Module 3

Questions

1. Use Shannon’s Expansion to implement f(a,b,c,d,e)=bd’ + cd + a’c

taking a,b,c as select lines. Use 8:1 multiplexer and other necessary
gates.

2. Write the truth table for a 4 input XOR function. Implement it using
least possible number of 4:1, 2:1 multiplexers and NOT gates.

3. A 2:4 priority encoder is designed as shown in the Table P.15. Based

on the table answer the following questions: a) Which variable has
the highest priority? b) Which variable has the lowest priority? c)
What is the output y and z for input “0101”? d) What is the output y
and z for input “0011”?

4. Taking a, b and d as select signals, implement

f(a,b,c,d)=Σm(1,2,5,8,10,13,14,15) using appropriate multiplexer
and other necessary gates.

5. Write the truth table for full adder and implement it using i) Only 2:1
multiplexers and NOT gates ii) 2:4 decoders and other necessary
gates.

6. Explain 3- state gate.

7. Draw Quadruple 2 to 1 line multiplexer.

8. Design 4 bit combinational circuit which gives 2’s complement of

given input using only XOR gates.

9. Construct 16:1 MUX with 8:1 MUX and 2:1 MUX.

10. Design 4-line to 2-line priority encoder include an output E to

indicate that atleast one input is 1.
11. What are decoders? Construct 5x32 decoders with four 3x8
decoders / demux and a 2 to 4 line decoder.

12. Design an arithmetic comparison circuit which takes two 5 bit

binary numbers A and B as inputs and gives three single bit signals
AltB, AeqB and AgtB as outputs.

13. Design and write the Verilog code for a 3 to 8 decoder using 2
to 4 decoders and other necessary gates. Use case statement to
implement 2 to 4 decoder.

14. Write the truth table for 2421 to 8421 code converter. Design
and write the Verilog code for this converter using 4:1 multiplexer(s)
and other necessary gates. Write behavioral Verilog code to
implement the same.

15. A combinational circuit receives two single-bit inputs a, b and

produces two-bit output Y=F1+F2+F3.The boolean functions F1, F2
and F3 are implemented using a decoder as given below. Design a
minimal circuit for Y using only one decoder, two 4:1 multiplexers,
three OR gates and one inverter. F1(a,b)=∑m(1,3) F2(a,b)=
∑m(0,2,3) F3(a,b)= ∑m(1,2,3). Write the behavioral Verilog code to
implement the same.

16. Write the truth table for an 8 to 3 priority encoder. Provide an

output ‘Z’ to indicate that at least one of the inputs is high. The
input with the least subscript number has the highest priority. Write
the behavioural Verilog code to implement the same using for loop.

17. Design a 2-bit comparator circuit using 2-bit adder/subtractor.

The inputs to the comparator are A=a1a0 and B=b1b0, where A & B
are signed numbers. The outputs are AB. Write Verilog code for
implementing this design.

18. A combinational circuit is specified by the following three

Boolean functions. Implement the circuit with 3 to 8 decoder and
other necessary gates. Minimize the number of inputs to the gates.
F1(A,B,C) = ∑m(2,4,7) F2(A,B,C) = ∑m(0,3) F3(A,B,C) =
∑m(0,2,3,4,7) Write Verilog code for your design. Use case
statement.
19. What is the importance of generic key word in the VHDL? How
are sequential statements different from concurrent statements in
VHDL?

20. Write the hierarchical code for 4-to-16 binary decoder using
FOR GENERATE and IF GENERATE statements.

Solutions
To implement the Boolean function f(a,b,c,d,e)=bd′
+cd+a′cf(a, b, c, d, e) = bd' + cd + a'c using
Shannon's expansion and an 8:1 multiplexer, we
need to follow the steps below.
1. Shannon’s Expansion
Shannon’s Expansion allows us to express a
Boolean function in terms of a selected variable.
We can apply Shannon's expansion to the function
with a,b,ca, b, c as the select lines of the
multiplexer.
We want to implement the function using a 3-
variable multiplexer (since a,b,ca, b, c will be
the select lines of the 8:1 multiplexer), so the
expansion will be based on the values of the
selected variable aa.
Shannon’s Expansion for the function
f(a,b,c,d,e)f(a, b, c, d, e) with aa as the selected
variable is:
f(a,b,c,d,e)=a′⋅f(0,b,c,d,e)+a⋅f(1,b,c,d,e)f(a, b, c, d,
e) = a' \cdot f(0, b, c, d, e) + a \cdot f(1, b, c, d, e)
This means we need to compute two functions:
 f(0,b,c,d,e)f(0, b, c, d, e) when a=0a = 0
 f(1,b,c,d,e)f(1, b, c, d, e) when a=1a = 1
 Let’s now break down the function f(a,b,c,d,e)f(a,
b, c, d, e).
2. Simplifying the Given Function
The original function is:
f(a,b,c,d,e)=bd′+cd+a′cf(a, b, c, d, e) = bd' + cd +
a'c
We need to compute f(0,b,c,d,e)f(0, b, c, d, e) and
f(1,b,c,d,e)f(1, b, c, d, e).
For a=0a = 0 (i.e., when a′=1a' = 1):
The function simplifies to:
f(0,b,c,d,e)=bd′+cdf(0, b, c, d, e) = bd' + cd
For a=1a = 1 (i.e., when a′=0a' = 0):
The function simplifies to:
f(1,b,c,d,e)=cf(1, b, c, d, e) = c
3. Implementation Using 8:1 Multiplexer
We now have two expressions based on the value
of aa:
 When a=0a = 0, the function is f(0,b,c,d,e)=bd′
+cdf(0, b, c, d, e) = bd' + cd.
 When a=1a = 1, the function is f(1,b,c,d,e)=cf(1, b,
c, d, e) = c.
The function is now ready to be implemented using
an 8:1 multiplexer.
Inputs to the 8:1 Multiplexer:
 The select lines of the 8:1 multiplexer will be
a,b,ca, b, c.
 We will need to evaluate the function for all
combinations of bb and cc when a=0a = 0 and
when a=1a = 1.
So, for the multiplexer:
 When a=0a = 0, we have:
o f(0,b,c,d,e)=bd′+cdf(0, b, c, d, e) = bd' + cd.
  When a=1a = 1, we have:
o f(1,b,c,d,e)=cf(1, b, c, d, e) = c.

For each combination of bb and cc, we will get one

of the possible inputs to the multiplexer.
4. Truth Table for the Multiplexer Inputs:
Let’s create the truth table for the inputs to the 8:1
multiplexer. The select lines are a,b,ca, b, c, so the
possible combinations are:

Verilog Code for 8:1 MUX Implementation

module f_mux (
input a, b, c, d, e, // Inputs a, b, c, d, e
output f // Output of the function
);
wire [7:0] mux_input; // 8 inputs for the 8:1
MUX

// Function for a = 0
assign mux_input[0] = 0; // (a=0, b=0, c=0)
assign mux_input[1] = d; // (a=0, b=0, c=1)
assign mux_input[2] = d'; // (a=0, b=1, c=0)
assign mux_input[3] = d' + d; // (a=0, b=1, c=1)
// Function for a = 1
 assign mux_input[4] = 0; // (a=1, b=0, c=0)
assign mux_input[5] = 1; // (a=1, b=0, c=1)
assign mux_input[6] = 0; // (a=1, b=1, c=0)
assign mux_input[7] = 1; // (a=1, b=1, c=1)

// 8:1 MUX selecting the value based on a, b, c

assign f = mux_input[{a, b, c}];

endmodule
6. Explanation of the Verilog Code:
 Inputs: The module accepts 5 inputs: a,b,c,d,ea, b,
c, d, e.
 Multiplexer Inputs: The 8 inputs for the
multiplexer are defined in the array mux_input[7:0]
based on the truth table we derived.
o For a=0a = 0, we use the expression bd′

+cdbd' + cd to calculate the inputs for bb and

cc.
o For a=1a = 1, the function simplifies to cc, so

the inputs for bb and cc are directly given.

 Output: The output ff is selected based on the
values of a,b,ca, b, c by accessing the
corresponding element from mux_input.
Conclusion:
We have implemented the Boolean function
f(a,b,c,d,e)=bd′+cd+a′cf(a, b, c, d, e) = bd' + cd +
a'c using Shannon's expansion and an 8:1
multiplexer. The Verilog code uses an 8:1
multiplexer with inputs defined based on the truth
table and the simplifications for a=0a = 0 and
a=1a = 1.
 Answer 2:
You use 3 two input XOR gates. Let the inputs be
A,B,C, and D.
Input A and B to the first XOR gate. C and D to the
second XOR gate.
The outputs of both XOR gates go to the third XOR
gate.
Its output is (A XOR B) XOR ( C XOR D)
The output will be high for an odd number of ones.
Here are the details
A XOR B = A’B + AB’ = X
C XOR D = C’D + CD’ = Y
X XOR Y = X’Y + XY’
X’ = AB + A’B’
Y’ = CD + C’D’
IF Z = (A XOR B) XOR (C XOR D)
Z = (X XOR Y) = XY’ + X’Y
Z = (A’B + AB’)(CD + C’D’) +( AB + A’B’)(C’D +
CD’)
Z = A’BCD + AB’CD + A’BC’D’ + AB’C’D’ + ABC’D
+ ABCD’ + A’B’C’D + A’B’CD’
First term is 0111, second term is 1011, third term
is 0100, fourth term is 1000
Fifth term is 1101, sixth term is 1110, seventh term
is 0001 and the eight term is 001

Answer 5:
Implement Sum (S) using 2:1 Multiplexers
To compute A⊕B⊕Cin can break it into two stages
using 2:1 multiplexers.
1. First Multiplexer: Calculate A⊕BA. We use a 2:1
multiplexer to compute A⊕B:
 o Select line = A
o Inputs = B and B’

2. Second Multiplexer: Compute the sum S=(A⊕B)⊕C

o Select line = (A⊕B)

o Inputs = Cin and Cin’

Step 2: Implement Carry-out (Cout) using 2:1

Multiplexers
To compute Cout=(A⋅B)+(Cin⋅(A⊕B)), we use two
2:1 multiplexers.
1. First Multiplexer: Compute A⋅B
o Select line = Cin

o Inputs = A B and 0 (since Cin=0 contributes

nothing to the result).

2. Second Multiplexer: Compute the final carry-out:
o Select line = Cin

o Inputs = A⋅B and A⊕B

Verilog code
module full_adder (
input A, B, Cin,
output Sum, Cout
);
wire AB_xor, A_and_B;

// XOR of A and B
assign AB_xor = (A & ~B) | (~A & B);

// XOR of (A XOR B) with Cin to get Sum

assign Sum = (AB_xor & ~Cin) | (~AB_xor &
Cin);

// AND of A and B
assign A_and_B = A & B;
 // Carry-out calculation
assign Cout = (A_and_B & ~Cin) | (AB_xor &
Cin);
endmodule

Full Adder Implementation Using 2:4 Decoders and

Other Necessary Gates

A 2:4 decoder has two inputs and four outputs.

The four outputs represent all combinations of the
two inputs.
Implementing Sum (S):
For the Sum (S), we know that:
S=A⊕B⊕CinS
This logic can be simplified by using the decoder
outputs and combinational logic.
Implementing Carry-out (Cout):
For the Carry-out (Cout), we have:
Cout=(A⋅B)+(Cin⋅(A⊕B))Cout
This is a simpler form of the carry-out logic, and it
can be implemented using the outputs of the
decoder and OR gates.

Verilog code:
module full_adder (
input A, B, Cin,
output Sum, Cout
);
wire [3:0] decoder_out; // Output of the 2:4
decoder
 // 2:4 decoder to decode A and B
decoder2to4 decoder_inst (
.A(A),
.B(B),
.out(decoder_out)
);

// Sum is the XOR of A, B, and Cin

assign Sum = (decoder_out[0] & ~Cin) |
(decoder_out[1] & Cin) |
(decoder_out[2] & Cin) | (decoder_out[3]
& ~Cin);

// Carry-out is the OR of A AND B and Cin AND (A

XOR B)
assign Cout = (decoder_out[3] & Cin) |
(decoder_out[0] & A & B);
endmodule

module decoder2to4 (
input A, B,
output reg [3:0] out
);
always @(A or B) begin
case({A, B})
2'b00: out = 4'b0001;
2'b01: out = 4'b0010;
2'b10: out = 4'b0100;
2'b11: out = 4'b1000;
default: out = 4'b0000;
endcase
end
 endmodule

Answer 6:
3-State Gate (Tri-State Gate)
A 3-state gate (also known as a tri-state buffer)
is a digital circuit component used in electronics,
particularly in systems where multiple devices are
connected to a shared bus or communication line,
such as in memory systems or data transfer. It has
three distinct output states:
1. Logic 0 (Low)
2. Logic 1 (High)
3. High Impedance (Z), also known as tri-state or
floating
The key feature of a 3-state gate is that it can
disconnect itself from the circuit entirely, allowing
other devices to take control of the line. This
makes it extremely useful in bus systems, where
multiple devices might need to send data over the
same wire, but only one device should be able to
transmit at any given time.
Operation of a 3-State Gate
A 3-state gate (or tri-state buffer) operates like a
regular gate (e.g., an AND gate, OR gate, etc.) in
two states:
1. Active State (either logic 0 or 1):
o When the 3-state gate is enabled, it behaves

like a standard logic gate (such as a buffer,

AND, OR, etc.) and drives the output to either
a logic high (1) or a logic low (0).
2. High Impedance State (Z):
 o When the gate is disabled, it enters a high-
impedance state, effectively "disconnecting"
from the output. In this state, the output is
neither high nor low and essentially "floats." It
is as if the output line is not driven by any
gate. This is crucial in bus systems, where
multiple devices are connected to the same
line. Only the device that is currently active
(enabled) will drive the bus, while others will
leave it undriven (floating).
Why Use a 3-State Gate?
1. Bus Systems:
o In many digital systems, multiple devices may

need to share a single communication line or

bus. For example, in a system with several
microcontrollers or memory chips, all devices
might be able to send or receive data, but only
one device can be active at a time to avoid
signal conflicts.
o A 3-state gate allows devices to connect and

disconnect from the bus, depending on

whether they are currently transmitting data.
2. Avoiding Conflicts:
o Without 3-state gates, if multiple devices try to

drive the same line (one driving high, another

driving low), it would create a conflict that
could damage the circuitry or cause incorrect
data transmission. The 3-state gate prevents
this by allowing devices to "release" the bus
when they are not transmitting data, so other
devices can take control.
3. Efficient Use of Lines:
 Instead of using a separate line for each
o

device (which would increase complexity and

the number of wires), a single line can be
shared by multiple devices. Each device can
be enabled or disabled as needed to
communicate on the bus.
Example of a 3-State Gate
Consider a tri-state buffer used to control the
output of a signal:
 When the enable signal (often denoted as E) is
high, the buffer passes the input signal to the
output.
 When E is low, the output enters the high-
impedance state (Z), meaning it effectively
disconnects from the bus or line.
The operation of a tri-state buffer can be described
by the following truth table:
Enable Input Output
(E) (A) (Y)
0 X Z
1 0 0
1 1 1
Where:
 E = 0: The output is in a high-impedance state (Z),

effectively disconnected.
 E = 1: The output follows the input (either 0 or 1).

Practical Applications of 3-State Gates

1. Multiplexers: A 3-state gate can be used in
multiplexer circuits, where different inputs are
chosen to drive a shared output line.
2. Memory Buffers: In memory systems, a 3-state
gate is used to allow data to be written to or read
from memory chips without interfering with other
devices connected to the same data bus.
3. Microprocessor Buses: Microprocessors often
use tri-state buffers to communicate with
peripherals, allowing multiple devices to share a
data bus.
Summary
 A 3-state gate allows an output to be in one of

three states: logic 0, logic 1, or high impedance

(Z).
 In the high-impedance state, the gate effectively

disconnects from the output, allowing other

devices to drive the bus or line.
 This functionality is essential for systems that

require multiple devices to share a communication

line, like buses in computers, memory systems, or
microprocessors.

Answer 7:
+-----------------------+
D0 ----> | |
| 2-to-1 MUX 1 |--------> Y0
D1 ----> | |
+-----------------------+
|
D2 ----> | |
| 2-to-1 MUX 2 |--------> Y1
D3 ----> | |
+-----------------------+
|
 .
.
.
.
.
|
+-------------------+
S ------------> | Select Line |
+-------------------+
MUX1: Selects between D0 and D1 based on the
select line S. The output is Y0
MUX2: Selects between D2 and D3 based on the
select line S. The output is Y1.

 When the select line S=0, each multiplexer selects

the first input in its pair (i.e., D0 and D2).
 When the select line S=1, each multiplexer selects
the second input in its pair (i.e., D1 and D3).

Answer 12:
Comparator truth table

Boolean Expression for Outputs:

1. AeqB:
AeqB=(A4⊕B4)⋅(A3⊕B3)⋅(A2⊕B2)⋅(A1⊕B1)⋅(A0⊕B0)
This equation checks if each corresponding bit is
equal between A and B.
2. AgtB:
AgtB=(A4⋅B4‾)+(A4=B4⋅A3⋅B3‾)+
(A4=B4⋅A3=B3⋅A2⋅B2‾)+
(A4=B4⋅A3=B3⋅A2=B2⋅A1⋅B1‾)+
(A4=B4⋅A3=B3⋅A2=B2⋅A1=B1⋅A0⋅B0‾)
3. AltB:
AltB=AgtB‾⋅AeqB‾
This expression for AltB is the negation of AgtB and
AeqB.

Answer 13:
We are required to implement the 3-to-8 decoder
using two 2-to-4 decoders and other necessary
gates. To achieve this, we can use a hierarchical
structure:
1. Use the 2-to-4 decoders to handle smaller chunks
of the logic (using only 2 input bits at a time).
2. We can use the 3rd input bit as a control signal for
the two 2-to-4 decoders.
3-to-8 Decoder Using Two 2-to-4 Decoders
A 2-to-4 decoder takes 2 inputs and produces 4
outputs. The basic idea is to use the 3rd input bit
as a selector between two 2-to-4 decoders, each
handling the other two input bits.

Here's how we can achieve this:

 The first 2-to-4 decoder will handle the case when
A2=0.
 The second 2-to-4 decoder will handle the case
when A2=1

Implementation Using Two 2-to-4 Decoders:

To implement a 3-to-8 decoder using 2-to-4
decoders, we will use the following approach:
1. The 3rd input bit A2 is used to select between the
two 2-to-4 decoders.
2. Each 2-to-4 decoder will handle the A1 and A0
inputs.
 When A2=0, the first 2-to-4 decoder will

generate the outputs Y0 to Y3.

 When A2=1, the second 2-to-4 decoder will

generate the outputs Y4 to Y7.

Answer 15:
 First, let's use a 2-to-4 line decoder to decode
the inputs a and b. The outputs of the decoder
will be D0, D1, D2, and D3, where D0 = a′b′,
D1 = a′b, D2 = ab′, and D3 = ab.

 Implement F1(a,b) = ∑m(1,3) using the

decoder outputs. This means F1 = D1 + D3.
 Explanation:
F1 is the sum of minterms 1 and 3, which
corresponds to the outputs D1 and D3 of the
decoder.

 Implement F2(a,b) = ∑m(0,2,3) using the

decoder outputs. This means F2 = D0 + D2 +
D3.
Explanation:
F2 is the sum of minterms 0, 2, and 3, which
corresponds to the outputs D0, D2, and D3 of
the decoder.

 Implement F3(a,b) = ∑m(1,2,3) using the

decoder outputs. This means F3 = D1 + D2 +
D3.
Explanation:
F3 is the sum of minterms 1, 2, and 3, which
corresponds to the outputs D1, D2, and D3 of
the decoder.
Now, connect the outputs of the decoder to
two 4:1 multiplexers and use OR gates and an
inverter to combine F1, F2, and F3 into a
single output Y. The Verilog code for this
design is provided below.
Explanation:
The multiplexers will select the appropriate
outputs from the decoder based on the inputs
a and b, and the OR gates will combine these
outputs to produce the final output Y.

Verilog code
 module combinational_circuit(
input a,
input b,
output [1:0] Y
);

wire D0, D1, D2, D3;

wire F1, F2, F3;

// Decoder implementation
assign D0 = ~a & ~b;
assign D1 = ~a & b;
assign D2 = a & ~b;
assign D3 = a & b;

// F1, F2, F3 implementation

assign F1 = D1 | D3;
assign F2 = D0 | D2 | D3;
assign F3 = D1 | D2 | D3;

// Output Y
assign Y[0] = F1;
assign Y[1] = F2 | F3;

endmodule

Answer 16:
An 8-to-3 priority encoder is a combinational
circuit that has 8 input lines and 3 output lines. The
outputs represent the binary encoding of the
highest-priority input (i.e., the input with the least
 subscript number) that is high. Additionally, we are
required to include an output Z that will indicate
whether any input is high.
Truth table:

Explanation of Outputs:
 Y2, Y1, Y0: These are the 3 output bits
representing the binary encoding of the highest-
priority input that is set to 1.
 Z: This output is high (1) if at least one input is
high, otherwise, it is low (0).
Verilog Code Using For Loop:
We can write the behavioral Verilog code for an
8-to-3 priority encoder using a for loop. The for
loop will iterate over the inputs in a decreasing
priority order (from I7 to I0) and set the
corresponding output values based on the highest
priority input that is active.

Verilog code
 module priority_encoder (
input [7:0] I, // 8-bit input
output reg [2:0] Y, // 3-bit output (Y2, Y1, Y0)
output reg Z // Output Z to indicate if any input
is high
);

always @ (I) begin

Z = 0; // Default Z = 0 (indicating no input is
high)

// Check each input from I7 to I0 (highest

priority first)
for (int i = 7; i >= 0; i = i - 1) begin
if (I[i]) begin
Y = i; // Assign the binary encoding of
the input
Z = 1; // Set Z to 1 (at least one input is
high)
break; // Exit the loop once the highest
priority input is found
end
end
end

endmodule

Behavior of code:
 The always block triggers whenever the input I
changes.
 The for loop starts from the highest priority input
(I7) and checks each input down to I0.
 As soon as a high input is found, the corresponding
binary encoding (the value of i) is assigned to Y,
and Z is set to 1.
 The break statement ensures that the loop stops
after finding the first high input, as that
corresponds to the highest priority.
Z output: The Z output is set to 1 as soon as any
input is found to be high. If none of the inputs are
high, Z remains 0.

Example Simulation:
For the input I = 8'b01000000
The highest priority active input is I6, so the output
will be Y = 3'b110 (binary for 6) and Z = 1.
For the input I=8′b00000000
 No inputs are active, so the output will be Y =
3'b000 (default value) and Z = 0.

Answer 17:

We can design a 2-bit comparator circuit that

compares two 2-bit signed numbers A=a1a0 and
B=b1b0 by using an adder/subtractor.
For the comparator, we need to output:
 AB (where A is greater than B → output 1, else 0)
 BA (where B is greater than A → output 1, else 0)
 EQ (if A is equal to B → output 1, else 0)

The 2-bit signed numbers A and B are compared by

subtracting them (i.e., A−B).
  If the result is positive, then A is greater than
B, if it’s negative, then B is greater than A, and
if the result is zero, then both numbers are
equal.
Steps:
1. Use an adder/subtractor to compute A−B
2. Check the sign bit (the most significant bit of the
result of the subtraction):
 If the result's MSB is 0, then A is greater than
B (AB = 1).
 If the result's MSB is 1, then B is greater than
A (BA = 1).
 If the result is 0, then A is equal to B (EQ = 1).
Truth table:

Verilog code:
module comparator (
input [1:0] A, // 2-bit signed number A (a1 a0)
input [1:0] B, // 2-bit signed number B (b1 b0)
 output reg AB, // A > B (AB = 1)
output reg EQ, // A == B (EQ = 1)
output reg BA // B > A (BA = 1)
);

// Wire to hold the result of A - B

wire [2:0] diff; // 3-bit difference (for signed result)

// Perform the subtraction (A - B) using an adder with

B's bits inverted and a carry-in
assign diff = {1'b0, A} - {1'b0, B}; // Subtract B
from A

always @ (A or B) begin
// Initialize outputs
AB = 0;
EQ = 0;
BA = 0;

// If diff[2] is 0, A is greater than B (AB = 1)

if (diff[2] == 0) begin
AB = 1;
end
// If diff is 0, A and B are equal (EQ = 1)
else if (diff == 3'b000) begin
 EQ = 1;
end
// If diff[2] is 1, B is greater than A (BA = 1)
else begin
BA = 1;
end
end

endmodule
Answer 19:
A 3 to 8 decoder has 3 inputs and 8 outputs, each
output corresponding to one of the minterms (m0
to m7). To implement the function F1(A,B,C) =
∑m(2,4,7), you can use the outputs of the
decoder that correspond to minterms 2, 4, and 7.
Connect the outputs of the decoder for these
minterms to an OR gate.
Explanation:
The 3 to 8 decoder will generate outputs for each
minterm based on the input combination. By
connecting the outputs corresponding to minterms 2, 4,
and 7 to an OR gate, you can implement the function
F1. This is because an OR gate will output a high signal
if any of its inputs are high, which matches the
behavior of the sum of minterms.
  For F2(A,B,C) = ∑m(0,3), connect the outputs of
the decoder corresponding to minterms 0 and 3 to
another OR gate.
Explanation:
Similar to F1, you connect the outputs for
minterms 0 and 3 to an OR gate to implement F2.
The OR gate will output high if either of these
minterms is high.

 For F2(A,B,C) = ∑m(0,3), connect the outputs of

the decoder corresponding to minterms 0 and 3 to
another OR gate.
Explanation:
Similar to F1, you connect the outputs for
minterms 0 and 3 to an OR gate to implement F2.
The OR gate will output high if either of these
minterms is high.

To implement the functions using a 3 to 8 decoder

and minimal gates, connect the decoder outputs
for the specified minterms to OR gates as
described for F1, F2, and F3.

Answer 20:
Design Overview:
 We will break the decoder into smaller blocks using
a hierarchical approach.
 Use the generate block to instantiate 16 output
lines.
 We will use FOR GENERATE to create multiple
blocks of decoding logic and IF GENERATE to
conditionally generate specific outputs for each
input combination.

Verilog code:

module decoder_4_to_16 (
input [3:0] A, // 4-bit input
output reg [15:0] Y // 16-bit output
);

// Generate the decoder logic for all 16 output lines

genvar i; // Declare a generate variable for the loop

generate
// Loop through all 16 outputs
for (i = 0; i < 16; i = i + 1) begin : decoder_logic
// Conditional assignment based on input A
if (i == A) begin
 assign Y[i] = 1; // Set the output to 1 when i
equals A
end
else begin
assign Y[i] = 0; // Set all other outputs to 0
end
end
endgenerate

endmodule

Hierarchy & Generate Block:

1. Generate block (generate and for loop):
o The generate block allows us to instantiate
hardware in a loop, making the code more
modular and reusable.
o The genvar statement defines a variable i,
which is used for generating multiple blocks.
o The for loop iterates through all 16 outputs
(from i = 0 to i = 15), and for each iteration, it
generates a decoder block.
2. Conditional logic inside the loop (if
generate):
o Inside the loop, there is an if generate
statement that checks if the current value of i
matches the input A.
 o If i equals A, then the corresponding output
Y[i] is set to 1, indicating the active output.
o If i does not equal A, the output Y[i] is set to 0.
Behavior:
 The input A is a 4-bit binary number (ranging from
0 to 15).
 The output Y is a 16-bit vector.
 For each combination of A, only one bit in the Y
vector is set to 1, corresponding to the binary
value of A.
 The rest of the bits in Y will be 0.

Conclusion:
This Verilog code for a 4-to-16 decoder uses
hierarchical design with FOR GENERATE and IF
GENERATE statements. It makes the design modular,
where each output is conditionally set based on the
input value. This approach is efficient and scalable for
decoding logic.