Ambo University, Hachalu Hundessa Campus Yirga T.

Theory of Structures II
(CEng-5261)

Chapter One
Fundamental Principles of Structural 1
Analysis.

School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering

October 16, 2024
Ambo University, Hachalu Hundessa Campus Yirga T.

Presentation
Outline 2
Content

1. Introduction.
2. Deformations in Framed Structures.
3. Equilibrium and Compatibility.
4. Static and Kinematic Indeterminacy.
5. Structural Analysis Methods.
6. Flexibility and Stiffness Matrices.
7. Equivalent Joint Load.
8. Principle of Superposition.
9. Energy Methods.

October 16, 2024 School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering
Ambo University, Hachalu Hundessa Campus Yirga T.

1. Introduction. 3
• Structural analysis, which is an integral part of any
structural engineering project, is the process of predicting
the performance of a given structure under a prescribed
loading conditions.
• The performance characteristics usually of interest in
structural design are:
a) Stress and stress resultants (i.e., axial
forces, shears, and bending moments);
b) Deflections; and
c) Support reactions.
• Thus, the analysis of a structure typically involves the determination of
these quantities as caused by the given loads and/or other external
effects (such as support displacements and temperature changes).
October 16, 2024 School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering
Ambo University, Hachalu Hundessa Campus Yirga T.

Introduction 4
Types of Framed Structures.
• Framed structures are those structures composed of long
straight members and can be divided in to six categories:
beams, plane trusses, space trusses, plane frames,
grids, and space frames.

• The joints of a framed structure are points of

intersection of the members, as well as points of support
and free ends of members.
October 16, 2024 School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering
Plane truss. 5
• A plane truss is idealized as a system of members lying
in a plane and interconnected at hinged joints.
• All applied forces are assumed to act in the plane of
the structure, and all external couples have their
moment vectors normal to the plane, just as in the
case of a beam.
• The load may consist of concentrated forces applied at
the joints, as well as loads that act on the members
themselves.
• For purpose of analysis, the latter loads may be
replaced by statically equivalent loads acting on the
joints.
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Plane truss. 6

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Space truss. 7
• A space truss is similar to a plane truss except that the
members may have any directions in space.
• The forces acting on a space truss may be in arbitrary
directions, but any couple acting on a member must
have its moment vector perpendicular to the axis of
the member.
• The reason for this requirement is that a truss
member is incapable of supporting a twisting
moments.

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Space truss.
8

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School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering
Plane frame. 9
A plane frame is composed of members lying in a single
plane and having axes of symmetry in that plane ( as in the
case of beam).
The joints between members are rigid connections.
The forces acting on a frame and the translations of the
frame are in the plane of the structure; all couple acting
on the frame have their moment vectors normal to the
plane.

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School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering
Plane frame.
10

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School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering
Grid. 11
A grid is a plane structure composed of continuous
members that either intersect or cross one another. In the
latter case the connections between members are often
considered to be hinged, where as in the former case the
connections are assumed to be rigid.
While in a plane frame the applied forces all lie in the
plane of structure, those applied to a grid are normal to
the plane of the structure; and all couples have their
vectors in the plane of the grid.

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Grid.
12

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Space frame. 13
The final type of structure is a space frame. This is the
most general type of framed structure, inasmuch as there
are no restriction on the locations of joints, directions of
members, or directions of loads.
The individual members of a space frame may carry
internal axial forces, torsional moments, bending moments
in both principal directions of the cross section, and
shearing forces in both principal directions.

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Space frame.
14

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School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering
Ambo University, Hachalu Hundessa Campus Yirga T.

Introduction 15
Actions and Displacements:
• The terms “action” and “displacement” are used to describe
certain fundamental concepts in structural analysis.
• An action (sometimes called a generalized force) is most
commonly a single force or a couple. However, an action may
also be a combination of forces and couples, a distributed
loading, or a combination of these actions.
• A second basic concept is that of a displacement, which is
most commonly a translation or a rotation at some point in a
structure.
• A translation refers to the distance moved by a point in the
structure, and a rotation means the angle of rotation of the
tangent to the elastic curve (or its normal) at a point.
October 16, 2024 School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering
Ambo University, Hachalu Hundessa Campus Yirga T.

2. Deformations in Framed 16
Structures.
Deformations in Framed Structures:
• when a structure is acted upon by loads, the members of
the structure will undergo deformation ( or small changes
in shape) and, as a consequence, points with in the
structure will be displaced to new positions.
• In general, all points of the structure except immovable
points of support will undergo such displacements.
• The calculation of these displacements is an essential part
of structural analysis, as will be seen later in the
discussion of the flexibility and stiffness methos.

October 16, 2024 School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering
Ambo University, Hachalu Hundessa Campus Yirga T.

Deformations in Framed Structures. 17

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Ambo University, Hachalu Hundessa Campus Yirga T.

Deformations in Framed Structures. 18

Axial Shearing Flexural Torsional

October 16, 2024 School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering
Ambo University, Hachalu Hundessa Campus Yirga T.

3. Equilibrium and Compatibility. 19

• A structure is considered to be in equilibrium if,
initially at rest, it remains at rest when subjected to a
system of forces and couples.
• Equilibrium equations set the externally applied loads
to be equal to the sum of the internal forces at all joints
or node points of a structure.
• In simple form, the equilibrium equations in three
dimensional coordinate system are:

October 16, 2024 School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering
Ambo University, Hachalu Hundessa Campus Yirga T.

Equilibrium and Compatibility. 20

• Compatibility condition refers to the continuity of
displacements and must also be satisfied.
• In the analysis of a structural system of discrete
elements, all elements connected to a joint or node
must have the same absolute displacement at that node.

October 16, 2024 School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering
Ambo University, Hachalu Hundessa Campus Yirga T.

4. Static and Kinematic 21

Indeterminacy
• Overall statical classification of plane structures

• Derive similar relationships for the statical classification

of space(3D) truss and frame structures.
October 16, 2024 School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering
Ambo University, Hachalu Hundessa Campus Yirga T.

Static and Kinematic Indeterminacy 22

• Static indeterminacy may be internal or external

(or both), depending on the redundancy.
• The total number of releases required to make a
structure statically determinate is called the degree of
statical indeterminacy.

This truss system is

statically determinate

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Ambo University, Hachalu Hundessa Campus Yirga T.

Static and Kinematic Indeterminacy 23

• The degree of kinematic indeterminacy of a structure,

in general, are defined as the independent joint
displacements (translations and rotations) that are
necessary to specify the deformed shape of the structure
when subjected to an arbitrary loading.
• It is also known as the number of degrees of freedom.

October 16, 2024 School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering
Ambo University, Hachalu Hundessa Campus Yirga T.

Static and Kinematic Indeterminacy 24

• Since the joints of trusses are assumed to be frictionless
hinges, they are not subjected to moments and,
therefore, their rotations are zero.
• Thus, only joint translations must be considered in
establishing the degrees of freedom of trusses.

This truss system is

kinematically Indeterminate
to the 2nd degree

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School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering
Ambo University, Hachalu Hundessa Campus Yirga T.

5. Structural Analysis Method. 25

• The force method: the redundant(s) of a statically
indeterminate structure are removed and solutions are
obtained by setting the relative displacements at the
redundant(s) to zero.
• The displacement method: constraints are added to the
structure, and subsequently equations are written
satisfying the equilibrium conditions, the solution of
which is the constrained displacements.

October 16, 2024 School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering
Ambo University, Hachalu Hundessa Campus Yirga T.

6. Flexibility and Stiffness Matrices. 26

DfA

AsD
Where:
• A is the action, D is the displacement, f is the flexibility
coefficient and s is the stiffness coefficient of the
spring.

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Example.

27

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School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering
Ambo University, Hachalu Hundessa Campus Yirga T.

7. Equivalent Joint Load. 28

• In general, the loads on a structure may be divided into two
types:
• loads acting at the joints and
• loads acting on the members.
• Loads of the latter type can be replaced by equivalent loads
acting at the joints. Such substitutions are called equivalent
joint loads.
• When these loads are added to the actual joint loads, the
total loads which result are called combined joint loads.
• Therefore, the structure can be analyzed by matrix methods
for the effects of the combined joint loads.
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Example

29

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Ambo University, Hachalu Hundessa Campus Yirga T.

8. Principle of Superposition. 30
• The forces acting on a structure may be separated or
divided into any convenient fashion and the structure
analyzed for the separate cases.
• Then the final results can be obtained by adding up the
individual results.
Provided:
1. the geometry of the structure is not appreciably
altered under load, and
2. the structure is composed of a material in which the
stress is linearly related to the strain.

October 16, 2024 School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering
Ambo University, Hachalu Hundessa Campus Yirga T.

9. Energy Methods. 31

• Are techniques to study the consequences of

deformation in structures .
• They are useful for the formulation of the stiffness and
flexibility matrix of an element in a structure and also
for the analysis of indeterminate structures as a whole.

October 16, 2024 School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering
Ambo University, Hachalu Hundessa Campus Yirga T.

A. Strain Energy. 32

• the work stored within the structure due to the

deformation it undergoes.

October 16, 2024 School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering
Ambo University, Hachalu Hundessa Campus Yirga T.

Strain Energy. 33
• Stresses –Strains –Displacements.

October 16, 2024 School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering
Ambo University, Hachalu Hundessa Campus Yirga T.

Strain Energy. 34
• Evaluated as the internal work of stresses acting through
incremental strains, integrated over the volume.

October 16, 2024 School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering
Ambo University, Hachalu Hundessa Campus Yirga T.

B. Complementary Strain Energy. 35

• Evaluated as the internal work of strains multiplied by

incremental stresses, integrated over the volume.

October 16, 2024 School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering
Ambo University, Hachalu Hundessa Campus Yirga T.

C. External Work of Loads. 36

• Evaluated similarly as the strain energy:

October 16, 2024 School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering
Ambo University, Hachalu Hundessa Campus Yirga T.

D. Complementary Work of Loads. 37

• Evaluated similarly as the complementary strain energy:

October 16, 2024 School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering
Ambo University, Hachalu Hundessa Campus Yirga T.

E. Conservation of Energy. 38
Conservation of Energy:
• The work of loads W equals the strain energy U stored in
the structure

Conservation of Complementary Energy:

• Leads to W* equals U*

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Ambo University, Hachalu Hundessa Campus Yirga T.

F. Castigliano’s Theorems 39
1st Theorem:
• If the strain energy of an elastic structure can be
expressed as a function of a set of displacement , the
first partial derivative of that function, with respect to a
particular displacement equals the corresponding action.

October 16, 2024 School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering
Ambo University, Hachalu Hundessa Campus Yirga T.

Castigliano’s Theorems 40
2nd Theorem:
• If the complementary strain energy is expressed as a
function of a set of applied actions, the first partial
derivative of that function, with respect to a particular
action equals the corresponding displacement.

October 16, 2024 School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering
Ambo University, Hachalu Hundessa Campus Yirga T.

G. Virtual Work Principle 41

• The external virtual work of the real actions A multiplied
by virtual displacements δD is equal to the internal
virtual work of the real stresses σ multiplied by the
virtual strains δε, integrated over the volume.

October 16, 2024 School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering
Ambo University, Hachalu Hundessa Campus Yirga T.

H. Complementary Virtual Work 42

• The external work of the virtual actions δA multiplied by
real displacements D is equal to the internal work of the
virtual stresses δσ multiplied by the real strains ε,
integrated over the volume.

October 16, 2024 School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering
Ambo University, Hachalu Hundessa Campus Yirga T.

I. Unit Load/ Unit Displacement 43

• Unit Displacement Method: to obtain stiffness
coefficients

• Unit Load Method: to obtain flexibility coefficients

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Thank you for the kind attention! 44

October 16, 2024 School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering