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6.Complementary Function

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29 views

6.Complementary Function

Uploaded by

rishika27
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Higher Order Linear DE

Wednesday, February 17, 2021 12:00 PM

HIGHER ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION


• Definition: An equation of the form ……(1)
Where are constants and is a function of only is called a linear
differential equation with constant coefficients.

THE OPERATOR D
• Let D be the symbol which denotes differentiation with respect to x, say, of the function
which immediately follows it i.e. D stands for .
• Thus, if is a differentiable function of then

• Let us further denote the operation of D repeated twice, thrice, ……. n times by
.
• With this notation,
• From this point of view the symbol D is called as operator and the function y on which it
operates is called operand.
• With this notation the differential equation (1) can be written as
•
• i.e. i.e.

METHOD TO FIND COMPLETE SOLUTION


• Complete Solution = Complementary Function (C.F.) + Particular integral (P.I.).
MODULE-1 Page 1
• Complete Solution = Complementary Function (C.F.) + Particular integral (P.I.).
• (1) Write the given differential equation in the form
• (2) Write the associated equation
• (3) Write the auxiliary equation by putting in the terms within bracket when
the equation is written in the symbolic form as
•
• Auxiliary equation is
It is an equation of nth degree in m having n roots says

• (4) Write the complementary function (C.F) as follows:


• Case (i) when roots are real and different
• The C.F. is

• Case (ii) When roots are real and equal i.e. repeated
• (a) Suppose the auxiliary equation has got two equal roots. Say, each m1 and Let the
other roots be then the C.F is
•

• (b) Suppose the auxiliary equation has got three equal roots. Say, each m1, and let the
other roots be then the C.F. is

MODULE-1 Page 2
• (b) Suppose the auxiliary equation has got three equal roots. Say, each m1, and let the
other roots be then the C.F. is
•

• (c) Suppose the auxiliary equation has got three equal roots. Say, each m1, and next
two equal roots say, each m2, and let the other roots be then the
C.F is

• Case (iii) when roots are Imaginary and different


• Suppose the auxiliary equation has got two roots then the part of
the solution of the equation corresponding to these roots will be

• Case (iv) when roots are Imaginary and equal i.e. repeated
• (a) Suppose occurs twice then the part of the solution with reference to these
roots will be

• (b) Suppose occurs thrice then the part of the solution with reference to these
roots will be

MODULE-1 Page 3
• (5) When the r.h.s then complete solution = complementary function (i.e no need
to find particular integral)
• (6) When the r.h.s then we find Particular Integral using following rules.
•
• The method of finding Particular Integral depends upon the nature of the right hand side
.
2/18/2021 3:15 PM

EXAMPLE-2:

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