators
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Arithmetic operators

► Arithmetic operators are used with numeric

values to perform common mathematical
operations:
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Precedence and associativity

► Associativity is the order in which an

expression is evaluated that has multiple
operators of the same precedence.
► Almost all the operators have left-to-right
associativity.
► Exponentiation and assignment operations are
right associative,so consecutive instances of
these are evaluated from right to left.
► You can use parentheses to change the order
of evaluation.
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Mixed-Mode Arithmetic and Type
Conversions

► Performing calculations involving both ► In a binary operation on operands of different

integers and floating-point numbers is called numeric types, the less general type (int) is
mixed-mode arithmetic. temporarily and automatically converted to the
more general type (float) before the operation
► For instance, if a circle has radius 3, you
is performed.
compute the area as follows:
► >>> 3.14 * 3 ** 2
► Thus, in the example expression, the value 9 is
converted to 9.0 before the multiplication.
► 28.26
Python Assignment Operators 40

► Assignment operators are used to assign

values to variables:
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Python Comparison Operators

► Comparison operators are used to compare

two values:
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Python Logical Operators

► Logical operators are used to combine

conditional statements: