Input Output Media

1. What are input and output devices?

Ans.: An input device is an electromechanical device that allows the user to feed information into
the computer for analysis, storage, and to give commands to the computer. Data and instructions are
entered into the computer’s memory through an input device. It captures information and translates it
into a form that can be processed and used by the other parts of the computer. Some examples of input
devices are keyboard, mouse, trackball, joystick, scanner, etc.
After processing the input data, the computer provides the results with the help of output devices.
An output device converts machine-readable information into human-readable form. The basic
functioning of the output device is just the opposite of the input device, that is, the data are fed into
the computer system through the input device while the output is taken out from the computer through
the output device. However, the output, which comes out from the CPU, is in the form of digital
signals. The output device displays the processed information by converting them into graphical,
alphanumeric, or audio-visual form. Some examples of output devices are printers, plotters, monitor,
projectors, etc. 2. Explain the roles of various input and output devices in the computer system.
Ans.: The processing of the data by the computer system can be viewed as a three-phase process
as follows:
1. Data input via an input device.
2. Processing of data.
3. Data output via an output device.
Input devices play a major role in the processing of any data via the computer system because the
output of the computer is always based on the given input. Generally, data that are given to the input
devices is raw. Therefore, it is the function of the input devices to manipulate the raw data and then
send it for further processing. The preparation of the computerized input is the initial step in the
creation of useful output. This output must be supplied to the outside world, which is done through
output devices. 3. Explain the working of the keyboard.
Ans.: A keyboard is the most common data entry device. Using a keyboard, the user can type text
and commands. It is designed to resemble a regular typewriter with a few additional keys. Data are
entered into computer by simply pressing keys. The layout of the keyboard has changed very little
ever since it was introduced. In fact, the most common change in its technology has simply been the
natural evolution of adding more keys that provide additional functionality. The number of keys on a
typical keyboard varies from 84 to 104 keys. It is the easiest input device, as it does not require any
special skill. Usually, it is supplied with a computer so no additional cost is incurred. The maintenance
and operational cost of the keyboard is also less. However, using the keyboard for data entry may be
a slow process because the user has to manually type all the text. In addition, it can be difficult for
people suffering from muscular disorder.

Working of Keyboard
A keyboard is a series of switches connected to a small keyboard microprocessor that monitors the
state of each switch and initiates a specific response to a change in state. When the user presses a key,
it causes a change in the amount of current flowing through the circuit associated specifically with
that key. The keyboard microprocessor detects this change in current flow. By doing this, the processor
can tell when a key has been pressed and when it is being released. Depending upon which key’s
circuit carries a signal to the microprocessor, the processor generates the associative code, known as
scan code, of the key and sends it to the operating system. A copy of this code is also stored in the
keyboard’s memory. When the operating system reads the scan code, it informs the same to the
keyboard and the scan code stored in the keyboard’s memory is then erased.
Initially, the processor filters all the tiny current fluctuations out of the signal and treats it as a single
key press. If the user continues to hold down a key, the processor determines that the user wishes to
send that character repeatedly to the computer. In this process, the delay between each instance of
character can normally be set in the operating system, typically ranging from 2 to 30 characters/s (cps).
4. What do you understand by the term ‘pointing device’? Give some examples of commonly used
pointing devices.
Ans.: A pointing device is a device that does not require keying of characters, instead the user can
move a cursor on the screen and perform move, click, or drag operations. It is used to communicate
with the computer by pointing to locations on the monitor screen. Some of the commonly used
pointing devices are mouse, trackball, joystick, light pen, touch screen, and trackpad. 5. Explain the
mouse, its working, and discuss its different operations.
Ans.: A mouse is a small handheld pointing device with a rubber ball embedded at its lower side
and buttons on the top. Usually, it contains two or three buttons, which can be used to input commands
or information. It may be classified as a mechanical mouse and an optical mouse, based on the
technology it uses. A mechanical mouse uses a rubber ball at the bottom surface, which rotates as the
mouse is moved along a flat surface, to move the cursor. It is the most common and least expensive
pointing device. An optical mouse uses a light beam instead of a rotating ball to detect movement
across a specially patterned mouse pad. As the user rolls the mouse on a flat surface, the cursor on the
screen also moves in the direction of the mouse’s movement. It is pricier than their mechanical
counterparts but is accurate and often do not need a mouse pad.

Working of Mouse
A mechanical mouse has a rubber ball at the bottom. When the user moves the mouse along the flat
surface, the ball rolls. The distance, direction, and speed of the ball’s motion is tracked. These data
are used by the computer to position the mouse pointer on the screen. Inside the mouse are three
rollers. One of them, which is mounted at a 45° angle to the other two, is spring loaded. This roller is
usually the smallest of the three. It is there simply to hold the ball against the other two rollers. The
other two rollers are usually larger, and of different colour. These rollers are mounted at a 90° angle
to one another. One roller measures how fast the ball is turning horizontally, and the other measures
how fast it is turning vertically. When the ball rolls, it turns these two rollers. The rollers are connected
to axles, and the axles are connected to a small sensor that measures how fast the axle is turning. Both
sets of information are passed to the electronics inside the mouse. This little processor, usually
consisting of little more than a single chip, uses the information to determine how fast the mouse itself
is moving, and in what direction. This information is passed to the computer via mouse cord, where
the operating system then moves the pointer accordingly.
Some of the common mouse actions are listed as follows:
Pointing: It means moving the mouse pointer to position it on an object like icon or a menu item
on the screen.
Click: The action of pressing down a mouse button (usually the left one) and releasing it is
known as a click. The term comes from the fact that pressing and releasing most mouse buttons
makes a clicking sound.
Right-click: Clicking of the right mouse button is known as right-click. In Microsoft Windows,
right-clicking often produces a ‘pop-up’ menu depending on the object selected, offers options
that can lead the user to open a program, cut or copy, create a shortcut, or display the properties
of the selected object.
Double-click: It refers to the action of clicking the mouse button twice in rapid succession without
moving the mouse between clicks. Double-clicking is used to perform an action such as starting
an application or to open a folder.
Drag and drop: It refers to the action of clicking and holding down the mouse button while moving
the mouse (drag), and then releasing the mouse button (drop). It is used to move the object (e.g., a
file) or selected text to the new position. If the mouse has several buttons, use the leftmost button
unless instructed otherwise. 6. What is the purpose of a trackball?
Ans.: Trackball is a pointing device that resembles a ball nestled in a square cradle and serves as
an alternative to a mouse. In general, it is as if a mouse is turned upside down. It has a ball that can be
rotated by fingers in any direction, the cursor moves accordingly. The size of the ball in the trackball
varies from as large as a cue ball to as small as a marble. Since it is a static device, instead of rolling
the mouse on the top of the table the ball on the top is moved by using fingers, thumbs, and palms.
This pointing device comes in various shapes and forms but with the same functions. The three shapes,
which are commonly used, are a ball, button, and square. Like the mouse, a trackball is also used to
control cursor movements and the actions on a computer screen. However, it remains stationary on
the surface, only the ball is moved with the fingers or palm of the hand. By moving just the fingers
and not the entire arm, the user can get more precision and accuracy, which is why many graphic
designers and gamers choose to use trackball instead of the mouse.
7. Write in brief on the following:
(a) Joystick
(b) Light pen(c) Trackpad Ans.: (a) Joystick: It is a
pointing device that moves in all directions and
controls the movement of the cursor. The basic
design of a joystick consists of a stick that is
 attached to a plastic base with a flexible rubber
sheath. This plastic base houses a circuit board that
sits beneath the stick. The electronic circuitry
measures the movement of the stick from its central
position and sends the information for processing. It
also consists of buttons that can be programmed to
indicate certain actions once a position on the
screen has been selected using the stick. It offers
three types of control: digital, glide, and direct.
Digital control allows movement in a limited
number of directions such as up, down, left, and
right. Glide and direct controls allow movements in
all directions (360°). Direct control joysticks have
the added ability to respond to the distance and
speed with which the user moves the stick. The
various applications in which joystick is used are
flight simulators, playing computer games, training
simulators, CAD/CAM (computer-aided
design/computer-aided manufacturing) systems,
and for controlling industrial robots.
(b) Light pen: It is sometimes called a mouse pen. It is a handheld electro-optical pointing device
which when touched to or aimed closely at a connected computer monitor, will allow the
computer to determine where on that screen the pen is aimed. It facilitates drawing images and
selects objects on the display screen by directly pointing to the objects. It is a pen-like device,
which is connected to the machine by a cable. Although named light pen, it actually does not
emit light but its light-sensitive diode would sense the light coming from the screen. The light
coming from the screen causes the photocell to respond by generating a pulse.This electric
response is transmitted to the processor that identifies the position to which the light pen is
pointing. With the movement of the light pen over the screen, the lines or images are drawn.
Using light pen, users can interact more easily with applications, in modes such as drag
and drop, or highlighting. It is used directly on the monitor screen and it does not require
any special hand/eye coordinating skills. It is perfect for applications where desk space is
limited, in harsh workplace environments, and any situation where fast accurate input is
desired. It is very useful to identify a specific location on the screen. However, it does not
provide any information when held over a blank part of the screen. It is economically priced
and requires little or no maintenance.
(c) Trackpad: It is also referred as touchpad. It is a stationary pointing device that works by sensing
the movement of fingers across a small sensitive surface (1.5 or 2 inches) and translating them
into the pointer movement on the screen. It is generally used in laptops but can also be
connected to the PC through a cord. It is also equipped in personal digital assistants (PDAs)
and media players such as iPod. Typically, it also consists of two or three buttons that work as
mouse buttons. Many trackpads are also strike sensitive, that is, user can tap on trackpad to
 perform operations like selecting an object, maximizing/minimizing the window, etc. 8.
Explain in detail how does a touch screen work.
Ans.: A touch screen is a special kind of input device that allows the direct selection of a menu
item or the desired icon with the touch of finger. Essentially, it registers the input when a finger or
other object is touched to the screen. It is normally used when information has to be accessed with
minimum effort. However, it is not suitable for input of large amounts of data. Typically, it is used in
information-providing systems like the hospitals, airlines and railway reservation counters,
amusement parks, etc.
Working of Touch Screen
A basic touch screen has three main components: a touch sensor, a controller, and a software driver
(Figure 4.1). The touch sensor or panel is a clear glass panel with a touch-responsive surface. It is
placed over a display screen so that the responsive area of the panel covers the viewable area of the
video screen. There are several different touch sensor
technologies in the market today, each using a different
method to detect touch input. These methods are optical,
acoustical, and electrical methods. In optical method, the
infrared (IR) beams interlace the surface of the screen and
when a light beam is broken, that particular location is
recorded. In acoustical method, the ultrasonic acoustic
waves pass over the surface of the screen and when the
wave signals are interrupted by some contact with the
screen, the location is recorded. In electrical method, the
panel has an electrical current going through it and touching
the screen causes a voltage change, which is used to
determine the location of the touch to the screen. The
controller connects the touch sensor and the computer. It
takes information from the touch sensor and translates it
into information that a computer can understand. The driver
is a software update for the computer system that allows the
touch screen and the computer to
work together. It tells the operating system how to inter- Figure 4.1 Components of a Touch Screen
pret the touch event information that is sent from the controller.

9. Explain the following input devices in detail with their advantages and disadvantages:
(a) Speech recognition system
(b) Webcam
(c) Optical character recognition (OCR)
(d) Optical mark recognition (OMR)
(e) Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR)
(f) Bar code reader
Ans.: (a) Speech recognition system: It is one of the most interactive systems to communicate with
the computer. The user can simply instruct the computer with the help of a microphone
 (along with speech recognition software) to perform a task. It is the technology by which
sounds, words, or phrases spoken by humans are converted into digital signals, and these
signals are transformed into computer-generated text or commands. Most speech
recognition systems are speaker-dependent, so they must be separately trained for each
individual user. It learns the voice of the user, who speaks isolated words repeatedly. Then,
these voiced words are recognizable in the future.
Speech recognition is gaining popularity in the corporate world among non-typists,
people with disabilities, and business travellers who tape-record information for later
transcription. The computer-based speech-recognition systems can be used to create text
documents such as letters or e-mail, to browse the Internet, and to navigate among
applications by voice commands. It has relatively high accuracy rates. It allows the user to
communicate with the computer directly without using a keyboard or a mouse. However, as
compared to other input devices, the reliability of speech recognizer is less. Sometimes, it
is unable to differentiate between two similar sounding words such as see and sea. It is also
not suitable for noisy places.
(b) Webcam: It is the short form of web camera. It is a portable video camera, which captures
live video or images that may be viewed in real time over the network or the Internet. It is
just a small digital camera that is either inbuilt in computer (in most laptops) or can be
connected through USB port. It is normally placed on top of the PC monitor or laptop so as
to capture images of the user while he/she is working on the computer. Nowadays, a wide
variety of webcams are available. According to its varied capabilities and features, it is
classified into two categories: streaming and snapshot. A streaming webcam captures
moving images (about 30 images/s), thus creating a streaming video—a web video that plays
on the computer immediately as its data arrive via network; the recipient need not download
the video. However, a high-speed Internet connection is needed to transfer the smooth video
and the image quality is also comparatively poor. On the other hand, a snapshot webcam
captures only still images (usually, once every 30 s) and refreshes it continuously. It
produces better quality images and is easier to configure than streaming videos.
The popularity of webcams is increasing day-by-day due to its unlimited uses. The most
popular use of webcam is in videoconferencing to provide real-time communication where
a group of people can see and interact with each other. It can be used with various messenger
programs like Yahoo and Windows Live Messenger. It is cheap, compact, and easy to use
and install. It is affordable because of its low manufacturing cost. The major drawback of
using webcam is that it produces only real-time images and cannot be used unless attached
with the PC.
(c) Optical character recognition (OCR): It is a software that scans the text document. This
means that the OCR software translates the bitmap image of text to the ASCII codes that the
computer can interpret as letters, numbers, and special characters. Because of OCR, data
entry becomes easier, error-free, and less time consuming. However, it is very expensive
and if the document is not typed properly, it will become difficult for the OCR to recognize
the characters. Furthermore, except for tab stops and paragraph marks, most documents
formatting are lost during text scanning. The output from a finished text scan will be a single
 column editable text file. This text file will always require spell checking and proof reading
as well as re-formatting to get the desired final layout.
(d) Optical mark recognition (OMR): It is the process of detecting the presence of intended
marked responses. A mark registers significantly less light than the surrounding paper.
Optical mark reading is done by a special device known as optical mark reader. In order to
be detected by the OMR reader, a mark has to be positioned correctly on the paper and
should be significantly darker than the surrounding paper. The OMR technology enables a
high-speed reading of large quantities of data and transferring these data to the computer
without using a keyboard. Generally, this technology is used to read answer sheets (objective
type tests). In this method, special printed forms/documents are printed with boxes, which
can be marked with dark pencil or ink. These forms are then passed under a light source and
the presence of dark ink is transformed into electric pulses, which are transmitted to the
computer.
OMR has a better recognition rate than OCR because fewer mistakes are made by
machines to read marks than in reading handwritten characters. Large volumes of data can
be collected quickly and easily without the need for specially trained staff. Usually, an OMR
reader can maintain a throughput of 1500–10,000 forms/hour. However, the designing of
documents for OMR is complicated and the OMR reader needs to be reprogrammed for each
new document design. OMR readers are relatively slow because the person putting marks
on the documents must follow the instructions precisely. Any folding or dirt on a form may
prevent the form from being read correctly. In addition, it requires accurate alignment of
printing on forms and needs a paper of good quality.
(e) Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR): It is used to recognize the magnetic ink
characters. These characters are printed using special ink, which contains iron particles that
can be magnetized. MICR reads the characters by examining their shapes in a matrix form
and the information is then passed on to the computer. For example, these special characters
can be seen on the bottom of a cheque.
The banking industry prefers MICR to OCR as MICR gives extra security against
forgeries such as colour copies of payroll cheques or hand-altered characters on a cheque.
If a document has been forged, say a counterfeit cheque produced using a colour
photocopying machine, the magnetic-ink line will either not respond to magnetic fields, or
will produce an incorrect code when scanned using a device designed to recover the
information in the magnetic characters. The reading speed of the MICR is also higher. This
method is very efficient and time saving for data processing.
(f) Bar code reader: Bar code is a machine-readable code in the form of a pattern of parallel
vertical lines of varying widths. It is commonly used for labelling goods that are available
in supermarkets and numbering books in libraries. This code is sensed and read by a bar
code reader using reflective light. The information recorded in bar code reader is then fed
into the computer, which recognizes the information from the thickness and spacing of bars.
Bar code reader is either handheld or fixed-mount. Handheld scanners are used to read bar
codes on stationary items. With fixed-mount scanners, items having a bar code are passed
by the scanner—by hand as in retail scanning applications or by conveyor belt in many
industrial applications.
 Bar code data correction systems provide enormous benefits for just about every business
with a bar code data-collection solution; capturing data is faster and more accurate. A bar code scanner
can record data 5–7 times faster than a skilled typist. A bar code data entry has an error rate of about
1 in 3 million. Bar coding also reduces cost in terms of labour and revenue losses resulting from data
collection errors. Bar code readers are widely used in supermarkets, department stores, libraries, and
other places. Bar code can be seen on the back cover of certain books and greeting cards. Retail and
grocery stores use a bar code reader to determine the item being sold and to retrieve the item price
from a computer system. 10. With the help of diagram, explain how a speech recognition system
works.
Ans.: A speech recognition system consists of a number of components and together they convert
the human spoken words into computer-generated text and commands (Figure 4.2). The system works
like when a person speaks, the speech recognition software captures the sound through a microphone
and converts it to a digital signal. The signals coming out from the microphone are analog waves.
These analog waves are converted into digital signals by the computer’s sound card. The speech
recognition software analyses the digital pattern to find matches with known sounds contained in a
database, and then passes the recognized words to an application such as Microsoft Word or
WordPerfect. Part of that database consists of predefined sound patterns—a one-size-fits-all
vocabulary for recognizing speech from as many different voices as possible. The rest is built when a
user trains the software by repeating keywords so it can recognize the user’s distinctive speech
patterns.

11. Discuss scanners along with its types.

Ans.: A scanner is an input device that converts a document into an electronic format that can be
stored on the disk. The electronic image can be edited, manipulated, combined, and printed by using
the image-editing software. It is also called optical scanner as it uses a light beam to scan the input
data. Most of the scanners come with a utility program that allows it to communicate with the
computer and save the scanned image as a graphic file on the computer. Moreover, it can store images
in both greyscale and colour mode. The two most common types of scanners are as follows:
1. Handheld scanner: This scanner performs the scanning of the document very slowly from the top
to the bottom with its light on. It consists of light emitting diodes, which are placed over the
 document to be scanned. In this process, all the documents are converted and then stored as an
image. While working, the scanner is dragged very steadily and carefully over the document at a
constant speed without stopping, or jerking in order to obtain best results. It is widely used where
high accuracy is not of much importance. The size of the handheld scanner is small. It comes in
various resolutions, up to about 800 dpi (dots per inch) and is available in either greyscale or
colour. Furthermore, it is used when the volume of the documents to be scanned is low. It reads
the data on price tags, shipping labels, inventory part number, book ISBNs, and so on.
2. Flatbed scanner: This scanner looks similar to a photocopier machine. It consists of a box
containing a glass plate on its top and a lid that covers the glass plate. This glass plate is used for
placing the document to be scanned. The light beam is placed below the glass plate and when it
is activated, it moves horizontally from left to right. After scanning one line, the light beam moves
in order to scan the next line and the procedure is repeated until all the lines are scanned. For
scanning, an A4 size document takes about 20 s. These scanners can scan black and white as well
as colour images. The flatbed scanner is larger in size and more expensive than the handheld
scanner. However, it usually produces better quality images because it employs better scanning
technology.
12. Differentiate between hard copy and soft copy outputs.
Ans.: The outputs, which can be easily understood and used by human beings, are of the following
two forms:
1. Hard copy: The physical form of an output is known as hard copy. In general, it refers to the
recorded information copied from a computer onto paper or some other durable surface such as
microfilm. Hard copy output is permanent and a relatively stable form of output. This type of
output is also highly portable. Paper is one of the most widely used hard copy output media. The
principal examples are printouts, whether text or graphics from printers.
2. Soft copy: The electronic version of an output, which usually resides in the computer memory
and/or on the disk, is known as soft copy. Unlike hard copy, soft copy is not a permanent form
of output. It is transient and is usually displayed on the screen. This kind of output is not tangible,
that is, it cannot be touched. Soft copy output includes audio and visual form of output, which is
generated using a computer. In addition, textual or graphical information displayed on a computer
monitor is also the soft copy form of output.

13. What is the usage of printer? Write some characteristics of impact and non-impact printers.
Give examples of each.
Ans.: A printer prints information and data from the computer onto a paper. Generally, the
printer prints 80 or l32 columns of characters in each line, and prints either on single sheets or on a
continuous roll of paper, depending upon the printer itself. It is divided into the following two
categories:
1. Impact printer: It uses pins or hammers that press an inked ribbon against the paper to make a
mark on the paper. Each hammer is embossed with a specific shape that is transferred onto the
paper through the inked ribbon thereby producing a printed character. Some impact printers can
print only one character at a time while others can print an entire line. The three most commonly
used impact printers are dot matrix printers, daisy wheel printers, and drum printers. Some
characteristics of impact printers are as follows:
 a. There is physical contact with the paper to produce an image.
b. It is relatively cheap. The primary recurring costs for this printer is the ink ribbon and papers.
c. Due to being robust and low cost, it is useful for bulk printing.
d. It can withstand dusty environment, vibrations, and extreme temperature.
e. It is ideal for printing multiple copies (i.e., carbon copies) because it can easily print through
many layers of paper.
f. Due to its striking activity, it is very noisy.
g. Since it is mechanical in nature, it tends to be slow.
2. Non-impact printers: Unlike impact printers, a non-impact printer forms characters and images
without making direct physical contact between printing mechanism and paper. In this printer,
the print head does not make contact with the paper, and no inked ribbon is required. Ink can be
sprayed against the paper and then heat and pressure are used to fuse a fine black powder into the
shape of a character. The major technologies competing in the market of non-impact printers are
ink-jet and laser. Some characteristics of non-impact printers are as follows: a. It is faster because
it has fewer moving parts.
b. It is quieter because there is no striking mechanism involved and only few moving parts are
used.
c. It possesses the ability to change typefaces automatically.
d. It produces high-quality graphics.
e. It cannot print carbon copies.
14. What are the important considerations while classifying printers?
Ans.: Today, printers are the most commonly used output devices and therefore, there are many
considerations to classify a wide variety of printers. Some of them are as follows:
Quality of printing: This measure is determined by the clarity of a print, which a printer can
produce, that is, by its resolution. Resolution is used to describe the sharpness and clarity of an
image. The higher the resolution, the better the image. For printers, the resolution is measured in
dots per inch (dpi). The more dots per inch, the better will be the quality of image. Suppose, if a
printer has a resolution of 600 dpi, it means that the printer is capable of printing 360,000 dots
per square inch. The printers having resolutions between 300 dpi and 600 dpi are used for
ordinary day-to-day printing jobs, whereas printers having resolutions between 1200 and 2000
dpi are used for top-quality professional printing such as in publishing industries.
Approach of printing: The approach being used for printing the documents whether there is
physical contact with the paper (such as impact printers) or there is no direct physical contact
between printing mechanism and paper (such as non-impact printers). Printers that are having
physical contact with paper are noisier as compared with printers that do not have direct physical
contact.
Speed of printing: This is among one of the most important consideration of classifying the
printers. The speed of printers can vary from 40 to 450 cps, 1000 to 5000 lines/min, and 4 to 800
pages/min.
Language scripts: Printers must be capable of producing output in different languages familiar to
different groups of users. The printers are available in almost all scripts (e.g., English, Japanese,
etc.), and thus are classified on the basis of scripts (also called fonts).
 Colour: Printers may be capable of producing output in a single colour, in two or three colours, or
in multiple colours. The printers capable of printing in single or two or three colours are suitable for
producing textual documents while printers capable of printing in multiple colours are suitable for
producing multiple-colour graphic outputs. Thus, it is always desirable to have printers that can print
in multiple colours. 15. Discuss the various impact printers.
Ans.: The various impact printers are dot matrix printer, daisy wheel printer, and drum printer.

Dot Matrix Printer

Dot matrix printer (also known as wire matrix printer) uses the oldest printing technology and it prints
one character at a time. It prints characters and images as pattern of dots. The speed of dot matrix
printers is measured in characters per second (cps). Most dot matrix printers offer different speeds
depending on the quality of print desired. The speed can vary from about 200 to over 500 cps. The
print quality is determined by the number of pins (the mechanisms that print the dots), which can vary
from 9 to 24. The more pins per inch, the higher the print resolution. The best dot matrix printers (24
pins) can produce near letter-quality type image. Most dot matrix printers have a resolution ranging
from 72 to 360 dpi.
Dot matrix printer is inexpensive and has low operating costs. It is able to use different types of
fonts, different line densities, and different types of paper. Many dot matrix printers are bi-directional,
that is, they can print the characters from either directions, left or right. The major limitation of dot
matrix printer is that it prints only in black and white and the pattern of dots that make up each
character are visible on the print produced by it, making it look unprofessional. In addition, as
compared to printers like laser printers, it produces low to medium quality printing. The image printing
ability is also very limited. It may not be able to print graphic objects adequately but can handle
applications such as accounting, personnel, and payroll very well. It is commonly used in low-cost,
lowquality applications like cash registers. It is limited to situations where carbon copies are needed
and the quality is not too important.

Daisy Wheel Printer

If one requires a printer that can produce professional letter-quality documents, then a daisy wheel
printer is needed. It is named so because the print head of this printer resembles a daisy flower, with
the printing arms that appear like the petals of the flower. It is commonly referred to as letter-quality
printer as the print quality is as good as that of a high-quality typewriter.
Daisy wheel printer produces high-resolution output and is more reliable than dot matrix printer. It
can have speed up to 90 cps. It is also called smart printers because of its bi-directional printing and
built-in microprocessor control features. However, it gives only alphanumeric output. It cannot print
graphics and cannot change fonts unless the print wheel is physically replaced. It is usually very slow
because of the time required to rotate the print wheel for each character desired. It is slower and more
expensive than dot matrix printer. However, if the appearance of the correspondence is important and
graphics is not required, a daisy wheel printer is a better choice.
Drum Printer
It is also called line printer as it can print a line in a single operation. Generally, it is used because of
its speed as it uses special tractor-fed paper with pre-punched holes along each side. This arrangement
allows a continuous high-speed printing. Its printing speed varies from 300 to 2000 lines/min with 96
to 160 characters on a 15-inch line. Although such printers are much faster than character printers
(such as dot matrix and daisy wheel printers), it tends to be quite loud, has limited multi-font
capability, and often produces lower print quality than most recent printing technologies. It is designed
for heavy printing applications. For example, in businesses where enormous amounts of materials are
printed, the low speed character printers are very slow; therefore, the users need high-speed line
printers. Although, it has high speed of printing, it is very expensive and its character fonts cannot be
changed. Moreover, the strike of the hammer should be precise. A single mistimed strike of the
hammer may lead to wavy and slightly blurred printing.
16. Name the printer that is commonly used in homes. Give its advantages along with its working.
Ans.: The most common type of printer found in homes is the ink-jet printer. An ink-jet printer is
a printer that places extremely small droplets of ink onto paper to create an image. Being a non-impact
printer, it does not touch the paper while creating an image. Instead, it uses a series of nozzles to spray
drops of ink directly onto the paper. It was originally manufactured to print in monochrome (black
and white) only. However, the print head has now been expanded and the nozzles increased to
accommodate cyan (C), magenta (M), yellow (Y), and black (K). This combination of colours is called
CMYK. It allows for printing images with nearly the same quality as a photo development lab using
certain types of coated paper. This printer can print any shape of character, which a user can specify
as it produces printed output as pattern of tiny dots. This allows the printer to print many special
characters, different sizes of print, and enables it to print graphics such as charts and graphs. It
typically print with a resolution of 600 dpi or more. Due to the high resolution, it produces high-
quality graphics and text printouts. It is also affordable, which appeals to small businesses and home
offices. It prints documents at a medium pace but slows down if printing a document with
multicolours. This printer can print about 6 pages/min and can be programmed to print symbols such
as Japanese or Chinese characters.

Working of Ink-jet Printer

An ink-jet printer places extremely small droplets of ink onto the paper to create a character or an
image. It has a print cartridge with a small series of electrically heated chambers. These chambers are
attached to print head with a series of small nozzles that spray ink onto the surface of the paper. As
print head moves back and forth across the page, the software gives instructions regarding the type
and the quantity of colours. It also tells the position where the dots of ink should be sprayed. There
are two main ways to drop the ink droplets: bubble-jet and piezo-electric technologies. Bubble-jet
technology uses heat to fire ink onto the paper. There are three main stages with this method:
1. The squirt is initiated by heating the ink to create a bubble until the pressure forces it to burst and
hit the paper.
2. The bubble then collapses as the element cools.
3. The resulting vacuum draws ink from the reservoir to replace the ink that was ejected.
 Piezo-electric technology uses a piezo crystal at the back of the ink reservoir. It flexes when an
electric current flows through it. Therefore, whenever a dot is required, a current is applied to the
piezo element, the element contracts and in doing so forces a drop of ink out of the nozzle. 17. Explain
a laser printer and its working concept in detail.
Ans.: A laser printer provides the highest quality text and images for personal computers today. It
is a very fast printer, which operates on the same principle as that of a photocopy machine. Most laser
printers can print text and graphics with a very high quality resolution. It is also known as page printers
because it processes and stores the entire page before it actually prints it. It produces sharp, crisp
images of both text and graphics, providing resolutions from 300 to 2400 dpi. Today, the resolution
of most printers is 600 dpi. It is quiet and fast, able to print 4–32 text-only pages/min for individual
microcomputers and up to 200 pages/min for mainframes. It can print in excess of 2000 lines/min.
Furthermore, it can print in different fonts, that is, type styles and sizes. It is often faster than ink-jet
printers but is more expensive to buy and maintain than the other printers. The cost of this printer
depends on a combination of costs of paper, toner replacement, and drum replacement. It is useful for
volume printing because of its speed.

Working of Laser Printer

The core component of laser printing system is the photoconductive drum. A rotating mirror inside
the printer causes the beam of a laser to sweep across the photoconductive drum. Initially, the beam
of laser charges the photoconductive drum positively. When the charged photoconductor is exposed
to an optical image through a beam of light to discharge, a latent or invisible image is formed. At the
point where the laser strikes the surface of drum, it creates a dot of positive charge. These points are
represented by a black dot, which will be printed on the paper. After this, the printer coats the drum
with a container that contains a black powder called toner. This toner is negatively charged, and so it
clings to the positive areas of the drum surface. When the powder pattern gets fixed, the drum is
rotated and the paper is fed into the drum surface via a pressure roller. This pressure roller transfers
the black toner onto the paper. Since the paper is moving at the same speed as the drum, the paper
picks up the image pattern precisely. Finally, the printer passes the paper through the fuser, a pair of
heated rollers. As the paper passes through these rollers, the loose toner powder gets melted and fuses
with the fibres in the paper. The paper is then brought out of the printer. Figure 4.3 illustrates the
working of laser printer.
18. Write a short note on HYDRA printer.
Ans.: Hybrid document reproduction apparatus (HYDRA) printer, popularly known as all-in-one
printer, is a device that consolidates the capabilities of multiple devices in one machine. It may include
some or all of the devices like printer, scanner, photocopier, and fax machine. Apart from these
devices, some HYDRA printers contain memory card slots that facilitate easier printing of photos and
also have the in-built wireless capabilities that make sharing of this printer with other systems easier.
It is useful for small organizations due to its small size, less space requirement, and cost effectiveness.
The cost of this printer depend on the technology (ink-jet or laser) being used. It saves power to a
great extent as only one power outlet is required for performing various operations. It is easy to install
and maintain and has easy-to-use GUI (graphical user interface) that helps the user to understand its
functions easily.
19. Describe the application areas where plotters are useful. Discuss the various types of plotters.
Ans.: A plotter is a pen-based output device that is attached to a computer for making vector
graphics, that is, images created by a series of many straight lines. It is used to draw high-resolution
charts, graphs, blueprints, maps, circuit diagrams, and other line-based diagrams. It is similar to
printer, but it draws lines using a pen. As a result, it can produce continuous lines, whereas printer can
only simulate lines by printing a closely spaced series of dots. Multicolour plotter uses different-
coloured pens to draw different colours. Colour plots can be made by using four pens (cyan, magenta,
yellow, and black) and need no human intervention to change them.
Being vector-based, a plotter tends to draw much crisper lines and graphics. The lines drawn by this
device are continuous and very accurate. However, the plotter is considered a very slow output device
because it requires excessive mechanical movement to plot. Furthermore, it is unable to produce solid
fills and shading. It is relatively expensive as compared to printers but can produce more printouts
than standard printers. It is mainly used for CAD and CAM applications such as printing out plans for
houses or car parts. It is also used with programs like AutoCAD (computer-assisted drafting) to give
graphic outputs. There are two types of plotters:
1. Drum plotter: In drum plotter, the paper on which the design is to be printed is placed over a
drum. It consists of one or more pen(s) that are mounted on a carriage that is horizontally placed
across the drum. The drum can rotate in either clockwise or anti-clockwise direction under the
control of plotting instructions sent by the computer. In case, a horizontal line is to be drawn, the
horizontal movement of a pen is combined with the vertical movement of a page via the drum.
The curves can also be drawn by creating a sequence of very short straight lines. In this plotter,
each pen can have ink of different colours to produce multicolour designs. It is used to produce
continuous output such as plotting earthquake activity or for long graphic output such as tall
building structures.
2. Flatbed Plotter: It consists of a stationary horizontal plotting surface on which paper is fixed. The
pen is mounted on a carriage that can move horizontally, vertically, leftwards, or rightwards to
draw lines. In this plotter, the paper does not move, the pen-holding mechanism provides all the
motion. It is instructed by the computer on the movement of pens in the xy coordinates on the
page. It is capable of working on any standard, that is, from A4 size paper to some very big beds.
Depending on the size of the flatbed surface, it is used in designing of ships, aircrafts, buildings,
and so on. The major disadvantage of this plotter is that it is a slow output device and can take
hours to complete a complex drawing.

20. Write a short note on computer output microfilm (COM). Explain the process of creating
microfilms.
Ans.: Computer output microfilm (COM) is an extremely high speed, low cost process that records
computer-generated information directly from the computer tape or cartridge to a miniaturized
microfilm media. The microfilm product is in fiche or roll format, which can be duplicated rapidly
and inexpensively. This process can produce data in microfilm form at a highly significant speed from
that of a paper printer. The image area of the copy is dramatically reduced, up to 1/40 of its original
size; yet, it retains its original clarity.
COM results in material, space, and equipment savings along with mailing costs and information
retrieval savings. In addition, hard copy prints can be made without loss of detail, when compared
with the original document. It facilitates indexing to access information. Furthermore, it provides an
inexpensive way to preserve records from a variety of electronic sources. Such records might need to
be stored for long periods and referenced only occasionally. The main disadvantage, however, is that
it is expensive to install COM and microfilms cannot be read without the assistance of a special reader
device.
Generally, a COM system is ideal for applications where there is a large amount of information to
be retained and therefore very useful for manuals, industrial catalogues, and archives. Microfilm
output is used for the distribution of airline schedules, medical X-rays, and list of books in print.
Banking and insurance companies, government agencies, public utilities, and many other types of
organizations are regular users of COM.
To retrieve the images, the microfilm images may be enlarged on a viewing screen with the help of
a microfilm reader for comfortable reading. Microfilms can be created in the following two ways:
 1. Photographic process: It is the oldest method of creating microfilms. Essentially, it is a form of
miniature photography that uses a microfilm camera for producing microfilms. When the original
documents are fed through a microfilm camera, it captures the document into a reduced-size
photo. Once all the photographs are taken, the rolls of films are removed from the camera for
further processing and development. The processed images can be rolled on film rolls, or cut into
sections and loaded to flat microfiche holders.
2. Non-photographic process: In this process, the user can entirely avoid the film developing
process. This process uses a monitor and the computer output is read onto the magnetic tape.
After this, data are printed on the microfilm by using a microfilm recorder. Moreover, it is
possible to couple a microfilm machine directly to a computer; therefore, the recorder can directly
receive information from the computer. As the recorder projects the computer information onto
the screen, a high-speed camera photographs the displayed information. The process of creating
microfilm from magnetic tape is illustrated in Figure 4.4.

Figure 4.4 Creating Microfilms from Magnetic Tape: COM, Computer Output Microfilm
21. What is the role of a visual display unit? Also discuss the types of monitors.
Ans.: The monitor (also known as visual display unit) is the most frequently used output device for
producing soft-copy output. A computer monitor is a TV-like display attached to the computer on
which the output can be displayed and viewed. The computer monitor can either be a monochrome
display or a colour display. A monochrome screen uses only one colour (usually white, green, amber,
or black) to display text on contrasting background. A colour screen commonly displays 256 colours
at one time from a selection of over 256,000 choices. Monitors are available in various sizes like 14,
15, 17, 19, and 21 inches. The size of the display is described based on two parameters: aspect ratio
and screen size. Aspect ratio is the ratio of the width of the display screen to the height, that is, the
ratio of vertical points to the horizontal points necessary to produce equal-length lines in both
directions on the screen. Generally, computer displays have an aspect ratio of 4:3. Like televisions,
screen size is normally measured diagonally (in inches), the distance from one corner to the opposite
corner. The description of various types of monitors is as follows:
Cathode ray tube (CRT): Nowadays, most computer monitors are based on cathode ray tube (CRT)
technology. The basic operation of this tube is similar to that in television sets. The primary
components in a CRT are the heated metal cathode and a control grid. Heat is supplied to the
cathode by directing a current through a coil of wire, called the filament, inside the cylindrical
cathode structure. This causes electrons to be boiled off the hot cathode surface. In the vacuum
inside the CRT envelope, the free, negatively charged electrons are then accelerated towards the
phosphor coating by a highly positive voltage. The accelerating voltage can be generated with a
positively charged metal coating on the inside of the CRT envelope near the phosphor screen, or
an accelerating anode can be used.
Liquid crystal display (LCD): With the widespread use of smaller computers like PDAs and
laptops, a new type of display liquid crystal display (LCD) has made a big impact on the computer
market. LCD screens have been used since long in notebook computers but are also becoming
popular as a desktop monitor. The term ‘liquid crystal’ sounds like a contradiction. We generally
conceive a crystal as a solid material like quartz and a liquid as water like fluid. However, some
substances can exist in an odd state that is semi-liquid and semi-solid. When they are in this state,
their molecules tend to maintain their orientation like the molecules in a solid, but move around
to different positions like the molecules in a liquid. Thus, liquid crystals are neither a solid nor a
liquid. Manufacturers use this amazing ability of liquid crystals to display images.
Plasma display: It is also known as thin-panel. It is constructed by filling a gas (neon or xenon)
between the two glass plates. One glass plate consists of vertical conductors and the other consists
of horizontal conductors. When the voltage is applied to the pair of horizontal and vertical
conductors, the gas at the intersection of two conductors glows. The advantage of plasma display
is that it has the capability of producing more than 16 million colours and is lighter and less bulky
than CRT. However, it is heavier than LCD display and requires more power.
Thin-film electroluminescent display: This display is similar to the plasma display except the fact
that the space between the glass plates is filled with phosphorescent substance (usually zinc
sulphide doped with manganese) instead of gas. When high voltage is applied to the crossing
conductors, the phosphoric substance at the intersection of two conductors becomes conductor
and generates the electrical energy. This energy is absorbed by the manganese atoms and then
released as a spot of light. The main problem with thin-film electroluminescent display is that it
requires more power.
22. Differentiate between LCD and CRT monitors.
 Ans.: Although both the LCD and CRT monitors are most frequently used types of displays in
computers, they are worlds apart in terms of what is important when making a purchase decision.
Table 4.1 lists the differences between these two monitors.

Table 4.1 Differences Between LCD and CRT Monitors

On the basis of LCD CRT
Size It is lightweight and compact. It is non-compact and heavier.
Resolution It is designed to work in a single It is designed to work for many
resolution. resolutions.
Brightness It produces high brightness with its It produces less brightness.
florescent backlight.
Power consumption It consumes less power. It consumes more power.
Refresh rate It has slower refresh rate, usually It has faster refresh rate, usually about 85
about 60 Hz. Hz.
Pixel response time It has quite slow response time. It has extremely fast response time.
Viewing angle It is best viewed from head on. It can be viewed at almost any angle.
Viewing area It has same viewable area as its Its viewing area is less than its advertized
advertized area. area. For example, 19-inch. CRT monitors
have 18 inch of viewable area.
Cost It is cheap. It is costly.
23. What is a voice response system? How does it function? Give some of its typical applications.
Ans.: Voice response system has an audio-response device that produces audio outputs. These
sounds are pre-recorded in a computer system. Each sound has a unique code. Whenever an enquiry
is sought from the system, the computer responds in digital form which is sent to voice devices that
unscramble the digital information and produces sound messages to the requesting computer.
There are two basic approaches to get a computer to talk to the user. The first is synthesis by
analysis, in which the device analyzes the input of an actual human voice speaking words, stores,
processes the spoken sounds, and reproduces them as needed. The process of storing words is similar
to the digitizing process. In essence, synthesis by analysis uses the computer as a digital tape recorder.
The second approach to synthesizing speech is synthesis by rule, in which the device applies a complex
set of linguistic rules to create artificial speech. Synthesis based on the human voice has the advantage
of sounding more natural but is limited to the number of words stored in the computer. The standard
computer system can provide audio output with the addition of two components: a speech synthesizer
that does the speaking and a screen reading software that tells the synthesizer what to say. The
synthesizer can be a computer card inserted into the computer or software that works with the
computer’s sound card. Screen reader is a software program that allows the user to control the
synthesizer so that he can access text, which is displayed on the computer monitor, with combinations
of keystrokes. Some screen review software use the standard computer keyboard keys, some use the
numeric keypad, and some use special external keypads. A visually impaired user can use a screen
reader to read anything on the screen. The screen reading software can even notify a user about various
computer messages that ‘pops up’ on the monitor from time to time.
 Voice output has become common in many places like airlines, bus terminals, banks, and brokerage
houses. It is typically used when an inquiry is followed by a short reply (such as a bank balance or
flight time). Many businesses have found other creative uses for voice output. For example, automatic
telephone voices take surveys, inform customers that catalog orders are ready to be picked up, and
perhaps remind consumers that they have not paid their bills. Moreover, people with a total or partial
speech handicap face the problem of communicating their wishes and needs to others. Speech output
systems are a valuable aid in this case.

24. Why projectors are needed? Discuss two types of projectors.

Ans.: Projector (also called screen image projector) is an output device that is used to project
information from a computer on to a large screen, so that it can be simultaneously viewed by a large
group of people. Projection display is commonly used for classrooms training or conference room or
for multimedia presentations with a large audience. Like monitors, projector provides a temporary,
soft-copy output. Projector is of the following two types:
1. LCD projector: LCD is the acronym for liquid crystal display. It is the established technology
used by most of the leading manufacturers. Most of today’s LCD projectors contain three separate
LCD glass panels, one each for red, green, and blue components of the image signal being fed
into the projector. As light passes through the LCD panels, individual pixels can be opened to
allow light to pass, or closed to block the light. This activity modulates the light and produces the
image that is projected onto the screen.
2. DLP projector: DLP is the acronym for digital light processing. It is a proprietary technology
developed by Texas Instruments. It uses a single DMD (digital micromirror device) chip that has
thousands of tiny mirrors, each representing a single pixel. These mirrors tilt back and forth,
directing the light either into the lens path to turn the pixel ON, or away from the lens path to turn
it OFF and create the image. It is a newer technology than LCD and is used on some of the
smallest, lightest projectors currently available. It handles video images extremely well. 25. Write
a short note on electronic whiteboard.
Ans.: Electronic whiteboard is an interactive presentation device that works electronically to
display digital images, drawings, and text in different colours. It is generally mounted on the wall and
is connected to a computer (through USB, serial port, or wireless technology like Bluetooth) and
projector. The projector projects the computer’s desktop on the whiteboard and the user can interact
with it using electromagnetic pens, fingers, or other pointing devices. The electromagnetic pens can
be configured to any colour or width.
User can activate programs, applications, and menus as well as can enter text using either on-screen
keyboard or handwriting recognition utility. Nowadays, most whiteboards come with software that
provides various tools and features to create virtual versions of paper flipcharts with pen, highlighter,
etc., enhancing the use of electronic whiteboard to a great extent. It is widely used for various purposes
such as to display presentations, for teaching in classrooms, in corporate meetings, and professional
sports coaching. An interactive electronic whiteboard can be classified into one of the following
categories: Touch-based whiteboard: It allows user to use their fingers or other pointing devices to
interact with it. The working on this whiteboard is easy as anything can be used as a pointer, for
example, a stick, finger, etc., where touch of a finger on the whiteboard is considered as a left click of
the mouse. Pen-based whiteboard: It mainly uses an electromagnetic pen that alters electrical signals
produced by the board and does not require batteries or power source for its operation. When the tip
of the pen is pressed to the whiteboard, it results in the activation of switch in the pen, which
signifies mouse click to the computer. It is widely used by professional digital artists and
designers as they help in providing more accurate information.
Wii remote, IR pen-based whiteboard: It works on sound electronic and optical principles. It uses
Wii remote control with IR camera placed in front of the remote control to track dots of an IR light
that is created by the IR pen. It has become much popular due to its portability and reduced cost. 26.
How is a headphone different from a headset?
Ans.: Headphone is an audio device equipped with a pair of speakers that are attached to a headstrap
worn by the users. It is used with almost all electronic devices such as portable computers, CD/ DVD
players, mp3 player, and iPod. It comprises high-quality speakers, is lightweight, and is very
comfortable to wear. It can be easily connected to a computer via a mini-stereo plug. It allows the
users to only listen; however, some applications like live chats, videoconferencing, and telecalling
services demand the user to also speak at the same time. For such applications, headset is used instead
of headphone.
A headset is a combination of one or two speakers and a microphone with both the speaker and the
microphone attached to a headstrap. The speaker(s) allows the person to hear the conversation and the
microphone allows the user to communicate with the person on the other end.

27. What is a computer terminal? Discuss the area where VDTs can be employed. Ans.: Computer
terminal is a special unit that can perform both input and output. A terminal is an input/output device
that uses a keyboard for input and a monitor for output. Due to this reason, a terminal is also known
as a video display terminal (VDT ). It can be categorized into the following three types:
1. Dumb terminal: It refers to a terminal that has no processing or programming capabilities. It is
designed to communicate exclusively with a host computer. Usually, it consists of a screen and
a keyboard used to access a host computer. It has electronics circuitry enough to interpret
incoming instructions from the host computer, to display characters on the screen, to interpret
keystrokes on the keyboard, and to pass them on to the host computer. Generally, it is used for
simple data entry or retrieval tasks. An example of a dumb terminal is one used by airline clerks
at airport ticket and check-in counters.
2. Smart terminal: This terminal has built-in processing capability and memory but does not have
its own storage capacity. In comparison to the dumb terminal, smart terminal can communicate
and retrieve the data and can perform a limited processing of its own, that is, editing or
verification of the data. However, this kind of terminal cannot be used for programming. It is
often found in local area networks in offices.
3. Intelligent terminal: It has memory and inbuilt microprocessors. It is also known as user-
programmable terminal. This terminal can independently perform a certain number of jobs
without even interacting with the mainframe. Although it is an intelligent terminal, some
workstations are designed without disk drives. Due to this, the restricted data cannot be
downloaded or copied. 28. List the devices that can be used as input as well as output devices.
Ans.: The examples of the devices that can be used as input as well as output devices are touch
screen, digital camera, CD, and storage devices like hard drive.
 Operating System:

Windows XP
1. What do you mean by an operating system? What are its objectives? Ans.: An operating system
(OS ) is a collection of system programs that together controls the operation of a computer system.
The OS along with hardware, application and other system software, and users constitute a computer
system. It is the most important part of any computer system. It acts as an intermediary between a
user and the computer hardware. The OS has the following two objectives:
1. Managing hardware: The OS manages and
controls various hardware resources of a computer
system. These hardware resources include
processor, memory, disk space, I/O devices, etc.
The OS supervises which input device’s data are
requesting for being processed and which
processed data are ready to be displayed on the
output device. In addition to communicating with
the hardware, it provides an error handling pro-
cedure and displays an error notification. If a Figure 5.1 Managing Hardware device is not
functioning properly, it tries to communicate with the device again. If it is still
unable to communicate with the device, it provides an error message notifying the user about the
problem. Figure 5.1 illustrates how the OS manages the hardware resources of a computer
system.
 2. Providing an interface: The OS organizes applications so that users can easily access, use, and
store them. When an application is opened, the OS assists the application to provide the major
part of the user interface. It provides a stable and consistent way for applications to deal with the
hardware without the user having to know all the details of the hardware. If the application
program is not functioning properly, the OS again takes control, stops the application, and
displays an appropriate error message. Figure 5.2 shows the layered structure of a computer
system.

2. Discuss the different types of OS.

Ans.: The OS has evolved immensely from its primitive days to the present digital era. From
batch processing systems to the latest embedded systems, the OS can be classified into the
following six broad categories:
1. Batch-processing OS: This type of OS was one of the first to evolve. It allowed only one program
to run at a time. These kinds of OS can still be found on some mainframe computers running
batches of jobs.

Figure 5.2 Layered Structure of a

Computer
It works on a series of programs that are held in a queue. The OS is responsible for scheduling
the jobs according to priority and the resources required. These are good at churning through
large numbers of repetitive jobs on large computers. For example, this OS would be best suited
for a company wishing to automate their payrolls. A list of employees will be entered, their
monthly salaries will be calculated, and corresponding pay slips would be printed. Batch
processing is useful for this purpose since these procedures are to be repeated for every employee
and each month.
2. Multi-user or time-sharing OS: This system is used in computer networks that allow different
users to access the same data and application programs on the same network. It builds a user
database account, which defines the rights that users can have on a particular resource of the
system.
3. Multiprogramming or multitasking OS: In this system, more than one process can be executed
concurrently. The processor is switched rapidly between the processes. Hence, a user can have
more than one process running at a time. For example, a user on his computer can have a word
processor and an audio CD player running at the same time. It allows the user to switch between
 the running applications and even transfer data between them. That is, a user can copy a picture
from an Internet opened in the browser application and paste it into an image editing application.
4. Real-time OS: This system is designed to respond to an event within a predetermined time. This
kind of OS is primarily used in process control, telecommunications, etc. The OS monitors
various inputs that affect the execution of processes, changing the computer’s model of the
environment, thus affecting the output, within a guaranteed time period (usually less than 1
second). As this OS responds quickly, they are often used in applications such as flight
reservation system, railway reservation system, and military applications.
5. Multiprocessor OS: This system can incorporate more than one processor dedicated to the
running processes. This technique of using more than one processor is often called parallel
processing. The main advantage of this OS is that it increases the system throughput by getting
more work done in less time.
6. Embedded OS: It refers to the OS that is self-contained in the device and resident in ROM. Since
embedded systems are usually not general-purpose systems, they are lighter or less resource
intensive as compared to general-purpose OS. Most of these OS also offer real-time OS qualities.
Typical systems that use embedded OS are household appliances, car management systems,
traffic control systems, and energy management systems.
3. Discuss the main functions of an OS.
Ans.: An OS is the main aspect of a device, and is very important to its overall function. Without
it, the computer will not be able to work. Thus, the main functions of the OS are as follows: Process
management: As a process manager, the OS handles the creation and deletion of processes, the
suspension and resumption of processes, and the scheduling and synchronization of processes.
Memory management: As a memory manager, the OS handles the allocation and de-allocation
of memory space as required by various programs.
File management: The OS is responsible for the creation and deletion of files and directories. It
also takes care of other file-related activities such as organizing, storing, retrieving, naming, and
protecting files.
Device management: The OS provides input/output sub-system between process and device driver.
It handles device caches, buffers, and interrupts. It also detects device failures and notifies the same
to the user. Security management: The OS protects system resources and information against
destruction and unauthorized use.
User interface: The OS provides the interface between the user and the hardware. The user
interface is the layer that actually interacts with the computer operator. The interface consists of
a set of commands or menus through which a user communicates with a program. 4. Discuss the
process of booting of a computer?
Ans.: Booting is the process of loading the OS into the main memory. As the machine is switched
on, the control is transferred to the bootstrap procedure of BIOS (basic input/output system). The
BIOS comprises a set of several routines and start-up instructions inside a ROM, which is a
nonerasable memory. This procedure inspects the computer to determine what hardware is fitted and
then conducts simple test (power-on self test) for normal functionality. If all the tests are passed, the
ROM then determines the drive to boot the machine.
5. What is a process? Discuss its various states.
Ans.: A process (also called job) is an execution of a sequence of instructions or program by the
CPU. It can also be referred as the basic unit of a program that the OS deals with the help of the
processor. It is initiated by the program to perform an action, which can be controlled by the user or
the OS. In order to accomplish a task, it needs certain resources like CPU time, memory allocation,
and I/O devices. It changes various states during its lifetime where each state indicates the current
activity of the process. These states are as follows:
New: A process is being created.
Ready: A process is ready to be assigned to the processor.
Running: A process is being executed.
Waiting: A process is waiting for signal from some other process.
Terminated: A process has finished its execution.

6. Diagrammatically, explain the life cycle of a process.

Ans.: To keep track of all the processes, the OS maintains a table known as the process table. This
table stores many pieces of information associated with a specific process, that is, program counter,
allocated resources, process state, CPU-scheduling information, etc. Initially, a process is in the new
state.
When it becomes ready for the execution and needs the CPU, it switches to the ready state. Once the
CPU is allocated to the process, it switches to the running state. From the running state, the process
goes back to the ready state if an interrupt occurs or to the waiting state if the process needs some I/O
operation. In case the process has switched to ready state, it again comes to the running state after the
interrupt has been handled. On the other hand, if the process has switched to the waiting state, then
after the completion of I/O operation, it switches to the ready state and then to the running state. Thus,
a process continues to switch among the ready, running, and waiting states during its execution.
Finally, it switches to the terminated state after completing its execution. Figure 5.3 illustrates the life
cycle of a process.
7. Define thread and multithread programming.
Ans.: A thread is a task that runs concurrently with other tasks within the same process. Also
known as lightweight process, it is the simplest unit of a process. The single thread of control allows
the process to perform only one task at a time. An example of a single thread in a process is a text
editor where a user can either edit the text or perform any other task like printing the document. In a
multitasking OS, a process may contain several threads, all running at the same time inside the same
process. It means that one thread of a process can be editing the text, while another is printing the
document. Generally, when a thread finishes performing a task, it is suspended or destroyed.
Writing a program where a process creates multiple threads is called multithread programming. It
is the ability by which an OS is able to run different parts of the same program simultaneously. It
offers better utilization of processor and other system resources. For example, the word processor
makes use of multithreading, that is, it can check spelling in the foreground as well as save document
in the background. 8. Write a short note on process scheduling.
Ans.: In a multiprogrammed system, at any given time, several processes will be competing for the
CPU’s time. Thus, a choice has to be made which process to allocate the CPU next. This procedure
of determining the next process to be executed on the CPU is called process scheduling and the module
of OS that makes this decision is called scheduler. The prime objective of scheduling is to switch the
CPU among processes so frequently that users can interact with each program while it is running.
For scheduling purposes, there exist different queues in the system: job queue, ready queue, and
device queue. As the processes enter the system for execution, they are kept into job queue (or input
queue) on a mass storage device such as hard disk. From the job queue, the processes that are ready
for the execution are brought into the main memory. In the main memory, these processes are kept
into ready queue. In other words, the ready queue contains all those processes that are waiting for the
CPU. For each I/O device attached to the system, a separate device queue is maintained. The process
that needs to perform I/O during its execution is kept into the queue of that specific I/O device and
waits there until it is served by the device.
9. Differentiate between the following:
(a) Uni-programming and multiprogramming
(b) Preemptive and non-preemptive scheduling
Ans.: (a) As the name implies, uni-programming means only one program at a time in which users
can perform only one activity at a time. On the other hand, in multiprogramming, multiple
programs can reside in the main memory at the same time and these programs can be
executed concurrently thereby requiring the system resources to be shared among them. So,
an OS must ensure that all processes get a fair share of the CPU time.
(b) In preemptive scheme, CPU scheduling takes place under the following two conditions:
1. When a process switches from the running state to the ready state
2. When a process switches from the waiting state to the ready state
Here, the scheduler can forcibly remove the processor from the currently running process
before its completion in order to allow some other process to run.
On the other hand, in non-preemptive scheme, CPU scheduling takes place under the
following two conditions:
 1. When a process switches from the running state to the waiting state
2. When a process terminates
Here, once the processor is allocated to a process, it cannot be taken back until the process
voluntarily releases it (in case the process has to wait for I/O or some other event) or the
process terminates.
Thus, the main difference between the two schemes is that in preemptive scheme, the OS
has the control over the process current states whereas in case of non-preemptive scheme,
the process once entered into the running state gets the full control of the processor.
10. Write in brief on any two scheduling algorithms.
Ans.: The scheduler uses some scheduling procedure to carry out the selection of a process for
execution. Two popular scheduling procedures implemented by different OS are first-come-
firstserved and round robin.

First-come First-served (FCFS)

In this, the processes are executed in the order of their arrival in the ready queue, which means the
process that enters the ready queue first, gets the CPU first. To implement FCFS scheduling
procedure, the ready queue is managed as a FIFO (First-in First-out) queue. Each time, the process at
the start of queue is dispatched to the processor and all other processes move up one slot in the queue
as shown in Figure 5.4. When new processes arrive, they are put at the end of the queue. FCFS falls
under nonpreemptive scheduling and its main drawback is that a process may take a very long time to
complete, and thus holds up other waiting processes in the queue.

Round Robin (RR)

It was designed keeping in mind the limitations of the FCFS scheduling procedure. This procedure
falls under preemptive scheduling in which a process is selected for execution from the ready queue
in the FIFO sequence. However, the process is executed only for a fixed period known as time slicing
or quantum period after which it will be interrupted and returned to the end of the ready queue (Figure
5.5). In RR procedure, processes are allocated the CPU time on a turn basis.
11. What is a deadlock? When does this situation arise? What are the two schemes that ensure that
deadlock never occurs?
Ans.: In a multiprogramming environment, several processes may compete for a limited number
of resources. A process requests for the required resource and if it is not available then the process
enters in the waiting state and remains in that state until it acquires the resource. There might be a
situation when the process has to wait endlessly because the requested resource may be held by other
waiting process. This type of situation is known as deadlock. A deadlock situation arises if the
following four conditions hold simultaneously on the system:
1. Mutual exclusion: Only one process can use a resource at a time. If another process requests for
the resource, the requesting process has to wait until the requested resource is released.
2. Hold and wait: In this situation, a process might be holding some resources while waiting for
additional resource, which is currently being held by other process.
3. No preemption: Resources cannot be preemptive, that is, resources cannot be forcibly removed
from a process. A resource can only be released voluntarily by the holding process, after that
process has completed its task.
4. Circular wait: This situation may arise when a set of processes waiting for the allocation of
resources held by other processes forms a circular chain in which each process is waiting for the
resource held by its successor process in the chain.
The two schemes that ensure that deadlock never occurs are as follows:
1. Deadlock prevention: The system should ensure that at least one of the four deadlock causing
conditions would not hold true so that deadlock can be prevented.
2. Deadlock avoidance: Additional information concerning which resources a process will require
and use during its lifetime should be provided to the OS beforehand. For example, in a system
with one CD drive and a printer, process P might request first for the CD drive and later for the
printer, before releasing both resources. On the other hand, process Q might request first for the
printer and the CD drive later. With this knowledge in advance, the OS will never allow the
allocation of a resource to a process if it leads to a deadlock thereby avoiding the deadlock. 12.
What are the different strategies used in allocating space to processes?
Ans.: In addition to managing processes, the OS also manages the primary memory of the
computer. The part of the OS that handles this job is called the memory manager. The main challenge
of efficiently managing the memory comes when a system has multiple processes running at the same
time. In such a case, the memory manager can allocate a portion of the primary memory to each
process for its own use. However, the memory manager must keep track of the running processes
along with the memory locations occupied by them, and must also determine how to allocate and
deallocate available memory when new processes are created and old processes have finished their
execution, respectively. The three different strategies used in allocating space to processes are as

follows:
1. Best fit: The memory manager places a process in the smallest block of unallocated memory in
which it will fit. For example, a process requests 12 KB of memory and the memory manager
currently has a list of unallocated blocks of 6, 14, 19, 11, and 13 KB blocks. The best fit strategy
will allocate 12 KB of the 13 KB block to the process.
2. First fit: The memory manager places the process in the first unallocated block that is large
enough to accommodate the process. Using the same example to fulfil 12 KB request, the first
fit will allocate 12 KB of the 14 KB block to the process.
3. Worst fit: The memory manager places a process in the largest block of unallocated memory
available. To furnish the 12 KB request again, the worst fit will allocate 12 KB of the 19 KB
block to the process, leaving a 7 KB block for future use.
Figure 5.6 illustrates that in best fit and first fit strategies, the allocation of memory results in the
creation of a tiny fragment of unallocated memory. Since the amount of memory left is small, no new
processes can be loaded here. This job of splitting primary memory into segments as the memory is
allocated and de-allocated to the process is known as fragmentation. The worst fit strategy attempts
to reduce the problem of fragmentation by allocating the largest fragments to the new processes. Thus,
a larger amount of space in the form of tiny fragments is left unused. To overcome this problem, the
concept of paging was used.
13. Discuss the following:
(a) Paging
(b) Virtual memory
Ans.: (a) Paging: It is a memory management scheme that allows the processes to be stored non-
contiguously in the memory. The memory is divided into fixed size chunks called page
 frames. The OS breaks the program’s address space into fixed size chunks called pages,
which are of same size as that of page frames. Each address generated by the CPU (i.e.,
logical address) is divided into two parts: a page number (high-order bits) and a page offset
or displacement (loworder bits). Since the logical address is a power of 2, the page size is
always chosen as a power of 2 so that the logical address can be converted easily into page
number and page offset. To map the logical addresses to physical addresses in the memory,
a mapping table called page table is used. The OS maintains
a page table for each process to
keep track of which page frame is
allocated to which page. It stores
the frame number allocated to
each page and the page number is
used as index to the page table.
Figure 5.7 shows the logical
memory, page table and physical
memory. The main advantage of
paging is that it minimizes the
problem of fragmentation since
the memory allocated is always in
fixed units and any free frame can
be allocated to a process.

Figure 5.7 Logical Memory, Page Table, and Physical

Memory
To map a given logical address to the corresponding physical address, the system first
extracts the page number and the offset. The system, in addition, also checks whether the
page reference is valid (i.e., it exists within the logical address space of the process). If the
page reference is valid, the system uses the page number to find the corresponding page
frame number in the page table. That page frame number is attached to the high-order end
of the page offset to form the physical address in the memory. The mechanism of translation
of logical address into physical address is shown in Figure 5.8.
 (b) Virtual memory: It is a way of showing the main memory of a computer system to appear
effectively larger than it really is. Normally, a process executes only in the main memory, which is
limited in size. But, some of the graphic-oriented applications like 3D video games; business
applications, etc. require large memory for running such applications than the main memory. It is not
essential that the whole program must be loaded in the main memory for processing as only the
currently referenced page needs to be present in the memory at the time of execution. Therefore, the
rest pages of the program can reside in a hard disk portion allocated as virtual memory and can be
loaded into the main memory whenever needed. This process of swapping the pages from the virtual
memory to the main memory is called pagein or swap-in. With the virtual memory, the system can
run programs that are actually larger than the primary memory of the system. It allows for very
effective multiprogramming and relieves the user from the unnecessarily tight constraints of the main
memory. 14. Define buffer.
Ans.: A buffer is a temporary storage area that takes a stream of bits from a device like keyboard
to a serial communication port. It holds the bits and then releases them to the CPU at a convenient
rate so that the CPU can act on it. This task is important when a number of processes are running and
taking up the processor’s time. The OS instructs the buffer to continue taking the input from the
device. In addition, it also instructs the buffer to stop sending data back to the CPU if the process,
using the input, is suspended. When the process, requiring input, is made active once again, the OS
will command the buffer to send data again. This process allows a keyboard to deal with external
users at a higher speed.
15. What do you mean by spooling?
Ans.: Spooling refers to storing jobs in a buffer so that the CPU can be efficiently utilized. It is
useful because devices access data at different rates. The buffer provides a waiting station where data
can rest while the slower device catches up. The most common spooling application is print spooling.
In print spooling, documents are loaded into a buffer, and then the printer pulls them off from the
buffer at its own rate. Meanwhile, a user can perform other operations on the computer while the
printing takes place in the background. Spooling also lets a user place a number of print jobs on a
queue instead of waiting for each one to finish before specifying the next one. The OS manages all
requests to read or write data from hard disk through spooling.
16. Write in brief on the following terms:
(a) CLI
(b) GUI
Ans.: (a) CLI: It stands for command line interface. It is an interface provided by the OS that
facilitates the user to enter commands via an interactive terminal. This interface was used
in early days of computing where commands were only means to initiate programs,
applications, etc. To use CLI, a user had to learn many commands for proper operation of
the system.
(b) GUI: It stands for graphical user interface. It is an interface that provides user with pictures rather
than just characters to interact with the machine. It displays icons, buttons, dialog boxes, etc. on the
screen. The user sends instructions by moving a pointer on the screen (generally mouse) and selecting
certain objects by pressing buttons on the mouse while the mouse pointer is pointing at them. 17. List
examples of some popular OS.
Ans.: Some examples of popular or multi-user OS are UNIX, Linux, MS-DOS, Microsoft
Windows (Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows XP, and Windows 2007), Microsoft
Windows NT. 18. What are the main differences between MS-DOS and Windows OS?
Ans.: Both MS-DOS and Windows are OS, but still they have got some differences among them.
These differences are listed in Table 5.1.

Table 5.1 Differences Between MS-DOS and Windows OS

S. No MS-DOS OS Windows OS
1. It uses CLI. It uses GUI.
2. It does not support networking. It supports networking.
3. It is a single-user OS. It is a multi-user OS.
4. It is a single-tasking OS. It is a multitasking OS.
5. It is a single-threading OS. It is a multithreading OS.
6. It supports 2 GB of maximum It supports 2 TB or even more
partition size. than this.
7. It uses FAT-16 file system. It uses FAT-32 file system.
8. Server administration is not possible. Server administration is
possible.
19. What are the features of Windows OS?
Ans.: Windows OS is developed by Microsoft to overcome the limitations of MS-DOS OS. The
main features of Microsoft Windows OS are as follows:
The interface used in Windows OS is GUI. So, it is more convenient for a new user to learn and
work on it.
File naming can contain up to 255 characters as well as some punctuation marks, such as commas
and semi-colons.
It has built-in communications and networking features so that a system can act as a network
client or server.
 User can run more than one program at a time, thus, it is a multi-user OS. This means that a user at
the same time can have a word processor and an audio CD player running on his computer.
It provides a rich set of system administration and software development tools.
It serves as a complete operating environment for users. It has a standard way of working, that
is, Microsoft Windows word processor works in a similar way as any other type of Windows program
does. 20. Discuss some features of Windows XP.
Ans.: Windows XP is an OS introduced in 2001 by Microsoft and is a part of the Windows family
of OS. Along with a redesigned look and feel to the user interface, this new OS uses a more stable
and reliable environment than previous versions of Windows. It provides a new interface that uses
graph- ics to simplify navigation and to complete common tasks, thus, making learning and working
easier. Microsoft released Windows XP in two versions: Windows XP Home and Windows XP
Professional. Windows XP Home edition is designed for home use and small businesses, while
Windows XP Professional is specifically designed for advanced home computing, businesses, and
larger organizations. Windows XP provides a new interface to simplify navigation and perform
common tasks (like creating and opening of a file) easily. The various features that make Windows
XP a powerful, fast, efficient, and stable OS are as follows:
Improved interface: It provides a completely redesigned interface Start menu that lets one access
programs more quickly. Also, it keeps a record of programs and files one uses more often. In
addition, it displays the most used items in the Start menu while it hides the least used items.
More reliable: It is based on the same technology that is used in Microsoft Windows NT and
Windows 2000. This makes Windows XP much more stable than Windows 95, Windows 98, and
Windows ME and greatly reduces the number of system crashes and system restarts.
Better file and folder management: It makes it easier to view and work with files and folders. For
example, Thumbnail view lets one to preview photos and images and the new File and Folder
tasks pane lets one to easily copy, move, rename, or delete any file or folder.
Better help and support: It provides efficient help and support with new features such as Remote
Assistance that allows one to contact computer experts and lets them fix a problem on the
computer even if they are miles apart geographically.
More secure: It provides new security tools that help keep the computer more secure and provide
new technologies that run in the background, making the computer run more efficiently. This OS
includes the new Security Center that allows one to check the status of the important secu- rity
elements on the computer—Windows firewall, automatic updates, and virus protection
software—making it convenient for one to understand how to keep the computer better protected
against viruses and other security threats.
Remote desktop: It includes a feature known as Remote Desktop that allows one to access the
Windows session from another computer just as if one was in front of the computer. For example,
one can connect to the office computer from home, have access to all of the files and network
resources as though one was in front of the computer at office. One can leave programs running
at work, and when one get home, one can see the desktop at work displayed on the home
computer with the same programs running.
ClearType: It provides a special feature called ClearType that makes the words on the computer
screen look as smooth as the words on a page. This increases the font resolution of the words written
in different programs like Notepad and WordPad. 21. List some of the Start menu items along with
their functions.
Ans.: The Start menu provides a way to open most of the software applications that are installed
on the computer. It has been customized to provide quick access methods to all the programs and
Windows utilities present on the computer. Some of the most commonly used Start menu items with
their descriptions are listed in Table 5.2.

Table 5.2 Start Menu Items

Items Description
Shut Down This item has several options such as shut down and restart
computer, close all programs and log on as a different user, or shut
down completely.
Run It starts a program by typing in the program’s name and path. There
is a browse button to search for the program to be opened, in case,
the path is not known.
Help and Support It gives access to the Help feature for the Windows XP
environment.
Search It searches for different types of files in various locations. Using this
feature, one can search for files or even a certain word found in the
file.
Settings It provides quick access to the Control Panel, printer options, and
taskbar properties.
My Recent It reopens one of the last 15 files one has opened by clicking on its
Documents name.
Programs It provides access to a list of available programs and submenus of
related programs.
22. What do you know about desktop, icon, file, folders, and shortcuts? Ans.:

Desktop
It is the first screen visible after logging in Windows XP OS. When Microsoft Windows XP is opened,
the desktop appears. It is a full-screen display where all Windows activity takes place. It is part of a
GUI, where icons, menus, and dialog boxes on the screen represent programs, files, and options on a
user computer. It is actually an invisible folder called desktop folder and the user can move files and
folders to the desktop for easy access. In addition, it allows users to run programs and use a file system
without using the command prompt of the OS.
Icon
It can be thought of as symbols that represent a program, shortcut to a program, or a folder. When one
use Windows XP for the first time, the desktop contains only recycle bin. To display required icons,
the user should follow some steps. They are listed as follows:
1. Right-click anywhere on the desktop and select Properties from the shortcut menu. This displays
the Display Properties dialog box.
2. Select the Desktop tab and click the Customize Desktop button.
3. In the Desktop icons pane of the General tab, select the desired icons and click OK twice.
File
It is defined as an organized and structured collection of related information stored in a secondary
storage device. The information can be of different types such as text, data, or images.

Folders
They provide a very convenient and useful method of storing files and subfolders in an organized way
on a computer’s hard drive or on a removable drive. For example, a folder could be created on the
hard drive to keep all business correspondence with a particular customer. This folder can also contain
files other than documents for that customer. One can also create folders inside a folder. For example,
if one has a folder named Sports, then inside it other folders such as Cricket, Football, and Hockey
can also be created for holding various files in these folders. Here Cricket, Football, and Hockey are
called subfolders.

Shortcuts
These are the icons that can be created for commonly used applications on the desktop. To create
shortcut, right-click the desired file or folder and select Send To from the shortcut menu. This displays
another pop-up menu, from where select Desktop (create shortcut) option. 23. List the icons that
appear by default on the desktop.
Ans.: The desktop includes icons, each having a specific function. Desktop icons can be thought
of as symbols that represent a program, shortcut to a program, or a folder. When one use Windows
XP for the first time, the desktop contains only recycle bin. The rest of the icons usually found on
other Windows OS are not seen on the desktop. The main icons that appear by default on the desktop
are listed in Table 5.3.

Table 5.3 Icons on the Desktop

Icons Name Description
My Computer It displays documents and files. It also provides access
to hard drives and removable drives of the computer
(both local and network).

(Continued...)

Table 5.3 (...Continued)

Icons Name Description
My Documents It is used to store documents. It also contains data files,
which can be easily organized.
 Recycle Bin It is a temporary storage area used for storing deleted
file and recover files accidentally deleted from the hard
drive or floppy drive.

24. Define screen saver. How can one set the screen saver of Windows?
Ans.: A screen saver is an inbuilt utility that appears on the user screen when the mouse or keyboard
has not been used for a specified period. It is primarily used to prevent damage to the phosphor
element present in the monitor. The screen saver tab allows one to specify the screen saver and its
settings (Figure 5.9). In this tab, one can also use the Power option, which allows one to change the
power settings of the monitor. It provides options to save power when the computer is not in use. This
is especially useful when the computer is used for a longer duration, for example, whole day, or when
some background operation is going on (like
transferring of data between two computers) and
the monitor is not required for any operation. To
set/change a screensaver, perform the steps
given as follows:
Right click anywhere on the desktop, and
then select Properties from the shortcut
menu to open the Display Properties dialog
box.
Click on Screen Saver tab and then from the
screen saver drop-down list box select
desired screen saver from the displayed list.
In the Wait box, specify time after which the
user wants the screen saver to appear on the
monitor’s screen. Click the Preview button to
preview the selected screen saver.
Click OK to save the settings and
exit. Figure 5.9 Screen Saver Tab
25. Write short notes on the following:
(a) Themes
(b) Toolbar
(c) Window pane area
(d) Address bar and status bar
Ans.: (a) Themes: They are collections of sounds, icons, fonts, colours, and screen savers, which
often come with their own background graphics, based on a specific theme. One can select
 from a range of inbuilt themes from the Theme drop-down box. The Sample window
displays a preview of the chosen desktop theme.
(b) Toolbar: It contains shortcut buttons that are used to perform actions found within the menu bar.
By default, there are six buttons present on the toolbar each having a specified function. These
buttons are listed in Table 5.4.

Table 5.4 Toolbar Buttons

Command Button Description
Back It moves back to the previously viewed folders or
items.
Forward It moves forward to the last viewed folders/items (if
button is active).
Up It takes one up one level. If one is working in
C:\My Documents, then the Up button displays the
contents of the C drive.
Search It initiates the search function, which allows one to
locate files or folders stored on the computer or
network.
Folders It displays the folders pane on the left side of the
window.
Views It allows one to select the way to view the contents
of the window.
(c) Window pane area: The window contains two panes: left and right. The left pane also known as
common tasks area is divided into various sections: System Tasks, Other Places, and Details
section. System Tasks and Other Places contain links to view information relating to the system
and access to various system utilities such as My Documents folder and Control Panel. The right
pane area includes some icons, which are listed in Table 5.5.

Table 5.5 My Computer Objects

Command Button Description
3½ Floppy It allows saving of files on an external drive, that is,
Drive floppy disk.

Local Disk It allows access to the local drives placed within the
computer. Generally, it is the C drive, but sometimes
a computer has more than one local drive.
(Continued...)

Table 5.5 (...Continued)

Command Button Description
CD Drive It allows access to the CD drive. It serves as a multi-
purpose utility allowing one to install software, take
back-ups of data, watch and listen to audio visual
CDs, etc.
 Network Drive It allows access to a drive that is stored on a network
server.
(d) Address bar and status bar: The address bar is located between the toolbar and the window panes.
It displays the current disk drive and folder, such as ‘C:\Documents and Settings\My Documents’.
The status bar is located at the bottom of the window and displays the total number of objects
(files and sub-folders) in the folder and the space (bytes) they occupy. If a drive or file is selected,
it displays the amount of disk free space on the common tasks area as well as on the status bar.
26. What is the use of recycle bin in Windows XP? How items can be restored from it?
Ans.: The recycle bin is a temporary storage area where one can move any files or folders that is
no longer needed. To view the contents of the recycle bin, double-click on the Recycle Bin icon placed
on the desktop. This opens recycle bin window, which contains a list of deleted items. Items in the
recycle bin take up disk space on the hard drive until they are permanently deleted. An item remains
in the recycle bin until one decides to permanently delete it or restore it.
One can restore any accidentally deleted file or folder from the recycle bin. To restore an item,
select the item(s) and perform any of the following steps:
1. Right-click on the item and select Restore option from the shortcut menu
2. Select Restore this item from the common task area
3. Select Restore from the File menu 27. Explain the different operations that can be

performed with Windows Explorer.

Ans.: Windows XP provides a very useful feature called Windows Explorer, which helps to
organize files and folders stored on a computer in an efficient manner. It allows arranging files
according to one’s own needs, and provides optional views for easy scanning of folder contents. In
this window, one can also create new files or folders, open, move or copy, and delete existing file or
folders. To open Windows Explorer, perform any of the steps given as follows:
Click Start, point to All Programs, and then select Accessories. Now select Windows Explorer
from the submenu that appears.
Right-click on My Documents folder and select Explore from the shortcut menu.
After performing these steps, Windows XP displays the Windows Explorer window. This window
is divided into two panes: folders pane and contents pane. The folders pane of Windows Explorer
displays disk drives, folders, and subfolders. These items can be expanded or collapsed by clicking
on the plus (+) sign and minus (−) sign symbols that appear to the left of the drive letter, folder, or
subfolder name. A (+) means there are subfolders that are not visible. Click on the (+) to view the
subfolders. Doing this, the (+) changes to a (−). The contents of the selected drive or folder are
displayed in the contents pane by clicking on the item’s name or icon in the folders pane. The toolbar
present on the Windows Explorer window provides buttons for common actions associated with the
contents present in the window.
Changing Sort Order
While searching for a file, it may be easy to locate that file in the contents pane by changing the order
in which the files and folders are displayed. One can sort the contents pane by clicking on the desired
column heading. For example, in Figure 5.10, the contents pane is sorted by Type column, in
ascending order. Note that a triangle will appear next to the column heading to indicate the sort
method. For ascending, the triangle points upward ( ), while for descending, the triangle points
downward ( ).

Figure 5.10 Changing Sorting Order

28. Write in brief on narrator and magnifier.

Ans.:
Narrator
It is a text-to-speech utility for users who are visually impaired. It operates by reading the information
available on the screen. This includes contents of the active window, menu options, or the text one
has typed. It is designed specifically to work with Notepad, WordPad, Control Panel programs,
Internet Explorer, and Desktop.
To open Narrator, Click Start, point to All Programs, and then select Accessories. Now choose
Accessibility and select Narrator from the shortcut menu that appears. When Narrator is opened, it
shows a message, displaying a brief description about Narrator. Click OK to proceed to Narrator
dialog box. This dialog box contains a list options, each having an associated check box. Select the
appropriate options and then select Voice to adjust the voice settings.

Magnifier
It is an accessibility utility that makes the screen more readable for users who have impaired vision.
It operates by creating a separate window that displays a magnified portion of the screen. One can
easily change the magnification level, move or resize the Magnifier window, or drag it to the edge of
the screen and lock it into place.
To open Magnifier, click Start, point to All Programs, and then select Accessories. Now choose
Accessibility and then select Magnifier from the shortcut menu that appears. When Magnifier is
opened, it displays three overlapped windows. The first window shows a message, displaying brief
description about Magnifier. Click OK to display the second window, which displays various settings
for the Magnifier, whereas the third window shows magnified view of the screen.
 29. How are disk cleanup and disk defragmentation helpful to us?
Ans.:
Disk Cleanup
It helps to create free space on the hard drive. It searches the drive, and then displays temporary files,
Internet cache files, and unnecessary program files that one can safely delete. To use Disk Cleanup,
perform the following steps:
1. Click Start, point to All Programs, and then select Accessories. Now choose System Tools then
select Disk Cleanup from the shortcut menu that appears (Figure 5.11). This displays Select Drive
dialog box.
2. Select the drive from the drop-down box and click OK.
This displays the Disk Cleanup dialog box.
3. On the Disk Cleanup tab, scroll through the files to
delete list and see which kind of files Windows has
selected for removal. Select any additional file types
you want to delete, and then click OK.
4. Windows XP displays a message asking you to confirm
deletion. Click Yes to delete. Figure 5.11 Select Drive Dialog Box

Disk Defragmenter
It searches the hard disk for fragmented files that have been stored in non-contiguous sectors of the
disk. It then consolidates fragmented files and folders on the computer’s hard disk, so that files and
folders are stored in contiguous sectors. As a result, one can access files and folders faster and save
new ones more efficiently. To use Disk Defragmenter, perform the following steps:
1. Click Start, point to All Programs, and then select Accessories. Now choose System Tools
then select Disk Defragmenter from the shortcut menu that appears. This displays the Disk
Defragmenter window.
2. Select the drive you want to defragment and click Defragment to start defragmenting.

30. What are restore points? How can one create and use restore points?

Ans.: Microsoft Windows XP has included system utilities that help to recover from systems that
become unstable or unreliable. System restore is one such system utility whose purpose is to restore
computer to a previously known working state in the event of a problem. This is done without loss of
personal files or data such as word processing documents, spreadsheets, music files, and images.
System restore protects the computer by creating back-ups of vital system configurations and files.
These back-ups are known as restore points and are used to revert the system to a previous state. This
utility runs in the background and automatically creates a restore point when a trigger event occurs.
Trigger events include application installations, AutoUpdate installations, Microsoft Backup Utility
recoveries, unsigned-driver installations, and manual creations of restore points. To open system
restore, click Start, point to All Programs, and then select Accessories. Now choose System Tools
then select System Restore from the shortcut menu that appears. When System Restore is opened, it
displays three options: Restore my computer to an earlier time, Create a restore point, and Undo my
last restoration.

Creating a Restore Point

By default, Windows XP is configured to automatically create restore points at scheduled times or
before some programs are changed. However, one can also manually create restore points. To do this,
perform the following steps:
Select Create a restore point option and click Next.
Select the restore point and click Next.
Confirm the restore point.

Using a Restore Point

To restore Windows XP to a previously created restore point, perform the steps given as follows:
Select Restore my computer to an earlier time option and click Next.
The window displays in bold a list of dates available. Select the date (restoration point) and then
click Next.
Now click Next to confirm the restoration point.
At this point, you have to confirm, whether you want to continue. Click Next to continue. Now,
System Restore shuts down all open applications and reboots the computer. After the computer
reboots, a message appears on the screen, which confirms that the restoration to the restore point is
complete. 31. Discuss control panel.
Ans.: Control panel is an important part of Windows XP as it provides various options to view and
adjust system settings such as adding a new hardware, adding and removing programs (software),
managing user accounts, changing settings of the mouse and keyboard, etc. To open the Control Panel,
perform any of the steps given as follows:
Click Start and then click Control Panel.
Click Start and then click Run. This displays the Run dialog box. Type control or control panel
and click OK or press the Enter key.
As one performs any of the above given steps, the Control Panel window appears showing the
various shortcut icons for adjusting system settings. Windows XP allows viewing Control Panel in
two views: either classic view or category view. In the classic view, all the individual shortcut icons
appear with their name while in the category view, icons are grouped into categories which are then
displayed. Switching between the views can be performed by clicking on the option (switch to classic
view or switch to category view) from the left side of the Control Panel window. The description of
most commonly used system settings from control panel is as follows:
Add hardware: It allows adding a new hardware device to the system.
Add/remove programs: It allows adding or removing a program or Windows component. It also
indicates the size an installed program is occupying and the frequency of usage.
Printers and faxes: It allows viewing the installed printers and faxes. One can remove the existing
printer as well as install a new printer from here.
 System: It allows viewing and specifies various settings for the system including viewing the
version of Windows, amount of RAM, speed of the CPU, changing the name of the computer,
enabling or disabling hardware devices installed, etc.
User accounts: It allows creating, managing, and removing user accounts for persons who share
your computer. For instance, one can specify the privileges to a user account, add, change, or
remove the password, etc.
32. What are the different accessories in MS Windows? Explain their uses?
Ans.: Windows XP OS comes with some basic accessories: calculator, notepad, and paint.

Calculator
A built-in calculator is included in the Windows OS that works just like a handheld calculator, except
one has to use it on-screen rather than in one’s hand. The calculator can be used in any one of the two
views: standard and scientific. In the standard view of the calculator, one can perform common
mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, etc. On the other hand,
in the scientific view of the calculator, one can perform advanced mathematical operations such as
trigonometric and statistical operations, calculate logarithm, exponent, factorial, and power. To open
the calculator, follow any of the steps given as follows:
Click Start, point to All Programs, then point to Accessories, and click Calculator from the
submenu that appears.
Click Start and then click Run. This displays the Run dialog box. Type calc and click OK or
press the Enter key.

Notepad
Windows accessories include a simple built-in text editor called Notepad that helps to create simple
text documents as well as web pages. The default extension for the files created in it is .txt. To open
Notepad, follow any of the steps given as follows:
Click Start, point to All Programs, then point to Accessories, and click Notepad from the
submenu that appears.
Click Start and then click Run. This displays the Run dialog box. Type notepad and click OK or
press the Enter key.

Paint
Windows provides Paint to create and edit graphics. It is a simple and easy to use tool and let to
work with bitmap (.bmp) as well as JPEG and GIF graphics. To open Paint, perform any of the steps
given as follows:
Click Start, point to All Programs, then point to Accessories, and click Paint from the submenu
that appears.
Click Start and then click Run. This displays the Run dialog box. Type mspaint and click OK or
press the Enter key.
 The Paint window contains menu bar, tool box, vertical and horizontal scroll bars, colour box,
status bar, and a white rectangular area (called canvas), where one can work with graphics. These are
described as follows:
Menu bar: The Paint contains six menus: File, Edit, View, Image, Colors, and Help.
Tool box: It contains several tools for creating drawings and text, selecting and erasing part of
images, filling colours in images, etc.
Colour box: It contains several colours and helps to select a colour for image. In the left-end of
the colour box is a colour overlapping another colour. The colour on the top is the foreground
colour and the colour in the bottom is the background colour. To change the foreground colour,
left-click a colour in the colour box while to change the background colour, right-click a colour in
the colour box.
Scroll bar: Paint window has two scroll bars: vertical and horizontal. These scroll bars let one to
scroll and view the portion of image currently not visible on the screen.
Status bar: It displays messages and measurements as one works in Paint. For example, it
displays the information related to a tool as mouse is moved over it in the tool box.