3.1.2.4 Empirical + molecular formula (1)

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Name:
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3.1.2.4 Empirical +
molecular formula _______________________
Class:
_
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Date:
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Time: 382 min.
Marks: 346 marks
Comments:
Page 1 of 94
Q1.
A hydrocarbon contains 87.8% by mass of carbon and has a relative molecular mass (Mr)
of 82.0
The hydrocarbon decolourises bromine water.
Determine the empirical and molecular formulae of the hydrocarbon.

Suggest two possible structures for the hydrocarbon.
Name the type of reaction taking place when bromine water reacts with the hydrocarbon.
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(Total 6 marks)
Q2.
What is the empirical formula of an oxide of nitrogen that contains 26% nitrogen by mass?
A NO2
B N 2 O3
C N 2 O5
D N 4 O5
(Total 1 mark)
Q3.
An experiment was carried out to determine the relative molecular mass (Mr) of a volatile
hydrocarbon X that is a liquid at room temperature.
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A known mass of X was vaporised at a known temperature and pressure and the volume
of the gas produced was measured in a gas syringe.
Data from this experiment are shown in the table.
Mass of X 194 mg
Temperature 373 K
Pressure 102 kPa
Volume 72 cm3
(a) Calculate the relative molecular mass of X.
Show your working.
Give your answer to the appropriate number of significant figures.
The gas constant, R = 8.31 J K−1 mol−1
Relative molecular mass _________________________________________

(5)
(b) Analysis of a different hydrocarbon Y shows that it contains 83.7% by mass of

carbon.
Calculate the empirical formula of Y.
Use this empirical formula and the relative molecular mass of Y (Mr = 86.0) to
calculate the molecular formula of Y.
Empirical formula ____________________________________________________
Molecular formula ____________________________________________________

(4)
(Total 9 marks)
Q4.
2.40 g of an explosive, J, contains 0.473 g of nitrogen. J also contains 33.8% carbon and
1.41% hydrogen by mass. The remainder of J is oxygen.
What is the empirical formula of J?
A C4HNO2
Page 3 of 94
B CH2N2O
C C2HNO2
D CHNO
(Total 1 mark)
Q5.
What is the empirical formula of 4-hydroxypent-2-ene?
A C5H12O
B C5H10O
C CH2O
D C5H9OH
(Total 1 mark)
Q6.
This question is about halogenoalkanes.
(a) Chlorine atoms are formed in the upper atmosphere when ultraviolet radiation
causes C–Cl bonds in chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) to break.
Write two equations to show how chlorine atoms catalyse the decomposition of
ozone.
1. _________________________________________________________________
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2. _________________________________________________________________
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(2)
(b) Chloroethane reacts with potassium hydroxide in the presence of propan-1-ol to

form ethene.
State the role of potassium hydroxide and the role of propan-1-ol in the reaction.
Role of potassium hydroxide ___________________________________________
Role of propan-1-ol ___________________________________________________

(2)
(c) Name and outline a mechanism for the reaction in part (b) between chloroethane
and potassium hydroxide to produce ethene.
Name of mechanism __________________________________________________
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Mechanism
(4)
(d) The structure of polymer A is shown.
Draw the structure of the monomer used to form polymer A.

(1)
(e) Chemical analysis shows that a chlorofluoroalkane, B, contains by mass 51.6%

fluorine, 32.1% chlorine and no hydrogen.
Chlorine exists as two isotopes, 35Cl and 337Cl, in the ratio 3:1
Fluorine only exists as one isotope, 19F.
A mass spectrum of B is obtained using electron impact ionisation. The mass

spectrum shows three molecular ion peaks at m/z = 220, 222 and 224.
Determine the formula of each of the three molecular ions of B.
Predict and explain the ratio of the relative abundancies of each of the three
molecular ion peaks at m/z = 220, 222 and 224.
To gain full marks you must show all your working.
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(6)
(Total 15 marks)
Q7.
Glucose can decompose in the presence of microorganisms to form a range of products.
One of these is a carboxylic acid (Mr = 88.0) containing 40.9% carbon and 4.5% hydrogen
by mass.
(a) Deduce the empirical and molecular formulas of the carboxylic acid formed.
Empirical formula = ___________ Molecular formula = ___________

(4)
(b) Ethanol is formed by the fermentation of glucose.

A student carried out this fermentation reaction in a beaker using an aqueous
solution of glucose at a temperature of 25 °C in the presence of yeast.
Write an equation for the reaction occurring during fermentation.
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(1)
(c) In industry, this fermentation reaction is carried out at 35 °C rather than 25 °C.
Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage for industry of carrying out the
fermentation at this higher temperature.
Advantage __________________________________________________________
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Disadvantage _______________________________________________________
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(2)
(d) The method used by the student in part (b) would result in the ethanol being
contaminated by ethanoic acid.
How does this contamination occur?
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(1)
(e) Give two differences between the infrared spectrum of a carboxylic acid and that of
an alcohol other than in their fingerprint regions.
Use Table A on the Data Sheet.
Difference 1 ________________________________________________________
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Difference 2 _________________________________________________________
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(2)
(Total 10 marks)
Q8.
Isooctane (C8H18) is the common name for the branched-chain hydrocarbon that burns
smoothly in car engines. The skeletal formula of isooctane is shown below.
(a) Give the IUPAC name for isooctane.
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(1)
(b) Deduce the number of peaks in the 13C NMR spectrum of isooctane.
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(1)
(c) Isooctane can be formed, together with propene and ethene, in a reaction in which
one molecule of an alkane that contains 20 carbon atoms is cracked.
Using molecular formulas, write an equation for this reaction.
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(1)
(d) How do the products of the reaction in part (c) show that the reaction is an example
of thermal cracking?
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(1)
(e) Deduce the number of monochloro isomers formed by isooctane.

Draw the structure of the monochloro isomer that exists as a pair of optical isomers.
Number of monochloro isomers

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Structure
(2)
(f) An isomer of isooctane reacts with chlorine to form only one monochloro compound.
Draw the skeletal formula of this monochloro compound.
(1)
(g) A sample of a monochlorooctane is obtained from a comet. The chlorine in the

monochlorooctane contains the isotopes 35Cl and 37Cl in the ratio 1.5 : 1.0
Calculate the Mr of this monochlorooctane.
Mr = _______________
(2)
(h) Isooctane reacts with an excess of chlorine to form a mixture of chlorinated

compounds.
One of these compounds contains 24.6% carbon and 2.56% hydrogen by mass.
Calculate the molecular formula of this compound.
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Molecular formula = _______________
(3)
(Total 12 marks)
Q9.
A different kind of kiln is used to manufacture Portland cement. The main active minerals
in Portland cement are called alite and belite.
(a) The table shows the composition of a compound found in alite that contains only the
elements calcium, silicon and oxygen. Use these percentage by mass data to
determine the empirical formula of this compound.
Ca Si O
To be
% by mass 52.67 12.30
calculated
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(3)
(b) A compound (Ca2SiO4) in belite reacts with water to produce Ca3Si2O4(OH)6 and
Ca(OH)2
Write an equation for this reaction.
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(1)
(c) Bags of Portland cement are labelled with hazard warnings.

Suggest an item of personal safety equipment, other than eye protection, that the
warning label recommends.
Give a reason why this safety equipment is recommended.
Safety equipment __________________________________________________
Reason __________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Page 9 of 94
Q10.
An organic compound is found to contain 40.0% carbon, 6.7% hydrogen and 53.3%
oxygen.
Which of the following compounds could this be?
A Ethanol
B Ethanoic acid
C Methanol
D Methanoic acid
(Total 1 mark)
Q11.
Compounds containing Cu2+, OH– and CO32− ions are sometimes described as basic
copper carbonates.
(a) Solid Cu2(OH)2CO3 is added to an excess of dilute hydrochloric acid.

A solution of copper(II) chloride is formed, together with two other products.
(i) Write an equation for the reaction.
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(2)
(ii) Suggest one observation that could be made during the reaction.
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(1)
(b) A 5.000 g sample of a different basic copper carbonate contains 0.348 g of carbon,
0.029 g of hydrogen and 1.858 g of oxygen.
(i) State what is meant by the term empirical formula.
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(1)
(ii) Calculate the empirical formula of this basic copper carbonate.

Show your working.
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(3)
(Total 7 marks)
Q12.
Compound R contains 61.0% carbon and 11.9% hydrogen by mass. The remainder is
oxygen.
The mass spectrum of R contains a molecular ion peak at m/z = 118.
(a) Use these data to show that the molecular formula of R is C6H14O2.
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(3)
(b) The infrared spectrum of R (C6H14O2) is shown below.
The proton n.m.r. spectrum of R contains five peaks. The chemical shift values,
integration ratios and splitting patterns of these peaks are given in the table.
Chemical 3.8 3.2 3.1 1.4 1.1
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shift/ppm
Integration ratio 2 3 1 2 6
Splitting patterns triplet singlet singlet triplet singlet
When R is warmed with acidified potassium dichromate(VI) a green solution is

formed.
Use Table A and Table B on the data sheet and all of the data provided in the
question to deduce the structure of R.
In your answer, explain how you have used the data provided in the question.
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(9)
(Total 12 marks)
Q13.
A sample of hydrated nickel sulfate (NiSO4.xH2O) with a mass of 2.287 g was heated to
remove all water of crystallisation. The solid remaining had a mass of 1.344 g.
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(a) Calculate the value of the integer x.
Show your working.
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(4)
(b) Suggest how a student doing this experiment could check that all the water had
been removed.
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(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q14.
When boric acid (H3BO3) is applied as a coating on wood, it acts as a fire retardant by
decreasing the rate of combustion.
Thermal decomposition of boric acid takes place in two stages.
In an experiment a sample of boric acid was heated in a crucible at 170 °C. The results of
this experiment are given in the table.
Time of heating / minutes Mass of crucible and contents / g
0 35.85
5 35.10
10 34.41
15 34.00
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20 33.70
25 33.56
30 33.50
35 33.50
Plot a graph of the results from the table above to show the mass of the crucible and boric
acid (y-axis) against time of heating on the grid.
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(Total 4 marks)
Q15.
Page 15 of 94
(a) Calcium phosphate reacts with aqueous nitric acid to produce phosphoric acid and
calcium nitrate as shown in the equation.
Ca3(PO4)2 + 6HNO3 2H3PO4 + 3Ca(NO3)2
(i) A 7.26 g sample of calcium phosphate reacted completely when added to an

excess of aqueous nitric acid to form 38.0 cm3 of solution.
Calculate the concentration, in mol dm–3, of phosphoric acid in this solution.

Give your answer to 3 significant figures.
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(5)
(ii) Calculate the percentage atom economy for the formation of calcium nitrate in
this reaction.
Give your answer to 1 decimal place.
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(2)
(b) Write an equation to show the reaction between calcium hydroxide and phosphoric
acid to produce calcium phosphate and water.
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(1)
(c) Calcium dihydrogenphosphate can be represented by the formula Ca(H2PO4)x where

x is an integer.
A 9.76 g sample of calcium dihydrogenphosphate contains 0.17 g of hydrogen, 2.59
g of phosphorus and 5.33 g of oxygen.
Page 16 of 94
Calculate the empirical formula and hence the value of x.
Show your working.
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(4)
(Total 12 marks)
Q16.
Zinc forms many different salts including zinc sulfate, zinc chloride and zinc fluoride.
(a) People who have a zinc deficiency can take hydrated zinc sulfate (ZnSO4.xH2O) as
a dietary supplement.
A student heated 4.38 g of hydrated zinc sulfate and obtained 2.46 g of anhydrous
zinc sulfate.
Use these data to calculate the value of the integer x in ZnSO4.xH2O

Show your working.
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(3)
(b) Zinc chloride can be prepared in the laboratory by the reaction between zinc oxide
and hydrochloric acid.
The equation for the reaction is
ZnO + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2O
A 0.0830 mol sample of pure zinc oxide was added to 100 cm3 of 1.20 mol dm−3
Page 17 of 94
hydrochloric acid.
Calculate the maximum mass of anhydrous zinc chloride that could be obtained
from the products of this reaction.
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(4)
(c) Zinc chloride can also be prepared in the laboratory by the reaction between zinc
and hydrogen chloride gas.
Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2
An impure sample of zinc powder with a mass of 5.68 g was reacted with hydrogen
chloride gas until the reaction was complete. The zinc chloride produced had a
mass of 10.7 g.
Calculate the percentage purity of the zinc metal.

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(4)
(d) Predict the type of crystal structure in solid zinc fluoride and explain why its melting
point is high.
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(3)
(Total 14 marks)
Q17.
There is an experimental method for determining the number of water molecules in the
formula of hydrated sodium carbonate. This method involves heating a sample to a
temperature higher than 300 °C and recording the change in mass of the sample. The
equation for the reaction taking place is
Na2CO3.10H2O(s) Na2CO3(s) + 10H2O(g)
A group of six students carried out this experiment. They each weighed out a sample of
hydrated sodium carbonate. They then heated their sample to a temperature higher than
300 °C in a crucible for ten minutes and recorded the final mass after the crucible had
cooled. Their results are summarised in the table.
Student 1 2 3 4 5 6
Initial mass / g 2.43 1.65 3.58 1.09 2.82 1.95
Final mass / g 0.90 0.61 1.53 0.40 1.15 0.72
(a) Plot the values of Initial mass (y-axis) against Final mass on the grid below.
A graph of these results should include an additional point.

Draw a circle on the grid around the additional point that you should include.
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(4)
(b) Draw a best-fit straight line for these results that includes your additional point.
(1)
(c) Identify each student whose experiment gave an anomalous result.
Page 20 of 94
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(1)
(d) All the students carried out the experiment exactly according to this method.
Explain why a student that you identified in part (c) obtained an anomalous result.
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(2)
(Total 8 marks)
Q18.
The pigment ’Cobalt Yellow’ contains an octahedral complex of cobalt(III) and nitrate(III)
ions (NO2–). Analysis shows that Cobalt Yellow contains 13.0% of cobalt, 18.6% of
nitrogen and 25.9% of potassium by mass. The remainder is oxygen.
(a) Use these data to calculate the empirical formula of Cobalt Yellow. Show your
working.
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(3)
(b) Deduce the structural formula of the cobalt-containing ion in Cobalt Yellow.
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(1)
(Total 4 marks)
Q19.
The following table shows the electronegativity values of the elements from lithium to
fluorine.
Li Be B C N O F
Electronegativity 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
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(a) (i) State the meaning of the term electronegativity.
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(2)
(ii) Suggest why the electronegativity of the elements increases from lithium to
fluorine.
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(2)
(b) State the type of bonding in lithium fluoride.

Explain why a lot of energy is needed to melt a sample of solid lithium fluoride.
Bonding ___________________________________________________________
Explanation _________________________________________________________
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(3)
(c) Deduce why the bonding in nitrogen oxide is covalent rather than ionic.
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(1)
(d) Oxygen forms several different compounds with fluorine.
(i) Suggest the type of crystal shown by OF2
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(1)
(ii) Write an equation to show how OF2 reacts with steam to form oxygen and
hydrogen fluoride.
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(1)
(iii) One of these compounds of oxygen and fluorine has a relative molecular mass
of 70.0 and contains 54.3% by mass of fluorine.
Page 22 of 94
Calculate the empirical formula and the molecular formula of this compound.
Show your working.
Empirical formula _______________________________________________
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Molecular formula _______________________________________________
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(4)
(Total 14 marks)
Q20.
(a) Boron trichloride (BCl3) can be prepared as shown by the following equation.
B2O3(s) + 3C(s) + 3Cl2(g) 2BCl3(g) + 3CO(g)
A sample of boron oxide (B2O3) was reacted completely with carbon and chlorine.
The two gases produced occupied a total volume of 5000 cm3 at a pressure of 100
kPa and a temperature of 298 K.
Calculate the mass of boron oxide that reacted.

(The gas constant R = 8.31 J K–1 mol–1)
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(5)
(b) Boron trichloride can also be prepared from its elements.
Page 23 of 94
Explain why boron trichloride has a trigonal planar shape with equal bond angles.
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(3)
(c) (i) Boron trichloride is easily hydrolysed to form two different acids as shown in
the following equation.
BCl3(g) + 3H2O(I) H3BO3(aq) + 3HCl(aq)
Calculate the concentration, in mol dm–3, of hydrochloric acid produced when

43.2 g of boron trichloride are added to water to form 500 cm3 of solution.
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(4)
(ii) Boric acid (H3BO3) can react with sodium hydroxide to form sodium borate and
water.
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(1)
(d) Boron trichloride can be reduced by using hydrogen to form pure boron.
BCl3(g) + 1 H2(g) B(s) + 3HCl(g)
Calculate the percentage atom economy for the formation of boron in this reaction.
Apart from changing the reaction conditions, suggest one way a company producing
pure boron could increase its profits from this reaction.
Page 24 of 94
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(3)
(e) A different compound of boron and chlorine has a relative molecular mass of 163.6
and contains 13.2% of boron by mass.
Calculate the molecular formula of this compound.

Show your working.
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(4)
(Total 20 marks)
Q21.
Potassium carbonate can also occur as a hydrated compound, K2CO3.xH2O.
Analysis of this hydrated compound showed that it contained 11.5% by mass of water.
Determine the value of x. Show your working.
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(Total 2 marks)
Q22.
The element nitrogen forms compounds with metals and non-metals.
(a) Nitrogen forms a nitride ion with the electron configuration 1s2 2s2 2p6
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Write the formula of the nitride ion.
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(1)
(b) An element forms an ion Q with a single negative charge that has the same electron
configuration as the nitride ion.
Identify the ion Q.
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(1)
(c) Use the Periodic Table and your knowledge of electron arrangement to write the
formula of lithium nitride.
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(1)
(d) Calcium nitride contains 81.1% by mass of the metal.

Calculate the empirical formula of calcium nitride.
Show your working.
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(3)
(e) Write an equation for the reaction between silicon and nitrogen to form silicon
nitride, Si3N4
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(1)
(Total 7 marks)
Q23.
Norgessaltpeter was the first nitrogen fertiliser to be manufactured in Norway. It has the
formula Ca(NO3)2
(a) Norgessaltpeter can be made by the reaction of calcium carbonate with dilute nitric
acid as shown by the following equation.
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CaCO3(s) + 2HNO3(aq) Ca(NO3)2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(I)
In an experiment, an excess of powdered calcium carbonate was added to 36.2 cm3

of 0.586 mol dm–3 nitric acid.
(i) Calculate the amount, in moles, of HNO3 in 36.2 cm3 of 0.586 mol dm–3 nitric
acid. Give your answer to 3 significant figures.
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(1)
(ii) Calculate the amount, in moles, of CaCO3 that reacted with the nitric acid. Give
your answer to 3 significant figures.
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(1)
(iii) Calculate the minimum mass of powdered CaCO3 that should be added to
react with all of the nitric acid.
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(2)
(iv) State the type of reaction that occurs when calcium carbonate reacts with nitric
acid.
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(1)
(b) Norgessaltpeter decomposes on heating as shown by the following equation.
2Ca(NO3)2(s) 2CaO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
A sample of Norgessaltpeter was decomposed completely.
The gases produced occupied a volume of 3.50 × 10–3 m3 at a pressure of 100 kPa
and a temperature of 31 °C.
(i) Calculate the total amount, in moles, of gases produced.
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(3)
(ii) Hence calculate the amount, in moles, of oxygen produced.
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(1)
(c) Hydrated calcium nitrate can be represented by the formula Ca(NO3)2.xH2O where x
is an integer.
A 6.04 g sample of Ca(NO3)2.xH2O contains 1.84 g of water of crystallisation.
Use this information to calculate a value for x.

Show your working.
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(3)
(Total 12 marks)
Q24.
Indium is in Group 3 in the Periodic Table and exists as a mixture of the isotopes 113
In and
115
In.
(a) Use your understanding of the Periodic Table to complete the electron configuration
of indium.
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 _______________________________________

(1)
(b) A sample of indium must be ionised before it can be analysed in a mass

spectrometer.
(i) State what is used to ionise a sample of indium in a mass spectrometer.
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(1)
(ii) Write an equation, including state symbols, for the ionisation of indium that
requires the minimum energy.
Page 28 of 94
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(iii) State why more than the minimum energy is not used to ionise the sample of
indium.
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(1)
(iv) Give two reasons why the sample of indium must be ionised.
Reason 1 ______________________________________________________
Reason 2 ______________________________________________________
(2)
(c) A mass spectrum of a sample of indium showed two peaks at m/z = 113 and
m/z = 115. The relative atomic mass of this sample of indium is 114.5
(i) Give the meaning of the term relative atomic mass.
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(2)
(ii) Use these data to calculate the ratio of the relative abundances of the two
isotopes.
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(2)
(d) State and explain the difference, if any, between the chemical properties of the
isotopes 113In and 115In
Difference in chemical properties ________________________________________
Explanation _________________________________________________________
(2)
(e) Indium forms a compound X with hydrogen and oxygen. Compound X contains
69.2% indium and 1.8% hydrogen by mass.
Calculate the empirical formula of compound X.
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(3)
(Total 15 marks)
Q25.
There are several oxides of nitrogen.
(a) An oxide of nitrogen contains 25.9% by mass of nitrogen. Determine the empirical
formula of this oxide.
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(3)
(b) Give one reason why the oxide NO is a pollutant gas.
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(1)
(c) The oxide NO reacts with oxygen to form nitrogen dioxide. Write an equation for this
reaction.
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(d) Explain how NO is produced in the engine of a motor vehicle.
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(2)
(e) Write an equation to show how NO is removed from the exhaust gases in motor
vehicles using a catalytic converter.
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(1)
(Total 8 marks)
Q26.
The manufacturer supplying concentrated ethanoic acid for the production of vinegar also
Page 30 of 94
supplied other acids. The label had come off a batch of one of these other acids.
A sample of this unknown acid was analysed and found to contain 54.5% of carbon and
9.10% of hydrogen by mass, the remainder being oxygen.
(a) Use these data to calculate the empirical formula of the unknown acid.
Show your working.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(b) A sample of the unknown acid was analysed in a mass spectrometer. The mass
spectrum obtained is shown below.
Use the mass spectrum to determine the Mr of the unknown acid.
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(c) Use your answers from parts (a) and (b) to determine the molecular formula of the
unknown acid.
(If you could not answer part (b), you should assume that the Mr of the acid is 132.0
but this is not the correct value.)
Show your working.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Page 31 of 94
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q27.
Under suitable conditions magnesium will react with dilute nitric acid according to the
following equation.
Mg(s) + 2HNO3(aq) → Mg(NO3)2(aq) + H2(g)
A 0.0732 g sample of magnesium was added to 36.4 cm3 of 0.265 mol dm–3 nitric acid.
The acid was in excess.
(a) (i) Calculate the amount, in moles, of magnesium in the 0.0732 g sample.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(ii) Hence calculate the amount, in moles, of nitric acid needed to react completely
with this sample of magnesium.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(iii) Calculate the amount, in moles, of nitric acid originally added to this sample of
magnesium.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(iv) Hence calculate the amount, in moles, of nitric acid that remains unreacted.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(b) In a second experiment, 0.512 mol of hydrogen gas was produced when another
sample of magnesium reacted with dilute nitric acid. Calculate the volume that this
gas would occupy at 298 K and 96 kPa. Include units in your final answer.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Page 32 of 94
___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(c) Concentrated nitric acid reacts with magnesium to form an oxide of nitrogen which
contains 30.4% by mass of nitrogen.
Calculate the empirical formula of this oxide of nitrogen. Show your working.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 10 marks)
Q28.
Some antacid tablets contain sodium hydrogencarbonate, sucrose and citric acid.
(a) Analysis of a pure sample of citric acid showed that it contained 37.50% of carbon
and 4.17% of hydrogen by mass, the remainder being oxygen. Use these data to
show that the empirical formula of the acid is C6H8O7.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(b) When the antacid tablet is added to water, sodium hydrogencarbonate and citric
acid react together to form a gas. Identify this gas.
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(c) A weighed portion of this antacid was added to water. The gas formed was collected
and its volume measured.
(i) Draw a diagram to show how this experiment could have been carried out to
collect and measure the volume of the gas.
Page 33 of 94
(ii) The experiment was repeated with further weighed portions of the same
antacid.
The results are shown below.
Experiment 1 2 3 4 5
Mass of antacid / g 2.60 1.17 0.88 2.31 1.80
Volume of gas collected / cm3 168 86 57 149 116
1 On the graph paper below, plot a graph of mass of antacid (x-axis)

against volume of gas collected.
Page 34 of 94
(3)
2 Draw a line of best fit on the graph, ignoring any anomalous points.
(1)
3 Use the graph to determine the volume of gas which would have been
collected using 2.00 g of antacid.
Volume of gas collected _________________________

(1)
(d) Suggest one reason why the presence of sodium hydrogencarbonate in the
Page 35 of 94
stomach may cause a person to suffer some extra discomfort for a short time.
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(e) Explain why the value for the Mr of citric acid does not need to be an exact value to
deduce the molecular formula of citric acid from its empirical formula.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(f) Apart from misreading the gas volume, suggest two reasons why the volumes of
gas collected may be lower than the volumes of gas produced.
Reason 1 ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Reason 2 ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(g) Explain why it is important to record the temperature and pressure when measuring
the volume of a gas.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(h) Suggest why, in an analysis of an antacid, it is important to test samples from more
than one bottle of the antacid.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(i) In the industrial production of sodium hydrogencarbonate, ammonia and carbon

dioxide are bubbled through a saturated solution of sodium chloride. The equation
for this reaction, and some solubility data, are shown below.
NaCl(aq) + NH3(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) → NaHCO3(s) + NH4Cl(aq)
Compound Solubility in water at 20 °C / g dm–3
sodium chloride 360
sodium hydrogencarbonate 96
ammonium chloride 370
(i) Suggest one reason why sodium hydrogencarbonate precipitates from the
Page 36 of 94
reaction mixture at this temperature.
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(ii) Explain how this reaction could be used to remove carbon dioxide from the
gases formed when fossil fuels are burned.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(j) The thermal decomposition of sodium hydrogencarbonate produces sodium

carbonate. The other products are water and carbon dioxide. Write an equation for
this thermal decomposition.
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(k) Sodium carbonate is produced on an industrial scale by a multi-step process. The

equation which summarises the reactions taking place is shown below.
CaCO3 + 2NaCl → CaCl2 + Na2CO3
Calculate the percentage atom economy for the production of sodium carbonate by
this reaction.
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 20 marks)
Q29.
(a) Nitromethane, CH3NO2, is used as an ‘energy rich’ fuel for motor-racing. It burns in
oxygen forming three gases.
2CH3NO2(l) + 1½O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(g) + N2(g)
(i) A 1.00 mol sample of nitromethane was burned in oxygen forming the products
shown in the equation above. Calculate the total volume of gases produced at
298 K and 100 kPa (assume that the water is gaseous).
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(ii) This combustion reaction is very exothermic and reaches a temperature of

1000 K. Determine the total volume of gases when the temperature is raised
to 1000 K at a constant pressure.
Page 37 of 94
(If you have been unable to determine a volume in your answer to part (a)(i),
you may assume it to be 8.61 × 10–4 m3 but this is not the correct answer).
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(5)
(b) It has been suggested that, instead of releasing it into the atmosphere, the carbon
dioxide gas evolved during a combustion reaction can be absorbed by sodium
hydroxide solution, as shown by the following equation.
2NaOH(aq) + CO2(g) → Na2CO3(aq) + H2O(l)
(i) Give two reasons why this reaction might not be suitable for the removal of
carbon dioxide from the exhaust gases of an engine.
Reason 1 ______________________________________________________
Reason 2 ______________________________________________________
(ii) The sodium hydroxide solution for this reaction can be made on an industrial
scale, together with chlorine gas and hydrogen gas, by electrolysis of a dilute
solution of sodium chloride. Suggest one commercial advantage and one
environmental disadvantage of this industrial process.
Commercial advantage ___________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Environmental disadvantage _______________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(4)
(c) Nitrogen forms several different oxides. Calculate the empirical formula of an oxide
of nitrogen which contains 26% of nitrogen by mass.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(d) Another oxide of nitrogen, N2O, decomposes on warming to produce nitrogen and
oxygen. Write an equation for the decomposition reaction.
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(e) Internal combustion engines burn fuels in air. Suggest one advantage of using air
mixed with N2O for this purpose.
___________________________________________________________________
Page 38 of 94
(1)
(Total 14 marks)
Q30.
At room temperature, both sodium metal and sodium chloride are crystalline solids which
contain ions.
(a) On the diagrams for sodium metal and sodium chloride below, mark the charge for
each ion.
(2)
(b) (i) Explain how the ions are held together in solid sodium metal.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(ii) Explain how the ions are held together in solid sodium chloride.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(iii) The melting point of sodium chloride is much higher than that of sodium metal.
What can be deduced from this information?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(3)
(c) Compare the electrical conductivity of solid sodium metal with that of solid sodium
chloride. Explain your answer.
Comparison _________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Explanation _________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(d) Explain why sodium metal is malleable (can be hammered into shape).
Page 39 of 94
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(e) Sodium chlorate(V), NaClO3, contains 21.6% by mass of sodium, 33.3% by mass of
chlorine and 45.1% by mass of oxygen.
(i) Use the above data to show that the empirical formula of sodium chlorate(V) is
NaClO3
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(ii) Sodium chlorate(V) may be prepared by passing chlorine into hot aqueous
sodium hydroxide. Balance the equation for this reaction below.
....... Cl2 + ....... NaOH → ....... NaCl + NaClO3 + 3H2O

(3)
(Total 12 marks)
Q31.
Potassium nitrate, KNO3, decomposes on strong heating, forming oxygen and solid Y as
the only products.
(a) A 1.00 g sample of KNO3 (Mr = 101.1) was heated strongly until fully decomposed
into Y.
(i) Calculate the number of moles of KNO3 in the 1.00 g sample.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(ii) At 298 K and 100 kPa, the oxygen gas produced in this decomposition
occupied a volume of 1.22 × 10–4 m3.
State the ideal gas equation and use it to calculate the number of moles of
oxygen produced in this decomposition.
Ideal gas equation ______________________________________________
Moles of oxygen ________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Page 40 of 94
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(5)
(b) Compound Y contains 45.9% of potassium and 16.5% of nitrogen by mass, the
remainder being oxygen.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(ii) Use the data above to calculate the empirical formula of Y.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(4)
(c) Deduce an equation for the decomposition of KNO3 into Y and oxygen.
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 10 marks)
Q32.
(a) Dichloromethane, CH2Cl2, is one of the products formed when chloromethane,
CH3Cl, reacts with chlorine.
(i) Name the type of mechanism involved in this reaction and write an equation
for each of the steps named below.
Name of type of mechanism _______________________________________
Initiation step
______________________________________________________________
First propagation step
______________________________________________________________
Second propagation step
______________________________________________________________
(ii) Write an overall equation for the formation of dichloromethane from

chloromethane.
______________________________________________________________
(5)
Page 41 of 94
(b) A compound contains 10.1% carbon and 89.9% chlorine by mass. Calculate the
molecular formula of this compound, given that its relative molecular mass (Mr) is
237.0
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(c) Suggest the formulae of two bromine-containing organic compounds formed when
dibromomethane, CH2Br2, reacts with bromine.
Compound 1
_________________________________________________________
Compound 2
_________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
Q33.
(a) Ammonia, NH3, reacts with sodium to form sodium amide, NaNH2, and hydrogen.
(i) Write an equation for the reaction between ammonia and sodium.
______________________________________________________________
(ii) Draw the shape of an ammonia molecule and that of an amide ion, NH
In each case show any lone pairs of electrons.
NH3 NH
(iii) State the bond angle found in an ammonia molecule.
______________________________________________________________
(iv) Explain why the bond angle in an amide ion is smaller than that in an ammonia
molecule.
Page 42 of 94
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(6)
(b) A salt, X, contains 16.2% by mass of magnesium, 18.9% by mass of nitrogen and
64.9% by mass of oxygen.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(ii) Determine the empirical formula of X.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 9 marks)
Q34.
Propanoic acid reacts with methanol in the presence of a small amount of concentrated
sulphuric acid. The empirical formula of the ester formed is
A CH2O
B C 2 H 6 O2
C C 2 H 4 O2
D C2 H4 O
(Total 1 mark)
Q35.
(a) The equation for the reaction between magnesium carbonate and hydrochloric acid
is given below.
MgCO3 + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2O + CO2
When 75.0 cm3 of 0.500 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid were added to 1.25 g of impure
MgCO3 some acid was left unreacted. This unreacted acid required 21.6 cm3 of a
0.500 mol dm–3 solution of sodium hydroxide for complete reaction.
(i) Calculate the number of moles of HCl in 75.0 cm3 of 0.500 mol dm–3
hydrochloric acid.
Page 43 of 94
______________________________________________________________
(ii) Calculate the number of moles of NaOH used to neutralise the unreacted HCl.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(iii) Show that the number of moles of HCl which reacted with the MgCO3 in the
sample was 0.0267
______________________________________________________________
(iv) Calculate the number of moles and the mass of MgCO3 in the sample, and
hence deduce the percentage by mass of MgCO3 in the sample.
Moles of MgCO3 ________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Mass of MgCO3 _________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Percentage of MgCO3 ____________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(8)
(b) A compound contains 36.5% of sodium and 25.5% of sulphur by mass, the rest
being oxygen.
(i) Use this information to show that the empirical formula of the compound is
Na2SO3
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(ii) When Na2SO3 is treated with an excess of hydrochloric acid, aqueous sodium
chloride is formed and sulphur dioxide gas is evolved. Write an equation to
represent this reaction.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 12 marks)
Page 44 of 94
Q36.
When chlorine reacts with trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, CCl4, is formed.
(a) (i) Write the overall equation for this reaction.
______________________________________________________________
(ii) State one essential condition for this reaction.
______________________________________________________________
(2)
(b) The mechanism for the chlorination of trichloromethane is free-radical substitution,

which proceeds by a series of steps. Write equations for the steps named below in
this chlorination.
Initiation step
___________________________________________________________________
First propagation step
___________________________________________________________________
Second propagation step
___________________________________________________________________
A termination step
___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 6 marks)
Q37.
When a sample of liquid, X, of mass 0.406 g was vaporised, the vapour was found to
occupy a volume of 2.34 × 10–4 m3 at a pressure of 110 kPa and a temperature of 473 K.
(a) Give the name of the equation pV = nRT.
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(b) Use the equation pV = nRT to calculate the number of moles of X in the sample and
hence deduce the relative molecular mass of X.
Moles of X __________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Relative molecular mass of X ___________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Page 45 of 94
(4)
(c) Compound X, which contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen only, has 38.7% carbon
and 9.68% hydrogen by mass. Calculate the empirical formula of X.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(d) Using your answers to parts (b) and (c) above, deduce the molecular formula of X.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 9 makrs)
Q38.
The alkanes form an homologous series of hydrocarbons. The first four straight-chain
alkanes are shown below.
methane CH4
ethane CH3CH3
propane CH3CH2CH3
butane CH3CH2CH2CH3
(a) (i) State what is meant by the term hydrocarbon.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(ii) Give the general formula for the alkanes.
______________________________________________________________
(iii) Give the molecular formula for hexane, the sixth member of the series.
______________________________________________________________
(3)
(b) Each homologous series has its own general formula. State two other
characteristics of an homologous series.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
Page 46 of 94
(c) Branched-chain structural isomers are possible for alkanes which have more than
three carbon atoms.
(i) State what is meant by the term structural isomers.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(ii) Name the two isomers of hexane shown below.
Name _________________________________________________________
Name _________________________________________________________
(iii) Give the structures of two other branched-chain isomers of hexane.
Isomer 3 Isomer 4
(6)
(d) A hydrocarbon, W, contains 92.3% carbon by mass. The relative molecular mass of
W is 78.0
(i) Calculate the empirical formula of W.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Page 47 of 94
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(ii) Calculate the molecular formula of W.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 15 marks)
Q39.
An alkane contains 30 hydrogen atoms per molecule. Its empirical formula is
A C6H15
B C7H15
C C14H30
D C15H30
(Total 1 mark)
Q40.
CH2O is the empirical formula of
A methanol
B methyl methanoate
C ethane-1,2-diol
D butanal
(Total 1 mark)
Q41.
When TiCI4 is reduced with hydrogen under certain conditions, a new compound is
produced which contains 68.9% chlorine by mass. Which one of the following could be the
formula of the new compound?
A TiH2Cl2
B TiCl
C TiCl2
D TiCl3
(Total 1 mark)
Page 48 of 94
Mark schemes
Q1.
M1 C:H = 7.3 : 12.2 seen
Extended response: M1 is for working of some sort leading
to the formulae.
If C3H5 and C6H10 are both shown but it is not indicated which
formula is which; or the formulas are stated the wrong way
round, then allow 1 mark for M2 and M3 combined; if both
correct formulas are given with only one stated correctly to
be the empirical/molecular formula, then allow M2 and M3.
1
M2 (converting C:H 7.3 : 12.2 to 3:5)

to give empirical formula = C3H5
1
M3 molecular formula = C6H10

1
M4, 5 two possible structures of C6H10 (in any structural form)

cyclic compounds with 6/5/4/3-membered C ring with one double bond, e.g.
or any dienes with 6 C atoms,
or a molecule with a triple bond

M4 and M5 ignore names given in addition to structures
Credit M4 and M5 for correct names if no structures drawn
Apply list principle to structures in M4 and M5
2
M6 (electrophilic) addition
1
Alternative route to C6H10 that could gain credit
M1 82/12 gives/suggests 6 C atoms
M3 empirical formula = C3H5
Alternative route to C6H10 that could gain credit
M1 82 × 0.878 = 72, (72/12) = 6 C atoms
M6 penalise nucleophilic addition; ignore bromination
[6]
Q2.
C
[1]
Page 49 of 94
Q3.
(a) Stage 1
M1
1
M2
1
M3 = 0.0024 / 0.00237 / 0.002369 / 0.0023693 ..

1
Stage 2
M4
1
M5 = 82 (2sf only)
1
As this is an extended response question, each separate
step of correct working is required in M1–M5
Correct answer with no working scores 2 marks
M1 – If expression not written out, M1 could score from a
correct expression for M2 (even if unit conversions are not
correct for M2)
M2 – allow an expression that gives correct value for M3
M3 should be at least 2sf (do not allow 0.0023 but do allow
0.00236)
M4 must show 0.194 or 194 × 10−3 in working to score
M5 must be 2sf
ECF:
• No ECF within either stage 1 or stage 2 (except for
transcription errors)
• Allow ECF from stage 1 into stage 2, i.e for M4 and M5
based on incorrect M3, (but if expression for M4 is
inverted, cannot score M5)
• (Note that if 72 × 10−3 used in M2, then M3 = 2.4, M5 =
0.082)
Ignore units for M3 and M5
Note that if T = 273 + 373 = 646, M5 = 140 (2sf)
(b) M1 dividing %s by relative atomic masses

C = 83.7/12(.0), H = 16.3/1(.0)
1
M2 converting (C : H 6.975 : 16.3) to 3 : 7
1
1
1
M1 & M2 are for working
M3 for C3H7 only, marked independently
Page 50 of 94
M4 for C6H14 only, marked independently (ignore additional
correct structures)
Formulae with no working cannot score M1 or M2
Alternative method:
M1 working that shows 83.7% of 86 is 72
M2 idea of 72/12 gives 6 C atoms
Alternative method:
working that shows that C6H14 (or C3H7) contains 83.7% C
scores M1 & M2
[9]
Q4.
C
[1]
Q5.
B
[1]
Q6.
(a) Cl• + O3 ⟶ ClO• + O2
Allow dot in free-radical on either O or Cl.

1
ClO• + O3 ⟶ 2O2 + Cl•

1
(b) (KOH acts as a) base

1
(propan-1-ol acts as a) solvent.

Allow product of reaction between KOH and propan-1-ol /
CH3CH2CH2O− acts as base.
1
(c) (Name of mechanism) Elimination

1
mechanism: 3 arrows (1 mark each).
Page 51 of 94
3
(d)
(e) This question is marked using levels of response. Refer to the Mark Scheme
Instructions for Examiners for guidance on how to mark this question.
Level 3
All stages are covered & the explanation of each stage is generally correct and
virtually complete. Stages 1 and 2 are supported by correct data. Answer
communicates the whole process coherently and shows a logical progression from
stage 1 to stage 2 and then stage 3.
Steps in stage 3 are in logical order and working is shown. If there is no working for
ratio or statement of ratio then full marks cannot be awarded.
If the formulae of the three molecular ions are not correct (2d) then the
student can’t access Level 3 (any incorrect chemistry drops the student to the
bottom mark within the level they have achieved).
5-6 marks
Level 2
Stage 2 is attempted (2a-2c do not need to be explicitly stated) but the calculation
may contain inaccuracies OR the explanation may be incomplete OR first two
stages are covered and the explanations are generally correct and virtually
complete. Answer is mainly coherent and shows a progression through the first two
stages. Some steps in each stage may be incomplete.
If percentage of carbon is missing or incorrect (1a) then student can’t access

Level 2.
3-4 marks
Level 1
Stage 1 needs to be attempted but may contain inaccuracies.
OR
Page 52 of 94
Stage 3 attempted but may contain inaccuracies / molecular formula not determined.
Answer includes some isolated statements, but these are not presented in a logical
order or show confused reasoning.
1-2 marks
Level 0
Insufficient correct chemistry to warrant a mark.

0 marks
Indicative Chemistry content
Stage 1 (determines empirical formula)
1a 16.3% carbon
1b Divide by Ar
1c Divide by smallest (0.904)
1d Convert ratio in simplest integer (x 2)
C Cl F
= 1.358 = 0.904 = 2.716
3 2 6
Stage 2 (determines formulae of three molecular ions)

2a For E.F. Mr (corresponds to the molecule) = 221
2b since Mr = 221 lies within molecular ion range 220–224
2c Thus empirical formula = molecular formula
2d Three correct formulae
2e Correct Mr for each of three molecules
220 222 224
Stage 3 (explains the ratio of 3 molecular ion peaks)

3a Working
2b Correct (simplified) ratio 9:6:1
Note: 9:3:1 will be a common incorrect answer (max 5).
Working:
220 222 224
Page 53 of 94
and
[15]
Q7.
(a) Percentage of oxygen by mass = 100 – 40.9 – 4.5 = 54.6
1
C H O
%
Divide by Ar
= 3.41 = 4.5 = 3.41

1
Divide by smallest =
Nearest whole number ratio = 1 × 3 1.32 × 3 1×3
= 3 : 3.96 : 3
Nearest integer ratio = 3 : 4 : 3

1
Empirical formula C3H4O3
Empirical formula mass = 88 = molecular formula mass
Therefore, molecular formula is same as the empirical formula - C3H4O3

1
(b) C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

1
(c) Advantage – ethanol is produced at a faster rate

1
Disadvantage – more energy is used / required in the reaction

1
(d) Air gets in / oxidation occurs

1
(e) Alcohol OH absorption in different place (3230–3550 cm–1) from acid OH

absorption (2500–3000 cm–1)
1
The C=O in acids has an absorption at 1680–1750 cm–1
1
[10]
Page 54 of 94
Q8.
(a) 2,2,4-trimethylpentane
1
(b) 5
1
(c) C20H42 C8H18 + 2C3H6 + 3C2H4

1
(d) Mainly alkenes formed

1
(e) 4 (monochloro isomers)

1
(f)
(g) C8H1735Cl = 96.0 + 17.0 + 35.0 = 148.0

and C8H1737Cl = 96.0 + 17.0 + 37.0 = 150.0
Both required
1
Mr of this C8H17Cl = 148.8

1
(h) = 2.05 : 2.56 : 2.05
Simplest ratio =
= 1 : 1.25 : 1
1
Whole number ratio (× 4) = 4 : 5 : 4

1
MF = C8H10Cl8
1
[12]
Q9.
(a) Percentage of oxygen 35.03 M1
Page 55 of 94
Values used throughout must be to a minimum of
2 s.f.
1
52.67 / 40.1 12.3 / 28.1 35.03 / 16 M2

OR
1.313 0.438 2.189
If ratios are inverted lose M2 and M3
1
Ca3SiO5 M3
If correct formula only is given allow M3 only.
1
(b) 2 Ca2SiO4 + 4 H2O → Ca3Si2O4(OH)6 + Ca(OH)2

Accept multiples and fractions. Ignore state
symbols.
1
(c) Gloves / Dust or face-mask

Ignore references to use of fume cupboard.
1
Cement is alkaline / caustic / corrosive / irritant

Accept ‘Ca(OH)2 formed is alkaline / caustic /
corrosive / irritant’.
1
[6]
Q10.
B
[1]
Q11.
(a) (i) H2O + CO2 (as products in any equation)
Allow H2O + H2CO3
1
Cu2(OH)2CO3 + 4HCl → 2CuCl2 + 3H2O + CO2
Allow multiples
Ignore states
1
(ii) Bubbles or fizzing or effervescence

Or solid disappears
Or blue(-green) solution
Do not allow dissolves
Ignore CO2 gas or gas evolved
1
(b) (i) Simplest (whole-number) ratio of atoms of each element in a compound

Allow atoms of Cu, H & O in this compound
1
(ii) Mass of copper = 2.765

Dividing masses by Ar
Page 56 of 94
1
Correct whole number ratio of integers

or
Cu:C:H:O
3:2:2:8
or
Correct empirical formula Cu3C2H2O8
Any order
Ignore Cu3(OH)2(CO3)2
1
[7]
Q12.
(a) Method 1
M1 %O = 27.1
M2 3 7 1
M3 C3H7O = 59 which is half of Mr so MF = 2EF
OR
Method 2
M1 61% of 118 = 72.0 and 11.9% of 118 = 14.0
M2 72 + 14 = 86 so oxygen = 32 out of 118
OR 27.1% of 118 = 32.0
M3
Method 3
Alternative using given molecular formula
Page 57 of 94
3
(b) For this question, marks can be awarded either for a

description of how the structure is derived or from the given
structure itself. The maximum mark to be awarded is nine
from the ten marks listed.
Marks fall into three sections:
• Infrared evidence : two marks are available for use of the infrared evidence,
(M1 and M10)
• Chemical evidence: one mark is available for use of the chemical evidence
(M2)
• N.m.r. evidence: six marks are available for use of the n.m.r. evidence (M3 –
M8 inclusive)
plus one mark (M9) for a completely correct structure.
Suggested procedure for marking
First look at the infrared spectrum: marks M1 and M10 may be scored there or in the
written answer.
Then look for use of the acidified potassium dichromate(VI) evidence, (M2).
Then look at the final structure: this may lead to the award of marks M3 to M9 as
shown on the structures below.
Beware contradictions, e.g. using the chemical evidence they may state that R is a
primary or secondary alcohol but then draw a tertiary alcohol. This will lose M2 but
may score M3.
The written ‘evidence’ frequently simply contains extracts from the Table B on the
Data Sheet and, if only this is given, is unlikely to score many marks.
Described
Or drawn
M1 Infared peak/absorbance at 3400 (cm-1) = O-H alcohol

(reference to ir spectrum needed)
Note: please check the spectrum
If peak at 3000 (cm-1) is identified as acid then cannot score
M1 (contradiction)
M10 Either no peak between 1680-1750 (cm-1) so no C=O or not aldehyde/acid

OR peak at 1000-1300 (cm-1) so C–O present
Apply list principle to IR analysis for M10
Page 58 of 94
M2 (Acidified potassium dichromate(VI) turns green) so primary alcohol or
secondary alcohol or not tertiary alcohol
Ignore aldehyde here
Lose M2 if just tertiary alcohol in structure
M3 δ = 3.1 singlet or integration = 1 is O-H

Award M3 if structure has 1 O-H group only (can be primary,
secondary or tertiary)
Lose M3 if more than one OH group shown
M4 two triplets at 1.4 & 3.8 = –CH2–CH2–

Allow –CH2–CH2–CH2–
M5 δ = 3.8 means CH2 attached to O (in ether NOT ester)

Allow O–CH2–CH2–CH2–C
δ = 1.4 means CH2 attached to C (but not to C=O)
M6 δ = 1.1 (singlet) integration 6 = 2 × equivalent CH3 on same C

–C(CH3)2–
M7 δ = 1.1 singlet so no H attached to –C(CH3)2-

R–C(CH3)2–R
M8 δ = 3.2 singlet integration 3 = -OCH3

–OCH3
M9 For completely correct

If no structure given then Max 8
R is
This close alternative
would not score M9, but could score up to 8 marks

[12]
Q13.
(a) 0.943 g water (M1)
Page 59 of 94
If Mr of NiSO4 wrong, can allow M1 and M3 from
method 1 i.e. max 2
NiSO4 H2 O
(M2) (M3)
(8.68 × 10−3 0.052)
1 6 or x = 6 (M4)
Allow Mr = 155
Allow other methods e.g.
Mr (NiSO4) = 58.7 + 32.1 + 64.0 = 154.8
n(NiSO4) = = 0.008682 mol (M1)
Mr (NiSO4.xH2O) = = (263.4) (M2)
so 18x = 263.4 − 154.8 = (108.6) (M3)
so x = = 6 (M4)
If using alternative method and Mr of NiSO4 wrong, allow ecf

to score M2 and M3 only i.e. max 2
4
(b) re-heat
Heat to constant mass = 2 marks
1
check that mass is unchanged

M2 dependent on M1
Allow as alternative:
M1: record an IR spectrum
M2: peak between 3230 and 3550 (cm−1)
1
[6]
Q14.
Mass of crucible and boric acid on the y−axis
Axes must be labelled but do not penalise lack of units
(unless incorrect).
1
Suitable scale used

Plotted points must cover at least half the printed grid.(both
directions).
1
All points plotted correctly
Page 60 of 94
Allow + / − one small square.
1
Suitable line drawn

Good best−fit line based on their points (+ / − one small
square).
Do not award if kinked, doubled or very thick line.
1
[4]
Q15.
(a) (i) M1 - Mr calcium phosphate = 310(.3)
If Mr wrong, lose M1 and M5.
1
M2 - Moles calcium phosphate = (= 0.0234)
0.0234 moles can score M1 and M2.
If Mr incorrect, can score M2 for .
Allow M2 and / or M3 to 2 significant figures here but will

lose M5 if answer not 1.23.
1
M3 - Moles phosphoric acid = 2 × 0.0234 = 0.0468

Allow student’s M2 × 2. If not multiplied by 2 then lose M3
and M5.
1
M4 - Vol phosphoric acid = 0.038(0) dm3
If not 0.038(0) dm3 then lose M4 and M5.

1
Conc phosphoric acid =
M5 = 1.23 (mol dm−3)

This answer only – unless arithmetic or transcription error
that has been penalised by 1 mark.
Allow no units but incorrect units loses M5.
1
(ii) × 100 OR × 100
1 mark for both Mr correctly placed.
= 71.5%
2
(b) 3Ca(OH)2 + 2H3PO4 Ca3(PO4)2 + 6H2O

Allow multiples.
1
Page 61 of 94
(c)
If x = 2 with no working, allow M4 only.

Ca = 1.67 g (M1).
1
Mark for dividing by correct Ar in Ca and P (M2).
If M1 incorrect can only score M2.
1
Correct ratio (M3).
1
CaH4P2O8 OR Ca(H2PO4)2 OR x = 2
Value of x or correct formula (M4).
1
Alternative
Ca H2PO4
Ca = 1.67 g (M1).
Mark for dividing by correct Ar / Mr in Ca and H2PO4 (M2).

If M1 incorrect can only score M2.
Correct ratio (M3).
CaH4P2O8 OR Ca(H2PO4)2 OR x = 2
Value of x or correct formula (M4).
[12]
Q16.
(a)
Method 1 Method 2
Mass of H2O = 4.38−2.46 Percentage of H2O = 44%
(= 1.92 g)
If there is an AE in M1 then can score M2 and M3
If Mr incorrect can only score M1
1
ZnSO4 H2 O ZnSO4 H2O
2.46 1.92 56 44
Page 62 of 94
161.5 18 161.5 18
1
(0.0152 0.107) (0.347 2.444)
( 1 : 7) ( 1 : 7)
x=7 x=7
If x = 7 with working then award 3 marks.
Allow alternative methods.
If M1 incorrect due to AE, M3 must be an integer.
1
(b) Moles HCl = 0.12(0)

1
mol ZnCl2 = 0.06(0) OR 0.12 / 2

1
If M2 incorrect then CE and cannot score M2, M3 and M4.
mass ZnCl2 = 0.06 × 136.4

Allow 65.4 + (2 × 35.5) for 136.4
1
= 8.18(4) (g) OR 8.2 (g)

Must be to 2 significant figures or more.
Ignore units.
1
(c) Moles ZnCl2 = (= 0.0784)

1
OR moles Zn = 0.0784
Mass Zn reacting = 0.0784 × 65.4 = (5.13 g)

M2 is for their M1 × 65.4
1
M3 is M2 × 100 / 5.68 provided M2 is < 5.68

1
= 90.2% OR 90.3%
Allow alternative methods.
M1 = Moles ZnCl2 = 10.7 (= 0.0784)
136.4
M2 = Theoretical moles Zn = 5.68 (= 0.0869)
65.4
M3 = M1 × 100 / M2 = (0.0784 × 100 / 0.0869)
M4 = 90.2% OR 90.3%
Page 63 of 94
1
(d) Ionic
If not ionic CE = 0/3
1
Strong (electrostatic) attraction (between ions)

1
between oppositely charged ions / + and − ions / F− and Zn2+ ions

If IMF, molecules, metallic bonding implied CE = 0/3
1
[14]
Q17.
(a) ‘Initial mass’ must be the y-axis
If axis unlabelled, use data to decide that ‘Initial mass’ is on
the y-axis.
1
Sensible scale
Do not award this mark if plotted points do not cover at
least half of the grid.
Do not award this mark if any plotted point is outside the
grid.
1
All points plotted correctly

Allow ± one small square.
1
Point at (0,0) is ringed

1
(b) Best-fit straight line that goes through the origin ± ½ small square
Mark consequentially to plotted points but the line must still
go through the origin ± ½ small square.
Lose this mark if the line is doubled or kinked.
If the points are plotted correctly, lose this mark if the line
deviates towards the anomalies.
1
(c) Students 3 and 5

Allow masses of 1.15 and 1.53 or 2.82 and 3.58
Mark consequentially to plot.
1
(d) Samples 3 or 5 have not lost all their water

Allow reaction / decomposition incomplete.
1
Sample not heated for enough time / larger masses will take a longer time to
dehydrate / decompose
1
[8]
Page 64 of 94
Q18.
(a) Percentage of oxygen is 42.5% (M1)
Allow if shown clearly in the calculation.
1
Co 13.0 / 58.9 = 0.221, N 18.6 / 14 = 1.329,
K 25.9 / 39.1 = 0.662, O 42.5 / 16 = 2.656 (M2)

Allow alternative method if chemically correct.
If Ar has been divided by the percentage, chemical error, lose
M2 and M3.
1
CoN6K3O12 (M3)
Allow in any order.
Correct answer without working scores this mark only.
1
(b) Co(NO2)63−
Allow a correct diagram bonding through N or O

Do not allow CoN6O123−
Must have correct overall charge.
Allow consequential answer from part(a) if the charge on the
anion is correct.
1
[4]
Q19.
(a) (i) The power of an atom or nucleus to withdraw or attract electrons OR electron
density OR a pair of electrons (towards itself)
Ignore retain
1
In a covalent bond
1
(ii) More protons / bigger nuclear charge

1
Same or similar shielding / electrons in the same shell or principal

energy level / atoms get smaller
Not same sub–shell
Ignore more electrons
1
(b) Ionic
If not ionic then CE = 0 / 3
If blank lose M1 and mark on
1
Strong or many or lots of (electrostatic) attractions (between ions)

If molecules / IMF / metallic / atoms lose M2 + M3, penalise
incorrect ions by 1 mark
1
Page 65 of 94
Between + and − ions / between Li and F ions / oppositely charged ions
+ −
Allow strong (ionic) bonds for max 1 out of M2 and M3

1
(c) Small electronegativity difference / difference = 0.5

Must be comparative
Allow 2 non-metals
1
(d) (i) (simple) molecular

Ignore simple covalent
1
(ii) OF2 + H2O O2 + 2HF

Ignore state symbols
Allow multiples
Allow OF2written as F2O
1
(iii) 45.7% O
1
(O F)
( 45.7 54.3 )
( 16 19 )
If students get M2 upside down lose M2 + M3
Check that students who get correct answer divide by 16 and
19 (not 8 and 9). If dividing by 8 and 9 lose M2 and M3 but
could allocate M4 ie max 2
1
(2.85 2.85)
(1 1)
EF = OF or FO
Calculation of OF by other correct method = 3 marks
Penalise Fl by 1 mark
1
MF (= 70.0 / 35) = O2F2 or F2O2

1
[14]
Q20.
(a) P = 100 000 (Pa) and V = 5.00 x 10–3 (m3)
M1 is for correctly converting P and V in any expression or
list Allow 100 (kPa) and 5 (dm3) for M1.
1
M2 is correct rearrangement of PV = nRT

1
= 0.202 moles (of gas produced)
Page 66 of 94
This would score M1 and M2.
Therefore = 0.0404 moles B2O3

M3 is for their answer divided by 5
1
Mass of B2O3 = 0.0404 x 69.6

M4 is for their answer to M3 x 69.6
1
= 2.81 (g)
M5 is for their answer to 3 sig figures.
2.81 (g) gets 5 marks.
1
(b) B + 1.5 Cl2 → BCl3

Accept multiples.
1
3 bonds
1
Pairs repel equally/ by the same amount

Do not allow any lone pairs if a diagram is shown.
1
(c) (i) 43.2/117.3 (= 0.368 moles BCl3)

1
0.368 x 3 (= 1.105 moles HCl)

Allow their BCl3 moles x 3
1
Conc HCl =
Allow moles of HCl × 1000 / 500
1
= 2.20 to 2.22 mol dm–3
Allow 2.2
Allow 2 significant figures or more
1
(ii) H3BO3 + 3NaOH → Na3BO3 + 3H2O

Allow alternative balanced equations to form acid salts.
Allow H3BO3 + NaOH → NaBO2 + 2H2O
1
(d)
Mark is for both Mr values correctly as numerator and
denominator.
1
Page 67 of 94
8.98(%)
Allow 9(%).
1
Sell the HCl

1
(e) Alternative method
Cl = 86.8%
Cl = 142 g
1
B Cl
B Cl
1.22 2.45 or ratio 1:2 or BCl2

2:4 ratio
1
BCl2 has Mr of 81.8 so

81.8 x 2 = 163.6
Formula = B2Cl4
B2Cl4
Allow 4 marks for correct answer with working shown.
Do not allow (BCl2)2
1
[20]
Q21.
Ratios 88.5 / 138.2 and 11.5 / 18
Correct answer without working scores one mark only.
1
x=1
Allow K2CO3.H2O / 1:1 ratio / one molecule of water of
crystallisation.
M2 can be awarded for a correct method using incorrect
ratios.
Allow correct answer if integer or decimal number.
1
[2]
Q22.
(a) N3- / N–3
1
Page 68 of 94
(b) F–/ fluoride
Ignore fluorine/F
Penalise Fl
1
(c) Li3N / NLi3

1
(d)
M1 for correct fractions
1
(=2.02 = 1.35)
1.5 1 or 3:2
M2 for correct ratio
1
Ca3N2
If Ca3N2 shown and with no working award 3 marks
If Ca3N2 obtained by using atomic numbers then lose M1
1
(e) 3 Si + 2 N2 → Si3N4
Accept multiples
1
[7]
Q23.
(a) (i) 0.0212
Need 3 sig figs
Allow correct answer to 3 sig figs eg 2.12 x 10-2
1
(ii) 0.0106
Mark is for (a)(i) divided by 2 leading to correct answer 2 sig
figs
1
(iii) Mr = 100.1
1.06 g
Allow 100.1 as ‘string’
Need 3 sig figs or more
Consequential on (a)(ii) x 100(.1)
2
(iv) Neutralisation or acid / base reaction

Allow acid / alkali reaction
Apply list principle
1
(b) (i) T = 304(K) and P = 100 000 (Pa)
Page 69 of 94
Only T and P correctly converted
1
0.139 (mol)
Allow 0.138 – 0.139
1
(ii) 0.0276 – 0.0278(mol)

Allow answer to (b)(i) divided by 5 leading to a correct
answer
Allow 0.028
1
(c) 4.20 g Ca(NO3)2

1
Ca(NO3)2 H2O
Mark is for dividing by the correct Mr values

M2 and M3 dependent on correct M1
0.0256 0.102
M2 can be awarded here instead
1 : 3.98
x=4
If Ca(NO3)2.4H2O seen with working then award 3 marks
Credit alternative method which gives x = 4
1
[12]
Q24.
(a) 4d10 5s2 5p1 in any order
Allow subscripts for numbers
Allow capitals
1
(b) (i) Using an electron gun/(beam of) high energy/fast

moving electrons
Ignore ‘knocks out an electron’
1
(ii) In(g) + e– → In+(g) + 2e–
OR
In(g) → In+(g) + e–
Page 70 of 94
In(g) – e– → In+(g)
The state symbols need not be present for the electron - but
if they are they must be (g)
No need to show charge on electron
If I CE = 0
Ignore any equations using M
1
(iii) So no more than 1 electron is knocked out/so only one electron

is knocked out/prevent further ionisation
Allow stop 2+ and 3+/other ions being formed
Not to get wrong m/z
1
(iv) Any two processes from
• Accelerate (owtte)
• Deflect (owtte)
• Detect (owtte)
Ignore wrong causes of process
2 max
(c) (i) Average/mean mass of (1) atom(s) (of an element)

1
1/12 mass of one atom of 12C

1
OR
(Average) mass of one mole of atoms
1/12 mass of one mole of 12C
OR
(Weighted) average mass of all the isotopes
1/12 mass of one atom of 12C
OR
Average mass of an atom/isotope compared to C-12 on a

scale in which an atom of C-12 has a mass of 12
Not average mass of 1 molecule
Allow the wording Average mass of 1 atom of an element
compared to 1/12 mass atom of 12C (or mass 1/12 atom of
12
C)
Allow if moles of atoms on both lines
Accept answer in words
Can have top line × 12 instead of bottom line ÷12
If atoms/moles mixed, max = 1
Page 71 of 94
(ii)
Allow idea that there are 4 × 0.5 divisions between 113 and
115
1
ratio (113:115) = 1:3 OR 25:75 OR 0.5:1.5 etc

Correct answer scores M1 and M2
If 1:3 for In(115):In(113), max = 1
1
(d) None
1
Same no of electrons (in the outer shell)/same electron configuration)

Ignore electrons determine chemical properties/ignore
protons
M2 dependent on M1 being correct
1
(e) 29.0%/29% O
If no O calculated, allow M2 if In and H divided by the correct
Ar
1
or
0.603 1.8 1.81
1 3 3
EF = In H3O3
Allow In(OH)3
Do not allow last mark just for ratio 1:3:3
If InO3H3 given with no working then allow 3 marks
If I not In, lose M3
1
[15]
Q25.
(a) O = 74.1%
1
If atomic numbers or molecular masses are used lose M2

1
1.85 4.63
1 2.5
Page 72 of 94
N 2 O5
1
This ratio alone will not score the final mark. (It would get 2)
Allow 3 marks for N2O5
(b) Toxic/poisonous/forms an acidic gas/forms NO2 which is acidic/

respiratory irritant/forms HNO3 when NO reacts with water and oxygen/
triggers asthma attacks/greenhouse gas/photochemical smog/
contributes to global warming/formation of acid rain
ignore NO is an acidic gas or NO is acidic in water
Not references to ozone layer
1
(c) 2NO + O2 → 2NO2

Accept multiples or fractions of equation
Ignore wrong state symbols
1
(d) Nitrogen/N2 and oxygen/O2 combine/react

QWC (not N and O combine)
Not nitrogen in fuel
Allow N2 + O2 → 2NO for M1 only
1
spark/high temperature/2500-4000 °C
1
(e) 2NO + 2CO → N2 + 2CO2
OR
2NO → N2 + O2
Accept multiples or fractions of equation
Ignore wrong state symbols
Allow C8H18 + 25NO → 8CO2 + 12.5N2 + 9H2O
1
[8]
Q26.
(a) Percentage of oxygen is 36.4%
% of oxygen stated or shown in calculation.
1
Correct calculation of ratios (C 4.54, H 9.10, O 2.28)

Mark is for correct method, dividing % by Ar
1
Empirical formula C2H4O

Allow consequential answer from wrong percentage of
oxygen (max 2 marks).
1
(b) 88
Accept 88.0
Do not penalise correct answer in g.
Page 73 of 94
1
(c) Ratio MF / EF of 2 (88 / 44.0 = 2)

If use 132 / 44 = 3, molecular formula C6H12O3 scores 2
marks.
1
Molecular formula is C4H8O2

Accept consequential answers from (a) and (b)
1
[6]
Q27.
(a) (i) 0.00301/ 3.01 × 10–3;
Penalise < 3sf in (a)(i);

Allow 3.01 × 10–3 – 3.05 × 10–3.
(for candidates who have used Mg as 24)
1
(ii) 0.00602
Allow correct answer a(i) × 2.
1
(iii) 0.00965/ 9.65 × 10–3;

Allow 0.009646/ 0.0096-0.0097.
1
(iv) 0.00363 moles;

Allow range 0.0035 to 0.0037.
Allow (a)(iii) – 2 (a)(ii) (must be positive).
1
(b) PV = nRT;
Allow all capitals/ lower case.
1
V= ;
M2 Mark is for all numbers correct.
If units in answer are in dm3 allow this expression with 96 in
denominator.
1
0.0132 m3/ 13.2 dm3;

M3 Must have correct units/
allow 13200 cm3.
Allow min 2 sig figs in answer.
1
(c) O = 69.6 (%);

1
2.17 : 4.35
Page 74 of 94
Use of 7/8 CE then M1 only.
1
(1 : 2) NO2
Mark for formula not ratio.
If NO2 and no working shown then allow 1 mark.
If 69.6% + NO2 only = 2.
Need to see evidence of M2 working.
Allow M2 conseq on the wrong M1 (ie max 1).
1
[10]
Q28.
(a) percentage of oxygen is 58.33
1
correct calculation of ratios (C 3.125, H 4.17, O 3.645)

1
clearly relates ratios to formula eg

simplifies ratios (C 1, H 1.29, O 1.17) or for H then 3.125 × 8 / 6 = 4.17% etc
1
Notes
* correct percentage of oxygen can be stated or shown clearly in a calculation
* to score final mark must clearly show how ratios relate to C6H8O7
* allow full credit to candidate who correctly finds
percentage of oxygen
calculates Mr
shows percentage of H is 8 divided by Mr
(b) carbon dioxide / CO2

1
(c) (i) suitable reaction vessel

eg sealed flask or test-tube with side arm or
eg tube in bung
1
suitable collection method

eg gas syringe / over water in measuring
eg cylinder
1
Notes
* collection vessel must allow measurement of gas
* if apparatus would leak lose second mark
* ignore heating
* can draw tubing as single line
* accept 2D or 3D diagrams
* do not need labels, and ignore mis-labelling
(ii) (1) mass on x-axis

1
Notes
* If axes unlabelled use data to decide that mass
Page 75 of 94
is on the x-axis
sensible scales
1
Notes
* lose this mark if the plotted points do not cover at
least half of the paper
* lose this mark if the graph plot goes off
the squared paper
plots points correctly ± one square

1
(2) draws appropriate straight line of best fit, omitting point at 1.17g /
86 cm3
Notes
* lose this mark if the line deviates towards the
point at 1.17g / 86 cm3
* candidates does not have to extrapolate the line to the
origin to score this mark
* when checking for best fit, candidate’s line must go
through the origin ± one square. Extend candidate’s
line if necessary
1
(3) 129 ± 1 cm3
Notes
* accept this answer only
1
(d) CO2 / gas formed distends stomach / produces wind / increases pressure in
stomach
1
(e) molecular formula has to be a simple multiple of the empirical formula

1
so approximate Mr value will distinguish between the options or equivalent

wording
1
(f) gas escapes before bung inserted any 2 × 1 for
syringe sticks
carbon dioxide soluble in water
Notes
* do not accept ‘operator error’ / ‘inaccurate equipment’ / ‘equipment leaks’
2
(g) volume depends on pressure and temperature
Notes
* do not accept ‘to get a more accurate result’ or equivalent wording without
qualification
Page 76 of 94
1
(h) Tablets could vary between samples or equivalent wording
Notes
* do not accept ‘to get a more accurate / reliable result’ or ‘to make a fair test’
without qualification
1
(i) (i) NaHCO3 least soluble

1
(ii) exhaust gases passed into mixture of NaCl and NH3

1
(j) 2NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O
Notes
* accept multiples
1
(k) 106.0 divided by 217.1 × 100 = 48.8%
Notes
* ignore precision of answer
1
[22]
Q29.
(a) (i) Moles of gas produced = 3
1
PV = nRT
1
V = nRT/P = 3 × 8.31 × 298/100000

1
= 7.43 × 10–2 m3
(ii) 7.43 × 10–2 × 1000/298 = 0.249 m3
(b) (i) any two from:
exhaust gases hot so would boil the solution away

solution would splash
reaction might be too slow
would need continuous supply of solution and/or replacement
of products
2
(ii) Commercial advantage could sell chlorine and/or hydrogen

1
environmental disadvantage generation of electricity
Page 77 of 94
likely to lead
to release of CO2
(or chlorine toxic)
1
(c) % O = 74%
1
N:O = 26/14:74/16
1
= 1.86: 4.63 = 1:2.5 therefore formula is N2O5

1
(d) 2N2O → 2N2 + O2

1
(e) Proportion of O2 increased leading to higher T (or more

complete combustion)
1
[14]
Q30.
(a)
[Diagrams must be complete and accurate]

2
(b) (i) Attraction /electrostatic forces/bonds/attractions between (positive)

ions/lattice and delocalised/free electrons/sea of electrons.
[Not metallic bonding]
[Not just ‘forces’]
1
(ii) Electrostatic attractions/forces between ions or attractions

between (oppositely charged) ions/ Na+ & Cl–
[Not ionic bonding]

1
(iii) (Here) the ionic bonding in NaCl is stronger/requires more energy to

break than the metallic bonding in Na
QoL Accept ‘bonding/forces of attraction in NaCl is stronger than in Na’

[If IMF/molecules/van der Waals’/dipole–dipole mentioned
in parts(i) or (ii), then CE = 0 for parts (i) and/or(ii) and
CE = 0 for part(iii)]
1
(c) Comparison:
Sodium conducts and sodium chloride does NOT conduct
Allow ‘only Na conducts’
Page 78 of 94
Accept ‘Na conducts, NaCl only conducts when molten’
[Do not accept sodium conducts better than sodium chloride
etc.]
1
Explanation:
(Delocalised) electrons flow though the metal
1
Allow e– move/carry current/are charge carriers/transfer charge.

[Not ‘electrons carry electricity’]
[Not ‘NaCl has no free charged particles’]
Ions can’t move in solid salt

1
(d) Layers can slide over each other – idea that ions/atoms/particles move
[Not molecules]
[Not layers separate]
1
(e) (i) Na Cl O
0.9(39) 0.9(38) 2.8(2)

Hence: 1 1 3
Accept backwards calculation, i.e. from formula to % composition,
and also accept route via Mr to 23; 35.5; 48, and then to 1:1:3
[If % values incorrectly copied, allow M1 only]
[If any wrong Ar values/atomic numbers used = CE = 0]
1
(ii) 3Cl2 + 6NaOH → 5NaCl + NaClO3 + 3H2O

1
[12]
Q31.
(penalty for sig fig error =1mark per question)
(a) (i) moles KNO3 = 1.00/101.1 = 9.89 × 10-3 (mol)

1
(ii) pV = nRT or n = pV/RT

1
moles O2 = n = = (1) (1)

2
= 4.93 × 10 (mol)
-3
1
(mark answer first – check back if wrong)
Page 79 of 94
(transcription error lose M3, mark M4 conseq on error)
(if ‘untraceable’ figures used M3=M4=0)
(if wrong temp conversion – lose M3 – conseq M4)
(if n = RT/pV CE, lose M3 and M4)
(b) (i) simplest/lowest ratio of atoms of each / element/s in a compound /

substance / species / entity / molecule
1
(ii)
K N O
(1)
1.17 1.18 2.35 (1)

1 1 2 KNO2 (1)
(M3 tied to M2), (M3 can be transferred from equation if ratio
correct but EF not given) (if calc inverted, lose M2 and M3),
(if used At N 1 / wrong No for Ar then CE, lose M2 and M3) (if
% of O missing, award M2 only)
3
(c) 2KNO3 → 2KNO2 + O2 or fractions/multiples

(accept 2KNO3 → K2N2O4 + O2)
(do NOT accept ‘Y’ in equation)
1
[10]
Q32.
(a) (i) (free–) radical substitution
(both words required for the mark)
1
initiation Cl2 → 2Cl·
(credit correct half arrows, but penalise double headed
arrows)
1
first propagation CH Cl + Cl· → ·CH Cl + HCl

3 2
1
second propagation ·CH Cl + Cl → CH Cl + Cl
2 2 2 2
(penalise the absence of dots on radicals once only)

(penalise radical dot on Cl of CH2Cl once only)
1
(ii) CH3Cl + Cl2 → CH2Cl2 + HCl

(penalise if any radicals appear in this equation)
1
(b) M1: mol C = 10.1/12.0 and mol Cl = 89.9/35.5

1
M2: Ratio 0.842 : 2.53 OR 1: 3 OR CCl3
Page 80 of 94
1
M3: 237.0/Mr of CCl3 = 237.0/118.5 = 2 Therefore C2Cl6

(correct answer gains full credit)
1
OR
M1: 237.0 × 10.1/100 and 237 × 89.9/100

1
M2: Ratio 23.9/12.0 : 213/35.5 OR 2 : 6

1
M3: C2Cl6
(correct answer gains full credit)
1
(c) any two from CHBr3 or CBr4 or C2H2Br4 (or CHBr2CHBr2) or

C2Br6 (or CBr3CBr3)
(ignore HBr or H2)
(ignore equations and ignore names when given in addition
to formulae)
(penalise names alone)
2
[10]
Q33.
(a) (i) 2Na + 2NH3 → 2NaNH2 + H2
(or multiples)
1
(ii) (Missing ‘H’ penalise once only) [NOT dot-and-cross diagrams]
[NOT 90° / 180° angles] (need 2 lp & ‘bent’ shape)

1
(iii) 107°
1
(iv) More lone pairs on NH2–, than on NH3

1
Lone pairs repel more than bonding pairs

Must be comparison
(Mark separately)
[NOT repulsion between atoms or between bonds]
1
Page 81 of 94
(b) (i) Simplest ratio of atoms of each element in a
compound / substance / species / entity / molecule
1
(ii) Mg N O
(0.675) 0.667 1.37 4.06
1 2 6 MgN2O6
(Mark M1 first. If any wrong A used = CE = 0)
r
(Accept Mg(NO ) for M3 if above working shown)

3 2
1
[9]
Q34.
D
[1]
Q35.
(a) (i) 75.0 × 10–3 × 0.500 = 0.0375 (mol) (1)
accept 0.037 or 0.038
(ii) 21.6 × 10–3 × 0.500 = 0.0108 (mol) (1)

accept 0.011
If both (i) and (ii) answers wrong, allow ONE process mark
for both correct processes
(iii) 0.0375 - 0.0108 = 0.0267 (mol) (1)

Not conseq – must use figures shown
(iv) Moles of MgCO3 = 0.0267/2 = 0.01335 (mol) (1)

allow 0.0134 - 0.0133
Mass of MgCO3 = 0.01335 × 84.3 (1)

allow 84
mark conseq on moles MgCO3
= 1.125g (1)
accept 1.13g
mark conseq
Percentage MgCO3 = 1.125/1.25 × 100 (1)

mark conseq (check for inversion)
= 90% (1)
mark conseq
range = 89.5 - 90.5%
Page 82 of 94
If % expression inverted, lose M4 and M5
8
(b) (i) % oxygen = 38.0 (1)
Na = 36.5/23 S = 25.5/32(.1) O = 38.0/16 (1)
= 1.587 = 0.794 = 2.375
= 2:1:3 (1)
If no % of oxygen Max 1 (allow M2 only)
If % for Na and S transposed, or atomic numbers used, M1
only available
(ii) Na2SO3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2O + SO2 (1)

allow multiples
allow SO32– + 2H+ → H2O + SO2
4
[12]
Q36.
(a) (i) CHCl3 + Cl2 → CCl4 + HCl (1)
(ii) UV light / sunlight OR high T OR T ≥ 500°C (1)

maxT = 1000°C
NOT heat / light
Ignore pressure
2
(b) Initial step: Cl2 → 2Cl· (1)

Condition could be on first equation arrow
First propagation step: CHCl3 + Cl· → + HCl (1)
Second propagation step: + Cl2 → CCl4 + Cl· (1)
A termination step: + Cl· → CCl4 (1)
OR 2 → C Cl 2 6
Not 2Cl·→ Cl 2
Ignore additional termination steps

4
[6]
Q37.
(a) Ideal gas equation law (1)
1
(b) Moles of X: n = (1) =
Page 83 of 94
= 6.55 × 10–3 (1)
6.5 to 6.6 × 10–3 , min 2 sig figs
If write n = zero here, but can score Mr
Relative molecular mass of X: Mr = (1)
= 62 (1)
61.5 to 62.5
4
(c) % oxygen = 51.6 (2)
C =38.7 / 12 H = 9.68 / 1 O = 57.6(2) / 16 (1)
= 3.23 = 9.68 = 3.23
1 : 3: 1 CH3O (1)
If no % O or if wrong Ar used then max 1
Correct empirical formula earns all three marks
3
(d) ( × CH3O) = C2H6O2 (1)

1
[9]
Q38.
(a) (i) Molecule/compound/consists/composed/made up of hydrogen and
carbon only (1)
(ii) CnH2n+2 (1)
(iii) C6H14 only (1)

Do not credit structures alone or in addition.
3
(b) Chemically similar / react in same way / same chemistry

Differ by CH2
gradation in physical properties OR specified trend e.g. b.p.
same functional group
Any 2, 2 marks 1 + 1
Not same molecular formula
2
(c) (i) Same molecular formula (1)

NOT same Mr
different structural formula / structures (1)

(or atoms arranged in different way)
NOT different spatial arrangements
Only credit M2 if M1 correct
Page 84 of 94
(ii) 2-methylpentane (1)
2,2-dimethylbutane (1)
(iii)
OR correct condensed / structural formula

Penalise “sticks” once
Penalise absence of vertical bonds once
penalise badly drawn bonds once (vertical between H atoms)
6
(d) (i) M1 % by mass of H = 7.7(0)% (1)

M2 mol H = 7.70 / 1 = 7.70
mol C = 92.3 / 12 = 7.69 (1)
M3 (ratio 1:1 ) CH
Credit variations for M2 e.g. 78 × =6
and =6
Correct answer = 3 marks
(ii) (CH has empirical mass of 13 and =6 ) C6H6 (1)

Correct answer 1 mark
4
[15]
Q39.
B
[1]
Q40.
B
[1]
Q41.
D
[1]
Page 85 of 94
Examiner reports
Q1.
Some students could not convert the ratio 7.3 : 13.2 to a whole number ratio, but the
question was answered well on the whole and discriminated well.
Q2.
66.4% of students performed this calculation correctly.
Q3.
(a) Most students made some progress with this calculation to find the Mr of a volatile
hydrocarbon, but few scored full marks. Key problems were incorrect rearrangement
of the ideal gas equation, incorrect unit conversions for volume (from cm3 to m3),
pressure (from kPa to Pa) and mass (from mg to g). In this question, working was
required and each step in the calculation was marked separately. This meant that
students who got the correct answer without working, or with incorrect working, were
penalised. Some students, who arrived at a correct final value, scored zero marks
as they made multiple very significant errors that, by chance, cancelled out. In
addition, many students failed to give the final answer to two significant figures
(which was based on the gas volume – given as 72 cm3).
(b) Most students started this question correctly but struggled to convert the ratio
6.975:16.3 to 3:7, with 7:16 and 1:2 being common errors, and so failed to deduce
the empirical formula. Some students still managed to deduce the molecular formula
using the Mr alone. Again, students could not score full marks on this question
without showing full working.
Q9.
The empirical formula calculation in (a) was well done with very few errors or omissions
seen. The complicated formulae in (b) seemed to cause little confusion and only a lack of
care caused a loss of the mark. The safety equipment mentioned in (c) was usually
appropriate but the mention of ‘breathing apparatus’ by some students was regarded as
inappropriate for handling cement bags. The reason for the safety equipment was
sometimes poorly described.
Q11.
In part (a)(i) most students were able to deduce that CO2 and H2O were the missing
products but not all were able to balance the equation. Multiples were common and
accepted. Most students deduced correctly that bubbles would be observed in (a)(ii). A
statement such as ‘CO2 gas is formed’ is not an observation. The definition of the term
empirical formula is still not well known. One or more key words, usually atoms of each
element, were frequently omitted. The empirical formula calculation in part (b)(ii) was
answered well with many students scoring full marks. For those who did not score full
marks there was a good attempt at the question with marks one and two being accessed
by the majority of students, although a number simplified the ratio by rounding 1.5 up to 2,
rather than doubling the entire ratio to obtain the simplest whole number ratio.
Q12.
Part (a) proved straightforward and most students gained full marks. A number lost the
Page 86 of 94
final mark because they did not explain why the empirical formula was half of the
molecular formula.
Part (b) proved a challenging question which required a logical approach. It was pleasing
to see many excellent answers and nearly a quarter of students scored seven or more
marks. In the infrared analysis some students did not include the full name of O-H
(alcohol) for the peak at 3400 cm-1 whilst some described the adjacent C-H absorption as
OH (acid) and lost the first mark.
The outcome of the potassium dichromate(VI) test was not always fully explained and
some of those who correctly stated that compound R was a primary or secondary alcohol
but not a tertiary, then contradicted themselves in their final structure by drawing a tertiary
alcohol.
When analysing the nmr data, many simply restated the information on the data sheet
without using the integration data and then struggled to ‘do the jigsaw’ at the end and
come up with a structure that fitted everything.
Most students did draw a structure for R as required although some only included analysis
of the separate peaks and not the overall structure. A few students who drew several
suggested structures were penalised if they failed to cross out the extras to leave just one
answer.
Q13.
The calculation in part (a) was well answered with many students scoring full marks. For
those who did not score full marks there was a good attempt at the question with marks
one and three being accessed by the majority of students. Several alternative methods
that produced the correct answer were seen and these were all given full credit. There
were many varied answers to part (b) that showed students did not understand what
should be done in this practical situation. Many students suggested collecting the gas
evolved (by various methods) and testing it to check that it was water.
Q14.
Many students failed to do this. A significant few chose a difficult scale to work with....and
consequently frequently misplotted one or more of the points. The line was often
penalised for “doubling”, being too thick or, in quite a few cases, just not being done.
Q15.
The number of correct answers to the unstructured calculation in part (a)(i) was pleasing.
However, many students lost marks because they did not use the stoichiometry in the
equation to answer the question. Over half of students scored both marks in part (a)(ii) but
attempts by the rest were varied. Some could not calculate the Mr correctly, some forgot to
multiply by 100 and a few obviously did not know what was meant by the term atom
economy. The equation in part (b) was found to be difficult by many students; the biggest
error involved an incorrect formula of calcium hydroxide and consequently an incorrect
equation. The empirical formula calculation was well done by many students but some
scored zero because they did not involve calcium in their working.
Q16.
Some students found no difficulty with the three numerical parts of this question. However,
this question proved challenging for many students who often gave a jumble of figures
with little explanation of where they came from.
Page 87 of 94
Part (a) was the most well answered of the calculations although a small number could
not score the first mark. In part (b), most students scored the mark for the number of
moles of HCl. However, many students then used 0.083 in their answer and did not realise
that the HCl was the limiting reagent. Many added the moles of HCl to the moles of pure
zinc oxide whilst others multiplied the moles of HCl by 2 rather than dividing.
Answers to part (c) used various methods with many scoring the first two marks of the
alternative method shown in the mark scheme. It should be noted that if an answer
requires 3 significant figures, then the calculation should use at least 3 significant figures
throughout. If less than this is used and then the answer is given as 3 ‘significant’ figures,
this will have introduced error and the final answer will not be within the margin of
tolerance allowed. The bonding in part (d) was answered well by the majority of students.
Q17.
(a) In this part, most students completed the graph successfully. The usual problem was
a mark being wrongly awarded for plotted points which did not cover half the paper.
A number of students did not appreciate the significance of the origin in this type of
experiment.
(b) Some teachers were generous when awarding the mark for drawing a line of best fit
in this part. In graph questions where the points contain one or more anomalies, the
line of best fit must ignore these anomalies to score the mark. The line of best fit
mark cannot be awarded when the line itself is poorly drawn or doubled in places.
(c) Many students gave an answer to this part which did not match their own graph.
Similarly, students whose line of best fit was poor were occasionally not given a
consequential mark for interpreting their own graph correctly.
(d) Answers to this part were often poor and a good deal of vague and incorrect
material was given credit.
Q18.
(a) Most students were successful in calculating the empirical formula in this part.
Teachers need to beware of awarding full marks for flawed calculations which arrive
at the expected answer, even though it is an impossible answer from the method
used.
(b) In this part, many students forgot to include the charge on the ion.
Q19.
The definition of electronegativity in part (a)(i) was poorly answered. Common errors
included referring to the power of an element rather than an atom to withdraw electrons
and many students did not refer to the type of bond. In part (a)(ii), many students failed to
score the second mark suggesting that shielding or atomic radius increased. Quite a
number of students could not identify the bonding in part (b) correctly. Many of those who
could often then contradicted themselves by referring to molecules or atoms rather than
ions.
Many students did not refer to the small difference in electronegativity between the two
atoms in part (c). Instead, they opted for the more accessible answer of bonding between
two non-metals. Part (d)(i) was not answered as well as expected. Many students did not
seem aware of the difference between bonding type and crystal structure. The equation in
part (d)(ii) was generally well answered although some students thought that the formula
of hydrogen fluoride was H2F2. The calculation in part (d)(iii) was generally well answered
Page 88 of 94
although some students divided by 8 and 9 and a significant number of students thought
that the molecular formula was 2OF.
Q20.
The unstructured calculation in part (a) was attempted by all but a few students. Most
students managed to score two marks. The most common errors were the incorrect
conversion of pressure and volume into the appropriate units and a failure to divide the
total moles of gas by five. The equation in part (b) was often incorrect with many
examples of B2 and atomic chlorine given. The students who knew that there were three
bonding pairs of electrons often did not realise that the repulsions of the bonding pairs
were equal. The calculation in part (c)(i) was reasonably well answered. Many students
scored the first two marks but then incorrectly multiplied by 500/1000. Very few produced
the expected equation in part (c)(ii) although the alternative equations were often seen.
Many examples of the incorrect formulae ‘NaBO3’ and ‘NaB’ in unbalanced equations were
also seen. Part (d) was well answered by the majority of students. A wide variety of
methods were seen that could score full marks in part (e). The first three marks were
usually obtained but the final mark proved elusive. Many students suggested that the
molecular formula was 2BCl2 rather than the correct answer, B2Cl4.
Q21.
The great majority of students scored at least one mark for the empirical formula in this
Question. Occasionally a mark was awarded for working when the method chosen made
little sense. Dividing the Mr by the percentage by mass was not worth the mark for
working, even if by chance it arrived at the correct answer.
Q22.
A lot of correct answers were seen in part (a) although many students found this difficult
and answers giving incorrect charges ranging from –1 to +4 were seen. Some students
lost marks by trying to write an equation rather than just stating the ion. In part (b), many
students did not refer to an ion in their answer. Many students did not appreciate the –ide
ending in part (c) and produced formulae such as LiNO3. Many of those who realised that
the formula contained only Li and N gave incorrect formulae such as LiN, LiN3, Li4N etc. In
the empirical formula calculation in part (d), there were many students who could get no
further than the 2.02 :1.35 ratio and weaker students divided the percentage of nitrogen
by 28 rather than by 14. A small number of students used incorrect fractions by dividing
the relative atomic mass by the percentage and getting Ca2N3. The equation in part (e)
proved demanding with many students writing atomic nitrogen, N and molecular silicon eg
Si2, Si8. A few incorrect symbols for silicon were seen ie S rather than Si.
Q23.
Parts (a)(i), (ii) and (iii) were generally well done although many answers were not given
to the precision required in the question. Part (a)(iv) was found to be difficult and
generated answers such as ‘displacement’ and ‘condensation’. The calculation in part (b)
(i) was done well by many candidates but a significant number could not rearrange the
equation correctly or convert the given pressure and temperature into the correct units. In
part (b)(ii) there was a tendency to divide by 2 or 7. The empirical formula calculation in
part (e) differentiated well with weaker candidates usually scoring only one of the available
marks.
Q24.
The electron configuration in part (a) was answered well by a good number of candidates.
Page 89 of 94
Part (b)(i) was very well answered. The equation in part (b)(ii) was generally well
answered but less able candidates omitted the state symbols. In part (b)(iii), some
candidates realised why the minimum energy was used although there were many who
simply mentioned saving energy or money. The majority of candidates were able to give
two correct reasons why indium should be ionised in part (b)(iv).
The definition in part (c)(i) still continues to confuse many candidates. Common errors
included omitting the word ‘average’ on the top line and giving an incomplete expression
on the bottom line. The calculation in part (c)(ii) proved difficult for candidates although a
surprising number did get the correct percentage of each isotope. In part (d), most
candidates stated that there was no difference in chemical properties and explained their
answer well. A surprising number of candidates answered that there was no difference in
chemical properties because neutrons had no effect on chemical properties. The empirical
formula calculation in part (e) was generally answered well although some candidates got
the 0.6:1.8:1.8 ratio and then gave the answer as In3OH.
Q25.
In the empirical formula calculation in part (a) most candidates arrived at the 1.85 :4.63
ratio but a surprising number of candidates could not convert this into 1:2.5 and then into
N2O5. In part (b) a large majority of candidates scored the mark although some thought
that NO dissolved directly in rain to make acid rain. Part (c) was generally answered well.
In part (d) there was much confusion as to where the nitrogen had come from. The most
common error was to state that it came from the fuel. In part (e) equations often contained
2N atoms rather than the nitrogen molecule.
Q26.
Few candidates could not make some progress in the empirical formula calculation in this
part (a), but many were unable to deduce a Mr value from the spectrum in this part (b).
The provision of dummy data in this part (c) allowed most candidates to score at least one
of the marks.
Q27.
This was generally well done and candidates appear to be able to do simple numerical
questions. There was confusion over the number of decimal places in the answers with
some candidates simply writing all the digits from their calculator. In general, answers
should be to the same number of significant figures as given in the question. The major
problem with part (b) was the conversion of pressure into the correct units and the
subsequent effect on the units of the answer. Part (c) was done well by the majority of
candidates. It should however be stressed that the answer to an empirical formula
calculation is a formula and not simply the ratio of the elements.
Q28.
In part (a) most candidates easily scored the first two marks, but converting the ratios to
an empirical formula was more demanding. Some centres virtually awarded this mark by
default, even when the candidate’s explanation for the third mark was simply wrong.
In part (c)(i) the candidate was required to draw simple apparatus. Many candidates drew
a practical set-up that would not work. The common problems were that the gas could not
escape from the preparation vessel or that the collection vessel was not graduated and
could therefore not record volume. A number of candidates assembled apparatus that was
unsafe and should not have been awarded any marks at all. Marking of this question was
often very generous indeed.
Page 90 of 94
In part (c)(ii) the candidate was required to draw a simple graph. This generated the usual
problems with marks being wrongly awarded for plotted points which did not cover half the
paper and for graphs containing incorrectly plotted points. If the candidate’s graph
included the origin, then the candidate’s line had to pass through the origin to score the
line of best fit mark.
When candidates wrote ‘because a gas is produced’ as an answer to part (d) they were
often credited with a mark. In general, candidates do not receive a mark for basically
rewording part of a question rubric. The Marking Guidelines were quite clear that the effect
on the human body was needed in a correct answer
Part (e) was, perhaps, the most demanding question of all. Full marks were rarely seen
because the great majority of candidates struggled to express themselves clearly. Marking
of this question was often very generous indeed. Candidates were often given a mark for
any chemical reference to empirical or molecular formula. In this question two distinct
ideas were required for the full award. Candidates needed to link molecular formula to
empirical formula as a multiple and then say that a small error in the molecular formula
mass would still allow a good judgement of which multiplier should have been used.
Marking was often very generous in part (f). When candidates are asked to suggest
reasons why an experiment might not deliver the expected result the candidate is
expected to suggest something more imaginative than misread the apparatus’ or ‘the
apparatus was faulty’. The Marking Guidelines were quite clear that a reference to when
the apparatus was assembled was needed for a gas leak to be worth a mark. The idea of
the gas remaining in the flask was not sufficient unless the possibility of the gas dissolving
was specifically mentioned.
In part (g) a statement of the Gas Law was often given a mark. ‘PV = nRT’ is not a
sufficient answer since it does not show that the candidate understands what the equation
means in regard to the volume of the gas.
In part (i)(i) centres were too generous in the interpretation of the key words in an answer.
“Less soluble” and “not very soluble” were not acceptable alternatives to “least soluble”.
Centres are asked to check candidates’ equations carefully. Some candidates had an
incorrect equation for part (j) but were still given a mark.
Q30.
In a surprisingly large proportion of instances, the diagrams were either left blank or were
incomplete. Of those candidates who did attempt part (a), most coped well but it was not
unusual for the diagram of sodium metal to contain negative charges, or for the sodium
chloride diagram to show the same change on adjacent ions. Many of the explanations in
part (b) were poorly done. Frequently, the answers to parts (b)(i) and (b)(ii) lacked any
reference to the attraction between the relevant species. The most common answer to
part (b)(iii) was to state that ionic bonding is stronger than metallic bonding, as if this were
a universal truth, rather than deducing that this comparison was true in this case. In part
(c), candidates frequently referred to sodium being a better conductor that sodium
chloride; although some did then go on to clarify matters by explaining that sodium
chloride would only conduct when molten. It was very common to see references to
covalent bonds, van der Waals’, dipole-dipole and intermolecular forces in this question.
In part (c), some good explanations were seen but, all too often, they were vague and
incomplete. Many candidates were aware of the importance of delocalised electrons to the
conductivity of sodium; however, relatively few described them flowing though the metal.
The lack of conductivity of sodium chloride was often ascribed to there being no free
electrons in the salt. Also, a significant minority of candidates simply referred to the
presence or absence of charge carriers, without identifying them. Very few candidates
Page 91 of 94
explained the lack of conductivity of solid sodium chloride in terms of its immobile ions.
Parts (d) and (e) were comparatively well answered, although the malleability of sodium
being was sometimes attributed to the presence of weak intermolecular forces. The
empirical formula calculation was usually accurately calculated and the equation correctly
balanced.
Q31.
This question was also generally well answered. In part (a), the mole calculation was well
done, although errors such as 9.89 were seen, and most candidates were successful in
calculating the number of moles of oxygen. The Ideal gas equation was well known;
however, some candidates rearranged it incorrectly. In a small but significant number of
instances, incorrect pressure values were used, and a small number of arithmetic errors
were found. The explanation of the term empirical formula, although frequently
incomplete, was rather better answered than in previous years. The calculation of the
empirical formula was quite well done, although it was not unusual for candidates to forget
to calculate and use the percentage of oxygen in Y, to use incorrect Ar values or to divide
the Ar values by the percentages.
The equation in part (c) was usually correct; however, some candidates wrote equations in
which the KNO3:O2 ratio was not 2:1, despite having correctly shown that the number of
moles of KNO3 was twice that of O2 in part (a). Also, it was not unusual to see equations in
which oxygen was shown as ‘O’.
Q32.
This question usually yielded at least half marks for most candidates. In part (a), the word
“substitution” was occasionally omitted. Weaker candidates struggled to present correct
propagation steps, but could complete both the initiation step and the overall equation.
Centres should encourage candidates to place the unpaired electron on a carbon atom
when writing the formula for a free-radical intermediate.
Part (b) caused few problems for many candidates, although several could get no further
than a correct empirical formula and then manipulated the numbers to produce an
incorrect molecular formula.
In part (c) most candidates could get CHBr3, but a second formula proved elusive for
some, with HBr a common incorrect answer.
Q33.
The equation, in part (a) (i), was often correct but some candidates omitted hydrogen
altogether, gave its formula as ‘H’ or failed to balance the equation correctly. In part (a) (ii),
the shape of NH was generally well known but it was not uncommon to see either no lone
3
pairs, or two lone pairs, on the structure, or for a ‘T’ shape to be drawn. Fewer candidates
drew an acceptable structure for the amide ion. The most frequently seen errors were
drawings showing the ion as being linear or showing other than two lone pairs. Hydrogen
atoms were omitted in some diagrams. The bond angle (107°) present in ammonia was
generally well known but a significant number of candidates quoted 109 ½°; other
incorrect angles were less frequently seen. The explanation in part (a) (iv) was often
vague and unconvincing. Many candidates did not appreciate the significance of the
second lone pair of electrons in the ion. Clear explanations of the differences in repulsion
provided by bonding pairs and lone pairs were relatively rare. Descriptions of repulsions
between lone pair electrons and hydrogen atoms or between bonds, rather than between
bonding pairs of electrons, were quite common errors. In part (b) (i), answers were often
incomplete, with words such as ‘simplest’, ‘atoms of and ‘each element’ being frequently
omitted. The empirical formula calculation was generally well done, although the use of
Page 92 of 94
incorrect A values or the incorrect rounding of answers was not uncommon.
r
Q35.
Part (a) was, in general, poorly answered. While the more able candidates coped well,
many candidates struggled. Correct answers to parts (a)(i) and (ii) were frequently seen
but, in many cases, the answer of 0.0267 was given in part (a)(iii) without use being made
of the answers from the previous two parts; the mark for this part was awarded for a
correct calculation method, not for simply quoting 0.0267. In part (a)(iv), when attempting
to calculate the number of moles of MgCO3, rather more candidates used the value of the
total moles of HCl (0.0375 mol) obtained in part (a)(i) than used the actual number of
moles which reacted with the MgCO3 (0.0267 mol) obtained in part (a)(iii). The calculation
of the mass of MgCO3 was marked consequentially but, as the final percentage of MgCO3
exceeds 100%, the majority of candidates who followed this route chose to invert their
percentage calculation, rather than checking for an earlier error in their calculation. A
number of other errors were seen in this part, suggesting that many candidates lacked
familiarity with this type of calculation. By contrast, the calculation in part (b) was quite
well done. The occasional arithmetical error was seen, a few candidates omitted to
deduce the percentage of oxygen and the atomic number was occasionally used in place
of the relative atomic mass, but most candidates earned full marks in part (b)(i). However,
the equation in part (b)(ii) was rarely correct, with errors such as NaCl2, H2 and SO3 being
very common.
Q36.
Many candidates found parts (a) and (b) difficult. It was obvious from their answers that
the conversion from methane to chloromethane had been learned, but the application of
this idea to trichloromethane proved difficult. Even when candidates were able to start with
a correct formula for trichloromethane, equations were confused, typically with radicals
appearing in the overall equation and incorrect products and intermediates throughout
both of parts (a) and (b).
Q37.
This question was generally well answered and full marks were quite common. Most, but
by no means all, candidates gave the correct name for the equation, and most coped with
the empirical formula calculation, with many of even the weaker candidates correctly
deducing the empirical formula to be CH3O. A few candidates omitted to calculate the
percentage of oxygen or used atomic numbers rather than mass number in the
calculation. Part (b) was often well done, but it was not unusual to see the equations
inverted or for the pressure to be used in kPa, rather than in Pa. Errors in part (b)
generated some very odd formulae in part (d).
Q38.
This question was generally well answered and it was here that some of the weakest
candidates scored most of their marks. In part (a), the necessity to indicate that a
hydrocarbon is a compound of hydrogen and carbon only and to recognise that C6H14 is
the molecular formula of hexane, rather than CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3, were not always
appreciated. In this latter context, centres need to understand that a candidate who writes
both of these formulae will be penalised for failing to choose the correct answer from the
two. Part (b) was generally well answered, but in (c)(i) some very confused answers were
seen and those candidates who failed to state that structural isomers have the same
molecular formula received no credit. In c(ii) and c(iii), naming and structures were often
correct, but penalties were incurred from incomplete names, badly drawn structures or
repetition of the structures given in the question. The calculation in part (d)(i) proved
Page 93 of 94
relatively straightforward for many candidates, but (d)(ii) caused some problems and a
number of blank answers were seen.
Page 94 of 94

3.1.2.4 Empirical + molecular formula (1)

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3.1.2.4 Empirical + molecular formula (1)

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_______________________

Time: 382 min.

Marks: 346 marks

Determine the empirical and molecular formulae of the hydrocarbon.

Data from this experiment are shown in the table.

Pressure 102 kPa

(a) Calculate the relative molecular mass of X.

Show your working.

Give your answer to the appropriate number of significant figures.

The gas constant, R = 8.31 J K−1 mol−1

Relative molecular mass _________________________________________

(b) Analysis of a different hydrocarbon Y shows that it contains 83.7% by mass of

Calculate the empirical formula of Y.

Empirical formula ____________________________________________________

Molecular formula ____________________________________________________

What is the empirical formula of J?

(b) Chloroethane reacts with potassium hydroxide in the presence of propan-1-ol to

Role of potassium hydroxide ___________________________________________

Role of propan-1-ol ___________________________________________________

Name of mechanism __________________________________________________

(d) The structure of polymer A is shown.

Draw the structure of the monomer used to form polymer A.

(e) Chemical analysis shows that a chlorofluoroalkane, B, contains by mass 51.6%

A mass spectrum of B is obtained using electron impact ionisation. The mass

Determine the formula of each of the three molecular ions of B.

To gain full marks you must show all your working.

Empirical formula = ___________ Molecular formula = ___________

(b) Ethanol is formed by the fermentation of glucose.

Write an equation for the reaction occurring during fermentation.

How does this contamination occur?

(a) Give the IUPAC name for isooctane.

Using molecular formulas, write an equation for this reaction.

(e) Deduce the number of monochloro isomers formed by isooctane.

Number of monochloro isomers

Draw the skeletal formula of this monochloro compound.

(g) A sample of a monochlorooctane is obtained from a comet. The chlorine in the

(h) Isooctane reacts with an excess of chlorine to form a mixture of chlorinated

(c) Bags of Portland cement are labelled with hazard warnings.

Safety equipment __________________________________________________

Which of the following compounds could this be?

(a) Solid Cu2(OH)2CO3 is added to an excess of dilute hydrochloric acid.

(i) Write an equation for the reaction.

(i) State what is meant by the term empirical formula.

(ii) Calculate the empirical formula of this basic copper carbonate.

(b) The infrared spectrum of R (C6H14O2) is shown below.

Chemical 3.8 3.2 3.1 1.4 1.1

Splitting patterns triplet singlet singlet triplet singlet

When R is warmed with acidified potassium dichromate(VI) a green solution is

Thermal decomposition of boric acid takes place in two stages.

Time of heating / minutes Mass of crucible and contents / g

Ca3(PO4)2 + 6HNO3 2H3PO4 + 3Ca(NO3)2

(i) A 7.26 g sample of calcium phosphate reacted completely when added to an

Calculate the concentration, in mol dm–3, of phosphoric acid in this solution.

(c) Calcium dihydrogenphosphate can be represented by the formula Ca(H2PO4)x where

Use these data to calculate the value of the integer x in ZnSO4.xH2O

ZnO + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2O

Calculate the percentage purity of the zinc metal.

Na2CO3.10H2O(s) Na2CO3(s) + 10H2O(g)

Initial mass / g 2.43 1.65 3.58 1.09 2.82 1.95

Final mass / g 0.90 0.61 1.53 0.40 1.15 0.72

Empirical formula = _ Molecular formula = _