Introduction to Emerging Technologies

(EmTe1011/1012)

Chapter 3
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

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Unit objectives
After completing this chapter, the students will be able to:
 Explain what artificial intelligence (AI) is.
 Describe the eras of AI.
 Explain the types and approaches of AI.
 Describe the applications of AI in health, agriculture, business and education
 List the factors that influenced the advancement of AI in recent years.
 Understand the relationship between the human’s way of thinking and AI
systems
 Identify AI research focus areas.
 Identify real-world AI applications, some platforms, and tools.

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What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)
 Artificial Intelligence is composed of two words Artificial and
Intelligence
 Artificial –defines "man-made," and
 intelligence defines "thinking power", or “the ability to learn and
solve problems”
 Hence Artificial Intelligence means "a man-made thinking power.“
 Artificial Intelligence (AI) can be defined as the branch of
computer science by which we can create intelligent machines which
can behave like a human, think like humans, and able to make
decisions.
 Intelligence, as we know, is the ability to acquire and apply
knowledge.
 Knowledge is the information acquired through experience.
 Experience is the knowledge gained through exposure (training).

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Cont.…
 Artificial Intelligence exists when a machine can have human-
based skills such as learning, reasoning, and solving problems.
 With Artificial Intelligence you do not need to preprogram a
machine to do some work, despite that you can create a machine
with programmed algorithms which can work with own intelligence.
 Intelligence is composed of:
 Reasoning
 Learning
 Perception
 Linguistic Intelligence
 Problem Solving

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Cont.…
 An AI system is composed of an agent and its environment.
 An agent (e.g., human or robot) is anything that can perceive its
environment through sensors and acts upon that environment
through effectors.
 Intelligent agents must be able to set goals and achieve them.
 High-profile examples of AI include
 autonomous vehicles,
 medical diagnosis, creating art (such as poetry),
 proving mathematical theorems,
 prediction of judicial decisions and targeting online
advertisements
 image recognition in photographs,
 spam filtering,
 online assistants (such as Siri),
 playing games (such as Chess),
 search engines

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Cont.…
 The advent of Big Data, driven by the arrival of the internet,
smart mobile and social media has enabled AI algorithms, in
particular from Machine Learning and Deep Learning, to leverage
Big Data and perform their tasks more optimally.
 Machine Learning is an advanced form of AI where the machine
can learn as it goes rather than having every action programmed by
humans.
 Machine learning, a fundamental concept of AI research since the
field’s inception, is the study of computer algorithms that improve
automatically through experience.

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Cont.…
 Neural networks are biologically inspired networks that extract
features from the data in a hierarchical fashion.
 The field of neural networks with several hidden layers is called
deep learning.

Figure 3.1 Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL)
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3.1.1 Need for Artificial Intelligence
 To create expert systems that exhibit intelligent behavior with the
capability to learn, demonstrate, explain and advice its users.
 Helping machines find solutions to complex problems like humans do
and applying them as algorithms in a computer-friendly manner.

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3.1.2 Goals of Artificial Intelligence
 Following are the main goals of Artificial Intelligence:
 Replicate human intelligence
 Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks
 An intelligent connection of perception and action
 Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires human
intelligence.
 Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent behavior,
learn new things by itself, demonstrate, explain, and can advise to
its user.

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3.1.3 What Comprises to Artificial Intelligence?

 To create the AI-first we should know that how intelligence

is composed, so Intelligence is an intangible part of our brain
which is a combination of:

 Reasoning,

 Learning,

 Problem-solving,

 Perception ,

 Language understanding, etc.

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What comprises AI…..
 To achieve the above factors for a machine or software ,Artificial
Intelligence requires the following disciplines:
 Mathematics
 Sociology
 Statistics
 Biology
 Neurons Study
 Psychology
 Computer Science

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Cont.…

Figure 3.2 Artificial Intelligence is multidisciplinary

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3.1.4.Advantages of Artificial Intelligence
 Following are some main advantages of Artificial Intelligence:
 High Accuracy with fewer errors: AI machines or systems are prone to
fewer errors and high accuracy as it takes decisions as per pre-
experience or information.
 High-Speed: AI systems can be of very high-speed and fast-decision
making, because of that AI systems can beat a chess champion in the
Chess game.
 High reliability: AI machines are highly reliable and can perform the
same action multiple times with high accuracy.
 Useful for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in situations such as
defusing a bomb, exploring the ocean floor, where to employ a human can
be risky.
 Digital Assistant: AI can be very useful to provide digital assistant to
users such as AI technology is currently used by various E-commerce
websites to show the products as per customer requirements.
 Useful as a public utility: AI can be very useful for public utilities such
as a self-driving car which can make our journey safer and hassle-free,
facial recognition for security purposes, Natural language processing

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3.1.5 Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence
 Following are the disadvantages of AI:
 High Cost: The hardware and software requirement of AI is very
costly as it requires lots of maintenance to meet current world
requirements.
 Can't think out of the box: AI machines cannot work out of the
box, as the robot will only do that work for which they are
trained, or programmed.
 No feelings and emotions: AI machines do not have the feeling
so they cannot make any kind of emotional attachment with
humans.
 Increase dependence on machines: With the increment of
technology, people are getting more dependent on devices and
hence they are losing their mental capabilities.
 No Original Creativity: AI machines cannot beat this power of
human intelligence and cannot be creative and imaginative.

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3.2. History of AI
 The following are some milestones in the history of AI which define
the journey from the AI generation to till date development.

Figure 3.3 History of Artificial Intelligence (AI)

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Cont.….
 A. Maturation of Artificial Intelligence (1943-1952)
 The year 1943: The first work which is now recognized as AI
was done by Warren McCulloch and Walter pits in 1943. They
proposed a model of artificial neurons.
 The year 1949: Donald Hebb demonstrated an updating rule for
modifying the connection strength between neurons. His rule is
now called Hebbian learning.
 The year 1950: The Alan Turing who was an English
mathematician and pioneered Machine learning in 1950. Alan
Turing publishes "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" in which
he proposed a test.

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Cont.…
 B. The birth of Artificial Intelligence (1952-1956)
 The year 1955: An Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon created
the "first artificial intelligence program" Which was named
"Logic Theorist".
 The year 1956: The word "Artificial Intelligence" first adopted
by American Computer scientist John McCarthy at the
Dartmouth Conference. For the first time, AI coined as an
academic field.
 C. The golden years-Early enthusiasm (1956-1974)
 The year 1966: The researchers emphasized developing
algorithms that can solve mathematical problems. Joseph
Weizenbaum created the first chatbot in 1966, which was named
as ELIZA.
 The year 1972: The first intelligent humanoid robot was built in
Japan which was named WABOT-1.

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Cont.…

 D. The first AI winter (1974-1980)

 was the first AI winter duration. AI winter refers to the time
period where computer scientists dealt with a severe shortage
of funding from the government for AI researches.
 E. A boom of AI (1980-1987)
 The year 1980: AI came back with "Expert System". Expert
systems were programmed that emulate the decision-making
ability of a human expert.

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Cont.…
 F. The second AI winter (1987-1993)
 Again, Investors and government stopped in funding for AI
research due to high cost but not efficient results. The expert
system such as XCON was very cost-effective.
 G. The emergence of intelligent agents (1993-2011)
 The year 1997: In the year 1997, IBM Deep Blue beats world
chess champion, Gary Kasparov, and became the first computer
to beat a world chess champion.

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Cont.….
 The year 2002: for the first time, AI entered the home in the
form of Roomba, a vacuum cleaner.
 The year 2006: AI came into the Business world until the year
2006. Companies like Facebook, Twitter, and Netflix also
started using AI.
 H. Deep learning, big data and artificial general intelligence (2011-
present)
 The year 2011: In the year 2011, IBM's Watson won jeopardy,
a quiz show, where it had to solve complex questions as well as
riddles.

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Cont.…
 The year 2012: Google has launched an Android app feature
"Google now", which was able to provide information to the user
as a prediction.
 The year 2014: In the year 2014, Chatbot "Eugene Goostman"
won a competition in the infamous "Turing test."
 The year 2018: The "Project Debater" from IBM debated on
complex topics with two master debaters and also performed
extremely well.

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3.3. Levels of AI
 Stage 1 – Rule-Based Systems
 The most common uses of AI today fit in this bracket, covering
everything from business software (Robotic Process Automation)
and domestic appliances to aircraft autopilots.
 Stage 2 – Context Awareness and Retention
 Algorithms that develop information about the specific domain
they are being applied in. They are trained on the knowledge and
experience of the best humans, and their knowledge base can be
updated as new situations and queries arise.
 Well, known applications of this level are chatbots and
“roboadvisors”.

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Cont.…
 Stage 3 – Domain-Specific Expertise
 Going beyond the capability of humans, these systems build up
expertise in a specific context taking in massive volumes of
information which they can use for decision making.
 Successful use cases have been seen in cancer diagnosis and the
well-known Google Deepmind’s AlphaGo. Currently, this type is limited
to one domain only would forget all it knows about that domain if you
started to teach it something else
 Stage 4 – Reasoning Machines
 These algorithms have some ability to attribute mental states to
themselves and others – they have a sense of beliefs, intentions,
knowledge, and how their own logic works. This means they could
reason or negotiate with humans and other machines.
 At the moment these algorithms are still in development,
however, commercial applications are expected within the next
few year.

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Cont.…
 Stage 5 – Self Aware Systems / Artificial General Intelligence
(AGI)
 These systems have human-like intelligence – the most commonly
portrayed AI in media – however, no such use is in evidence
today.
 It is the goal of many working in AI and some believe it could be
realized already from 2024 .
 Stage 6 – Artificial Super intelligence (ASI)
 Logically it is difficult for humans to articulate what the capabilities
might be, yet we would hope examples would include solving problems
we have failed to so far, such as world hunger and dangerous
environmental change.
 Stage 7 – Singularity and Transcendence
 This is the idea that development provided by ASI (Stage 6) leads
to a massive expansion in human capability.
 Human augmentation could connect our brains to each other and to a
future successor of the current internet.

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Cont.…
 Pushing this idea further, we might go beyond the limits of the
human body and connect to other forms of intelligence on the
planet – animals, plants, weather systems, and the natural
environment.
 Some proponents of singularity such as Ray Kurzweil, Google’s
Director of Engineering, suggest we could see it happen by 2045 as
a result of exponential rates of progress across a range of science
and technology disciplines.
 The other side of the fence argues that singularity is impossible
and human consciousness could never be digitized.

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Cont.….

Figure 3.4 The seven layers of AI maturity

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3.4. Types of AI
 Artificial Intelligence can be divided into various types, there are
mainly two types of the main categorization which are based on
capabilities and based on functionally of AI. Following is the flow
diagram which explains the types of AI.

Figure 3.5 types of Artificial Intelligence (AI)

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A. Based on Capabilities
 Weak AI or Narrow AI:
 Is able to perform a dedicated task with intelligence.
 Is the most common and currently available AI in world of AI
 cannot perform beyond its field or limitations and it is also termed
as weak AI.
 can fail in unpredictable ways if it goes beyond its limits.
 Examples of Narrow AI:
 Apple Siri operates with a limited pre-defined range of functions.
 IBM's Watson supercomputer also uses an Expert system
approach combined with Machine learning and natural language
processing.
 Google translate, playing chess, purchasing suggestions on e-
commerce sites, self-driving cars, speech recognition, and image
recognition.

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Cont.…
 General AI:
 is a type of intelligence that could perform any intellectual task with
efficiency like a human. The idea behind the general AI to make such a
system that could be smarter and think like a human on its own.
 Super AI:
 is a level of Intelligence of Systems at which machines could surpass
human intelligence, and can perform any task better than a human with
cognitive properties.

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B. Based on the functionality
 Reactive Machines
 Such AI systems do not store memories or past experiences for
future actions.
 These machines only focus on current scenarios and react on it as
per possible best action.
 IBM's Deep Blue system is an example of reactive machines.
 Google's AlphaGo is also an example of reactive machines.
 Limited memory machines
 Can store past experiences or some data for a short period of
time.
 These machines can use stored data for a limited time period
only.
 Self-driving cars are one of the best examples of Limited
Memory systems.
 These cars can store the recent speed of nearby cars, the
distance of other cars, speed limits, and other information to
navigate the road.

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Cont.…
 Theory of Mind
 AI should understand human emotions, people, beliefs, and be
able to interact socially like humans and Still not developed.
 Self-awareness
 These machines will be super intelligent and will have their own
consciousness, sentiments, and self-awareness. These
machines will be smarter than the human mind.
 does not exist in reality still and it is a hypothetical concept.

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 3.4.1. How humans think?
 Intelligence or the cognitive process is composed of three main
stages:
 Observe and input the information or data in the brain.
 Interpret and evaluate the input that is received from the
surrounding environment.
 Make decisions as a reaction towards what you received as
input and interpreted and evaluated.

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3.4.2. Mapping human thinking to artificial intelligence components
 It is possible to map the human thinking stages to the layers or
components of AI.
 In the first stage, humans acquire information from their
surrounding environments through human senses, such as sight,
hearing, smell, taste, and touch.
 In AI this stage is represented by the sensing layer, which perceives
information from the surrounding environment.
 The second stage is related to interpreting and evaluating the input data.
 In AI, this stage is represented by the interpretation layer, that is,
reasoning and thinking about the gathered input that is acquired by the
sensing layer.
 The third stage is related to taking action or making decisions.
 After evaluating the input data, the interacting layer performs the
necessary tasks.

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3.5 Influencers of artificial intelligence
 The following are the main influencers of AI:
 Big data: Structured data versus unstructured data
 Advancements in computer processing speed and new chip
architectures
 Cloud computing and APIs
 The emergence of data science

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3.5.1. Big Data
 refers to huge amounts of data and requires innovative forms of
information processing to draw insights, automate processes, and
help decision making.
 can be structured data that corresponds to a formal pattern, such
as traditional data sets and databases.
 Also includes semi-structured and unstructured formats, such as
word-processing documents, videos, images, audio, presentations,
social media interactions, streams, web pages, and many other kinds
of content.

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3.5.1.1Structured data versus unstructured data
 Structured data is, information with an organized structure,
such as a relational database that is searchable by simple and
straightforward search engine algorithms or SQL statements.
 But, real-world data such as the type that humans deal with
constantly does not have a high degree of organization.
 Unstructured data is not contained in a regular database and is
growing exponentially, making up most of the data in the world.

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3.5.2 Advancements in computer processing speed, new
chip architectures, and big data file systems.
 In recent years, big data and the ability to process a large amount of
data at high speeds have enabled researchers and developers to
access and work with massive sets of data.
 Processing speeds and new computer chip architectures contribute
to the rapid evolution of AI applications.

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3.5.2 Cloud computing and application programming
interfaces
 Cloud computing is a general term that describes the delivery of on-
demand services, usually through the internet, on a pay-per-use
basis.
 Companies worldwide offer their services to customers over cloud
platforms.
 These services might be data analysis, social media, video storage, e-
commerce, and AI capabilities that are available through the
internet and supported by cloud computing.
 Application Programming Interfaces(APIs) enable software
components to communicate with each other easily.
 The use of APIs as a method for integration injects a level of
flexibility into the application lifecycle by making the task easier to
connect and interface with other applications or services.
 APIs abstract the underlying workings of a service, application, or
tool, and expose only what a developer needs, so programming
becomes easier and faster.

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3.5.3 The emergence of data science
 Data science has emerged in the last few years as a new profession
that combines several disciplines, such as statistics, data analysis,
machine learning, and others.
 The goal of data science is to extract knowledge or insights from
data in various forms, either structured or unstructured, which is
like data mining.
 After you collect a large enough volume of data, patterns emerge.
Then, data scientists use learning algorithms on these patterns.

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3.6 Applications of AI
 Following are some sectors which have the application of
Artificial Intelligence:
 AI in agriculture
 Agriculture is applying AI as agriculture robotics, solid and crop
monitoring, predictive analysis.
 AI in Healthcare
 Healthcare Industries are applying AI to make a better and faster
diagnosis than humans.
 AI in education:
 AI can automate grading so that the tutor can have more time to
teach. AI chatbot can communicate with students as a teaching
assistant.
 AI in Finance and E-commerce
 The finance industry is implementing automation, chatbot, adaptive
intelligence, algorithm trading, and machine learning into financial
processes.

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Cont.….
 AI in Gaming
 The AI machines can play strategic games like chess, where the
machine needs to think of a large number of possible places.
 AI in Data Security
 AI can be used to make your data more safe and secure. Some
examples such as AEG bot, AI2 Platform, are used to determine
software bugs and cyber-attacks in a better way.

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Cont.…
 AI in Social Media
 Social Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Snapchat contain billions
of user profiles, which need to be stored and managed in a very efficient
way.
 AI in Travel &Transport
 AI is capable of doing various travel related works such as from making
travel arrangements to suggesting the hotels, flights, and best routes to
the customers.
 AI in the Automotive Industry
 Some Automotive industries are using AI to provide virtual assistants to
their use for better performance.
 AI in Robotics:
 with the help of AI, we can create intelligent robots which can perform
tasks with their own experiences without pre-programmed.
 AI in Entertainment -AI-based applications in our daily life with some
entertainment services such as Netflix or Amazon.
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3.7 AI tools and platforms
 By digitizing repetitive tasks, an enterprise can cut costs on
paperwork and labor which further eliminates human error thus
boosting efficiency leading to better results.
 Automating processes involving employing artificial intelligence
platforms that can support the digitalization process and deliver
the same or better results than human beings would have achieved.
 AI platforms are defined as some sort of hardware architecture
or software framework (including application frameworks), that
allows the software to run.
 It involves the use of machines to perform the tasks that are
performed by human beings.
 The platform simulates the cognitive function that human minds
perform such as problem-solving, learning, reasoning, social
intelligence as well as general intelligence.

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cont.…
 Some platforms offer pre-built algorithms and simplistic workflows
with such features as drag-and-drop modeling and visual interfaces
that easily connect necessary data to the end solution, while others
require a greater knowledge of development and coding.
 These algorithms can include functionality for image recognition
and natural language processing.
 Some straightforward applications of natural language processing
include:
 information retrieval,
 text mining,
 question answering, and machine translation,
 voice recognition,
 recommendation systems, and predictive

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Cont.…
 AI has developed a large number of tools to solve the most
difficult problems in computer science, like:
 Search and optimization
 Logic
 Probabilistic methods for uncertain reasoning
 Classifiers and statistical learning methods
 Neural networks
 Control theory
 Languages

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3.8. Simple AI application
 I. Commuting
 Google’s AI-Powered Predictions
 Ridesharing Apps Like Uber and Lyft
 Commercial Flights Use an AI Autopilot

 II. Email
 Spam Filters
 Smart Email Categorization

 III. Social Networking

 Pinterest - uses computer vision, an application of AI where computers
are taught to “see,” in order to automatically identify objects in images
and then recommend visually similar pins.
 Instagram - uses machine learning to identify the contextual meaning of
emoji, which have been steadily replacing slang.
 Snapchat - These filters track facial movements, allowing users to add
animated effects or digital masks that adjust when their faces moved.

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Cont.…
 IV. Online Shopping
 Recommendations - You see recommendations for products you’re
interested in as “customers who viewed this item also viewed”
and “customers who bought this item also bought”.
 Search - Your Amazon searches (“ironing board”, “pizza stone”,
“Android charger”, etc.) quickly return a list of the most relevant
products related to your search
V. Mobile Use
Voice-to-Text - A standard feature on smartphones today is voice-
to-text.

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Cont.…
 Smart Personal Assistants - Now that voice-to-text technology is
accurate enough to rely on for basic conversation.
 Siri and Google Now (now succeeded by the more sophisticated
Google Assistant), which could perform internet searches, set
reminders, and integrate with your calendar.
 Alexa, an AI-powered personal assistant that accepts voice
commands to create to-do lists, order items online, set
reminders, and answer questions (via internet searches) .
 Echo (and later, Dot) smart speakers that allow you to integrate
Alexa into your living room and use voice commands to ask natural
language questions, play music, order pizza, hail an Uber, and
integrate with smart home devices
 Microsoft has followed suit with Cortana, its own AI assistant
that comes preloaded on Windows computers and Microsoft
smartphones

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