“DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF SOLAR

POWERED STREET SWEEPING MACHINE”

PROJECT REPORT
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of
Bachelor of Engineering
in
Mechanical Engineering
Submitted to

Visvesvaraya Technological University

Belagavi, Karnataka, 590 018

Submitted By

MOHMEDFURQAN S PEERAZADE 2KE20ME428

SOHAIL K KOPPAL 2KE20ME453
LOHIT S BANSODE 2KE20ME418
MOHAMMEDKAIF A KALGHATGI 2KE20ME427

Under the Guidance of

Mr. Pradeep S.G.
Department of Mechanical Engineering
(NBA Accredited)

K. L. E. SOCIETY’S
K. L. E. INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,
HUBBALLI
2022-2023
 K. L. E. SOCIETY’S
K. L. E. INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
HUBBALLI
Department of Mechanical Engineering

CERTIFICATE

Certified that the project work entitled “Design and Fabrication of Solar
Powered Street Sweeping Machine” is a bonified work carried out by
Mohmedfurqan S Peerazade (2KE20ME428), Sohail K Koppal (2KE20ME453),
Lohit S Bansode(2KE20ME418), and Mohammedkaif A Kalghatgi
(2KE20ME427), in partial fulfilment for the award of degree of Bachelor of
Engineering in VIII Semester, Mechanical Engineering of Visvesvaraya
Technological University, Belagavi, during the year 2022-23. It is certified that all
corrections/suggestions indicated for internal assessment have been incorporated in
the report deposited in the department library. The project report has been approved
as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of project work prescribed for the
said degree.

(Mr. Pradeep S.G) (Dr. S.C. Sajjan) (Dr. S.G. Joshi)

Guide H.O.D Principal

Name of the Examiners Signature with Date

1.
2.
 DECLARATION

We, Mohmedfurqan S Peerazade (2KE20ME428), Sohail K Koppal

(2KE20ME453), Lohit S Bansode(2KE20ME418), and Mohammedkaif A
Kalghatgi (2KE20ME427), students of VIII Semester B.E., K.L.E. Institute of
Technology, Hubballi, hereby declare that the project work has been carried out by us
and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the VIII Semester degree
of Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering of Visvesvaraya
Technological University, Belagavi during academic year 2022-2023.

Date:24/05/2023
Place: Hubballi
Mohmedfurqan S Peerazade

Mohammedkaif A Kalghatgi

Sohail K Koppal

Lohit S Bansode

i
 K. L. E. SOCIETY’S
K. L. E. INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
HUBBALLI
Department of Mechanical Engineering

CERTIFICATE FROM THE GUIDE

This is to certify that the project work titled “Design and Fabrication of Solar
Powered Street Sweeping Machine” is carried out by students Mohmedfurqan S
Peerazade (2KE20ME428), Sohail K Koppal (2KE20ME453), Lohit S
Bansode(2KE20ME418), and Mohammedkaif A Kalghatgi (2KE20ME427),
under my supervision, for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in
Mechanical Engineering of VTU, Belagavi, Karnataka.

To the best of my/our knowledge and belief,

(i) The work is carried out by the candidates only.
(ii) The work is not taken, in its original form, from any other thesis or project
reports.
(iii) The work is up to the desired standard both in the format, technical content
and write up.
(iv) Plagiarism percentage is 15 %.

Date: 24/05/2023 Mr. Pradeep S.G.

Assistant Professor

The project work as mentioned above is hereby recommended and forwarded for
Examination and evaluation.

Dr. S. C. Sajjan
H.O.D of Mechanical Engineering.
KLEIT, Hubbali
ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The project report on “Design and Fabrication of solar powered Street Sweeping
Machine” is the outcome of guidance, moral support, and devotion bestowed on us
throughout our work. For this, we acknowledge and express our profound sense of
gratitude and thanks to everybody, who have been a source of inspiration during the
conduction of this project dissertation.

First and foremost, we offer our sincere phrases of thanks with innate humility to our
principal Dr. Sharad G. Joshi who has been a constant source of support and
encouragement.
We would like to thank our Dean Academic Dr. T. M. Manu for his constant support
and guidance.

We feel deeply indebted to our H.O.D. Dr. S. C. Sajjan for the right help provided
for the successful completion of project work.

We would take this opportunity to acknowledge our guide and department project
coordinator Dr. Anand Reddy, who not only stood by us as source of inspiration, but
also dedicated his time for us, to enable us to complete the project on time.

Last but not the least, we would like to thank our parents, friends, and all well-
wishers, who supported us in successful completion of this work.

Mohmedfurqan S Peerazade

Mohammedkaif A Kalghatgi

Sohail K Koppal

Lohit S Bansode

iii
 ABSTRACT
The machine integrates renewable energy from solar panels to power its operation,
reducing reliance on traditional fuel sources and minimizing carbon emissions. The
design incorporates advanced technologies, such as a semi-autonomous system,
mechanical sweeping mechanisms, and a debris collection system, to achieve effective
and thorough street cleaning.

The solar-powered street sweeping machine consists of multiple components that

work together seamlessly. The solar panels, mounted on the roof of the machine,
capture sunlight, and convert it into electrical energy, which is stored in onboard
batteries. These batteries power the electric motors that drive the machine's
movement and operate the sweeping mechanisms.

The semi-autonomous system utilizes microcontroller, and with relay board ensuring
safe and efficient manoeuvrability on the streets. The machine's sweeping mechanisms
employ rotating brushes and powerful suction to remove various types of debris,
including dust, leaves, and small litter, from the road surface. The debris is then
collected and stored in an onboard container for later disposal.

The fabrication process involves the construction and assembly of the machine's
structural components, including the frame, and sweeping mechanisms. Special
attention is given to the integration of the solar panels and the electrical system to
ensure optimal performance and energy efficiency. Quality control measures are
implemented throughout the fabrication process to ensure reliability, durability, and
adherence to safety standards.

The solar-powered street sweeping machine offers several advantages over

conventional street sweepers. By utilizing renewable solar energy, it reduces
dependency on fossil fuels and decreases greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to a
cleaner and more sustainable environment. In our calculation and result it is found
that the power required to rotate the roller brush is 104 watts and power required to
move the machine is 2.61 watts and the overall efficiency of machine obtained is 79%.

keywords: Semi-automated, floor sweeping machine, dry cleaning, reduction in cost

and efforts, electricity, simple fabrication, solar powered.

iv
 CONTENTS
Declaration i
Certificate From the Guide ii
Acknowledgement iii
Abstract iv
List of Figures vii

Chapter No. Name Page No.

1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Overview 1
1.2 Some of The Floor Cleaning Machines 4
1.2.1 Floor Scrubber 4
1.2.2 Vacuum Cleaner 6
1.3 Literature Survey 8
1.4 Problem Statement 11
1.5 Scope 12
1.6 Objectives 12
1.7 Organization of The Report 13
1.8 Project Domain, Relevant Field, Type with Mapped POs and 14
PSOs

2 METHODOLOGY 15
2.1 Design calculations 16
2.1.1 Sweeping speed 16
2.1.2 Sweeping width 17
2.1.3 Collecting capacity 18
2.1.4 Power requirements 19
2.1.5 Manoeuvrability 21
2.2 Design 22
2.3 Software Modelling 22
2.4 List of Components 26
2.4.1 Motor 27
2.4.2 Solar panel 28

v
 2.4.3 Battery 29
2.4.4 Metal Frame 30
2.4.5 Roller Brush 32
2.4.6 Tyres 33

2.4.7 Collecting Tray 34

2.4.8 Microcontroller 35
2.4.9 Relay Board 36
2.4.10 Steering Motor 37
2.3 Construction And working 38
2.4 Advantages of Street Sweeping Machine 40
2.5 Disadvantages of Street Sweeping Machine 40
2.6 Connection and Controller Interface 41
2.7 Final Model 43

3 RESULTS AND CALCULATIONS 46

3.1 Power Required to Rotate the Roller Brush 46

3.2 Power Required to Move the Machine 46
3.3 Efficiency 47

4 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE 51

BIBLIOGRAPHY 53
APPENDIX-A, PALGIARISM OF REPORT 55

vi
 List of Figures
Figure No. Figure Name Page No.
1.1 Floor Scrubber 5
1.2 Vacuum Cleaner 7
2.1 Methodology 15
2.2 3D View 22
2.3 Wire Frame View 23
2.4 Front View 23
2.5 Back View 24
2.6 Side View 24
2.7 Top View 25
2.8 Dimensions 25
2.9 Motor 27
2.10 Solar Panel 28
2.11 Battery 29
2.12 Metal Frame 30
2.13 Roller Brush 32
2.14 Tyres 33
2.15 Collecting Tray 34
2.16 Microcontroller 35
2.17 Relay Board 36
2.18 Steering Motor 37
2.19 Controller Interface 42
2.20 Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine 43
2.21 Front View of Final Model 43
2.22 Side View of Final Model 44
2.23 Top View of Final Model 44
2.24 Back View of Final Model 45
3.1 Output Power vs Input Power 49
3.2 Input Power vs Overall Efficiency 49

vii
Design and Fabrication of Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine 2022-2023

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Overview:

Cleaning machine is very much useful in cleaning floors and outside ground in hospitals,
houses, shops, Bus stand and roads etc. In modern days cleaning the outside and as well as
interior are becoming an important role in life. Cleaning of waste is very important one for
our health and reduced the manpower requirement.

The road transport system in India has witnessed rapid growth, becoming a profitable and
essential component of the nation's development. Effective connectivity between towns,
cities, and different regions plays a crucial role in promoting economic progress. However,
the condition of roads greatly impacts the comfort and convenience of passengers. India
boasts the second-largest road network globally, spanning over 5,472,144 kilometers
(3,400,233 mi) as of 31 March 2015. While efforts are being made to improve the quality of
roads, they still vary between modern highways and narrow, unpaved routes.

The management and maintenance of India's roads pose significant challenges. The
implementation of a pavement management system and a systematic approach for repairs and
rehabilitation is lacking. This noncompliance leads to substantial losses, discomfort for road
users, mechanical damages to vehicles, and a loss of productivity. In some cases, even high-
speed corridors experience premature pavement failures due to inadequate maintenance
during their design life. Consequently, there arises a pressing need for an automated machine
that can efficiently and effectively remove waste from the roads.

To tackle these challenges and enhance road maintenance, the development of an automated
street sweeping machine becomes imperative. Such a machine would streamline the waste
removal process, making it easier and more efficient. By automating the cleaning process, the
machine can significantly improve the overall cleanliness of roads, reducing discomfort for
passengers and minimizing mechanical damages to vehicles.[11]

Department of Mechanical Engineering, KLEIT Hubli 1|Page

Design and Fabrication of Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine 2022-2023

Implementing an automated street sweeping machine would require careful consideration of

design, integration of advanced technologies, and adherence to quality standards. The
machine should possess the capability to remove various types of waste from the roads in a
thorough and efficient manner. By doing so, it would contribute to maintaining the cleanliness
and aesthetic appeal of India's road network.

In conclusion, the road transport system in India has witnessed remarkable growth and
profitability. However, the quality and maintenance of roads pose ongoing challenges. To
address these issues, an automated street sweeping machine is necessary to improve waste
removal efficiency and overall cleanliness. By leveraging advanced technologies, this
machine would enhance the comfort of passengers, prevent mechanical damages to vehicles,
and optimize productivity. The development and implementation of such a machine would
be a significant step towards achieving a cleaner and more sustainable road infrastructure in
India.

In India mostly two types of roads are constructed, bituminous and concrete roads.
Bituminous roads are cheap to construct compared to concrete roads. The load carrying
capacity of Bituminous is less comparatively. One of the major reasons for it is variation in
temperature. In India temperature varies with different time span even high temperature in
afternoon and low at night. Concrete roads are fails mainly because of cracks. Cracks appear
due same reason as mentioned above. Another problem observed on concrete road is that we
cannot drive our vehicle fast on it. Because Concrete roads are hot and when we drive our
vehicle fast on it the friction is developed in concrete and vehicle’s tier which leads failure of
tiers. So, the cracks lead to failure of roads and friction in concrete leads to accidents. So, the
problem is temperature changes observed on the roads. And the dust on road causes many of
the pollutions. [11]

Dust developed due to the fast-moving vehicles, and it causes health problems in
humans and causes air pollution. To avoid this problem, water is the best solution on it. The
purpose of water spraying is to clean the dirt and dry the road quickly. Pipes will provide
water to the road studs. This concept can be used for smaller length of road and if possible, it
can be used to longer distance also. Road maintenance is one of the important of the entire
road system. The main problems are temperature and dust. For this problem to solve two
types of sensors are used. The sensors are temperature sensor and dust control sensor. When
temperature raises on road the temperature sensor active and water sprays on the road. And

Department of Mechanical Engineering, KLEIT Hubli 2|Page

Design and Fabrication of Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine 2022-2023

the dust sensor will active when the dust increases on road and to maintain the moisture
condition on road. The road is being specially made from this side that they have not been
cleaned; they are already using such technology, so that these roads can be cleaned. In fact,
while making these roads, water pipes have been fitted in them so that these roads can be
cleaned without any problems. When this road is cleaning then pollution from vehicles and
vehicles comes along the way to surface of the road, due to which there is a reduction in the
pollution caused by trains and the atmosphere around the road has also been cleaned. Due to
which the pollution in the air has decreased. The study of the scientific basis of street cleaning
activities as road dust mitigation measure road dust emission causes health problems due to
increase in PM concentrations and other carbonaceous compounds. This document is aimed
to gather all available and relevant information and divulgate them among relevant
stakeholders.[3]

The road cleaning machine can be used for cleaning the long distances and wide width
reduces the human effort, so that the cleaning can be done in a single drive. It is seen at present
that a human pushing machines and cleaning is doing with human effort, and it is always to
be done when roads are operated without traffic. This system is very costly and to make less
effort and very efficient system and not possible because of due to large loads, with running
traffic. That study says collection of objects from 250 GMS to fine dust can collect from roads
with high efficiency. Primarily the city of behaves reasonably well in an environmental
aspect. The two main flows, when it comes to cleaning streets, are processed with
contemplation. A project of title with a literature study on the cleaning of streets in Stockholm
city. Sweden is a county with winter roads which makes it necessary for us to use winter tires
for traffic safety. This is one two big matters causing street dust. It is very useful for cleaning
the wet as well as dry roads.

In modern days interior decorations are becoming an important in our life cleaning roads is
very important for our health and this roads cleaning machine reduces the efforts required for
cleaning. Hence this project is very useful in our day-to-day life. It is very simple in
construction and easy to operate, anybody can operate this machine easily. This road cleaning
machine consists of moisture cotton mop, swiping brushes, wipers, and vacuum cleaner for
reducing the cleaning time. The overall cost of this machine is also cheap. Such type of
machines is widely used for this purpose, but they are working under different principles and
the cost is very high.[1]

Department of Mechanical Engineering, KLEIT Hubli 3|Page

Design and Fabrication of Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine 2022-2023

1.2 Some of the floor cleaning machines:

• Scrubber machine
• Pressure cleaners
• Vacuum cleaners etc.

1.2.1 Floor Scrubber:

Floor scrubbers are versatile floor cleaning devices shown in Figure 1.1, used for effectively
cleaning various types of floors. They range from simple tools like floor mops and brushes to
advanced walk-behind or ride-on machines capable of larger cleaning areas. These machines
operate by injecting water mixed with cleaning solution onto the floor, scrubbing the surface,
and then lifting the residue using a vacuuming system. Recent advancements in robotics have
even led to the development of autonomous floor cleaning machines.

Automatic floor scrubbers’ machines, also known as auto scrubbers, are specifically designed
to remove light dust, debris, oil, grease, or floor marks from roads or floors. They employ
either a rotary (disk) or cylindrical scrubbing head and utilize an automated system to
dispense the cleaning solution and subsequently vacuum it up. This allows users to efficiently
dispense the cleaning agent, scrub the floor, and effectively remove the residue using the auto
scrubber's squeegee attachment at the back of the machine. To maintain cleanliness and avoid
contamination, auto scrubbers typically have separate tanks for dispensing (solution) and
collecting (recovery) the water, ensuring that clean water is kept separate from the dirty water.
These machines are commonly categorized as walk-behind, stand-on, or rider models,
depending on their operational design.

One notable feature of modern floor scrubbers is the inclusion of a pre-sweep option,
eliminating the need for manual sweeping before scrubbing. A pre-sweep brush head is
strategically positioned in front of the vacuum system, effectively collecting dust and debris
before it can obstruct the vacuum system. In the past, it was essential to sweep the floor before
scrubbing to prevent debris and dust from clogging the vacuum hose or accumulating in the
vacuum motor, which could adversely affect performance. In cases where clogging occurs,
the hose may need to be cleared or the motor blown out using compressed air.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, KLEIT Hubli 4|Page

Design and Fabrication of Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine 2022-2023

Figure: - 1.1 (Floor Scrubber)

It is important to note that stripping solutions should never be used as they can damage the
solution dispensing system. However, they can still be safely vacuumed up by the machine.
Periodic flushing of the solution system with water mixed with vinegar is recommended to
remove any soap or calcium deposits that may accumulate within the system.

Proper maintenance of floor scrubbers is crucial for their effective and long-term operation.
After each use, it is essential to empty and rinse the dispensing (solution) and collection
(recovery) tanks to prevent dirt build-up. The pads/brushes, vacuum hose, and squeegee
should also be rinsed to avoid the accumulation of dirt. Running the motor for a few minutes
after use helps remove any moisture present and reduces the risk of corrosion, which could
potentially damage the vacuum motor. Neglecting these maintenance practices can result in
decreased vacuum airflow and potentially lead to costly repairs.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, KLEIT Hubli 5|Page

Design and Fabrication of Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine 2022-2023

1.2.2 Vacuum cleaners:

A vacuum cleaner shown in Figure.1.2, commonly known as a Hoover or vacuum, is an

electrical device used to create suction for the purpose of removing dirt from various surfaces
such as floors, upholstery, and draperies. It utilizes either a dust bag or a cyclone to collect
the dirt, which can be disposed of later. Vacuum cleaners come in different sizes and models,
including handheld battery-powered devices, wheeled canister models for household use,
domestic central vacuum cleaners, large stationary industrial appliances capable of handling
significant amounts of dust, and self-propelled vacuum trucks for dealing with spills or
contaminated soil. Some specialized shop vacuums can also handle both dust and liquids.

Upright vacuum cleaners are popular in the United States, Britain, and many Commonwealth
countries, although they are less common in some parts of Continental Europe. They typically
consist of a cleaning head with an attached handle and bag. Upright designs usually
incorporate a rotating brush roll or beater bar that removes dirt by sweeping and vibrating.
There are two types of upright vacuums: dirty-air/direct fan, commonly found in commercial
vacuums, and clean-air/fan-bypass, which are prevalent in most modern domestic vacuums.
The older direct-fan design features a large impeller (fan) positioned near the suction opening,
allowing dirt to pass directly through before being blown into a bag. These cleaners have
efficient airflow and are effective for cleaning carpets, but their above-floor cleaning power
is less efficient as airflow is lost when passing through a long hose.

Fan-bypass uprights, on the other hand, have the motor mounted after the filter bag. Dust is
removed from the airstream by the bag and usually a filter before reaching the fan. These
vacuums have smaller fans and employ a combination of moving and stationary turbines to
boost power. The motor is cooled by the airstream passing through it. Fan-bypass vacuums
work well for both carpet and above-floor cleaning since their suction remains consistent
throughout the length of the hose. However, their air paths are less efficient, requiring more
power compared to direct-fan cleaners to achieve the same results.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, KLEIT Hubli 6|Page

Design and Fabrication of Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine 2022-2023

Figure: - 1.2 (vacuum cleaners)

Most upright vacuum cleaners utilize a drive-belt powered by the suction motor to rotate the
brush-roll. However, there is also a dual motor design where suction is provided by a larger
motor while a separate, smaller motor powers the brush roll without creating any suction. The
brush-roll motor can be switched off to clean hard floors without scattering dirt. Some models
include an automatic cut-off feature that shuts down the motor if the brush-roll becomes
jammed, protecting it from damage.

In addition to traditional vacuum cleaners, various street cleaning machines are available. We
have developed a simple and easy-to-operate machine for street cleaning, which is cost-
effective and requires minimal maintenance. This machine operates mechanically with the
assistance of a solar panel. It is user-friendly, allowing anyone to operate it safely without
prior training.[3]

Department of Mechanical Engineering, KLEIT Hubli 7|Page

Design and Fabrication of Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine 2022-2023

1.3 Literature Review:

A. SANDEEP. J. MESHRAM [2016]:

In his research, Sandeep J. Meshram developed a tricycle-operated street cleaning machine

specifically for rural areas. He found that existing street cleaning machines that use petrol and
diesel contribute to pollution and noise pollution. Manual cleaning can also pose health
problems and shoulder strain. The tricycle-operated machine proved to be more efficient in
terms of coverage, time, cost, and it is economically viable. However, its effectiveness is
reduced on rough and damaged streets.

B. MOHSEN AZADBAKHT AND OTHERS [2014]:

Mohsen Azad Bakht and his team fabricated a leaves collector machine powered by a tractor
with a suction-blower system. The machine's total power consumption was approximately
14634 W.

C. MANYA JAIN [2017]:

Manya Jain developed an automatic floor cleaner that incorporates various devices such as
DC motors and ultrasonic sensors. The cleaner is designed to cover large floor areas, reach
small corners, and pick up dirt efficiently.

D. M. RANJITH KUMAR [2015]:

M. Ranjith Kumar designed and analyzed a manually operated floor cleaning machine. The
stress levels in the machine were found to be within safe limits.

E. RITVICK GHOSH, H R VINAY KUMAR, DATTATRAYA, PAVAN KUMAR B.

HIREMATH, PROF. PRADEEP KUMAR:

This paper discusses the design and fabrication of a floor cleaner powered purely by
mechanical power, allowing the user to ride it at low speeds. The cleaning mechanism is like
a spinning mop.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, KLEIT Hubli 8|Page

Design and Fabrication of Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine 2022-2023

F. PRATHMESH JOSHI, AKSHAY MALVIYA & PRIYA SONI:

This project report focuses on a manually driven platform cleaning machine suitable for large
cleaning floors.

G. AISHWARYA PARDESHI [2017]:

Aishwarya Pardeshi emphasized the accuracy and reduced workload provided by combining
hardware and software in an automatic floor cleaner. The device minimizes manpower, is
cost-effective, and timesaving.

H. IMAEKHAI LAWRENCE ET AL [2012]:

Imaekhai Lawrence and colleagues evaluated single-disc floor cleaners using multiple
assessment techniques. They suggested that conducting trials with a larger number of subjects
would strengthen the conclusions.

I. AJAY P JOHN [2017]:

Ajay P John introduced an automated smart robotic floor cleaner that performs vacuuming
and mopping. The robot follows an 'S' path for thorough cleaning and utilizes ultrasonic
sensors. Future research can focus on improving path routing methods, utilizing additional
sensors, and implementing automatic wireless charging.

J. ANUP MENDHE [2017]:

Anup Mendhe developed a multipurpose floor cleaning machine that can clean pipes, scrub
surfaces, remove road dust, and provide a pick-and-place mechanism for obstacles. The
project aims to contribute to cleanliness in society.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, KLEIT Hubli 9|Page

Design and Fabrication of Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine 2022-2023

K. ABHISHEK CHAKRA BORTY ET AL [2013]: -

“Design of Dust Collector for Rear Wheel of Four-Wheeler” – They reported that the most
significant cause of road dust to the total suspended particulate burden is vehicle traveling on
paved and unpaved' surfaces. Consequently, data directly relating dust to road accidents are
rare, but in study if dust is the cause of 10% of these accidents' casualties, then the cost could
amount to as much as 0.02% of GDP in some developing countries and total about $800
million annually.

L. N KAPILAN:

N. Kapilan modeled and analyzed a floor cleaning machine to address the power crisis in
India. The stress levels in the manually operated floor cleaning machine were within safe
limits.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, KLEIT Hubli 10 | P a g e

Design and Fabrication of Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine 2022-2023

1.4 Problem Statement:

India is currently facing a significant cleanliness issue, particularly on roads, pathways, road
stations, airfields, and other similar areas. The accumulation of dust and dirt on these surfaces
poses a major problem for humans, leading to respiratory issues such as asthma. Additionally,
some existing cleaning devices are not effective in removing stubborn stains.

Another challenge in India is cargo slipping, and most of the available cleaning machines rely
on electricity for operation. To address these concerns, we have developed a battery-powered
system that can be recharged when electricity is available. Moreover, we have incorporated
solar panels to harness solar energy for powering the machine. Our objective was to ensure
that the machine only removes dry waste, thereby preserving employment opportunities.

Our machine specifically targets the cleanliness of roads, pathways, lanes, road stations, and
airfields. The dust and dirt present on these surfaces, along with oil spills and other hazardous
substances, pose risks to both pedestrians and vehicles. Dust and dirt contribute to respiratory
problems, while oil patches and abrasive materials pose threats to tire integrity. Cost-
effectiveness was a crucial aspect during the machine's development, as our solution is
considerably more affordable compared to other available cleaning options.

In addition to addressing cleanliness concerns, our machine also tackles issues related to
choked manholes and sewer pipes. Its multipurpose design allows for the effective cleaning
of these critical drainage systems. By focusing on comprehensive cleanliness, we aim to
achieve optimal results while ensuring the proper functioning of urban infrastructure.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, KLEIT Hubli 11 | P a g e

Design and Fabrication of Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine 2022-2023

1.5 Scope:

• Design and fabrication are highly efficient in minimum cost.

• This machine is very much useful to cleaning road by the machine and its road cleaner
rate is more as compared to the manually cleaning the road.
• This vehicle can be modified according to Indian road condition.
• Existing road cleaning methods are basically two types 1) Electrically operated, 2)
Manually operated.
• Manually cleaning may cause shoulder problem due to continuous sweeping.
Electrically operated road cleaners use electrical energy to run the motor in our project
manually operated road cleaning machine is alternative concept for avoiding such
problems.
• It works very efficiently with respect to covering area.
• It can be automated using sensors and electrical circuits.
• This vehicle can be used with increased battery capacity and larger solar panels to
enhance cleaning wide area.
• With powerful battery and motor the efficiency can be increased.
• It is very economical to use.
• It can be automated using sensors and electrical circuits.

1.6 Objectives:

• To develop a machine that helps in easy and quick cleaning and to reduce human
efforts.

• To design and fabrication of an automatically operated solar powered sweeping

machine with multi directional control

Department of Mechanical Engineering, KLEIT Hubli 12 | P a g e

Design and Fabrication of Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine 2022-2023

1.7 Organization of the Report:

The project report is organised as mentioned below

Chapter 1.0: - This Chapter Describes the Introduction, Overview, some of the floor cleaning
machines, Literature Survey, Problem Statement, Scope, Objectives.

Chapter 2.0: - This Chapter Describes the Methodology, Design Calculations, Software
modelling, list of components used in this project and description of every component,
Construction and working principle of solar powered street sweeping machine, Advantages
and Disadvantages, Connection and controller interface and final model of the solar powered
street sweeping machine.
Chapter 3.0: - This Chapter Describes Results and calculations, contains power required to
rotate the roller brush, power required to move the machine and overall efficiency.

Chapter 4.0: - This Chapter Describes the conclusion and future scope of our project.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, KLEIT Hubli 13 | P a g e

Design and Fabrication of Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine 2022-2023

1.8 Project Domain, Relevant Field, Type with Mapped POs and PSOs

• Project Domain, Relevant field, and Type

Domain Select Relevant field Select Type Select

Renewable Energy
General Application
Systems

Agriculture Product
Material Science and
Manufacturing
Renewable Research

Health
Product Design and Review
Development Project
Infrastructure

• Mapped Program Outcomes (POs)

PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO1 PO1 PO1

POs
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2
Level

• Mapped Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs)

PSOs PSO1 PSO2

Level

Department of Mechanical Engineering, KLEIT Hubli 14 | P a g e

Design and Fabrication of Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine 2022-2023

CHAPTER 2

METHODOLOGY
The below Figure.2.1 shows the methodology, after studying the different research papers of
floor cleaning machines, we have concluded that there are some limitations in floor cleaning
machines which can be worked upon. For example, there are some cleaning machines which
are made to clean only the nice surfaces or roads. This means that they are only sufficient for
roads. So, we are developing a machine which can work not only on roads but also on the
surfaces like footpath, outside of the house and lawn etc. We made the modifications
according to the road conditions and the purpose of use. This machine has very limited
components such as battery, solar panel, cylindrical brush, microcontroller, and a motor.

Figure: -2.1 (Methodology)

Department of Mechanical Engineering, KLEIT Hubli 15 | P a g e

Design and Fabrication of Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine 2022-2023

2.1 Design calculations:

The design and fabrication of solar powered street sweeping machine is a prototype model,
so we assume that to clean the area of 500000 mm^2. Design calculations for a street
sweeping machine can vary depending on the specific requirements and design choices.
However, here are some general considerations and calculations that can be considered,

2.1.1 Sweeping Speed:

Assume the diameter of roller brush= D= 150 mm = 0.15 m

r= 75 mm = 0.075 m

The circumference of a circle can be calculated using the formula:

Circumference = 2 * π * radius

Circumference = 2 * π * 0.075 = 0.471 meters

Now, if we assume that the roller brush completes one full revolution per second, we can
calculate the sweeping speed. In this case, the sweeping speed would be equal to the
circumference of the brush multiplied by the rotational speed.

Sweeping speed = Circumference * Rotational speed

If the rotational speed is, for example, 1 revolution per second, then the sweeping speed,

Sweeping speed = 0.471 meters/revolution * 1 revolution/second = 0.471 meters/second

To calculate the time required to sweep a given distance based on the sweeping speed:

Time = Distance / Speed

Let us assume 100 meters to be swept.

Using the sweeping speed calculated previously as 0.471 meters/second, we can calculate the
time as follows:

Time = 100 meters / 0.471 meters/second

Time = 212 seconds

Therefore, based on the given sweeping speed, it would take approximately 212.54 seconds
to sweep 100 meters.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, KLEIT Hubli 16 | P a g e

Design and Fabrication of Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine 2022-2023

2.1.2 Sweeping Width:

If the desired area to be covered is 500,000 mm², we can calculate the required sweeping
width per unit length to achieve that area coverage.

Let us assume the length of the sweeping path or distance covered by the equipment is 1
meter.

To calculate the sweeping width, we can divide the desired area by the distance covered:

Sweeping Width = Area / Distance Covered

Sweeping Width = 500,000 mm² / 1000 mm

Sweeping Width = 500 mm

Therefore, to cover an area of 500,000 mm² with 1 meter, the sweeping width required would
be 500 mm.

2.1.3 Sweeping Capacity:

The number of debris can vary depending on factors such as location, foot traffic, and
surrounding environment.

Let us assume an estimated debris amount of 0.5 kg/m².

To calculate the sweeping capacity required per unit time, you need to consider the cleaning
efficiency, which is the percentage of debris removed by the sweeping equipment.

Let us assume a desired cleaning efficiency of 80%.

The sweeping capacity required per unit time can be calculated using the following formula:

Sweeping Capacity = Debris Amount per Unit Area / (Cleaning Efficiency/100)

Sweeping Capacity = 0.5 kg/m² / (80/100)

Sweeping Capacity = 0.5 kg/m² / 0.8

Sweeping Capacity = 0.625 kg/m²

Department of Mechanical Engineering, KLEIT Hubli 17 | P a g e

Design and Fabrication of Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine 2022-2023

Therefore, based on the estimated debris amount of 0.5 kg/m² and a desired cleaning
efficiency of 80%, the sweeping capacity required per unit time would be approximately
0.625 kg/m². This means that the sweeping equipment should be able to remove debris at a
rate of 0.625 kg for every square meter of area covered in each time.

2.1.4 Collecting Capacity:

To estimate the volume of debris or litter that can accumulate in the collecting tray before it
needs to be emptied, you need to consider the sweeping capacity, emptying frequency, and
the density of the debris.

Let us take a sweeping capacity of 0.625 kg/m² (as calculated in the previous answer) and a
desired emptying frequency of once every 2 hours.

First, convert the sweeping capacity from kg/m² to volume per unit area. To do this, you need
to know the density of the debris. Let us assume a density of 200 kg/m³ for the debris.

Volume per Unit Area = Sweeping Capacity / Density

Volume per Unit Area = 0.625 kg/m² / 200 kg/m³Volume per Unit Area = 0.003125 m³/m²

Now, to calculate the hopper capacity, multiply the volume per unit area by the desired
emptying frequency.

Collecting Capacity = Volume per Unit Area * Emptying Frequency

Collecting Capacity = 0.003125 m³/m² * 1/2 hour/m²

Collecting Capacity = 0.0015625 m³

Therefore, based on the given sweeping capacity of 0.625 kg/m², a desired emptying
frequency of once every 2 hours, and a debris density of 200 kg/m³, the hopper capacity would
be approximately 0.0015625 m³. This means that the Collector should be able to hold debris
up to that volume before it needs to be emptied.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, KLEIT Hubli 18 | P a g e

Design and Fabrication of Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine 2022-2023

2.1.5 Power Requirements:

To calculate the power required for the sweeping mechanism, including the brushes, we need
to consider factors such as the weight of the machine and the rotational speed of the brushes.

Given that the weight of the machine is 16 kg, and the brush dimensions are 500 mm in length
and 150 mm in diameter, we can estimate the power required based on the rotational speed
of the brushes.

Assuming a desired rotational speed of 1000 revolutions per minute (RPM), we can calculate
the power required using the following formula:

Power = Torque * Angular Speed

To calculate the torque required, we need to consider the moment of inertia of the brushes,
which depends on their mass distribution and geometry. Without specific details about the
brush design, the brush design is cylindrical shape.

The moment of inertia of a solid cylinder can be calculated using the formula:

Moment of Inertia (I) = (1/2) * Mass * Radius^2

Given that the brush diameter of 150 mm, the radius would be half of that, which is 75 mm
or 0.075 meters.

Using the weight of the machine (16 kg) as an approximation for the mass of the brushes, we
can calculate the moment of inertia:

Moment of Inertia = (1/2) * Mass * Radius^2

Moment of Inertia = (1/2) * 16 kg * (0.075 m) ^2

Moment of Inertia ≈ 0.036 kg * m^2

Now, we can estimate the power required:

Power = Torque * Angular Speed

Department of Mechanical Engineering, KLEIT Hubli 19 | P a g e

Design and Fabrication of Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine 2022-2023

Since the torque can be calculated as the moment of inertia multiplied by the angular
acceleration (which is the angular speed divided by the time taken for each revolution), we
can estimate the torque required as follows:

Torque = Moment of Inertia * (Angular Speed / Time per Revolution)

Assuming a time of 1 second per revolution for simplicity, we have:

Torque = 0.036 kg * m^2 * (1000 RPM / 60 seconds)

Torque ≈ 0.600 kg * m^2 * (16.67 radians/second)

Torque ≈ 10 N * m

Finally, we can calculate the power required using the torque and the desired rotational speed:

Power = Torque * Angular Speed

Power = 10 N * m * (1000 RPM * (2π radians / 1 minute) / 60 seconds)

Power ≈ 104.72 W

Therefore, based on the assumptions of the weight of the machine being 16 kg and the brush
dimensions of 500 mm in length and 150 mm in diameter, a desired rotational speed of 1000
RPM would require an estimated power of approximately 104.72 Watts for the sweeping
mechanism

Department of Mechanical Engineering, KLEIT Hubli 20 | P a g e

Design and Fabrication of Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine 2022-2023

2.1.6 Maneuverability:

Given the dimensions provided for the sweeping machine, with a length of 1000 mm and a
width of 500 mm, and a wheelbase of 700 mm, we can calculate the minimum turning radius
based on these values.

To calculate the minimum turning radius, we need to consider the wheelbase and the
maximum steering angle.

Let us assume a maximum steering angle of 45 degrees for this calculation.

The minimum turning radius can be calculated using the following formula:

Minimum Turning Radius = Wheelbase / tan (Steering Angle)

Minimum Turning Radius = 700 mm / tan (45 degrees)

Using the tangent of 45 degrees (which is 1), the calculation simplifies to:

Minimum Turning Radius = 700 mm / 1

Minimum Turning Radius = 700 mm

Therefore, based on the given dimensions of a length of 1000 mm, width of 500 mm, and a
wheelbase of 700 mm, the minimum turning radius for the sweeping machine would be 700
mm.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, KLEIT Hubli 21 | P a g e

Design and Fabrication of Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine 2022-2023

2.2 Design:
The design of solar powered street sweeping machine prototype is designed using the PTC
CREO software, which is a comprehensive suite of Computer-aided design (CAD)
applications developed by PTC. CREO is specifically designed to support product design for
discrete manufacturers. The software offers a range of apps, each tailored to fulfill specific
capabilities for different user roles within the product development process. CREO operates
on the Microsoft Windows platform and provides a diverse set of functionalities, including
3D CAD parametric feature solid modeling, 3D direct modeling, 2D orthographic views,
Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and simulation, schematic design, technical illustrations, and
viewing and visualization tools. In addition, CREO can be seamlessly integrated with
Mastercam, a machining-based software, to efficiently machine any designed model within a
minimal timeframe. This integration allows for a smooth transition from the design phase to
the manufacturing process, optimizing productivity and ensuring accurate fabrication.

2.3 Software Modelling:

The Figure.2.2 Shows the 3d View of Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine Designed In
CREO Software.

Figure: -2.2 (3D View)

Department of Mechanical Engineering, KLEIT Hubli 22 | P a g e

Design and Fabrication of Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine 2022-2023

The Figure.2.3 Shows the Wire Frame View of Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine
Designed in CREO Software.

Figure: -2.3 (Wire Frame View)

The Figure.2.4 Shows the Front View of Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine Designed
in CREO Software.

Figure: -2.4 (Front View)

Department of Mechanical Engineering, KLEIT Hubli 23 | P a g e

Design and Fabrication of Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine 2022-2023

The Figure.2.5 Shows the Back View of Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine Designed
in CREO Software.

Figure: -2.5 (Back View)

The Figure.2.6 Shows the Side View of Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine Designed
in CREO Software.

Figure: -2.6 (Side View)

Department of Mechanical Engineering, KLEIT Hubli 24 | P a g e

Design and Fabrication of Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine 2022-2023

The Figure.2.7 Shows the Top View of Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine Designed
in CREO Software.

Figure: -2.7 (Top View)

The Figure.2.8 Shows the Dimensions of Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine Designed
in CREO Software.

Figure: -2.8 (Dimensions)

Department of Mechanical Engineering, KLEIT Hubli 25 | P a g e

Design and Fabrication of Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine 2022-2023

2.4 List of Components:

 Motors 12v

 Solar Panel 12V, 1OA

 Battery 12v 9Ah

 Metal Frame (Mild steel)

 Roller Brush

 Wheels

 Collecting Tray

 ESP8266-Microcontroller

 4-channel relay

 Switches

 Nut And Bolts

 Shaft

 Electric wires

 Sliding mechanism

Department of Mechanical Engineering, KLEIT Hubli 26 | P a g e

Design and Fabrication of Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine 2022-2023

2.4.1 Motor:

The Figure.2.9 Shown below Motor is 1000 RPM 12V DC geared motors for robotics
applications. Very easy to use and it is available in standard size. Nut and threads on shaft to
easily connect and internal threaded shaft for easily connecting it to wheel to rotate, in this
project we have used the 300rpm 12 v dc motor to rotate roller brush.

Figure: -2.9 (Motor)

Specifications:

• 1000RPM 12V DC Motor with gear box

• 1000RPM base motor
• 6mm shaft diameter with internal hole
• 125gm weight
• Same size motor available in different rpm
• 0.35kgcm torque
• No load current = 60 mA (maximum), Load current = 300 mA (maximum)

Department of Mechanical Engineering, KLEIT Hubli 27 | P a g e

Design and Fabrication of Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine 2022-2023

2.4.2 Solar Panel:

Size: The physical size of the solar panel depends on the manufacturer and model, but a 120-
watt panel is typically around 59 x 27 inches in size, shown in Figure.12.

Voltage and current: The solar panel have a voltage output of 12 volts and a current output
of up to 10 amps under optimal conditions. The actual output will depend on factors such as
the amount of sunlight hitting the panel and the temperature.

Efficiency: The minimum efficiency of a solar panel refers to the amount of sunlight it can
convert into usable electricity. A 120-watt panel with an efficiency of 20% can produce up to
24 watts of electricity under optimal conditions.

Construction: A solar panel consists of many types of photovoltaic cells. This solar panel
converts the sunlight into electricity. The cells are typically made of silicon and are connected
in series or parallel to produce the desired voltage and current output. The cells are then
encapsulated in a protective material and mounted in a frame for easy installation.

Applications: A 120-watt solar panel is used in different applications, including powering

small electronics, charging batteries, or even powering a small cabin or RV. Multiple panels
can be connected to produce more power for larger applications.

It is worth noting that the actual output of a solar panel can vary depending on environmental
factors such as shading, temperature, and the angle and direction of the panel. Hence it will
be very important to consider the factors while designing a solar system to a particular
application. Solar Panel Shown in Figure.2.10.

Figure: - 2.10 (Solar panel)

Department of Mechanical Engineering, KLEIT Hubli 28 | P a g e

Design and Fabrication of Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine 2022-2023

2.4.3 Battery:

An electric battery as shown in Figure.2.11 is a 12-volt 9Ah battery is a type of rechargeable

sealed lead-acid battery commonly used in various applications such as uninterruptible power
supplies (UPS), emergency lighting, portable electronic devices, and electric vehicles. Here
are some specifications for this type of battery,

Figure: -2.11 (Battery)

• Voltage: 12 volts
• Capacity: 9 ampere-hours (Ah)
• Chemistry: Sealed lead-acid (SLA)
• Dimensions: The physical size can vary depending on the specific model and
manufacturer, but common dimensions for this type of battery are around 5.9 inches
(150 mm) in length, 2.6 inches (65 mm) in width, and 3.7 inches (94 mm) in height.
• Weight: Again, the weight can vary, but a typical range is between 2.5 to 3.5 pounds
(1.1 to 1.6 kilograms).
• Charging voltage: The charging voltage for this type of battery is usually around 13.5
to 13.8 volts.
• Discharge voltage: The discharge voltage varies depending on the load, but typically
the minimum voltage is around 10.5 volts.
• Cycle life: The cycle life is around 300 to 500 charge/discharge cycles, depending on
usage and maintenance.
• Operating temperature range: Minimum operating temperature range for this type
of battery is usually between -4°F to 140°F (-20°C to 60°C).
• Maintenance: This type of battery is designed to be maintenance-free, meaning it
does not need regular water topping up or other maintenance activities. However,
maintenance is very important to keep the battery charged, clean, and free of corrosion
to ensure maximum performance and longevity.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, KLEIT Hubli 29 | P a g e

Design and Fabrication of Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine 2022-2023

2.4.4 Metal Frame:

In this Street Sweeping Machine, A metal frame is used which is made up of Mild Steel is
shown in Figure.2.12.

Figure.2.12 (Metal frame)

Mild steel, also known as low carbon steel, is a type of carbon steel with a relatively low
carbon content. Typically, mild steel contains about 0.05% to 0.25% carbon by weight,
distinguishing it from higher carbon steels that range from 0.30% to 2.0% carbon content.
When the carbon content exceeds this range, the steel is classified as cast iron.

Unlike alloy steels, mild steel primarily consists of iron and contains minimal amounts of
other elements like chromium or molybdenum. This low alloying element content sets mild
steel apart from higher carbon and alloy steels, giving it distinctive properties.

The lower carbon content in mild steel enhances its ductility, machinability, and weldability
compared to high carbon and other steels. However, it also makes it difficult to harden and
strengthen through heat treatment processes like heating and quenching.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, KLEIT Hubli 30 | P a g e

Design and Fabrication of Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine 2022-2023

Furthermore, the limited presence of carbon and alloying elements in mild steel results in
lower tensile strength compared to high carbon and alloy steels. Additionally, mild steel is
highly magnetic due to its significant iron and ferrite content.

Since mild steel lacks alloying elements like those found in stainless steels, it is prone to
oxidation (rusting) if not adequately coated. However, the absence of extensive alloying
elements contributes to mild steel's affordability compared to other types of steel. Its
affordability, along with its weldability and machinability, makes mild steel a popular choice
among consumers.

Advantages of Mild Steel: -

 Cost-Effective: The least expensive of all steel types, many everyday objects are created
using mild steel, including auto-mobile chassis, motorcycle frames and a great deal of
cookware.
 Weld able: Unlike high-carbon steel, mild steel can be coalesced with far greater ease. ...
 Ductile: Ductility is the measure of how much a material can be plastically deformed by
elongation, without fracture.
 Can be Carburised: The major downside to MS is that it has a relatively low tensile
strength, meaning it fails more easily under tension than other steels.
 Recyclable: No different than most metals, scrapped mild steel is vital in production. Most
steels can be recycled indefinitely without losing their quality, and due to its magnetic
properties mild steel is particularly easy to recover from unsorted waste.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, KLEIT Hubli 31 | P a g e

Design and Fabrication of Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine 2022-2023

2.4.5 Roller Brush:

A brush, depicted in Figure.2.13, is a commonly used tool that consists of bristles, wire, or
other filaments. It typically comprises a handle or block to which the filaments are attached,
either in a parallel or perpendicular arrangement, depending on how the brush is held during
use. The materials for both the block and the bristles or filaments are selected to withstand
the specific hazards associated with their intended applications, such as corrosive chemicals,
heat, or abrasion. Brushes are utilized for various purposes, including cleaning, hair
grooming, makeup application, painting, surface finishing, and many others. They are among
the most fundamental and versatile tools in use today, and an average household may have
numerous types of brushes. The central cylindrical bristles of the brush are composed of FRP
(Fiber Reinforced Plastic). These bristles are arranged in a straight pattern along the periphery
of a shaft. In the case of a typical wheel, it consists of a metal hub, tension spokes made of
wire, and a metal or carbon fiber rim that holds a pneumatic rubber tire. The pneumatic tires
are constructed using materials such as rubber, natural rubber, fabric, wire, and various
chemical compounds including lamp black. These tires provide traction between vehicles and
the road, while also serving as a flexible cushion that absorbs shocks. The length of Sweeper
Brush is 500 mm, and the diameter is 150 mm.

Figure: - 2.13 (Roller brush)

Department of Mechanical Engineering, KLEIT Hubli 32 | P a g e

Design and Fabrication of Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine 2022-2023

.2.4.6 Tyres:

A tire, as depicted in Figure.2.14, is a circular component that encloses a wheel's rim. Its
purpose is to transmit the vehicle's load from the axle through the wheel to the ground, while
also providing traction on the surface it traverses. Most tires, including those for automobiles
and bicycles, are designed as pneumatically inflated structures. These tires offer a flexible
cushioning effect that absorbs shocks when rolling over uneven terrain. They also create a
contact patch, known as a footprint, which matches the vehicle's weight with the surface's
bearing strength. This helps to prevent excessive deformation of the surface by distributing
the bearing pressure appropriately.

Modern pneumatic tires are composed of synthetic rubber, natural rubber, fabric, wire, carbon
black, and other chemical compounds. They consist of a tread and a body. The tread is
responsible for providing traction, while the body contains a compressed air chamber. In the
early stages, tires were constructed using metal bands fitted around wooden wheels to prevent
wear. Solid rubber tires, devoid of pneumatic properties, were the initial form of rubber tires.
Nowadays, pneumatic tires are utilized in various vehicles such as cars, bicycles, motorcycles,
buses, trucks, heavy equipment, and aircraft. However, metal tires are still employed in
locomotives and railcars, and solid rubber (or other polymer) tires find applications in non-
automotive settings, including casters, carts, lawnmowers, and wheelbarrows.

Figure: -2.14 (Tyre)

Department of Mechanical Engineering, KLEIT Hubli 33 | P a g e

Design and Fabrication of Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine 2022-2023

2.4.7 Collecting Tray:

A Tray as shown in Figure.2.15 is a hollow platform designed for the carrying of items. It is
made up of different materials, like silver, brass, sheet iron, paperboard, wood, melamine,
and molded pulp. Trays range in cost from inexpensive molded pulp trays which are
disposable and inexpensive melamine trays used in cafeterias, to mid-priced wooden trays
used in a home appliances and industries.

Trays are flat, but with raised edges to stop things from sliding off them. They are made in a
range of shapes but are commonly found in oval or rectangular forms, sometimes with cutout
or attached handles with which to carry them. Here are some of the specifications for the Tray
given below,

Figure: -2.15 (Collecting Tray)

Usage/Application: Multiple Usages

Color: Blue

Shape: Rectangular

Style: Solid Box

Material: Plastic

Inner Dimension: 565mm x 365mm x 75mm

Outside Dimension: 600mm x 400mm x 080mm

Department of Mechanical Engineering, KLEIT Hubli 34 | P a g e

Design and Fabrication of Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine 2022-2023

2.4.8 Microcontroller:

The ESP8266 shown in Figure.2.16 is a low-cost, Wi-Fi-enabled microcontroller that is

widely used on the Internet of Things (IoT) applications. Here are few specifications for the
ESP8266.

Figure:2.16 (Microcontroller)

• Microcontroller: Xtensa LX106 32-bit RISC processor operating at 80MHz

• Wi-Fi: 802.11 b/g/n Wi-Fi with integrated antenna
• Memory: 64KB of instruction RAM, 96KB of data RAM, and 4MB of flash memory
• GPIO: 17 programmable GPIO pins are used for digital input/output or analog input
• PWM: 6 channels of PWM output
• ADC: 1 analog input with a 10-bit resolution
• SPI: 2 SPI interfaces
• Operating voltage: 3.0V to 3.6V
• Power consumption: Around 70mA during active Wi-Fi use, and 20uA during deep
sleep mode
• Operating temperature: -40°C to 125°C
• Programming language: The ESP8266 can be programmed using the Arduino IDE,
Micro python, Lua, or other programming languages and platforms.
• Size: The ESP8266 module is small, typically around 25mm x 15mm in size, making
it suitable for compact IoT applications.
• Integrated features: The ESP8266 has integrated features such as Wi-Fi networking,
a TCP/IP stack, and support for multiple Wi-Fi security protocols, including
WPA/WPA2, WEP, and TKIP.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, KLEIT Hubli 35 | P a g e

Design and Fabrication of Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine 2022-2023

2.4.9 Relay Board:

The 4-channel relay board is shown in Figure.2.17 is a type of electronic device which can
control up to four different electrical circuits using relays. Each relay provides a separate
circuit which can be switched on or off using a control signal, typically from a microcontroller
or other control system. Here are few specifications for the 4-chnnel relay board,

Figure: - 2.17 (4-chnnel relay board)

• Input voltage: The voltage required to power the board, usually between 5V and 12V
DC.
• Relay type: The type of relay used on the board, such as electromechanical, solid-
state, or reed relays.
• Relay rating: The maximum voltage and current that each relay can handle, typically
around 10A at 250V AC.
• Control signal: The type of signal required to activate the relays, such as a logic-level
signal or a pulse-width modulated (PWM) signal.
• Input interface: The type of input interface provided on the board, like a screw
terminal or header pins.
• Output interface: The type of output interface provided on the board, such as a screw
terminal or header pins.
• Isolation: Whether the relay board provides electrical isolation between the control
signals and the switched circuits, that can help prevent damage to the control system.
• Size: The physical dimensions of the board, usually specified in millimeters or inches.
• Mounting: Whether the board includes mounting holes or other features.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, KLEIT Hubli 36 | P a g e

Design and Fabrication of Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine 2022-2023

2.4.10 Steering motor:

Figure: 2.18 (steering motor)

Voltage: The operating voltage of motor, which is typically 12V or 24V DC.

Power: The power of the motor, which is typically around 30-50 watts.

Speed: The speed of the motor, usually measured in RPM. The speed may vary depending
on the load applied to the motor and the voltage supplied to it.

Torque: The amount of rotational force that the motor can generate, typically measured in
Newton-meters (Nm) or pound-feet (lb.-ft).

Duty cycle: The percentage of time that the motor can work continuously without overheating
or experiencing other issues. Duty cycles for wiper motors are typically between 25% and
50%.

Shaft diameter: The diameter of the motor's output shaft, which may vary depending on the
specific application.

IP rating: The level of protection that the motor has against dust and water intrusion, typically
measured by an Ingress Protection (IP) rating. For wiper motors, the IP rating is usually at
least IP54 or higher to ensure adequate protection from the elements.

Mounting: The method of attaching the motor to the wiper assembly or other components of
the vehicle. Wiper motors may be mounted using bolts or other fasteners. The Motor Shown
in Figure 2.18.

Noise level: The amount of noise that the motor produces during operation, typically
measured in decibels (dB).

Department of Mechanical Engineering, KLEIT Hubli 37 | P a g e

Design and Fabrication of Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine 2022-2023

2.5 Construction and Working:

Construction:

The street sweeping machine that you have developed is a sustainable solution that uses solar
power to run its operations. In this project, you have combined mechanical and electrical
components to create a machine that can effectively clean streets while reducing its
environmental impact.

The working of this project can be defined into three components: the roller brush system,
the battery, and the motors.

Roller Brush System:

The roller brush system is the primary component of the street sweeping machine. It consists
of a rotating brush that sweeps the surface of the street to collect debris, dust, and other
materials. The roller brush system uses a DC motor to drive the rotation of the brush. The
motor is attached to a gearbox that helps in reducing the speed of the motor and increases the
torque output. This helps the machine to efficiently sweep the street without losing power or
efficiency.

Battery:

The battery is another crucial component of the street sweeping machine. It provides the
energy required to run the motor that drives the roller brush system. The battery used in this
project is a rechargeable lithium-ion battery. It is connected to a solar panel that charges the
battery during the day. The battery can store the energy generated from the solar panel and
use it to power the machine when needed. The battery is also connected to a charge controller
that regulates the amount of power flowing in and out of the battery. This helps in maintaining
the battery's health and preventing overcharging or discharging.

Motors:

The motors used in the street sweeping machine are DC motors. The DC motors are efficient
and have a high torque output. They are connected to the roller brush system and are
responsible for driving the rotation of the brush. The motors are controlled by a motor
controller that regulates the speed and direction of the motor. The motor controller connected
to a microcontroller that sends signals to control the motor's speed and direction of rotation.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, KLEIT Hubli 38 | P a g e

Design and Fabrication of Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine 2022-2023

Working Process:

The street sweeping machine works by first charging its battery using solar energy. The solar
panel is installed on the top of the machine, and it collects energy from the sun during the
day. The collected energy is stored in the lithium-ion battery.

Once the battery is fully charged, the machine can be turned on by pressing a button. The
microcontroller sends signals to the motor controller to start the motor that drives the roller
brush system. The motor rotates the brush, and the machine starts sweeping the street. The
brush collects all the debris, dust, and other materials from the surface of the street and
deposits them in a bin.

As the machine sweeps the street, the battery starts discharging, and the charge controller
regulates the amount of power flowing out of the battery. The battery will continue to power
the machine until it is fully discharged or until the job is completed. Once the battery is fully
discharged, the machine will stop working, and it will need to be recharged using the solar
panel.

The street sweeping machine is designed to be simple to use and maintain. It is eco-friendly
and does not produce any emissions, making it an excellent choice for cleaning streets in areas
where air quality is a concern. The solar-powered battery ensures that the machine is always
charged and ready to go, making it an efficient and sustainable solution for street cleaning.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, KLEIT Hubli 39 | P a g e

Design and Fabrication of Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine 2022-2023

2.6 Advantages of Street Sweeping Machine:

• The prepared solar operated cleaner is environment friendly and cost efficient
• The prepared solar operated road cleaner can be used largely in pollution field
effectively.
• The prepared solar road cleaner is the best option to workers who economically
challenged and facing health problems like lungs and nose etc.
• It does not create any air pollution and noise.
• It does not require fuel hence it is zero-fuel operated equipment.
• It can use in municipality for killing insects and mosquitoes.
• It is maintenance free device.
• It is easy to operate and portable.
• They can perform regular work as well as saves fuel up to large extent. At the same
time, they can do their road cleaning work with very less environment pollution.
• By further modification, the drive or movement can be made automatic.
• The prepared solar operated road/street cleaner can be used largely in pollution field
effectively.

2.7 Disadvantages of Street Sweeping Machine:

• It is not capable to clean stairs of buildings.

• This machine produces vibrations when used on rough floors or rough surfaces.
• Street cleaning machine is a Semi-automated machine.
• Maintenance of mop is required.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, KLEIT Hubli 40 | P a g e

Design and Fabrication of Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine 2022-2023

2.8 Connection and Controller interface:

Connection:

• Connect the ESP8266 to the Arduino: You can connect the ESP8266 to the Arduino
using the serial interface. Connect the ESP8266's TX pin to the Arduino's RX pin and
the ESP8266's RX pin to the Arduino's TX pin. Make sure to also connect the
ESP8266's ground pin to the Arduino's ground pin.
• Upload a sketch to the ESP8266: You should upload a sketch to the ESP8266 that
allows it to communicate with the mobile phone. There are different types of libraries
available for the ESP8266 that make it easy to communicate with the mobile phone,
such as the ESP8266WiFi and WIFI Manager libraries. You can find example
sketches that use these libraries online.
• Install the Blynk app on your mobile phone: Blynk is a popular app for mobiles that
allows you to control the ESP8266 and monitor its sensors or outputs. You can
download the Blynk app from the App Store or Google Play.
• Create a Blynk project: Once you have installed the Blynk app, you need to create a
new project. You can do this by tapping on the "+" icon and selecting "New Project".
Give your project a name and select the ESP8266 as the hardware device.
• Configure the Blynk project: After you have created the project, you need to configure
it to communicate with the ESP8266. This typically involves setting the Wi-Fi
network SSID and password and specifying the auth token for the ESP8266.
• Upload a sketch to the Arduino: You need to upload a sketch to the Arduino that
allows it to communicate with the Blynk app. There are many libraries available for
the Arduino that make it easy to communicate with the Blynk app, such as the Blynk
library. You can find example sketches that use this library online.
• Connect the Arduino to the ESP8266: Once you have uploaded the sketch to the
Arduino, you need to connect it to the ESP8266. Connect the Arduino's TX pin to the
ESP8266's RX pin and the Arduino's RX pin to the ESP8266's TX pin. Make sure to
also connect the Arduino's ground pin to the ESP8266's ground pin.
• Control the ESP8266 from the Blynk app: After you have connected everything, you
can use the Blynk app to control the ESP8266 and monitor its sensors or outputs.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, KLEIT Hubli 41 | P a g e

Design and Fabrication of Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine 2022-2023

Controller interface:

Figure: -2.19 (Controller Interface)

The Controller Interface Shown in Figure.2.19, To give a brief overview, the ESP8266
microcontroller is programmed to send signals to the 4-channel relay board. Each relay on
the board controls a different aspect of the street sweeping machine is shown in figure.21, the
movement, such as the forward motion, left and right turns, and the rotation of the roller
brush. Is controlled by the Wi-Fi using mobile phone.

When the ESP8266 microcontroller sends a signal to the appropriate relay, it will either open
or close the circuit, depending on the programmed action. This will allow the machine to
move forward or turn left or right, as well as activate or deactivate the roller brush rotation

Department of Mechanical Engineering, KLEIT Hubli 42 | P a g e

Design and Fabrication of Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine 2022-2023

2.9 Final Model:

The Fiure.2.20 Shows the Final Model of Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine.

Figure: - 2.20 (Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine)

The Fiure.2.21 Shows the Front view of Final Model of Solar Powered Street Sweeping
Machine

Figure: - 2.21 (Front View of Final Model)

Department of Mechanical Engineering, KLEIT Hubli 43 | P a g e

Design and Fabrication of Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine 2022-2023

The Fiure.2.22 Shows the Side View of Final Model of Solar Powered Street Sweeping
Machine.

Figure: -2.22 (Side View of Final Model)

The Fiure.2.23 Shows the Side View of Final Model of Solar Powered Street Sweeping
Machine.

Figure: -2.23 (Top View of Final Model)

Department of Mechanical Engineering, KLEIT Hubli 44 | P a g e

Design and Fabrication of Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine 2022-2023

The Fiure.2.24 Shows the Back View of Final Model of Solar Powered Street Sweeping
Machine.

Figure: -2.24 (Back View of Final Model)

Summary:

This Chapter contains the Methodology used to obtain the Design and Fabrication of Solar
Powered Street Sweeping Machine. It also contains the Design and Calculations of that
machine. We have also listed the types of components and its construction and working. This
chapter also contains the advantages and disadvantages of the machine and the connections
and control interface of that machine. And at the end of the chapter the final model of the
project is pictured.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, KLEIT Hubli 45 | P a g e

Design and Fabrication of Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine 2022-2023

CHAPTER 3

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Test. 1 Width of the machine =500 mm

Length of the machine=1000 mm

3.1 Power required to rotate the roller brush:

Power = 104 W

3.2 Power required to move the machine:

To calculate the power required to move the machine, we need to determine

the force required to overcome the friction or resistance during movement. This force
can be calculated using the formula:

Force = Weight of the machine × Coefficient of friction

Given:

Weight of the machine = 16 kg

Coefficient of friction (μ) = Assumed value (typically between 0.01 and 0.2)

Let us assume a coefficient of friction of 0.1 for this calculation.

Force = 16 kg × 9.8 m/s^2 × 0.1

Force = 15.68 N

Power required to move the machine:

To calculate the power required to move the machine, we can use the following
formula:

Power = Force × Velocity

Given:

Force = 15.68 N (calculated earlier)

Velocity = 0.1666 m/s

Department of Mechanical Engineering, KLEIT Hubli 46 | P a g e

Design and Fabrication of Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine 2022-2023

Power = 15.68 N × 0.1666 m/s

Power = 2.61 W

Therefore, the power required to move the machine is approximately 2.61 watts.

3.3 Efficiency:

To calculate the efficiency, we need the input power and output power for both
the brush rotation and the machine movement.

Input power for brush rotation = 104 W (as calculated earlier)

Input power for machine movement = 2.61 W (calculated above)

Assuming the discharge rate of the battery is 1C (which means it can provide a current equal
to its capacity in 1 hour), the maximum continuous current output of the battery can be
calculated as follows:

Maximum Current = Battery Capacity × Discharge Rate

Maximum Current = 9Ah × 1

Maximum Current = 9A

Now, let us assume an efficiency of 80% for the motor/controller system. This
means that 80% of the input power from the battery is converted into useful output
power.

Power required to rotate the roller brush:

Input Power = 104 W (as calculated earlier)

Output Power = Input Power × Efficiency

Department of Mechanical Engineering, KLEIT Hubli 47 | P a g e

Design and Fabrication of Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine 2022-2023

Output Power = 104 W × 0.8

Output Power = 83.02 W

Power required to move the machine:

Input Power = 2.61 W (as calculated earlier)

Output Power = Input Power × Efficiency

Output Power = 2.61 W × 0.8

Output Power = 2.09 W

Now, let us calculate the overall efficiency of the system:

Overall Efficiency = (Total Output Power / Total Input Power) × 100

Total Output Power = Output Power for brush rotation + Output Power for
machine movement

Total Output Power = 83.02 W + 2.09 W

Total Output Power = 85.11 W

Total Input Power = Input Power for brush rotation + Input Power for machine
movement

Total Input Power = 104 W + 2.61 W

Total Input Power = 106.61 W

Overall Efficiency = (85.11 W / W) × 100

Overall Efficiency ≈ 79%

Therefore, with a 12V, 9Ah battery and assuming an 80% efficiency for the
motor/controller system, the estimated overall efficiency of the street sweeping
machine is approximately 80.06%.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, KLEIT Hubli 48 | P a g e

Design and Fabrication of Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine 2022-2023

The above Graph.3.1 shows the ratio between Output power to Input power, when the output
power increases the input power also increases.

Output Power vs Input Power

120
106.61

100
85.11
output power i watts

80

60

40

20

0
input power in watts

Graph: - 3.1 (Output Power vs Input Power)

The above Graph.3.2 Shows the Ratio Between Input Power to The Overall Efficiency.
When the input power increases the overall efficiency also increases.

Input Power vs Overall Efficiency

120

100
input power in watts

80

60

40

20

0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
overall efficiency in %

Graph: - 3.2 (Input Power vs Overall Efficiency)

Department of Mechanical Engineering, KLEIT Hubli 49 | P a g e

Design and Fabrication of Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine 2022-2023

Test. 2 Based on the experimentation, it is found in this project that the Solar panel provides
12V, 10A during daytime between 9.30 AM to 4.30 PM. Since the Street sweepers are used
in this duration, testing is as carried out in this time. The 12V, 9Ah battery can be charged
fully in 7 hours during this time at 1.2A., Hence the proposed model is cost effective and
compatible with other models available commercially.

Current produced by panel and charging time of the battery

 The current produced by the solar panel (I) was calculated by knowing the maximum
power (P) of the solar panel and the voltage rating (V) of the battery that is given by
 I = P/V Therefore, I = 20/12 = 1.66 A
 Charging time (T) was computed by taking the ratio rating of battery in ampere hour (Ah)
to the total current supplied by the solar panel. T = (battery rating in ampere hour) / (total
current consumed by the solar panel) Therefore, T = 8 / 1.66 = 4.79.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, KLEIT Hubli 50 | P a g e

Design and Fabrication of Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine 2022-2023

CHAPTER 4

CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE

4.1 CONCLUSIONS:
This project focuses on the introduction of a solar-powered street sweeping machine, driven
by the key motive of promoting cleanliness in society. With its multiple applications, our
machine offers a wide range of functions. By harnessing solar energy, we have created an
environmentally friendly project. The integration of innovative technology in our machine
reduces human effort and minimizes cleaning time. This leads to enhanced cleanliness and
contributes to overall well-being. Even small technological advancements like this can have
a significant long-term impact.

In conclusion, the solar-powered street sweeping machine equipped with a battery,

microcontroller, solar panel, and motor, operated through Wi-Fi using a mobile phone, has
demonstrated an impressive efficiency of 79%. The inclusion of a solar panel allows the
machine to harness clean and renewable energy from the sun, making it environmentally
friendly and reducing reliance on fossil fuels. The solar panel charges the battery, which
powers the motor and other components of the machine.
The successful design and fabrication of semi-automated and eco-friendly road sweeping
machine have addressed various challenges. This project effectively implements a manual
road cleaner, reducing costs, human effort, and time. It serves as an excellent alternative to
automated road cleaning machines during power crises. The existing road sweeping machines
require human effort, which can lead to shoulder problems due to continuous sweeping. Our
semi-automated machine operated road sweeping machine offers a solution to avoid such
issues. It is also highly cost-effective.

While testing the machine, we observed that its cleaning efficiency is slightly compromised
on rough and damaged roads. However, it boasts low maintenance requirements and offers
easy control and cleaning procedures, providing health benefits, and effectively mitigating
environmental pollution.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, KLEIT Hubli 51 | P a g e

Design and Fabrication of Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine 2022-2023

4.2 FUTURE SCOPE:

The future scope of a solar-powered street sweeping machine that is semi-automatic
and controlled by Wi-Fi holds several potential benefits and advancements. Here are some
possible future developments and opportunities for such a system:

1. Enhanced Automation: As technology progresses, street sweeping machines can

become more autonomous and intelligent. They could incorporate advanced sensors, machine
learning algorithms, and computer vision to automatically detect and clean different types of
debris on the streets. This would reduce the need for manual intervention and make the
process more efficient.

2. Internet of Things (IoT) Integration: Wi-Fi connectivity opens possibilities for

integrating the street sweeping machine into a broader smart city infrastructure. By
connecting to the internet, the machine can communicate with other devices and systems,
such as traffic management systems or waste management canters. This integration would
enable real-time monitoring, scheduling, and optimization of street sweeping operations.

3. Data-driven Decision Making: With Wi-Fi connectivity, the street sweeping

machine can collect and transmit data about its operations, such as cleaning patterns, energy
usage, and performance metrics. This data can be analysed to optimize routes, improve
cleaning efficiency, and identify areas with higher debris accumulation. The insights gained
from this data can aid in better decision-making and resource allocation.

4. Energy Efficiency and Battery Advancements: Advances in solar panel and

battery technologies will contribute to the development of more efficient and longer-lasting
street sweeping machines. Improved solar panels would generate more electricity, reducing
reliance on external power sources. Similarly, advancements in battery technology would
enable longer operational hours, faster charging times, and increased energy storage capacity.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, KLEIT Hubli 52 | P a g e

Design and Fabrication of Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine 2022-2023

BIBLIOGRAPHY

[1.] Sandeep. J. Meshram, Dr. G.D. Mehta - “Design and Development of Tricycle Operated
Street Cleaning Machine” - Journal of Information, Knowledge, and Research in Mechanical
Engineering ISSN 0975 – 668X| Nov 15 to Oct 16 | Volume– 04, Issue- 01.

[2.] Mohsen Azadbakht, Ali kiapey, Ali Jafari, Design and fabrication of a tractor powered
leaves collector machine equipped with suction-blower system, Agric Eng Int: CIGR Journal,
16(3), 77-86, 2014.

[3.] Manya Jain1, Pankaj Singh, Automatic Floor Cleaner, RawatInternational Journal of Soft
Computing and Artificial Intelligence, ISSN: 2321-404X.

[4.] M. Ranjit Kumar and N. Kapilan, “Outline and Examination of physically worked floor
cleaning machine”, IJERT ISSN: 2278- 0181 Vol. 4 Issue 04, April-2015.

[5.] Ritvick Ghosh, H R Vinay Kumar, Dattatraya, Pavan Kumar B. Hiremath, Prof. Pradeep
Kumar K.V. “Design and Fabrication of a Pedal-Operated Floor Mopping Machine,” IJETAE
ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 6, Issue 5, May 2016

[6.] Prathmesh Joshi, Akshay Malviya and Priya Soni, “Manual Driven Platform Cleaner,”
IJETAE ISSN 2250- 2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal,Volume 3, Issue 8, August 2013

[7.] Aishwarya pardeshi, Shraddha more “Automatic floor cleaner” IJECT vol.8, issue 1
January-March 2017

[8.] Imaekhai Lawrence Et Al, “Innovative systems design and engineering” ISSN 2222-1727
(paper), ISSN 2222-2871(online) vol3, no.4,2012

[9.] Ajay P. John, Alex Varghese, Amrutha P. B, Ann Susan Thomas, Megha Peter
"Implementation of An Automated Smart Robotic Floor Cleaner", IJAREEIE. Vol. 6, Issue
4, April 2017, pp-3015- 3020

Department of Mechanical Engineering, KLEIT Hubli 53 | P a g e

Design and Fabrication of Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine 2022-2023

[10.] Anup Mendhe, “Multipurpose Floor Cleaning Machine” Paper ID: IJSRDV5I10529
Published in volume 5, Issue: 1, Publication Date: 01/04/2017

[11] Abhishek Chakraborty, Ashutosh Bansal, Design of Dust Collector for Rear Wheel of
Four-Wheeler, International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering,
Volume 3, Issue 7, July 2013, 199-216

[12] N. Kapilan- “Design and Analysis of Manually Operated Floor Cleaning Machine” -
International Journal of Engineering Research &Technology (IJERT) ISSN: 2278-0181
IJERT IS040912 [www.ijert.org] Vol. 4 Issue 04, April-2015

Department of Mechanical Engineering, KLEIT Hubli 54 | P a g e

Design and Fabrication of Solar Powered Street Sweeping Machine 2022-2023

APPENDIX-A, PLAGIARISM REPORT

Department of Mechanical Engineering, KLEIT Hubli 55 | P a g e