Volume 3, Issue 1, July August 2010; Article 025

ISSN 0976 044X

EVALUATION OF PREPARED SHAMPOO FORMULATIONS AND TO COMPARE FORMULATED SHAMPOO WITH MARKETED SHAMPOOS
Ashok Kumar1* and Rakesh Roshan Mali2 1. Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Institute of Life Sciences, Paonta Sahib, Dist- Sirmour -173025 (HP) INDIA, 2. Dept of Pharmaceutics, Himachal Institute of Pharmacy, Paonta Sahib Dist- Sirmour-173025 (HP) INDIA *Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT Shampooing is the most common form of hair treatment. Shampoos are primarily been products aimed at cleansing the hair and scalp. In the present scenario, it seems improbable that herbal shampoo, although better in performance and safer than the synthetic ones, will be popular with the consumers. A more radical approach in popularizing herbal shampoo would be to change the consumer expectations from a shampoo, with emphasis on safety and efficacy. We have evaluated and compared the herbal shampoo, which was formulated in previous study, with two marketed shampoos. The findings of this investigation reveal that synthetic preservatives have sometimes been the cause of adverse effects among consumers. We have used the physico-chemical approach to preservation and by formulating a self preserving shampoo, have avoided this risk posed by chemical preservatives. However, the aesthetic attributes, such as lather and clarity, of the laboratory shampoo are not comparable with the marketed shampoos. The foam volume was on a par. Although the retail products were not fare so well in the tests conducted by us, they enjoy market popularity, especially if they foam well. This is mainly due to the false notion among consumers that a shampoo that foams well, works well, and no real effort on the part of manufacturers to counter this fallacy. Keywords: Herbal shampoo, radical approach, physico-chemical approach, aesthetic attributes, marketed shampoos.

INTRODUCTION Evaluation of shampoos comprises the quality control tests including visual assessment and physiochemical controls such as pH, density and viscosity. Sodium lauryl sulfate based detergents are the most common but the concentration will vary considerably from brand to brand and even within a manufacturer's product range. Cheap shampoos may contain a high detergent concentration while expensive shampoos may contain very little of a cheap detergent1. Shampoos for oily hair can have exactly the same detergent at the same concentration as shampoos for dry hair. The difference is more likely to be a reduced amount of oil or conditioning agent in the shampoo for oily hair or the difference may even just be the packaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS Evaluation of Herbal Shampoos To evaluate the prepared formulations, quality control tests including visual assessment and physicochemical controls such as pH, density and viscosity were performed. Also, to assure the quality of products, specific tests for shampoo formulations including the determination of dry residue and moisture content, total surfactant activity, salt content, surface tension, thermal and mechanical stability and detergency tests were carried out. The results were compared with marketed formulations2. 1. Physical appearance/visual inspection: The formulations prepared were evaluated in terms of their 2 clarity, foam producing ability and fluidity .

2.

Determination of pH: The pH of 10% shampoo solution in distilled water was determined at room temperature 25C3. Determine percent of solids contents: A clean dry evaporating dish was weighed and added 4 grams of shampoo to the evaporating dish. The dish and shampoo was weighed. The exact weight of the shampoo was calculated only and put the evaporating dish with shampoo was placed on the hot plate until the liquid portion was evaporated. The weight of the shampoo only (solids) after drying was calculated. Rheological evaluations: The viscosity of the shampoos was determined by using Brookfield Viscometer (Model DV-l Plus, LV, USA) set at different spindle speeds from 0.3 to 10 rpm3. The viscosity of the shampoos was measured by using spindle T95. The temperature and sample containers size was kept constants during the study. Dirt dispersion: Two drops of shampoo were added in a large test tube contain 10 ml of distilled water. 1 drop of India ink was added; the test tube was stoppered and shakes it ten times. The amount of ink in the foam was estimated as None, Light, Moderate, or Heavy. Cleaning action: 5 grams of wool yarn were placed in grease, after that it was placed in 200 ml. of water containing 1 gram of shampoo in a flask. Temperature of water was maintained at 350C. The flask was shaked for 4 minutes at the rate of 50 times a minute. The solution was removed and sample was taken out, dried and weighed. The amount of grease removed was calculated by using the following equation:

3.

4.

5.

6.

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research Available online at www.globalresearchonline.net

Page 120

Volume 3, Issue 1, July August 2010; Article 025

ISSN 0976 044X after shaking the volume of foam at 1 minute intervals 7 for 4 minutes were recorded . 10. Skin sensitization test: The guinea pigs were divided into 7 groups (n=3). On the previous day of the experiment, the hairs on the backside area of guinea pigs were removed. The animals of group I was served as normal, without any treatment. Animal Group II, III, IV, V and VI were applied with shampoo formulation F1, F2, F3, MS1 and MS2 respectively. Shampoos were applied onto nude skin of animals of groups. A 0.8% v/v aqueous solution of formalin was applied as a standard irritant on animal Group VII. The animals were applied with new patch/formalin solution up to 72 hours and finally the application sites were graded according to a visual scoring scale, always by the same investigator. The erythema scale was as follows: 0, none; 1, slight; 2, well defined; 3, moderate; and 4, scar formation (severe)4. 11. Eye irritation test: Animals (albino rats) were collected from animal house. About 1% shampoo solutions was dripped into the eyes of six albino rabbits with their eyes held open with clips at the lid. The progressive damage to the rabbits eyes was recorded at specific intervals over an average period of 4 seconds. Reactions to the irritants can include swelling of the eyelid, inflammation of the iris, ulceration, hemorrhaging (bleeding) and blindness4. 12. Surface characterization: Surface morphology of the hairs was examined by scanning electron microscopy (Leo 430, Leo Electron Microscopy Ltd., Cambridge, England). The hair samples were mounted directly on the SEM sample stub, using double side stitching tape and coated with gold film (thickness 200nm) under reduced pressure (0.001 mm of Hg). The photomicrographs of suitable magnification were obtained for surface characterization. The following seven samples were characterized by SEM:
Sample-1: Hairs Sample-2: Hairs with sebum Sample-3: Hairs with sebum and washed with shampoo*, F1 Sample-4: Hairs with sebum and washed with shampoo*, F2 Sample-5: Hairs with sebum and washed with shampoo*, F3 Sample-6: Hairs with sebum and washed with shampoo, MS1 Sample-7: Hairs with sebum and washed with shampoo, MS2

In which, DP is the percentage of detergency power, C is the weight of sebum in the control sample and T is the weight of sebum in the test sample4. 7. Surface tension measurement: Measurements were carried out with a 10% shampoo dilution in distilled water at room temperature. Thoroughly clean the stalagmometer using chronic acid and purified water. Because surface tension is highly affected with grease or other lubricants5, 6. The data calculated by following equation given bellow:

where W1 is weight of empty beaker. W2 is weight of beaker with distilled water. W3 is Weight of beaker with shampoo solution. n1 is no. of drops of distilled water. n2 is no. of drops of shampoo solution. R1 is surface tension of distilled water at room temperature. R2 is surface tension of shampoo solution. 8. Detergency ability: The Thompson method was used to evaluate the detergency ability of the samples. Briefly, a crumple of hair were washed with a 5% sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) solution, then dried and divided into 3g weight groups. The samples were suspended in a n-hexane solution containing 10% artificial sebum and the mixture was shaken for 15 minutes at room temperature. Then samples were removed, the solvent was evaporated at room temperature and their sebum content determined. In the next step, each sample was divided into two equal parts, one washed with 0.1 ml of the 10% test shampoo and the other considered as the negative control. After drying, the resided sebum on samples was extracted with 20 ml n-hexane and re-weighed. Finally, the percentage of detergency power was calculated using the following equation:

In which, DP is the percentage of detergency power, C is the weight of sebum in the control sample and T is the weight of sebum in the test sample3, 4. 9. Foaming ability and foam stability: Cylinder shake method was used for determining foaming ability. 50 ml of the 1% shampoo solution was put into a 250 ml graduated cylinder and covered the cylinder with hand and shaken for 10 times. The total volumes of the foam contents after 1 minute shaking were recorded. The foam volume was calculated only. Immediately

(*shampoo means 10% w/v formulation in distilled water)

13. Stability studies: The thermal stability of formulations was studied by placing in glass tubes and they were placed in a humidity chamber at 45C and 75% relative humidity. Their appearance and physical stability were inspected for a period of 3 months at interval of one month8, 9.

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research Available online at www.globalresearchonline.net

Page 121

Volume 3, Issue 1, July August 2010; Article 025 Table 1: Evaluation of Formulation for physical appearance, pH and Solids S. No. 1 2 3 4 5 Formulation F1 F2 F3 MS1 MS2 Physical Appearance Dark brown, good foaming Dark brown, good foaming Dark brown, good foaming Light brown, good foaming Light green, good foaming pH 5.51 0.02 5.53 0.07 5.61 0.02 5.81 0.04 5.91 0.01

ISSN 0976 044X

Solids (%) 22.11 0.02 24.51 0.02 29.31 0.02 25.41 0.02 28.21 0.02

Table 2: Viscosities of herbal shampoos

F1 %Tor 15.31 21.90 32.86 40.73 51.70 67.63 84.53 Viscosity 95733.33 82150.00 54150.00 50916.67 38778.33 25425.00 15775.00 %Tor 16.18 22.75 26.66 31.96 38.98 46.40

F2 Viscosity 60765.00 42666.66 33350.00 23978.33 14645.33 8541.00 %Tor 13.35 19.61 27.46 32.35 38.46 47.03 57.28

F3 Viscosity 83433.33 73583.33 51516.67 40450.00 28851.66 17651.66 10741.66 %Tor 10.13 15.85 27.50

MS1 Viscosity 7598.33 5945.00 5156.67 %Tor 10.26 11.93 15.30 24.41 41.41

MS2 Viscosity 17533.33 14916.67 11478.33 9158.33 7766.66

0.3

0.5 1 1.5 2.5 5 10

Table 3: Evaluation of Formulation for cleaning, Surface tension and Detergency S. No. 1 2 3 4 5 Formulation F1 F2 F3 MS1 MS2 Cleaning (%) 24.21 0.03 32.51 0.09 18.81 0.08 33.61 0.05 32.11 0.02 Surface tension (dynes/cm) 32.15 0.02 33.22 0.12 31.37 0.62 34.60 0.32 33.61 0.42 Detergency (%) 64.23 0.32 65.12 0.02 53.58 0.09 67.69 0.12 66.12 0.42

Table 4: Foam stability of herbal shampoos Time (minutes) 1 2 3 4 5 Foam volume (ml) F1 170 168 166 165 164 F2 180 177 175 174 173 F3 140 137 134 135 134 MS1 180 178 176 175 174 MS1 180 177 174 173 172

Table 5: Stability studies herbal formulations Parameters Physical appearance/visual inspection pH Solids contents (%) Surface tension measurement (dy. /cm) Rheological evaluations (cps) Detergency ability (%) Foaming ability and foam stability (ml) 1month Clear 5.51 0.02 22.51 0.02 33.22 0.12 94607.89 65.12 0.12 170 2month Clear 5.53 1.02 24.11 0.92 32.52 0.32 30647.63 67.10 0.10 180 3month Clear 5.61 0.82 26.51 1.02 35.20 0.72 57749.44 54.11 0.52 170

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research Available online at www.globalresearchonline.net

Page 122

Volume 3, Issue 1, July August 2010; Article 025

ISSN 0976 044X

Figure 1: Viscosity profile of herbal shampoos

Figure 2: Foam retention profiles of herbal shampoos

Figure 3: SEM Photograph of Formulations International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research Available online at www.globalresearchonline.net Page 123

Volume 3, Issue 1, July August 2010; Article 025 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Evaluation of Herbal Shampoos 1. Physical Appearance/Visual Inspection

ISSN 0976 044X amount of soil a shampoo should ideally remove11. As seen from the results, there is a significant difference in the amount of sebum removed by the different shampoos. The results of detergency studies showed that the final formulation has significantly similar detergency ability, when compared with the marketed formulations and it was found in between 18-33%. The results are presented in Table 3. 7. Surface tension measurement

The results of visual inspection of series of formulations are listed in Table 1. As can be seen, all formulations had the good characteristics with respect to foaming. 2. pH

The pH of shampoos has been shown to be important for improving and enhancing the qualities of hair, minimizing irritation to the eyes and stabilizing the ecological balance of the scalp10. The current trend to promote shampoos of lower pH is one of the ways to minimize damage to the hair. Mild acidity prevents swelling and promotes tightening of the scales, there by inducing shine. As seen from Table 1, all the shampoos were acid balanced and were ranged 5.5 to 5.9, which is near to the skin pH. 3. Percent of Solids Contents

It has been mentioned that a proper shampoo should be able to decrease the surface tension of pure water to about 40 dynes/cm12. Surface tension reduction is one of the mechanisms implicated in detergency. The reduction in surface tension of water from 72.8 dynes/cm to 35.37 dynes/ cm by the herbal shampoos is an indication of their good detergent action. The results are shown in Table 3. 8. Detergency ability

If the shampoo has too many solids it will be hard to work into the hair or too hard to wash out. The result of percent of solids contents is tabulated in table 1, and was found between 22-29%. As a result, they were easy to wash out. 4. Rheological evaluations

The results of rheological evaluation showed that the viscosity of the samples changes gradually with the increase in rpm, therefore the shampoo formulations were time dependent. Secondly as the data showed the viscosity decreases with increase in rpm, so the shampoo formulations were shear thinning or pseudo plastic in nature. These formulations showed pseudo plastic behavior which is a desirable attribute in shampoos formulation. At low rpm the herbal shampoos showed high viscosity and increase in the shear rate the viscosity of the shampoos drops, this is a favorable property which eases the spreading of the shampoos on hair. The results obtained from the rheological studies were fitted into different flow behaviors, using the linear or non-linear regression. Table 2 shows the goodness of fitting indices for Newtonian, plastic and pseudo plastic flow behaviors. As can be seen in the Table 2, all the formulations followed a pseudo plastic rheogram. As the Figure 1 shows that the graphical lines are not linear line so the formulations are Non-Newtonian in nature. 5. Dirt Dispersion

Although cleaning or soil/sebum removal is the primary aim of a shampoo, experimental detergency evaluation has been difficult to standardize, as there is no real agreement on a standard soil, a reproducible soiling process or the amount of soil a shampoo should ideally remove. As seen from the results, there is a significant difference in the amount of sebum removed by the different shampoos. Shampoo MS1, MS2 being a frequent-use cleanser, was expected to have the maximum detergency. Shampoos F1, F2 and F3 also showed moderate detergency. The results are presented in Table 3. 9. Foaming ability and foam stability

Although foam generation has little to do with the cleansing ability of shampoos, it is of paramount importance to the consumer and is therefore an important criterion in evaluating shampoos. All the five shampoos showed similar foaming characteristics in distilled water. The foam retention ability of five samples is given in figure 2. All five shampoos showed comparable foaming properties. The foam stability of herbal shampoos is listed in table 4. A point to be noted here is that there does not seem to be any direct correlation between detergency and foaming, which only confirms the fact that a shampoo that foams well need not clean well. The final formulation produced stable foams there was little bet change in foam volume. 10. Skin Sensitization Test In case of cosmetics containing higher percentage of potential irritants like hair dyes, shampoos, hair tonics and patches should not be sealed. These should be used as open patches. There were no hypersensitive reactions by those formulations. All formulations are good. 11. Eye Irritation Test The all formulation showed no eye irritation after 2 seconds but light irritation showed after 4 second of treatment by all formulation including marketed shampoos.. The adverse reactions may occur to one of the primary constituents of the cosmetic formulation or contamination or procedural misconduct. Preservatives are the second most common cause of skin reactions besides

Shampoo that cause the ink to concentrate in the foam is considered poor quality, the dirt should stay in water. Dirt that stays in the foam will be difficult to rinse away. It will redeposit on the hair. All five shampoos showed similar results. These results indicate that no dirt would stays in the foam; so prepared and marketed formulations are satisfactory. 6. Cleaning Action

Cleaning action was tested on wool yarn in grease. Although cleaning or soil/sebum removal is the primary aim of a shampoo, experimental detergency evaluation has been difficult to standardize, as there is no real agreement on a standard soil, a reproducible soiling process or the

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research Available online at www.globalresearchonline.net

Page 124

Volume 3, Issue 1, July August 2010; Article 025 fragrances. In most cases, these are only mild or transient such as stinging and smarting and contact urticarial. In few cases, reactions may be more severe with redness, edema, dryness and scaling. There were no eyes irritations by all formulations. All formulations were good. 12. Surface Characterization by SEM Digital pictures were obtained by SEM, at a magnification of 1000x. Hair treated with shampoo the scales were regularly oriented and characterized by homogeneous borders. There was no groove along the hair long axis. The Figure 3 obtained by SEM showed clear differences between treated and untreated hairs. The SEM was successfully used to study the effects of treatment with shampoos on the microstructure of hair. This investigates described the use of SEM for comparing the cleansing and condensing effects of herbal shampoos. Its important to understand the cleansing action of shampoos by removal of deposited artificial sebum on hairs12. In addition to detergency evaluation surface morphology studies were performed to correlate the results obtain from detergency removal test. The SEM photographs of Figure 3 compared untreated hair and hair treated with formulated and marketed shampoos. The untreated hair had a scaled appearance due to desquamation of the hair cuticle. SEM observations provided the evidence for cleansing action and were in accordance to the results obtained from detergency and cleansing action. Formulated as well as marketed shampoos possessed good cleansing property as reviewed by micro photographs (Figure 3). The formulated shampoos were found to have a good overall cleansing action, however this action lesser was then marketed shampoos. Hence the treatment of hairs with shampoos containing natural conditioners (Aloe vera, Orange) protects hair morphological integrity, provided consistency and shin to the hair and easy combing. The cleansing action in the herbal shampoos was provided by active natural foam forming agents that is saponins. These shampoos also contain phenolic substances along with vitamin-C that provides anti-oxidant effects. As a result of free-radical scavenging effect and lower potential alteration in hair morphology was prevented. Thus hairs become protected against the cognitive action of brushing. It can be concluded from SEM studies that natural plants extract present in formulated and marketed shampoos play an important role in protecting hair structures along with cleansing and conditioning effects. 13. Stability Study Stability and acceptability of organoleptic properties (odor and color) of formulations during the storage period indicated that they are chemically and physically stable. The stability of herbal formulation is listed in table 5. CONCLUSION The formulated shampoos were not only safer than the chemical conditioning agents, but also greatly reduce the protein loss during combing. The pH of the shampoos was adjusted to 5.5, to retain the acidic mantle of scalp. Synthetic preservatives have sometimes been the cause of adverse effects among consumers. We have used the physico-chemical approach to preservation and by 6.

ISSN 0976 044X formulating a self preserving shampoo, have avoided this risk posed by chemical preservatives. However, the aesthetic attributes, such as lather and clarity, of the laboratory shampoo are not comparable with the marketed shampoos. The foam volume is on a par. Although the retail products do not fare so well in the tests conducted by us, they enjoy market popularity, especially if they foam well. This is mainly due to the false notion among consumers that a shampoo that foams well, works well, and no real effort on the part of manufacturers to counter this fallacy. In the present scenario, it seems improbable that herbal shampoo, although better in performance and safer than the synthetic ones, will be popular with the consumers. A more radical approach in popularizing herbal shampoo would be to change the consumer expectations from a shampoo, with emphasis on safety and efficacy. Formulators must play an active role in educating the consumers about the potential harmful effects of synthetic detergents and other chemical additives present in shampoos. There is a strong need to change the consumer perception of a good shampoo and the onus lies with the formulators. Acknowledgement: Authors are grateful to Dr. Gaurav Gupta, Director Himachal Group of Institutions Paonta Sahib, who allow for this study and JK Tires Kakaroli (Rajsthan) for providing the facility for Electron Microscopy. Authors are also thankful to Mrs. K.P. Rathoure for her valuable comments and technical support. REFERENCES 1. 2. Eldridge J.M., Surfactant Science Series, (1997) 68, 83-104. Aghel N., Moghimipour B. and Dana R.A., Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research (2007) 6(3), 167-172. Mainkar A.R., and Jolly C.I. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, (2000) 22(5), 385 391. Sharma P.P., Cosmetic Formulation Manufacturing and Quality Control, 3ed ed., Vandana Publication, Delhi, 644-647. Hadkar U.B. and Ravindera R.P., ijper (2009) 43, 187-191. Gaud R.S. and Gupta G.D., Practical Physical Pharmacy, 1st ed., (2001) C.B.S. Publisher and Distributer, New Delhi, 81-105. Klein K., Cosmetics and Toiletries magazine, (2004) 119 (10), 32-35. Umbach W., Cosmetics and Toiletries Development, Production and Use. (1991), 26. Barel A.O., Paye M. and Maibach H.I., Handbook of Cosmetic Science and Technology. (2001) 423, 583588, 773-775.

3. 4.

5.

7. 8. 9.

10. Griffin J.J., Corcoran R.F., Akana K.K., J. Chme., 54th ed., (1977) 553-554. Page 125

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research Available online at www.globalresearchonline.net

Volume 3, Issue 1, July August 2010; Article 025 11. Mainkar A.R., Jolly C.I., International Journal of Cosmetic Science, (2001) 23(1), 59-62. 12. Ireland S., Carlino K., Gould L., Frazier F., Haycock P., Ilton S., Deptuck R., Bousfield B., Verge D., Antoni K., MacRae L., Renshaw H., Bialachowski

ISSN 0976 044X A., Chagnon C., and Reddy K., Can. J. Neurosci. Nurs. (2007) 29(1), 14-9.

************

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research Available online at www.globalresearchonline.net

Page 126