SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Pre-Calculus
Quarter 2 - Module 7
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
& Solving Trigonometric
Equation

i
About the Module
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It was designed to help you
explore and understand the application of inverse trigonometric functions. The scope
of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The
language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are
arranged based on the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELCs) released by
the Department of Education (DepEd) for this school year 2020 – 2021.
This module has three competencies that are compressed and simplified into one
lesson: Lesson 1 –Inverse Trigonometric Functions & Solving Trigonometric
Equations
After going through this module, you are expected to:
• illustrate the domain and range of the inverse trigonometric functions;
• evaluate an inverse trigonometric expression; and
• solve trigonometric equations.

ii
 What I Know (Pre-Test)
Instruction: Choose the letter of the correct answers to the following items. Write them
on a separate sheet of paper.

1. What should be the restricted domain and restricted range of 𝐱 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐲 so that
it will become a function?
𝜋 𝜋
A. Domain: −4 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4 Range: − 5 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 5
𝜋 𝜋
B. Domain: −3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3 Range: − 4 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 4
𝜋 𝜋
C. Domain: −2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2 Range: − 3 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 3
𝜋 𝜋
D. Domain: −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 Range: − ≤ 𝑦 ≤
2 2

2. What should be the restricted domain and restricted range of 𝐱 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐲 so that
it will become a function ?
A. Domain: 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 Range: 0≤𝑦≤𝜋
B. Domain: −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 Range: 0≤𝑦≤𝜋
C. Domain: −2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2 Range: −𝜋 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 0
D. Domain: −3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3 Range: 0≤𝑦≤𝜋

3. What should be the restricted domain and restricted range of 𝐱 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐲 so that
it will become a function ?
𝜋 𝜋
A. Domain: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ Range: − 2 < 𝑦 < 2
𝜋 𝜋
B. Domain: 𝑥 ∈ ℕ Range: − 2 < 𝑦 < 2
𝜋 𝜋
C. Domain: 𝑥 ∈ ℚ Range: − 2 < 𝑦 < 2
𝜋 𝜋
D. Domain: 𝑥 ∈ ℤ Range: − < 𝑦 <
2 2

4. What is the domain of 𝑦 = 2 arcsec(3𝑥 − 4) + 5?

5 5
A. 𝑥 ≤ −1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≥ 3 C. 𝑥 ≥ 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≤ 3
5 5
B. 𝑥 ≥ −1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≤ D. 𝑥 ≤ 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≥
3 3

5. What is the range of 𝑦 = 2 arcsec(3𝑥 − 4) + 5?

A. 3 ≤ 𝑦 < 𝜋 + 3 𝑜𝑟 3 + 𝜋 ≤ 𝑦 < 2𝜋 + 3
B. 4 ≤ 𝑦 < 𝜋 + 4 𝑜𝑟 4 + 𝜋 ≤ 𝑦 < 2𝜋 + 4
C. 5 ≤ 𝑦 < 𝜋 + 5 𝑜𝑟 5 + 𝜋 ≤ 𝑦 < 2𝜋 + 5
D. 6 ≤ 𝑦 < 𝜋 + 6 𝑜𝑟 6 + 𝜋 ≤ 𝑦 < 2𝜋 + 6

6. What is the inverse of 𝑦 = 2 tan(3𝑥 − 4) + 5?

𝑦+5 𝑦−5
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )−4 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )−4
A. 𝑦 = 3
2
C. 𝑦 = 3
2

𝑦+5 𝑦−5
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )+4 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )+4
B. 𝑦 = 3
2
D. 𝑦 = 3
2

1
7. Which of the following is the graph of 𝑦 = 2 arcsec(3𝑥 − 4) + 5?
A. B.

C. D.

−19𝜋
8. Find the exact value of 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 6
)).
1 1 1 1
A. 𝜋 B. 𝜋 C. 𝜋 D. 𝜋
3 4 5 6

𝟑
9. Evaluate 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐬𝐢𝐧 by estimation.
𝟒
A. 0.58 B. 0.75 C. 0.85 D. 0.95

10. Find the exact solutions of 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝟑𝐱) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝟑𝐱) for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋.
𝜋 5𝜋 9𝜋 13𝜋 17𝜋 21𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋
A. 𝑥= , , , , , C. 𝑥= 𝑜𝑟
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
𝜋 5𝜋 9𝜋 13𝜋 17𝜋 21𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋
B. 𝑥= , , , , , D. 𝑥= 𝑜𝑟
12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

2
 Lesson Inverse Trigonometric Function &
1 Solving Trigonometric Equations

What I Need to Know

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
o illustrate the domain and range of the inverse trigonometric functions;
o evaluate an inverse trigonometric expression; and
o solve trigonometric equations

What’s In
There are problems in Mathematics in which you need to know the value of the angles
given with trigonometric ratios. Since you already have learned on how to make use
of the six (6) trigonometric functions such as sine, cosine, tangent, cosecant, secant,
and cotangent, it will be easier for you to answer problems pertaining to finding the
values of any reference angles. In finding the value of the reference angle of a right
triangle, you are in effect using both trigonometric and inverse trigonometric
concepts.

For example, what is the value of angle 𝜃, given the data found in Figure 1:
You may recall that the solution may look like this:
𝑶𝒑𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽 =
𝑨𝒅𝒋𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆
𝟑
3 units 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽 =
𝟒
𝟑
4 units 𝜽 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( )
𝟒
Figure 1 𝜽 ≈ 𝟑𝟖. 𝟔𝟓𝟎𝟖𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟓° or 𝜽 ≈ 𝟑𝟖. 𝟕°

Based on the solution above, the trigonometric-related concept is utilized when you
use the formula of tangent while the inverse trigonometric related concept is used at
the moment you wanted to determine the value of the angle 𝜽.

Thus, this module will help you understand the concept of inverse trigonometric
concepts in a form of functions.

What’s New

The six (6) inverse trigonometric functions maybe represented in a form of:
(1) 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝐱, (2) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 −𝟏 𝐱, (3) 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝐱, (4) 𝐜𝐬𝐜 −𝟏 𝐱, (5) 𝐬𝐞𝐜 −𝟏 𝐱, and (6) 𝐜𝐨𝐭 −𝟏 𝐱.

However, mathematicians formally refer those functions in a form of (1)

𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐱, (2) 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐱, (3) 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐱, (4) 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝐱, (5) 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝐱, and (6) 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝐱 in order to
minimize the confusion about it from the reciprocal function symbol of superscripted
negative 1.

3
Nevertheless, throughout this module, we interchangeably use 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝐱 and 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐱 to
mean the inverse sine function and the like.

Now, let us do the graphical activity for you to visualize the graphical representation
for 𝐲 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐱 and for 𝐱 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐲 including for cosines and tangents. This activity will
help you transitionally understand the association between trigonometric and
inverse trigonometric concepts.

Expectedly, this activity should be easier to do since you have already learned on
how to sketch the graph of the six trigonometric functions/six circular functions
during the module of 2nd quarter for competency number 7: graph the six circular
functions (a) amplitude, (b) period, and (c) phase shift.

Activity 1. Graphing Activity. Directions: Use the 5-point method to graph 𝐲 =

𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐱 and 𝐲 = 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐱; 𝐲 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐱 and 𝐲 = 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐱; 𝐲 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐱 and 𝐲 = 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐱.
Specify the 5 most important values of x-ordinates and y-ordinates on the table. For
tangent-related graph, specify the vertical asymptotes. Then, do the graphing using
graphing paper.
Question 1. Graphing activity for 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙.
x
y

Question 2. Graphing activity for 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒚.

(Hint: To graph 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒚, use the x-ordinates of 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 as the y-ordinates for
𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒚 and use the y-ordinates of 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 as the x-ordinates for 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒚)
x
y

Question 3. Graphing activity for 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙.

x
y

Question 4. Graphing activity for 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒚

(Hint: To graph 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒚, use the x-ordinates of 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 as the y-ordinates for
𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒚 and use the y-ordinates of 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 as the x-ordinates for 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒚)
x
y

Question 5. Graphing activity for 𝒚 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙.

x
y

Question 6.Graphing activity for 𝒙 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒚.

(Hint: To graph 𝒙 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒚, use the x-ordinates of 𝒚 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 as the y-ordinates for
𝒙 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒚 and use the y-ordinates of 𝒚 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 as the x-ordinates for 𝒙 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒚)
x
y
NOTE:
For modular class: Insert your output in your portfolio and submit on the scheduled date of collection.
For online class: Take a picture of your output and send it to our Google Classroom or messenger for
checking.
Note: Graphing tutorial video for sine Note: Graphing tutorial video for cosine Note: Graphing tutorial video for tan
function https://bit.ly/2IAb0EO function https://bit.ly/36GnUZN function https://bit.ly/3kCzfz0

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 What Is It
This section has three parts or three targeted competencies, namely, to illustrate the
domain and range of the inverse trigonometric functions, to evaluate an inverse
trigonometric expression, and to solve trigonometric equations.
Part 1: illustrate the domain and range of the inverse trigonometric functions.

There are fundamental ideas in which you need to fully understand so that you will
know how to illustrate the domain and range of the inverse trigonometric functions.

First, the trigonometric functions are periodic over their entire domains which
implies that there are elements in the domain of the trigonometric functions that
cannot have corresponding trigonometric inverses. Thus, inverse trigonometric
functions become possible if and only if provided with domain or range restrictions.

Second, you need to familiarize the specific restrictions of the domain and range for
all the six inverse trigonometric functions as defined below:

Function Definition Range

𝜋 𝜋
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦, −1≤𝑥 ≤1 − ≤𝑦≤
2 2
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦, −1≤𝑥 ≤1 0≤𝑦≤𝜋
𝜋 𝜋
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦, x∈ ℝ − <𝑦<
2 2
𝜋 𝜋
𝑥 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑦, (−∞, −1] ∪ [1, ∞) [− 2 , 0) ∪ (0, 2 ]
Option 1:

𝑦 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥
or {𝑥: |𝑥| ≥ 1} (−𝜋,
Option 2:
−𝜋
] ∪ (0, 2 ]
𝜋
2
𝜋 𝜋
𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑦, (−∞, −1] ∪ [1, ∞) [0, 2 ) ∪ ( 2 , 𝜋]
Option 1:

𝑦 = 𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥
or {𝑥: |𝑥| ≥ 1} 𝜋
[0, 2 ) ∪ (𝜋,
Option 2:
3𝜋
]
2

𝑦 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑦, x∈ ℝ 0<𝑦<𝜋

Cited from Leithold, 2002 and from Haese, 2012.

Third, you need to understand that the inverse of:

1. 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 is 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒚, but 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒚 is not a function. The true inverse is 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥.
2. 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 is 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒚, but 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒚 is not a function. The true inverse is 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥.
3. 𝒚 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 is 𝒙 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒚, but 𝒙 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒚 is not a function. The true inverse is 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥.
4. 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒙 is 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒚, but 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒚 is not a function. The true inverse is 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 −1 𝑥.
5. 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 is 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒚, but 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒚 is not a function. The true inverse is 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥.
6. 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙 is 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒚, but 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒚 is not a function. The true inverse is 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥.
Yes, you got it right! The inverse of a simple trigonometric equation is attained by
interchanging x and y. But you need to be reminded that the inverse of each
trigonometric equation needs a domain restriction for each to become a function.

Fourth, you need to visualize the graph of the equations of:

a) 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 versus 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒚 d) 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒙 versus 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒚
b) 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 versus 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒚 e) 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 versus 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒚
c) 𝒚 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 versus 𝒙 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒚 f). 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙 versus 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒚

5
1. What is the appearance of 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 ? 2. What is the appearance of 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒚 ?

𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 is a function 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒚 is NOT a function

3. What is the appearance of 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 ? 4. What is the appearance of 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒚 ?

𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 is a function 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒚 is NOT a function

5. What is the appearance of 𝒚 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 ? What is the appearance of 𝒙 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒚 ?

𝒚 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 is a function 𝒙 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒚 is NOT a function

6
7. What is the appearance of 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒙 ? 8. What is the appearance of 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒚 ?

𝒚 = 𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒙 is a function 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒚 is NOT a function

9. What is the appearance of 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 ? 10. What is the appearance of 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒚 ?

𝒚 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 is a function 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒚 is NOT a function

11. What is the appearance of 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙 ? 12. What is the appearance of 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒚 ?

𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙 is a function 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒚 is NOT a function

7
Fifth, you need to visualize the graph of the inverse trigonometric equation when
the domain restrictions are executed.

1. What is the appearance of 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒚 if with domain restriction of −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1?

You may recall that 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒚 is not a
function and for it to become a
function, a domain restriction of
−1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 is needed. If such
𝑦=
𝜋 restriction is executed, then, it
2
becomes a function. This function is
called 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙.
𝜋
𝑦=−
2
Remember, that the corresponding
range of arcsin function is:
𝝅 𝝅
− ≤ 𝒚 ≤ or approximately
𝟐 𝟐
−𝟏. 𝟓𝟕 … ≤ 𝒚 ≤ 𝟏. 𝟓𝟕 ….

𝒚 = 𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 is a function
2. What is the appearance of 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒚 if with domain restriction of −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1?
You may recall that 𝒙=𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒚 is not a
function and for it to become a
function, a domain restriction of
𝑦=𝜋
−1≤𝑥≤1 is needed. If such
restriction is executed, then, it
𝑦=0 becomes a function. This function
is called 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙.

Remember, that the corresponding

range of arccos function is:
𝟎 ≤ 𝒚 ≤ 𝝅 or approximately
𝟎 ≤ 𝒚 ≤ 𝟑. 𝟏𝟒𝟏𝟓 ….
𝒚 = 𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 is a function
3. What is the appearance of 𝒙 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒚 if with range restriction of
𝜋 𝜋
− 2 < 𝑦 < 2? You may recall that 𝒙 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒚 is not a
function and for it to become a
𝜋
function, a range restriction of − 2 <
𝜋
𝑦< 2
is needed. If such restriction is
executed, then, it becomes a
𝑦=
𝜋 function. This function is called
2
𝒚 = 𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙.
𝜋 𝜋
𝑦=−
𝜋 The range − 2 < 𝑦 < 2
can also be
2
approximated as −𝟏. 𝟓𝟕𝟎𝟕 … ≤ 𝒚 ≤
𝟏. 𝟓𝟕𝟎𝟕 … for your convenience.
Note: The reason why the range is used for
restriction is because the domain of arctangent
function covers all the set of Real numbers
represented by ℝ, such cannot be graphically
𝒚 = 𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 is a function accommodated.
8
4. What is the appearance of 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒚 if with domain restriction of {𝑥: |𝑥| ≥ 1}?
There are two possible range appearances of this equation when the domain is
restricted.
The first appearance is:
You may recall that 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒚 is not a
function and for it to become a function,
a domain restriction of {𝑥: |𝑥| ≥ 1} is
needed. If such restriction is executed,
𝜋 then, it becomes a function. This
𝑦=
2 function is called 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒙.

𝜋 The restricted domain {𝑥: |𝑥| ≥ 1} may

𝑦=−
2 also mean if 𝑥 ≥ 1 or if 𝑥 ≤ −1 and in this
case the corresponding range used is
𝜋 𝜋
[− 2 , 0) ∪ (0, 2 ]. Such range can also be
𝜋 𝜋
written in this form: − 2 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2 , where
𝑦 ≠ 0. Option 1 is the very well-known
𝒚 = 𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒙 is a function for range used by most mathematicians.
𝜋 𝜋
range of [− , 0) ∪ (0, ]
2 2

The second appearance is:

However, there are few mathematicians
−𝜋
who would prefer to use the (−𝜋, ] ∪
2
𝜋
(0, 2 ] as the possible range for 𝒚 =
𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒙 at the moment when 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒚
is restricted to 𝑥 ≤ −1.

𝒚 = 𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒙 is a function for

−𝜋 𝜋
range of (−𝜋, ] ∪ (0, 2 ]
2
The explanation for this ambiguity is
that the range has two segments at the
instance when the domain is restricted
to 𝑥 ≤ −1, for which, only one shall be
used and not both. The possible range
segments are shown in Figure 2.
red The first range segment is shaded with
red while the second range segment is
green
shaded with green.

Between red and green, the

mathematicians can choose only one of
Figure 2 those range restrictions to make the
Range ambiguity of 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒙 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒚 an inverse function.
9
5. What is the appearance of 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒚 if with domain restriction of {𝑥: |𝑥| ≥ 1}?
There are also two possible range appearances of this equation when the domain is
restricted.
The first appearance is:
You may recall that 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒚 is not a
function and for it to become a function,
a domain restriction of {𝑥: |𝑥| ≥ 1} is
𝑦=𝜋
needed. If such restriction is
𝜋
𝑦=
2
executed, then, it becomes a
function. This function is called 𝒚 =
𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙.

The restricted domain {𝑥: |𝑥| ≥ 1} may

also mean if 𝑥 ≥ 1 or if 𝑥 ≤ −1 and in this
case the corresponding range used is
𝜋 𝜋
[0, 2 ) ∪ ( 2 , 𝜋]. Such range can also be
written in this form: 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝜋, where 𝑦 ≠
𝒚 = 𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 is a function for 𝜋
𝜋 𝜋 2
. Option 1 is the very well-known range
range of [0, 2 ) ∪ ( 2 , 𝜋].
used by most mathematicians.
The second appearance is:
However, there are few mathematicians
𝜋
who would prefer to use the [0, ) ∪
2
3𝜋
(𝜋, ] as the possible range for 𝒚 =
2
𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒙 at the moment when 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒚
is restricted to 𝑥 ≤ −1.

The explanation for this ambiguity is

𝒚 = 𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 is a function for similar with the previous explanation that
𝜋
range of [0, ) ∪ (𝜋,
3𝜋
]. the range has two segments at the
2 2
instance when the domain is restricted to
𝑥 ≤ −1, for which, only one shall be used
and not both. The possible range
green
segments are shown in Figure 3.

red The first range segment is shaded with red

while the second range segment is shaded
with green.

Between red and green, the

mathematicians can choose only one of
those range restrictions to make the 𝒙 =
𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒚 as an inverse function.
Figure 3 Note: Domain and range for inverse trigonometric
Range ambiguity of 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒓𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 function tutorial video: https://bit.ly/3kF63Hv

10
Furthermore, the authors of this module highly recommend the students to make
𝜋 𝜋
use of the range − ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2 , where 𝑦 ≠ 0 for 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒙 and the range of 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝜋,
2
𝜋
where 𝑦 ≠ for 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙. In other words, in this module, we prioritize to accept
2
option 1 of the range for arccosecant and arcsecant functions and not the option 2.

6. What is the appearance of 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒚 if with range restriction of 0 < 𝑦 < 𝜋 ?

You may recall that 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒚 is not
a function and for it to become a
𝑦 = 𝜋 function, a range restriction of 0 <
𝑦 < 𝜋 is needed.

If such restriction is executed,

then, it becomes a function. This
function is called 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙.
𝑦=0

𝒚 = 𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙 is a function for range of

0 < 𝑦 < 𝜋.
Sixth, you should be able to algebraically manipulate for the inverse of any
trigonometric functions and vice versa. Consider the two examples below:

1. Determine the inverse function of 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏) + 𝟓.

Solution: Explanation:
𝑦 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛(3𝑥 − 1) + 5 • Subtract 5 from both sides of the equation, result: 𝑦 − 5 =
𝑦 − 5 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛(3𝑥 − 1) 2 sin(3𝑥 − 1)
𝑦−5 2 sin(3𝑥−1) 𝑦−5 2 sin(3𝑥−1)
= • Divide both sides of the equation by 2, result:
2
= 2
2 2
𝑦−5 𝑦−5
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛(3𝑥 − 1) • Cancel 2 at the right side of the equation, result:
2
= sin(3𝑥 − 1)
2
𝑦−5 𝑦−5
3𝑥 − 1 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛( ) • Interchange (3x-1) with ( ), then
2 2
𝑦−5
3𝑥 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 (
𝑦−5
)+ 1 replace sine by arcsine, result: 3𝑥 − 1 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛( )
2
2
❖ Solve for x. To solve for x, do the following:
𝑦−5
3𝑥 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )+1 𝑦−5
2 • Add 1 to both sides of the equation, result: 3𝑥 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )+ 1
= 2
3 3
𝑦−5
𝑦−5 3𝑥 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛( )+1
2
𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 ) + 1 • Divide both sides of the equation by 3, result: =
3 3
𝑥= 𝑦−5
3 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛(
2
)+1
• Cancel 3 at the left side of the equation, result: 𝑥 =
𝑥−5 3
𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 ) + 1 𝑥−5
𝑦= 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛(
2
)+1
3 • Replace x by y, and replace y by x, result: 𝑦= 3

11
 𝟐
2. Determine the inverse function of 𝒚 = 𝟑 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓) − 𝟒.
Solution: Explanation
2
𝑦 = arctan(2𝑥 + 5) − 4 • Change arctan by tan−1 , result: 𝑦 = 2 tan−1 (2𝑥 + 5) − 4
3 3
2 2
𝑦 = tan −1 (2𝑥
+ 5) − 4 • Add 4 to both sides of the equation, result: 𝑦 + 4 = tan−1 (2𝑥 + 5)
3 3
2 −1 (2𝑥
• Multiply both sides of the equation by 3, result:
𝑦 + 4 = tan + 5) 2
3
3(𝑦 + 4) = (3) tan−1 (2𝑥 + 5)
2 3
3(𝑦 + 4) = (3) tan−1 (2𝑥 + 5) • Distribute 3(𝑦 + 4) at the left, cancel 3 at the right side of the
3
equation, result: 3𝑦 + 12 = 2tan−1 (2𝑥 + 5)
3𝑦 + 12 = 2tan−1 (2𝑥 + 5) 3𝑦+12 2tan−1 (2𝑥+5)
• Divide both sides of the equation by 2, result: =
3𝑦+12 2tan−1 (2𝑥+5) 2 2
2
= 2 • Cancel 2 at the right side of the equation, result:
3𝑦+12 3𝑦+12
= tan−1 (2𝑥 + 5) = tan−1 (2𝑥 + 5)
2 2
3𝑦+12
3𝑦 + 12 • Interchange ( ) with (2𝑥 + 5), then
2𝑥 + 5 = tan ( ) 2
2 3𝑦+12
replace 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 by tan, result: 2𝑥 + 5 = tan ( )
3𝑦 + 12 2
2𝑥 = tan ( )−5
2
❖ Solve for x. To solve for x, do the following:
3𝑦 + 12 3𝑦+12
2𝑥 tan ( 2 ) − 5 • Subtract 5 to both sides of the equation, result: 2𝑥 = tan ( )−
= 2
2 2
5
3𝑦 + 12
tan ( )−5 3𝑦+12
𝑥= 2 2𝑥 tan( )−5
2
2 • Divide both sides of the equation by 2, result: =
2 2
3𝑥 + 12
tan ( )−5 3𝑦+12
𝑦= 2 tan(
2
)−5
2 • Cancel 2 at the left side of the equation, result: 𝑥 = 2
3𝑥+12
tan( )−5
2
• Replace x by y, and replace y by x, result: 𝑦 =
2

Seventh, you should be able to determine the domain and range both for
trigonometric functions and for inverse trigonometric functions. The authors of this
module assumed that you have already learned from your past module on how to
determine the domain and range for the trigonometric functions. Hence, the
emphasis now is to teach you how to determine the domain and range for the inverse
trigonometric function only. Consider the two examples below:
𝒙−𝟓
𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒔𝒊𝒏( )+𝟏
1. Find the domain and the range of 𝒚 =
𝟐
.
𝟑
Solution:
𝑥−5
𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛( )+1
2
𝑦=
3
𝑥−5 • Multiply 3, both sides of the equation, result: 3𝑦 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥−5
2
)+1
3𝑦 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )+ 1
2
• Subtract 1 from both sides of the equation, result:
𝑥−5 𝑥−5
3𝑦 − 1 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) 3𝑦 − 1 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
2 2

12
To determine the domain, use the restricted domain for arcsin, namely, −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1
as your guide, then solve the inequalities:
𝒙−𝟓
−1 ≤ ≤1 • Set-up the required inequalities for domain using 3𝑦 − 1 =
𝟐 𝑥−5 𝒙−𝟓
𝑥−5
arcsin ( ) and −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 as your guide, result: −1 ≤ ≤ 1.
2 𝟐
2(−1) ≤ (2) ( 2
) ≤ 1(2) • Multiply the left middle and right sides of the inequalities by 2, result:
𝑥−5
−2 ≤ 𝑥 − 5 ≤ 2 2(−1) ≤ (2) ( ) ≤ 1(2).
2
𝑥−5
−2 + 5 ≤ 𝑥 − 5 + 5 ≤ 2 + 5 • Simplify 2(−1) ≤ (2) ( ) ≤ 1(2), result: −2 ≤ 𝑥 − 5 ≤ 2
2

3≤𝑥≤7 • Add 5 to all sides of the inequalities and simplify, result: 3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 7

𝜋 𝜋
To determine the range, use the restricted range for arcsin, namely, − 2 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2
as
your guide, then solve the inequalities:
𝜋 𝜋
− ≤ 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟏 ≤
2 2
• Set-up the required inequalities for range using 3𝑦 − 1 =
𝜋 𝜋
−2 + 1 ≤ 3𝑦 − 1 + 1 ≤ + 1 2 arcsin (
𝑥−5 𝜋
) and − ≤ 𝑦 ≤
𝜋
as your guide, result: −
𝜋
≤ 3𝑦 − 1 ≤
𝜋
2 2 2 2 2
−𝜋 𝜋 • Add 1 to all sides of the inequalities and simplify, result:
+ 1 ≤ 3𝑦 ≤ + 1
2 2 −𝜋 𝜋
+ 1 ≤ 3𝑦 ≤ + 1
−𝜋 + 2 𝜋+2 2 2
≤ 3𝑦 ≤ • Change the mixed fractions into improper fractions, result:
2 2
−𝜋 + 2 𝜋+2
−𝜋 + 2 3𝑦 𝜋 + 2 ≤ 3𝑦 ≤
≤ ≤ 2 2
2 (3) 3 2(3) • Divide all sides of the inequalities by 3 and simplify, result:
−𝜋 + 2 𝜋+2
−𝜋 + 2 𝜋+2 ≤𝑦≤
≤𝑦≤ 6 6
6 6
Eight, you should be able to graph any types of inverse trigonometric functions.
Consider the two examples below:

𝒙−𝟓
𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒔𝒊𝒏( )+𝟏
𝟐
1. Sketch the graph of 𝒚 = .
𝟑
Step 1: Determine the domain and range.
Domain: 3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 7
−𝜋+2 𝜋+2
Range: 6
≤𝑦≤ 6
or

Step 2: Create a table for x and y ordinates (use estimated values for plotting
approximation).
• Substitute the x-values to the equation 𝒚 =
x 3 4 5 6 7 𝒙−𝟓
𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒔𝒊𝒏( )+𝟏
y 0.19 0.15 0.33 0.50 0.86 𝟑
𝟐
to estimate the value of y-ordinates.

Step 3: Sketch the graph.

13
Congratulations! You are now ready to illustrate the domain and range of any of the
six inverse trigonometric functions either by algebraic method or by graphical
method. For the actualization of such competency, please refer to: “What’s More”.
Hence, you are now ready for the second targeted competency.

Part 2: Evaluate an inverse trigonometric expression.

Now, let us proceed to the next expected competency known as evaluation of an

inverse trigonometric expression. For you to be able to perform such competency,
you need to understand first on how to find the exact value of the angle given either
by trigonometric expressions or by inverse trigonometric expressions. Consider the
examples given below:

Example Set 1: Given the four (4) questions below, find their exact values when
possible, and if it is not possible, then use their estimated values.
(Note: You need to make use of your scientific calculator or a scientific calculator in your cellphone.
Always use the angular radian unit as the angular unit mode of your calculator. If you are using degree,
you need to convert it to radian unit. Inquire from you subject teachers for the angular conversion using
your calculator.)
𝟏
𝟏. 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝟐) ?
Solution:
1
Let 𝜃 = arcsin ( )
2
1
sin θ = 2
1
θ = sin−1 (2)
1
θ = 6𝜋 (For arcsine, always check the answer if it is within the restricted range of arcsin: 𝜋
− ≤𝑦≤
2
𝜋
2
)
We can say that the answer is an element of the range of an arcsine function because
1 𝜋 𝜋
θ = 6 𝜋 falls within the restricted range of [− 2 , 2 ] for arcsine function. If we do not
1
execute the restricted domain for it, there will be infinitely many answers for sin θ =
2
𝜋 5𝜋 13𝜋 17𝜋 1
such as 6 , 6
, 6 , 6 … and so forth; but there will only be one answer for arcsin (2) .

Do not forget that any inverse trigonometric functions always require the restricted
domain or range. However, in the context of solving the equivalence of any inverse
trigonometric expression as angular measure, you can use either the restricted
domain for validating the question or the restricted range for validating the answer.

Suppose we change problem 1 to find the equivalence of 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐), can we get the
answer? You will have a syntax error in your calculator because the domain 2 is
beyond the restricted domain for arcsine which is [−1, +1].

The solution in problem 1 is the formal presentation of the solution. The shortcut
solution is also possible. Let us consider problem 2 for the presentation of shortcut
solution.

𝟏
𝟐. 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 (𝟐) ?
Solution:
1 1
arctan (2) = tan−1 (2) = 0.463547609 (For arctan, check your answer if it is within 0 < 𝑦 < 𝜋)

14
The arctan is always represented by 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 in all calculators. It is the reason why the
1
arctangent in our solution is replaced by tan−1 (2), the same is true for arcsine and
arccosine. In other words, we cannot find the arctangent, arcsine and arccosine as
form of appearances in most calculators.

1
Let us try to answer this follow-up question: Can we consider tan−1 ( ) as a range
2
element of the arctangent function? The answer is yes because the range restriction
1
for arctan is 0 < 𝑦 < 𝜋. Since, tan−1 ( ) = 0.463547609 falls within the restricted range
2
1
for arctan function, therefore, we can consider tan−1 (2) as a range element for
arctangent function.

This module does not intend to cover the manual computation for finding the values
of angles using the inverse trigonometric functions because such competency should
supposedly be done through the utilization of scientific calculator. But to address
the needs of students who do not have scientific calculators but only have ordinary
calculators or students without calculators at all, the alternative process is presented
in the third example below.

3. Determine the value of arcsine (2/7).

To answer such question, without the use of scientific calculator you will be using
the inverse interpolation method by proportional parts.

Solution:
Part A: In transforming arcsine to sine function, use decimal estimate for the given
ratio up to four decimal places.
Let 𝜃 = arcsin (2/7)
2
sin 𝜃 = 7
sin 𝜃 = 0.2857
Part B: Use the Inverse Interpolation Method (Please see Appendix A at the last part
of this module)
• Use the trigonometric function table to determine that column sine
of 0.2857 should be between the column sine of 0.2924 and 0.2756,
result:
sin 17° = 0.2924 referred to trigonometric table
sin 𝜃 = 0.2857 implicit given, based on Part A
sin 16° = 0.2756 referred to trigonometric table
• For the left sides of the three equations, find the difference:
✓ between 17° 𝑎𝑛𝑑 16° = 1°
✓ between 𝜃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 16° = 𝑥 (note: it is labelled as x to mean it is unknown)
• For the right sides of the three equations, find the difference:
✓ between 0.2924 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0.2756 = 0.0168
✓ Between 0.2857 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0.2756 = 0.0101

Part C: Establish the proportion, simplify only the right side of the equation and
specify your final answer.
𝑥 0.0101
=
1° 0.0168
𝑥
1°
= 0.6011904762° (use only up to 4 decimal places, by rounding it off)

15
Final Answer: 𝜽 = 16° + 0.6012° = 16.6012° (note: for degree units)
𝜽 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟖𝟗𝟕 (note: for radian units)
Note: The authors of this module would like to remind you that there are instances in which you are
required to express your answers in Degree-Minute-Second (DMS) system as the unit of angular
measurement. You are reminded in this module that you can convert, for example, the 0.463547609 into
D or DMS units. Its expected estimated equivalences are 26.56505118° for degrees and 26°33’54.18’’
for DMS. However, there are also instances in which the display found in some calculators for
26°33’54.18’’ is in the form of 26°33°54.18°. You are reminded that the 26 is the degrees, the 33 is the
minutes, while the 54.88 is the seconds

𝟐
4. Evaluate 𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝟒).

There are instances, in which the given ratios of the inverse trigonometric
expressions are containing special ratios as in the case of problem 1 and 4. If this is
the case, there is no need for you to use the calculators nor to use the inverse
interpolation method. Most academic exams that do not use calculators will normally
utilize the special trigonometric ratios and special trigonometric angles, namely, 30°-
60°-90° with triangular sides of 1, √3, 2 and 45°-45°-90° with triangular sides of 1,
1, √2. Consider problem 4. How to answer it?

• Construct a right triangle, in a cartesian system,

using the correct designation of sides with values
based on the function given to easily decide what
special case of angles to be used.
2 2 1
• Simplify the ratio of from arcsin ( ), it becomes .
4 4 2
• Use the special trigonometric 30°-60°-90° angles as
your reference because the simplified ratio of the
given involves 1 and 2. The only special case of
angle that has triangular sides of 1 and 2 is the
30°-60°-90°.
• Use the mnemonic association technique as
follows:
30° 1 ,60° √3 ,90° 2
This technique means that the side opposite to 30° is 1
This technique means that the side opposite to 60° is √3
This technique means that the side opposite to 90° is 2
𝜋
• Therefore, the answer is 𝜽 = 30° or .
6

Finally, you are now ready to evaluate any given inverse trigonometric expression.
To evaluate any inverse trigonometric expression means to find its equivalent value
or estimated equivalent value or to simplify the expressions. However, you also need
to decide if the equivalent or estimated equivalent values are within the
corresponding valid restricted range for inverse trigonometric functions as in the case
of problem 1, 2 and 3.

Part 3: Solve for trigonometric equations.

There are two normal scenarios in solving for trigonometric equations such as: (a)
with domain restrictions and (b) without domain restrictions. In this module, we only
cover solving trigonometric equation with domain restrictions. We use the periodicity
of the trigonometric functions to give us all the solutions in the required domain. You

16
are reminded in this module that you must use the 2𝜋 as the periodicity for sine and
cosine functions while 𝜋 as the periodicity for tangent function. This means that your
solution will follow this pattern: 𝜽 ± (𝒏)𝟐𝝅 for sine and cosine functions while 𝜽 ±
(𝒏)𝝅 for tangent.

Supposing the value of the computed reference angle for sine-related-problem or for
cosine-related problem is 2.3, then for sine and cosine related functions all your
possible answers will be in the form of 2.3 ± (𝑛)2𝜋. This means that your answers
might be:
⋯ , (−10.27), (−3.98), (𝟐. 𝟑), (8.58), (14.87), ⋯ (when 𝑛 = 0, 1, 2, 3 ⋯ and so forth).

On the other hand, if the function that you are solving is tangent, then all your
possible answers will be in the form of 2.3 ± (𝑛)𝜋. This means that your answers
might be:
⋯ , (−6.22), (−3.08), (0.05), ( 𝟐. 𝟑), (6.34), (9.48), ⋯ (when 𝑛 = 0, 1, 2, 3 ⋯ and so forth).

You also need to know that there are four main steps in solving for the trigonometric
functions, namely:
Step 1: Transform the given into one function with one angle, then solve for its
angular value.
Step 2: Determine the number of reference points in a unit circle with the given ratio.
Step 3: Determine the values of angular unit-circle reference.
Step 4: Enumerate all possible values as elements of your solution with guided
domain restriction.

Example 1. Solve for 𝜽: 𝟐 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 + 𝟏𝟑 = 𝟎, −𝟓 ≤ 𝜽 ≤ 𝟓.

The problem means that you have to determine all the expected equivalences of 𝜽
with restricted domain of −𝟓 ≤ 𝜽 ≤ 𝟓.
Solution:
Step 1: Transform the given into one function with one angle, then solve for its
angular value.
2 tan 𝜃 + 13 = 0 −13
• The tan 𝜃 = is in one function with one
2 tan 𝜃 = −13 2
2 tan 𝜃 −13 angle.
2
= 2 • The angular value is 𝜃 ≈ −1.42 or 𝜃 ≈ −81.25°
−13
tan 𝜃 = 2
13
𝜃 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 (− 2
)
𝜃 ≈ −1.42 or 𝜃 ≈ −81.25°
Step 2: Determine the number of points of reference in a unit circle
13
There is only one point in a unit circle with tangent 𝜃 = − 2
which is found at the 4th
quadrant.
Remember that the formula of tangent as a
trigonometric function is opposite side divided by
QII QI adjacent side. The opposite side is -13 while the
adjacent side is 2 for the triangle in 4 th quadrant.
Only quadrant four will qualify as the basis of your
solution.

Be reminded that the reference angle is always

found between the x-axis and the hypotenuse. The
alternative word for the hypotenuse is terminal side.
QIII QIV:
17
Since there is only one reference point, then it means there will also be one value of
angular unit-circle reference which is located at quadrant 4.

Step 3: Determine the values of angular unit-circle reference.

The value of angular unit-circle reference in counter-clockwise direction is 2𝜋 −
1.42 = 𝟒. 𝟖𝟔. Hence, the generated formula pattern for the solution set will be in the
form of: 𝟒. 𝟖𝟔 ± (𝐧)𝛑.

Step 4: Enumerate all possible values as elements of your solution with guided
domain restriction of −𝟓 ≤ 𝜽 ≤ 𝟓.
Since the problem is tangent related, then we have to use the 𝜋 for its periodicity to
determine all the possible solutions of 𝟐 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 + 𝟏𝟑 = 𝟎 with a domain restriction of
−𝟓 ≤ 𝜽 ≤ 𝟓. This means:
It is very easy to enumerate the possible
4.86 − (0)𝜋 ≈ 𝟒. 𝟖𝟔
values for your solution set when there is
4.86 − (1)𝜋 ≈ 𝟏. 𝟕𝟐 only one fundamental point in the unit
4.86 − (2)𝜋 ≈ −𝟏. 𝟒𝟐 circle derived from the given
4.86 − (3)𝜋 ≈ −𝟒. 𝟓𝟔 trigonometric function.
Final answer: 𝜽 ≈ −𝟒. 𝟓𝟔, −𝟏. 𝟒𝟐, 𝟏. 𝟕𝟐, 𝟒. 𝟖𝟔

𝟏 𝝅 𝟏
Example 2. Solve exactly for 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟑𝝅: a) 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒙 = − 𝟐 b) 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝒙 − 𝟔 ) = − 𝟐
Solution for “question a”:
Step 1: Transform the given into one function with one angle, then solve for its
angular value.
Let 𝜽 = 𝟐𝒙 1
• The 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜽 = − is in one function with
𝟏 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜽 = − 𝟐 one angle.
𝟏
• The angular value is:
𝜽 = 𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒔𝒊𝒏 (− 𝟐) 𝟏
𝜃 = − 𝝅 or 𝜃 = −𝟑𝟎°
𝟔
𝟏
𝟐𝒙 = 𝜽 = − 𝟔 𝝅
𝟏
or 𝟐𝒙 = 𝜽 = −𝟑𝟎° • The 𝒙 = − 𝝅 is one of the possible
𝟏𝟐
elements in the solution set.
𝟏
𝒙= − 𝟏𝟐 𝝅 or 𝒙 = −𝟏𝟓°

Step 2: Determine the number of points of reference in a unit circle

1
There are two points in a unit circle with 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 = − 2 which are found at the 3rd and
4th quadrants. (The figure is not drawn according to scale)

QII QI Remember that the formula of sine

as a trigonometric function is
opposite side divided by
hypotenuse side. The opposite side
is -1 while the hypotenuse side is 2
for the triangle in 3rd and 4th
quadrants. Only third and fourth
quadrants will qualify as the basis of
your solution.

QIII: QIV:
18
Since there are two reference points in the unit circle, then it means there will also
be two values for angular unit-circle references which are located at quadrant 3 and
4.
Step 3: Determine the values of angular unit-circle reference.
• The first reference value of angular unit-circle in counter-clockwise direction is
𝟏 𝟕
𝝅+ 𝟔
𝝅 = 𝟔 𝝅.
• The second reference value of angular unit-circle in counter-clockwise direction
𝟏 𝟏𝟏
is 2𝝅 − 𝟔 𝝅 = 𝟔
𝝅.
• Since the deciphered reference value of 2x is −30° and there are two possible
locations for this value, namely, in the third quadrant and in the fourth quadrant,
therefore its equivalent continuous angle in the unit circle are 210° and 330° or in
7 11
radians, these are 6
𝜋 and 6
𝜋, respectively. How to arrive with 210°? The
explanation is 180° + 30° = 210°. How to arrive with 330°? The explanation is 360° −
30° = 330°. Two diagrams are constructed to aid your understanding as to why.

Third Quadrant Basis: Fourth Quadrant Basis:

𝟏𝟖𝟎° + 𝟑𝟎° = 𝟐𝟏𝟎° 𝟏𝟖𝟎° + 𝟑𝟎° = 𝟐𝟏𝟎°

• Hence, the generated formula pattern for the solution set will be in the form of:
𝟕
❖ 𝟔
𝝅 ± (𝐧)𝟐𝛑.
𝟏𝟏
❖ 𝝅 ± (𝐧)𝟐𝛑
𝟔

Step 4: Enumerate all possible values as elements of your solution with guided
domain restriction of 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟑𝝅.
Since this problem is sine related, then we have to use the 2𝜋 for its periodicity to
𝟏
determine all the possible solutions of 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒙 = − 𝟐 with a domain restriction of 𝟎 ≤
𝒙 ≤ 𝟑𝝅. Furthermore, since there are two points of reference for 2𝑥 = −30° or 2𝑥 =
𝟏 7
− 𝟔 𝝅 with corresponding angular values of unit circle, namely 210° and 330° or 6
𝜋
11
and 6
𝜋, then we have two sources of reference of periodicity such as:

19
 7 11
Quadrant 3 as Source 1: 6
𝜋 ± (𝑛)2𝜋 Quadrant 4 as Source 2: 𝜋 ± (𝑛)2𝜋
6
7 7 11 11
𝜋 + (0)2𝜋 = 𝜋 𝜋 + (0)2𝜋 = 𝜋
6 6 6 6
7 19 11 23
𝜋 + (1)2𝜋 = 𝜋 𝜋 + (1)2𝜋 = 𝜋
6 6 6 6
7 31 11 35
𝜋 + (2)2𝜋 = 𝜋 𝜋 + (2)2𝜋 = 𝜋
6 6 6 6

The summary explanation.

Case: 𝜽 = 𝟐𝒙; if 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟑𝝅, then 𝟎 ≤ 𝟐𝒙 ≤ 𝟔𝝅. • We exclude the subtraction
7 11 19 23 31 35 process from formula pattern of
∴ 𝟐𝒙 = 𝜋, 𝜋, 𝜋, 𝜋, 𝜋, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜋 7
𝜋 ± (𝑛)2𝜋 and from formula
6 6 6 6 6 6 6
11
7 11 19 23 31 35 pattern of 𝜋 ± (𝑛)2𝜋 because the
∴𝒙= 𝜋, 𝜋, 𝜋, 𝜋, 𝜋, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜋 6
restricted domain does not include
12 12 12 12 12 12
Final Answer: negative values.
7 11 19 23 31 35 • Divide both sides of the equation
𝒙= 𝜋, 𝜋, 𝜋, 𝜋, 𝜋, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜋 by 2 to determine all the elemental
12 12 12 12 12 12
values of x.

𝝅 𝟏
For question b) 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝒙 − 𝟔 ) = − 𝟐

Solution:
Step 1: Transform the given into one function with one angle, then solve for its
angular value.
𝜋
Let 𝜽 = 𝑥 − 6 1
• The 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜽 = − is in one function with
2
𝜋 1 one angle.
𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 − ) = −
6 2 • The angular value is:
1
sin 𝜽 = − 2 𝟏
𝜽 = − 𝝅 or 𝜽 = −𝟑𝟎°
𝟔
1
𝜽 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 (− ) • The 𝒙 = 𝟎 is one of the possible
2
𝜋 elements in the solution set.
𝜽 = − 6 or 𝜽 = −𝟑𝟎°
𝜋 𝜋
𝜽 = (𝑥 − 6 ) = − 6
𝜋 𝜋
𝑥 = −6 +6
𝑥=0

Step 2: Determine the number of points of reference in a unit circle.

𝜋 1 1
There are two fundamental number of points of 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 − ) = − or 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜽 = − . These
6 2 2
two points would produce two reference angles in the unit circle.

Step 3: Determine the values of angular unit-circle reference.

• The first reference value of angular unit-circle in counter-clockwise direction is
𝟏 𝟕
𝝅+ 𝟔
𝝅 = 𝟔 𝝅.
• The second reference value of angular unit-circle in counter-clockwise direction
𝟏 𝟏𝟏
is 2𝝅 − 𝝅 = 𝝅.
𝟔 𝟔

20
• Hence, the generated formula pattern for the solution set will be in the form of:
𝟕𝝅
❖ ± (𝐧)𝟐𝛑
𝟔
𝟏𝟏𝝅
❖ 𝟔
± (𝐧)𝟐𝛑

Step 4: Enumerate all possible values as elements of your solution with guided
domain restriction of 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟑𝝅.
Reference Source 1: Reference Source 2:
7𝜋 11𝜋
± (𝑛)2𝜋 ± (n)2π
6 6
7𝜋 7𝜋 11𝜋 𝜋
+ (0)2𝜋 = − (1)2π = −
6 6 6 6
11𝜋 11𝜋
Not Applicable + (0)2π =
6 6

The summary explanation.

𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
Case: 𝜽 = 𝒙 − 𝟔; if 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟑𝝅, then − 𝟔 ≤ 𝒙 − 𝟔 ≤
𝟏𝟕𝝅
. • The operational domain
𝟔 restriction is:
𝝅 𝜋 7𝜋 11𝜋 𝝅 𝝅 𝟏𝟕𝝅
∴ (𝒙 − ) = − , , − ≤ 𝒙− ≤ .
𝟔 6 6 6 𝟔
𝝅
𝟔 𝟔
• Add to both sides of
𝟔
4𝜋 𝝅 𝜋 7𝜋 11𝜋
∴ 𝒙 = 0, , 2𝜋 (𝒙 − 𝟔
) = −6, 6
, 6 ,
3 4𝜋
4𝜋 result: 𝒙 = 0, , 2𝜋
Final Answer: 𝒙 = 0, , 2𝜋 3
3

Example 3: Find the exact solutions of √𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 for 𝟎° ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟑𝟔𝟎°.

Solution:
Step 1: Transform the given into one function with one angle, then solve for its
angular value.
√𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐱 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐱 • It is assumed in this instance that you
√𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐱 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐱 already have learned on how to use
= algebraic manipulation to solve for the
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐱 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐱
unknown variable.
√𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐱 𝟏
=𝟏 • The 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐱 = √ is in one function with
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐱 𝟑
√𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐱 𝟏 one angle.
= • The angular value is:
√𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐱 √𝟑 𝟏
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐱 𝟏 𝒙 = 𝝅 or 𝒙 = 𝟑𝟎°
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐱
= 𝟔
√𝟑
𝟏
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐱 =
√𝟑
𝟏
𝐱 = 𝐚𝐫𝐜 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( )
√𝟑
𝛑
𝐱= 𝟔
or 𝒙 = 𝟑𝟎°

Step 2: Determine the number of points of reference in a unit circle.

𝟏
There are two points in a unit circle with tan 𝑥 = which are found at the 1st and
√𝟑
3rd quadrants.

21
Step 3: Determine the values of angular unit-circle reference.
• The first reference value of angular unit-circle in counter-clockwise direction is
𝟏
𝟔
𝝅 or 𝟑𝟎°.
• The second reference value of angular unit-circle in counter-clockwise direction
𝟏 𝟕𝝅
is 𝝅 + 𝝅 = or 𝟐𝟏𝟎°
𝟔 𝟔
• Hence, the generated formula pattern for tangent in the solution set will be in the
form of:
𝝅
❖ 𝟔 ± (𝐧)𝛑 or in degree format: 𝟑𝟎° ± (𝐧)𝟏𝟖𝟎°.
𝟕𝝅
❖ ± (𝐧)𝛑 or in degree format: 𝟐𝟏𝟎° ± (𝐧)𝟏𝟖𝟎°.
𝟔

Step 4: Enumerate all possible values as elements of your solution with guided
domain restriction of 𝟎° ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟑𝟔𝟎°.

For the reason that the given domain restriction is in degree form, hence, it is our
initiative to convert the radian unit into degree unit in our solution set as follows:

Reference Source 1: Reference Source 2:

𝟑𝟎° ± (𝐧)𝟏𝟖𝟎°. 𝟐𝟏𝟎° ± (𝐧)𝟏𝟖𝟎°.

𝟑𝟎° + (𝟎)𝟏𝟖𝟎° = 𝟑𝟎° 𝟐𝟏𝟎° − (𝟏)𝟏𝟖𝟎 = 𝟑𝟎°

𝟑𝟎° + (𝟏)𝟏𝟖𝟎° = 𝟐𝟏𝟎° 𝟐𝟏𝟎° + (𝟎)𝟏𝟖𝟎 = 𝟐𝟏𝟎°

𝟑𝟎° + (𝟐)𝟏𝟖𝟎° = 𝟑𝟗𝟎° (disqualified) 𝟐𝟏𝟎° + (𝟏)𝟏𝟖𝟎 = 𝟑𝟗𝟎° (disqualified)

Final Answer: 𝒙 = 𝟑𝟎°, 𝟐𝟏𝟎°

What’s More

Activity 2: NOW IT’S YOUR TURN!

Instruction: Do what is asked for in the following items below. Write your solutions
on separate sheets of paper.

𝟐
1. Given this function: 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟑𝒙 − 𝟒) − 𝟓, do the following:
𝟓
a. determine its inverse function.
𝟐
b. determine the domain and range of the inverse of 𝒚 = 𝟓 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟑𝒙 − 𝟒) − 𝟓 that
will make it as a function.
𝟐
c. sketch the graph of the inverse of 𝒚 = 𝟓 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟑𝒙 − 𝟒) − 𝟓.

𝟐
2. Determine the domain, range and then skecth the graph of 𝒚 = 𝟓 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝟓𝒙 + 𝟒) − 𝟑.

22
3. Evaluate the given function:
a. arccos(3/4) using inverse interpolation method.
1
b. arctan( 3) using special case method.
√

4. Find the exact solutions of:

a. 3cos2x + 3 = 0, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3𝜋
𝜋
b. √2 sin (x − ) + 1 = 0, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3𝜋
4
c. csc 𝑥 = − √2 where x ∈ [0, 2𝜋]
d. sin(2𝑥) = √3 cos(2𝑥) , 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋
𝜋
e. arctan(𝑥 − √3) = − 3

5. Solve for x:
a. 2 sin2 x + sin 𝑥 = 0, with restricted domain of 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋
b. cos 2𝑥 + sin 𝑥 = 0, with restricted domain of 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋
c. 2 sin 𝑥 + csc 𝑥 = 3, with restricted domain of −𝜋 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋

What I Need to Remember

1. To illustrate the domain and range of the inverse trigonometric functions, you
should know:
• the fundamental specific restrictions of the domain and range for all the six
inverse trigonometric functions such as:

• how to transform the inverse of any trigonometric functions and vice versa.
• how to determine the domain and range of any inverse trigonometric
functions.
• how to sketch the graph of any inverse trigonometric functions.
Reason: Illustrating the domain and range of the inverse trigonometric
functions can be done algebraically and graphically.
2. To evaluate an inverse trigonometric expression, you should know how to solve
it through:
• Scientific Calculator
• Inverse Interpolation method
• Special Case Method

23
 3. To solve for trigonometric equations, follow the four-fundamental steps:
• Step 1: Transform the given into one function with one angle, then solve
for its angular value.
• Step 2: Determine the number of reference points in a unit circle with the
given ratio.
• Step 3: Determine the values of angular unit-circle reference.
• Step 4: Enumerate all possible values as elements of your solution with
guided domain restriction.

What I Can Do

Activity 3: LET’S GET REAL

Instruction: Answer the following. Write you solutions on a separate sheet of paper.

Problem 1:
𝟐
a. What is the inverse of 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟑𝒙) − 𝟓?
𝟓
𝟐
b. What is the domain and range of 𝒚 = 𝟓 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟑𝒙) − 𝟓?
2
c. Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 5 𝑐𝑜𝑠(3𝑥) − 5.
Problem 2:
𝟓𝒙+𝟐𝟓
𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒄𝒐𝒔( )
a. What is the inverse of 𝒚 = 𝟑
𝟐
?
𝟓𝒙+𝟐𝟓
𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒄𝒐𝒔( )
b. What is the domain and range of 𝒚 = 𝟑
𝟐
?
𝟓𝒙+𝟐𝟓
𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒄𝒐𝒔( )
c. Sketch the graph of 𝒚 = 𝟐
.
𝟑
Problem 3:
a. Evaluate 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 √3).
b. Evaluate 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 √3).
Problem 4: Solve for 𝜃, given with (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)(𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 + 1) = 0.

24
 Assessment (Post-Test)
Instruction: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write them on a separate sheet
of paper.

1. What should be the restricted domain and restricted range of 𝐱 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝐲 so that
it will become a function?
𝜋
A. Domain: {𝑥: |𝑥 ≥ 1|} Range: 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝜋 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑦 ≠
2
𝜋
B. Domain: {𝑥: |𝑥 ≥ 1|} Range: 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2𝜋 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑦 ≠ 2
𝜋
C. Domain: {𝑥: |𝑥 ≤ 1|} Range: 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 3𝜋 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑦 ≠ 2
𝜋
D. Domain: {𝑥: |𝑥 ≤ 1|} Range: 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 4𝜋 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑦 ≠ 2

2. What should be the restricted domain and restricted range of 𝐱 = 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝐲 so that
it will become a function ?
𝜋 𝜋
A. Domain: {𝑥: |𝑥 ≥ 1|} Range: − 2 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑦 ≠ 0
𝜋 𝜋
B. Domain: {𝑥: |𝑥 ≥ 1|} Range: − ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑦 ≠ 0
4 4
𝜋 𝜋
C. Domain: {𝑥: |𝑥 ≥ 1|} Range: −3 ≤𝑦≤ 3
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑦 ≠ 0
𝜋 𝜋
D. Domain: {𝑥: |𝑥 ≥ 1|} Range: −2 ≤𝑦≤ 2
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑦 ≠ 0

3. What should be the restricted domain and restricted range of 𝐱 = 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝐲 so that
it will become a function ?
A. Domain: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ Range: 0 < 𝑦 < 𝜋
B. Domain: 𝑥 ∈ ℕ Range: 0 < 𝑦 < 𝜋
C. Domain: 𝑥 ∈ ℚ Range: 0 < 𝑦 < 𝜋
D. Domain: 𝑥 ∈ ℤ Range: 0 < 𝑦 < 𝜋

4. What is the domain of 𝑦 = 2 arcsec(3𝑥 − 4) + 5?

5 5
A. 𝑥 ≤ −1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≥ − 3 C. 𝑥 ≥ 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≤ 3
5 5
B. 𝑥 ≤ 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≥ 3 D. 𝑥 ≥ −1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≤ 3

5. What is the range of 𝑦 = 2 arcsec(3𝑥 − 4) + 5?

A. 3 ≤ 𝑦 < 𝜋 + 3 𝑜𝑟 3 + 𝜋 ≤ 𝑦 < 2𝜋 + 3
B. 4 ≤ 𝑦 < 𝜋 + 4 𝑜𝑟 4 + 𝜋 ≤ 𝑦 < 2𝜋 + 4
C. 5 ≤ 𝑦 < 𝜋 + 5 𝑜𝑟 5 + 𝜋 ≤ 𝑦 < 2𝜋 + 5
D. 6 ≤ 𝑦 < 𝜋 + 6 𝑜𝑟 6 + 𝜋 ≤ 𝑦 < 2𝜋 + 6

6. What is the inverse of 𝑦 = 2 tan(3𝑥 − 4) + 5?

𝑦+5 𝑦−5
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )+4 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )−4
B. 𝑦 = 2
C. 𝑦 = 2
−3 3
𝑦+5 𝑦−5
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )+4 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )+4
C. 𝑦 = 3
2
D. 𝑦 = 3
2

25
7. Which of the following is the graph of 𝑦 = 2 arcsec(3𝑥 − 4) + 5?
A. B.

D. D.

−19𝜋
8. Find the exact value of 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 6
)).
1 1 1 1
A. 𝜋 B. 𝜋 C. 𝜋 D. 𝜋
3 4 5 6

𝟑
9. Evaluate 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐬𝐢𝐧 by estimation.
𝟒
A. 0.58 B. 0.75 C. 0.85 D. 0.95

10. Find the exact solutions of 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝟑𝐱) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝟑𝐱) for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋.
𝜋 5𝜋 9𝜋 13𝜋 17𝜋 21𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋
A. 𝑥= , , , , , C. 𝑥= 𝑜𝑟
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
𝜋 5𝜋 9𝜋 13𝜋 17𝜋 21𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋
B. 𝑥= , , , , , D. 𝑥= 𝑜𝑟
12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

26
Appendix A

30
Cited from Royster, 2017.

31
References

PDF File
Garces, I. J., Inverse Trigonometric Funcions, Precalculus: Learner’s Material for
Senior High School (Quezon City © 2016), 202-231.

Haese, R., et.al, Mathematics for the International Student 3 rd Edition (Haese
Mathematics © 2012), 326-377.

Leithold, L., The Calculus 7 (Addison Wesley Longman, Inc © 1996), 491-504.

Royster, P., Sine, Cosine, & Tangent Table: 0 to 360 Degrees (University of Nebraska-
Lincoln © 2017)

Stewart, J., et.al, Pre-Calculus: Mathematics for Calculus 6th edition (Belmont CA,
USA: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning © 2012).

Congratulations!
You are now ready for the next module. Always remember the following:

1. Make sure every answer sheet has your

▪ Name
▪ Grade and Section
▪ Title of the Activity or Activity No.
2. Follow the date of submission of answer sheets as agreed with your
teacher.
3. Keep the modules with you AND return them at the end of the school year
or whenever face-to-face interaction is permitted.

32