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Eng. Mat. PPT 10

Aeronautical Engineering material

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14 views8 pages

Eng. Mat. PPT 10

Aeronautical Engineering material

Uploaded by

fikirfasil33
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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9.3.

Radiography inspection
• is method of inspecting hidden flaws (internal discontinuities) in metallic and nonmetallic materials
using highly penetrating short wavelength (high frequency) electromagnetic radiation.
• Uses a radiation sensitive film (Radiography film) to capture the radiation that penetrates and
passes through the material
• Based on the differential absorption of radiation owing to:
- Different portions of a testpiece absorb different amounts of penetrating radiation due to
the
- Differences in density and variations in thickness of the part
Large differences are more easily detectable than small ones.
• Can detect only those features that have an appreciable thickness in a direction parallel to the
radiation beam.
- The ability of the process to detect planar discontinuities such as cracks may depend on proper
orientation of the testpiece during inspection.
• Includes the following three basic elements
- radiation
x-rays
-rays
- The test piece or object being evaluated
- Sensing material (Film).
• Radiation from the source is absorbed by the testpiece as the radiation passes through it
- The flaw and surrounding material absorb different amounts of radiation.
- The intensity of radiation that impinges on the sensing material in the area beneath the flaw is
different from the amount that impinges on adjacent areas.
- This produces an image, or shadow, of the flaw on the sensing material. This section briefly
reviews the general characteristics and safety principles associated with radiography.
Basic Principles of the test
• The part to be inspected is placed between the radiation source and a piece
of radiation sensitive film.
- The part will stop some of the radiation where thicker and denser areas
will stop more of the radiation
- The radiation that passes through the part will expose the film and
forms a shadowgraph of the part. The film darkness will vary with the amount
of radiation reaching the film through the test object
- the absorption of the penetrating radiation is determined by detecting
the unabsorbed radiation that passes through the testpiece.
- The thickness or the presence of any flaws or discontinuities inside the
material is determined from the darkness of the image
* darker areas indicate more exposure (higher radiation intensity)
* lighter areas indicate less exposure (higher radiation intensity).
This variation in the
Advantages and Disadvantages of Radiography
• Advantages
- Both surface and internal discontinuities can be detected
- Can be used for inspecting hidden areas ( direct access to surface
is not required )
- Very minimal or no part preparation is required.
- Good portability especially for gamma-ray sources.
- All sorts of metallic and non-metallic materials can be
radiographed
• Disadvantages
- Hazardous to operators and other nearby personnel.
- The process is generally slow.
- is expensive, largely due to the use of a silver halide film
9.4 Ultrasonic Method of Inspection
Basic Principles of the Ultrasonic Testing (UT)
• Uses high frequency sound energy between 0.1 and 25 MHz which is out of
range of human hearing to conduct examinations and make measurements.
• Bases on the principle that waves that are sent into the component at normal
incidence to the surface, travel through the material are reflected back with
some loss of energy).
- Discontinuity (such as a crack) present in the wave path reflect back part
of the energy from the flaw surface.
• Can be used for flaw detection/evaluation, dimensional measurements, material
characterization, and more.
The reflected wave signal is transformed into an electrical signal by the
transducer and is displayed on a screen.
• Uses Transducers to generates high frequency ultrasonic energy which is
introduced and propagated through the materials in the form of waves
• Is carried out using two types of testing methods
a) Pulse echo ultrasonic testing (UT)
- Require one sided access to the object being inspected or one
transducer to transmit and receive the ultrasonic pulse.
- A transducer sends out a pulse of energy and the same or a second
transducer listens for reflected energy (an echo)
- The received ultrasonic pulse
- differs by the time it takes the sound to reach the different
surfaces from which it is reflected.
- Reflections shows the presence of discontinuities
- The reflected sound energy is quantified and is displayed versus
time, which provides information about the size and location of discontinuities.
- Can be used to measure thickness of imperfection-free part
using the time elapsed for the back wall echo
Longer time: larger thickness
Shorter time: smaller thickness

b) Through –transmission testing (UT)


- Is a two transducer technique radially oriented to each other in
a pitch-catch arrangement,
- One transducer acts as a transmitter, the other as a receiver.
- The material is placed between a transmitter and receiver and
an ultrasonic signal is passed through the material
- Is useful in detecting discontinuities that are not good
reflectors, and when signal strength is weak.
- Does not provide depth information unlike pulse echo method.
Advantages and limitations of UT
Advantage of Ultrasonic Testing
• Is sensitive to surface and subsurface flaws
• High accuracy in determining reflector position and estimating size
and shape measurement is superior to other methods.
• Minimal part preparation required.
Limitations of Ultrasonic Testing
• The needs for higher skill and training than with some other
methods.
• requires a coupling medium to transfer sound energy into test
specimen.
• rough, irregular shape, very small, very thin materials are difficult to
inspect.
9.5 Visual Inspection
• Is superior over the other method due to its simplicity, easily available, minimal training
equipment requirements, economical and speed
• Is the most widely used of all the nondestructive tests for detecting surface flaws in materials,
dimensional variation including thickness and density.
• Should be the first part of any NDT examination and may often eliminate the need for further
testing and the associated costs.
• May aid in the decision of where to apply other NDT tests. The location and angle of a NDT
may depend on the results of a visual inspection.
• Require surface preparation including, notably cleaning or removing of paint, mill scale, or
grease.
• Is adopted to inspect and analyze
- Corrosion and Chemical damage
- Contamination
- Surface finish
- Fatigue damage
- Surface discontinuities or surface cracks
- Wear
- Erosion
• Visual Inspection Equipment
- Magnifying Glass
- Microscope
Magnifying systems: for evaluating surface finish, surface shapes and
surface microstructures
Requires surface preparation, cleaning, removing paints, scale, grease.
- Borescope
* Is a long, tubular optical device that illuminates and allows the inspection
of surfaces inside narrow tubes or difficult-to-reach chambers.
* Provide a means of checking in-service defects of difficult-to reach
component (pitting, scoring, etc) in a variety of equipment, such as
Turbines
Automotive components
Process piping
hydraulic cylinders, seals, etc
* The tube provides the necessary optical connection between the viewing
end and an objective lens at the distant, or distal, tip of the borescope.
- Telescopes
is used to acquire a larger image of a distant subject or to increase the
amount of light gathered

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