BATCH

BASIC
S.H.M. MATHS
Periodic Motion:
Repeats itself after regular interval of time
Example:
1. Uniform Circular Motion or Orbital Motion

2. An insect climbing wall and falling down as

shown.
3. Motion of a bouncing ball.

4. Motion of planets around the earth.

5. Rotation of earth

6. Motion of a Pendulum.
Oscillatory Motion/Harmonic Motion
➢ To and fro (back and forth or up and down) about
fixed point after regular interval of time.
➢ Fixed point about which body oscillates is called
Mean position or equilibrium position

Examples:
1. Motion of a pendulum
m

2. Spring Mass System

1. All Oscillatory Motion(with no loss of Energy) are
Periodic.

2. All Periodic Motion are not oscillatory.

Oscillatory/Harmonic Motion v/s Simple
Harmonic Motion
Q1 )
Q2 )
 Understanding S.H.M & basic terms related
to S.H.M
1. Amplitude (A)

2. Time Period(T)

Frequency and Angular Frequency

3. Restoring Force
4. Acceleration(a)
5. Velocity(v)
Q3 )
Q4 )
Q5 )
Q6 )
Q7 )
Q8 )
Q9 )
Q10 )
Differential Equation for S.H.M
Equation for S.H.M
Q11) Write the equation of displacement(x),velocity(v) and
acceleration(a) in terms of time (t) for S.H.M whose initial
position is as shown. Also draw graphs for x v/s t, v v/s t and
a v/s t. Find phase difference between x,v and a.
Repeat the same for
Repeat the same for
Q12 )
Q13 )
Q14 )
Q15) An object performs SHM of amplitude 5 cm and time
period 4 s. If timing is started when the object is at the
centre of oscillation i.e.,x=0 then calculate displacement at
0.5 s

a) 5 cm
b) 5/ 𝟐 cm
c) 5 𝟐 cm
d) 2 𝟓 cm
Q16) A particle executes simple harmonic motion about the
point x=0. At time t=0 it has displacement x=2 cm and zero
velocity. If the frequency of motion is 0.25 s-1,find the
displacement at t=3 s

a) 0
b) 1 cm
c) 2 cm
d) 1.5 cm
Q17 )

a) 1s
b) 1/3 s
c) 2s
d) 2/3 s
Q18)
Q19 )
Q20) A particle executing S.H.M is initially at right
extreme.If Amplitude and time period of particle is 2 cm
and 8 sec respectively.Find velocity of particle at t=2 s

𝝅
a) 0 c) 𝟐 𝟐
𝒄𝒎/𝒔

𝟑𝝅 𝝅
b) 𝟐
𝒄𝒎/𝒔 d) 𝟐
𝒄𝒎/𝒔
Q21 )
Q22 )
S.H.M as projection of Uniform Circular
Motion
Projection on horizontal diameter
Projection on vertical diameter
Q23) Obtain the corresponding S.H.M’s of the x-projection of
the radius vector of the revolving particle P.

𝝅
a) 3 cos t
𝟐
𝝅
b) -3 cos t
𝟐
c) 3 sin 𝝅 t
d) -3 sin 𝝅 t
Q24 )
Q25 )
Q26)
Q27 )

a) T1=T2
b) T1=2T2
c) T2=2T1
d) T1=3T2
Energy in S.H.M
Kinetic Energy
Minimum & Maximum Kinetic Energy
Q28 )
Potential Energy
Minimum & Maximum Potential Energy
Graphs of K.E & P.E v/s x
Q29 )
Q30 )
Total Mechanical Energy in S.H.M
Q31)
Q32 )
Q33) A particle executes simple harmonic motion with a
frequency 𝒇. The frequency with which its kinetic energy
oscillates is
[ IIT JEE 1973,87; Manipal MEE 1995; RPET 2002;RPMT
2004;BHU 2005]

a) 𝒇 /2
b) 𝒇
c) 𝟐𝒇
d) 𝟒𝒇
Q34 )
Steps to Find Time Period of any S.H.M
1. Find the equilibrium position where Fnet=0 on body.

2. Displace the body slightly(x) from it’s mean

position & find net force on body now.Express net
Force in form of F=-kx

3. k=
Spring Mass System
Case I:
Q35 )
Q36) Two bodies M and N of equal masses are suspended
from two separate massless springs of force constants k1 and
k2 respectively.If the two bodies oscillate vertically such that
their maximum velocities are equal,the ratio of the
amplitude M to that of N is [ IIT JEE 1988,MP PET 1997,2001;
BHU 1998;Pb. PMT 1998;MH CET 2000,03;AIEEE 2003]
a) K1/k2
b) 𝒌𝟏/𝒌𝟐
c) K2/k1
d) 𝒌𝟐/𝒌𝟏
Q37 )
Case II: Case III:
Case IV:
Combinations of Springs

1. Series Combination

2. Parallel Combination
Q38 )
Q39 ) a) 1:2
b) 2:1
c) 4:1
d) 1:4
Cutting of Spring
Q40 )
Simple Pendulum
Q41 )
Q42 )
Q43 )
Concept of geffective
Oscillation of a Simple Pendulum in an
Electric Field
Angular S.H.M
Physical Pendulum
Q44) Find the period of small oscillations of a uniform rod
with length 𝒍,pivoted at one end.

𝒍 𝟐𝒍
a) 𝟐𝝅 c) 𝝅 𝟑𝒈
𝒈

𝟐𝒍 𝟑𝒍
b) 𝟐𝝅 d) 𝟐𝝅 𝟐𝒈
𝟑𝒈
S.H.M of a body in a tunnel along any chord
(including diameter) of Earth
Q45) A tunnel has been dug through the centre of the earth
and a ball is released in it. It will reach the other end of the
tunnel after [RPMT 2004]

a) 84.6 minutes
b) 42.3 minutes
c) 1 Day
d) Will not reach the other end
Oscillation of Floating body
Q46) A block of wood has dimensions a,b and c.Its relative
density is d.It is floating in water such that the side a is
vertical.It is now pushed down gently and released.The time
period of S.H.M is

𝒂𝒃𝒄 𝒈
a) 𝑻 = 𝟐𝝅 c) 𝑻 = 𝟐𝝅 𝒅𝒂
𝒈

𝒃𝒄 𝒅𝒂
b) 𝑻 = 𝟐𝝅 d) 𝑻 = 𝟐𝝅 𝒈
𝒅𝒈
Q47 )
Oscillation of liquid column
Find the Time Period of Oscillation of liquid
column shown
Q48) The period of oscillation of mercury of mass m and density 𝝆
poured into a bent tube of cross sectional area S whose right arm
forms an angle 𝜽 with the vertical as shown in figure is:

𝒎 𝒎
a) 2𝝅 c) 2𝝅
𝝆𝑺 𝟏+𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝒈 𝝆𝑺 𝟏+𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝒈

𝒎 𝒎
b) 2𝝅 d) 2𝝅
𝝆𝑺𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽𝒈 𝝆𝑺𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽𝒈
Combination of Two or More S.H.M
1. In same direction
Q49) Find the resulting amplitude and equation for S.H.M resulting
from combination of
x1=2sin𝝎t
x2=2sin(𝝎t+𝝅/3)
Q50) Find the equation for resulting SHM
x1=3sin𝝎t
x2=4cos𝝎t
Q51) Find the equation for resulting SHM
x1=5sin(𝝎t+ 𝝅/6)
x2=5cos𝝎t
Q52) Find the Amplitude of SHM
x=3 + 4sin𝝎t
Q53 )
Q54 )
Q55 )
 BATCH

BASIC
Waves MATHS
Part 1
 Today’s Goal
Waves Introduction
Travelling Wave
Stationary Wave
Waves on String
Wave: Wave is a disturbance from equilibrium
position, which travels. It is the disturbance
which travels , not the particles. Particles only
oscillates

➢ Wave is a form of Energy transfer

➢Wave is a form of Momentum

transfer
➢ Disturbance may be in the form of

(i) displacement

(ii) Pressure

(iii) Density

(iv) Electric & Magnetic Field

 Types of Wave
Mechanical Wave Non-Mechanical Wave

Which requires a medium to Which do not require a

travel
medium to travel
Example:
Sound Waves Example:
Waves on string Light Waves(EMW)
Wave in air column
Transverse Wave Longitudinal Wave

Oscillation of particle Oscillation of particle is in

perpendicular to direction of the direction of propagation
propagation of wave. of wave
Example: Example:
i)Waves on string i)Sound Waves in air
ii)EMW ii)Waves in air column
➢ In solids & liquid surface ➢ In solids,liquids & gases
only
General Equation of Wave
If some quantity ‘y’ (displacement, Pressure, density or
Electric & Magnetic Field) oscillates, then
 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒂𝒙 ± 𝒃𝒕)
is an equation of wave if
Plane Progressive (travelling) Harmonic Wave
Direction of Harmonic Wave
Equation of Harmonic Wave
Velocity Of Wave
Phase and Phase Difference
Wave Velocity and Particle Velocity
Relation between Wave Velocity and
Particle Velocity
Acceleration of Particle
Phase difference for same particle at
different time
Phase difference between two particles at a
given time
Speed of wave on string(Transverse Wave)
a) 0.06 m
b) 0.03 m
c) 0.12m
d) 0.09 m
Intensity of Wave
Q) Ratio of intensities of two waves is given by 4:1. Then
ratio of the amplitudes of the two waves is [1991]

a) 2:1
b) 1:2
c) 4:1
d) 1:4
Intensity with distance from source
Interference of Waves
Resultant Amplitude & Intensity
𝒚𝟏 = 𝑨𝟏𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝝎𝒕𝟏 + 𝒌𝒙𝟏)

𝒚𝟐 = 𝑨𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝝎𝒕𝟐 + 𝒌𝒙𝟐)
Reflection and Transmission of Wave on String
Reflection of wave from fixed end
Reflection from Free end
Reflection and Transmission
Case I: Rarer to Denser
Case II: Denser to Rarer
Reflected & Transmitted Amplitude
Q) A composite string is made up by joining two strings of
different masses per unit length μ and 4μ . The composite
string is under the same tension.A transverse wave pulse:
Y=(6mm)sin(5t+40x),where ‘t’ is in seconds and ‘x’ in
meters,is sent along the lighter string towards the joint.The
joint is at x=0.The equation of the wave pulse reflected from
the joint is
a) (2mm)sin(5t-40x)
b) (4mm)sin(40x-5t)
c) -(2mm)sin(5t-40x)
d) (2mm)sin(5t-10x)
Standing Wave/Stationary Wave

➢ When two harmonic waves of equal frequency and equal

Amplitude travelling in opposite directions superimpose each
other, standing waves are formed.

Conditions for forming Standing Wave/Stationary Wave

i) Superposition of two harmonic wave in same medium
(v is same).

ii) A same iii) 𝒇, w→ same iv) travelling in opposite direction

v) k → same
Equation Of Standing Wave/Stationary Wave
t=0

t=T/4

t=T/2

t=3T/4

t=T
Nodes & Antinodes
 All the particles between two consecutive Nodes are
in same phase.But are in opposite phase with adjacent
segment

No Energy is transmitted across Standing Wave

Velocity of standing wave is Not Zero,as expected

Q) The distance between the nearest node and antinode in a
stationary wave
[MP PET 1984;CBSE PMT 1993;AFMC 1996;RPET 2002]

a) λ
b) λ/2
c) λ/4
d) 2λ
Q) A wave represented by the given equation y=a cos(kx-𝝎t)
is superposed with another wave to form a stationary wave
such that the point x=0 is a node.The equation for the other
wave is
[AIIMS 1998;SCRA 1998 ;MP PET 2001;KCET 2001; AIEEE 2002;
UPSEAT 2004]
a) y=asin(kx- 𝝎t)
b) y=-acos(kx+ 𝝎t)
c) y=-acos(kx- 𝝎t)
d) y=-asin(kx- 𝝎t)
Comparison of Progressive and Standing Wave
Stationary Waves in Strings
Normal Modes of Strings
1. Fundamental mode/tone
2.First overtone/Second harmonic
3.Second overtone/Third harmonic
 BATCH

Waves
BASIC MATHS
Part-2
Today’s Goal
Sound Waves
Organ Pipe
Beats
Doppler’s Effect
1. Sound Wave is a longitudinal Wave
3. Sound Wave travels due to Pressure & density
variation
Compression Pressure → Maximum
density → Maximum

Rarefaction Pressure → Minimum

density → Minimum
Equations of Sound Wave
1. Displacement wave equation
2 Pressure Wave Equation
3. Density Wave Equation
Speed of Sound (Longitudinal Wave)
Q1)
Speed of Sound in air (According to Newton)
1. According to Newton, sound travels in air
isothermally, i.e., at constant Temperature
2. Bulk modulus for isothermal Pressure
𝜷𝒊𝒔𝒐 = 𝑷
𝑩 𝑷
3. 𝒗= =
𝝆 𝝆

4. Pair=105 Pa
𝝆air=1.29x103kg/m3
𝑷𝒂𝒊𝒓
𝒗= ≈ 𝟐𝟖𝟎 𝒎/𝒔
𝝆𝒂𝒊𝒓
Speed of Sound in air (Laplace Correction)
1. According to Laplace, sound travels in air
adiabatically
2. Bulk modulus for adiabatic Process
𝜷𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂 = 𝜸𝑷
𝑩 𝜸𝑷
3. 𝒗= =
𝝆 𝝆

4. 𝜸air=1.4 (diatomic) 𝝆air=1.29x103 kg/m3

𝜸𝑷
Pair=105 Pa 𝒗= ≈ 𝟑𝟑𝟐 𝒎/𝒔
𝝆
In terms of Absolute Temperature
Q2)
Q3)
Factors affecting Speed of Sound in air
1. Effect of Temperature
2. Effect of Pressure

3. Effect of Humidity
Organ Pipe
Organ Pipe
Organ Pipe is a pipe which is made up of metal,
wood & sometimes with glass.

1. Open Organ Pipe

2. Closed Organ Pipe

Closed Organ Pipe
Fundamental tone/ I st Harmonic
First overtone/ harmonic
Second overtone/ harmonic
Third overtone/ harmonic
Harmonics in closed organ pipe
Q4)
Q5)
Resonance in air column
1.
Q6)
Q7)
Q8)
Open Organ Pipe
1.Fundamental tone/I st Harmonic
2.First overtone/II nd Harmonic
3.Second overtone/III rd Harmonic
Harmonics in open organ pipe
Q9)
Summary Organ Pipe
Q10)
Q11)
Q12)
Beats
Beats: The superposition of two sound waves having
small difference in frequency is called beats
Graphical Representation of Beats
No. of Beats/Beat Frequency
Q13)
Q14)
Q15)
Q16)
Q17) a) 254 Hz
b) 246 Hz
c) 240 Hz
d) 260 Hz
Q18)
Q19)

a) 523 Hz
b) 524 Hz
c) 536 Hz
d) 537 Hz
Doppler’s
Effect
Doppler’s Effect:
“When there is relative motion between source &
observer,the frequency of sound heard by observer is
different from actual frequency of sound source”. This
phenomenon is called Doppler’s Effect.
“The frequency which is different from actual
frequency of sound source is called apparent
frequency”
Apparent Frequency(𝒇′)
Q20)
Q21)
Q22)
Q23)
Q24)
Source and observer are moving in a direction
making an angle with the line joining them
 a) 97 Hz
Q25)
b) 100 Hz
c) 103 Hz
d) 106 Hz
Q26)
Rotating Source/Observer
Q27)
Apparent Wavelength
When Source is at rest and observer is
moving
When Observer is at rest and Source is
moving
Q28)
Physics will be continued by…..