1

Fundamental Unit Of Life :

Cell

Objective Type Questions Naue Wo components of chromosomes.

MCQs and VSA Type Questions (1 Mark) 3 Name three components present in almost
1. Find out the correct sentence. every cell.
(a) Enzymes packed in lysosomes are 4. Which of the following cell organelle are
made through RER (rough endoplasmic present in an animal cell?
reticulum). Chloroplast, nucleus, vacuoles, cell wall and
(b) Rough endoplasmic reticulum and smooth mitochondria
endoplasmic reticulum produce lipids and 5. Name the cell organelle responsible tor
proteins respectively. intracellular transport.
(c) Endoplasmic reticulum is related with the 6. Which of these is not related to endoplasmic
destruction of plasma membrane. reticulum?
(d) Nucleoid is present inside the
of eukaryotic nucleus. nucleoplasm (a) It behaves as transport channel for proteins
between nucleus and cytoplasm.
2
(b) It transports materials between various
regions in cytoplasm.
(c) It can be the site of energy generation.
(d) It can be the site for some biochemical
activities of the cell. R

7. Select the odd one out.

(a) The movement of water across a semi
permeable membrane is affected by the amount Q
of substances dissolved in it.
(b) Membranes are made of organic molecules
like proteins and lipids.
(c) Molecules soluble in organic solvents can
easily pass through the membrane. P R
(d) In plants, plasma membranes contain a (a) Cell wall Chloroplast Cytoplasm Nucleus
carbohydrate, chitin. (b) Chloroplast Cytoplasm Nucleus Cell wal
8. Which is the most widely occurring plastid (c) Nucleus Cytoplasm Chloroplast Cell membrate
and where is it present? (d) Nucleus Cytoplasm Chloroplast Cell wall

9. Expand ATP. Where it is produced? (iü) Which of the following functions of the
cellular structures is not correct?
10. Name three cell organelles having double Cellular structures Functions
membrane envelope. (a) Chloroplast Site where
Case Based Question photosynthesis takes
[4 x 1Mark] place
11. Read the following and answer any four (b) Cytoplasm Site where most
questions fromn 11(i) to 11(v). metabolic reactions
Multicellular organisms performn functions take place
by the division of labour. This means that (c) Mitochondrion Site where glucose is
different parts of the body perform different produced
(d) Nucleus Contains the heredity
functions. Similarly, division of labour is also information of the cel
seen within a single cell. Each cell possesses (ii) Features of different cell components 2re
specific components within it known as given as follows. Identify the cell components
cell organelles. Each kind of cell organelle and select the correct option.
performs a special function, such as making Cell component
new material in the cell, clearing up the waste Features
material from the cell and so on. A cell is able P
Helps in the manutacture o"
to live and perform all its functions because fat molecules or lipids
of its cell organelles. They have their own DNA
Highly evolved cells of multicellular organisms R Protein synthesis cannot
have a great deal of biochemical activities take place without them
to support their complicated structure and Contains membrane bound
function. Such cells possess specific membrane Iiving parts called organelles
bound sub-cellular components or organelle for P R
Endoplasmic
different kinds of cellular activities. Presence of (a) Mitochondria Ribosomes Cytoplasm reticulum
these organelles is one of the important features (b) Endoplasmic Mitochondria Ribosomes
Cytoplasm

of eukaryotic cells which distinguishes them reticulum

Endoplasmic Nucleoplasm
from prokaryotic cells. (c) Ribosomes Lysosome
reticulum
R
(i) Study the given figure and identify P, Q, (d) Mitochondria RiboSomes
Endoplasmic Nucleoplasm
reticulum
and S.
3
statements regarding the 18. Give reasons for the following:
Selectthe correct (i) Inner membrane of mitochondria is deeply
(iv)
passage.
found in the cytoplasm folded.
) All cellorganelles are (ii) Mitochondria are able to make some of their
of the cell.
all functions due to proteins.
(ii) Any cell can perform organelles. 19. Who gave the term Golgiapparatus? Name
cell
the presence of the membrane-bound, sub one cell organelle that is formed by Golgi
(ii) Cell organelles are cell. apparatus. Write any two functions of Golgi
cellular components within the unicellular apparatus.
absent in all
(iv) Cell organelles are
organisms. 20. Why is endocytosis found in animals only?
(a) (i), (ii) and (iii)
(b) (i) and (ii) only 21. Explain in detail what do you know about
(d) (iii) and (iv) only the structure of nucleus.
(c) (ii) and (iv) only
animal cell 22. Define osmosis. In what two ways it is
(v) Refer tothe given diagram of an different from diffusion?
and select the correct option regarding P and Q.
23. Lysosomes are cellular housekeepers as well
as suicidal bags of cells. Justify.
24. Division of labour exists even at intra
cellular level. Justify the statement.
from
25. How are vacuoles in plant cell different
those in animal cell?
26. Two beakers Aand Bthat contain plain water
(a) Some of the vesicles of P store digestive and concentrated sugar solution respectively.
Equal number of dry raisins are kept in them
enzymes obtained from Q in inactive state for a few hours and then taken out.
to form primary lysosome.
(i) Explain the reason for the difference in the
(b) Polypeptides synthesised at Q are physical appearance of raisins which were taken
transported to Pwhere they are modified out of the two beakers.
intofunctional proteins for secretion. (iü) On the basis of above observation, categorise
(c) Q synthesises acrosome which plays an the two solutions as hypotonic and hypertonic.
important role in the fertilisation process 27. Cell A and cell Bwere examined in a
in humans. laboratory. Cell A could perform endocytosis but
of
(d) P is absent in pancreatic cells and cells not cell B. Cell B showed plasmolysis when kept
salivary glands whereas Q is absent in liver in hypertonic solution but not cell A. Identify
cells. cell A and B giving reasons.
Short Answer Type Questions 28. Explain how do cell walls permit the cells
of fungi to withstand very dilute external media
SA Type Questions (2/3 Marks) without bursting.
12. What is plasmolysis? 29. (a) Draw a diagram of prokaryotic cell and
13. Describe in short the chief components of a label the following parts on it :
nucleus. Cell wall, ribosome, nucleoid, plasma membrane.
considered
14. Why do plant cells possess large
sized vacuole? (b) Why organisms like bacteriaare
and as prokaryotes?
15. Give differences between cytoplasm apparatus is
30. What will happen if Golgi
nucleoplasm. between smooth removed from cell?
16. Write two differences plasma
endoplasmic reticulum and rough endoplasmic 31. Give any three functions of
membrane. required for
reticulum. What are the two conditions
helps in 32.
17. How endoplasmic reticulum osmosis?
membrane biogenesis?
 4

Long Answer Type Questions ii) ared blood cell is kept in

solution?
concentrated saline
LA Type GQuestions (5 Marks)
(iii) the plasma membrane of a cell breaks doWn)
33. (a) Name a cell organelle found only in a (iv) Rhoeo leaves are boiled in water first a
plant cell and name its types.
(b) Briefly describe the structure and function then
35.
a drop of sugar syrup is put on it?
of one of its types. Draw alabelled diagram of mitochondrjia
34. In brief state what happens when and explain the functions of different parts
(i) dry apricots are left for sometime in pure 36, Describe briefly the structure of a typical
water and later transferred to sugar solution? plant cellwith the help of a labelled diagram

ANSWERS

1. (a) : Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and smooth (v) (c): The labelled part Pin the diagram is endoplasmic
endoplasmic reticulum (SER) produce proteins and lipids reticulum and Q is Golgi apparatus. Some of the vesicles
respectively. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is related with of Golgi apparatus store digestive enzymes obtained fom
the formation of plasma membrane along with some other endoplasmic reticulum in inactive state to form primay
organelles (membrane biogenesis). However, nucleoid refers lysosome.Polypeptides synthesised by ribosomes present
to the undefined nuclear material of prokaryotes e.g., bacteria on rough endoplasmic reticulum are transported to
which is devoidof a nuclear membrane. Golgi apparatus for modification into functional proteins.
2. Proteins and DNA Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus are present in
3 Plasma membrane, nucleus and cytoplasm pancreatic cells, salivary glands and liver cells.
4. Nucleus, smallvacuoles and mitochondria are present in 12. When a living plant cell loses water through osmosis
an animal cell, whereas chloroplast and cell wall are present there is shrinkage or contraction of the protoplasmic contents
inplant cell. of the cell away from the cell wal. This phenomenon is known
5. Endoplasmic reticulum as plasmolysis.
6. (c): Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a membranous 13. The chief components of nucleus are as follows:
network enclosing a fluid-filled lumen which almost fills up 0) Nucleoplasm, atransparent, semifluid ground substance.
the intracellular cavity. ER serves as channel for the transport () Nuclear chromatin, which is anetwork of chromatin
of materials (especially proteins) between various regions of fibres that have genes carrying genetic information trem ene
the cytoplasm or between the cytoplasm and the nucleus. ER generation the next.
also functions as a cytoplasmic framework providing the site (ii) Nucleolus, which lies in the centre and helps in e
for some biochemical activities of the cell.
formation and storage of RNAS as wellas in the formation e
The site of energy generation is mitochondrion.
ribosomes.
7. (d): Plasma membrane is a living, thin, elastic, selectively
permeable membrane which chemically consists of lipids (20 14. Plant cells possess large vacuoles to perform valiee
79%), proteins (20-70%), carbohydrates (1-5%) and water (20%). functions like:
Chitin sugar is not present in the plasma membrane of plants. () Storage of water, minerals, etc.
8 The most widely occurring plastid is chloroplast. It is present () Provide turgidity and rigidity to the cell, asitis tillut
in allgreen parts of plants. cell sap.
9 ATP-Adenosine Triphosphate. It is energy currency of cell, 15. Differences between cytoplasm and
which is produced in mitochondria.
S.No. Cytoplasm Nucleoplasm
10. Chloroplast, mitochondria and nucleus
() Cytoplasm is the part ofIt is the pait
11. ())(d) protoplasm which lies protoplasn that lies
(ii) (c): Mitochondria are sites of cellular outside the nucleus ie.. inside the nuieus
respiration
tood is oxidised and energy is released in the form of where
ATP. |between the nucleus
(ii) (b) and the cell membrane.
(i) It is semi-fluid jelly-like It is transparent
(iv) (a)
substance.
 5
It is acolloidal (i) Nucleoplasm :It is a kind of protoplasm found in ue
(iüi) Itcontains various
organelles and substance having nucleus containinggenetic material (DNA), chrornosormes and
inclusions. |similar composition to nucleolus.
cytoplasm, but contains (ii) Chromatin : The chromatin material inside the nucleus
more of nucleotides. is an organisation of DNA and protein. As a cell prepares
(iv) It contains a number of It contains chromatin itself to divide, the chromatin condenses and becornes thich
inorganic substances as material. enough to form specialised structures called chromosomes.
wellas organic substances (iv) Nucleolus : It is adense spherical structure. It acts as an
such as lipids, proteins important site of RNA synthesis.
and carbohydrates. 22. Osmosis is the process in which there is a movement of
16, Differences between smooth endoplasmic reticulum and solvent (usually water) from a dilute solution to a concentrated
rough endoplasmic reticulum are: solution through a semi-permeable membrane.
Differences between osmosis and diffusion are as follows
S.No.
Smooth Endoplasmic Rough Endoplasmic S.No. Osmosis Diffusion
Reticulum (SER) Reticulum (RER)
It looks smooth due to
() |Osmosis takes place The diffusion does not
It locks rough due to
absence of ribosomes. presence of ribosomes |through semi-permeable require any mernbrane.
membrane.
attached to its surface.
(0) SER helps in the
(i) Only the movement of Movement of solid, liquid
RER helps in the |solvent is involved. and gases are involved.
manufacture of fats, lipids. synthesis of proteins.
23. Lysosomes are single membrane bound organelles present
17. The erndoplasmic reticulum helps in the manufacture of
proteins, fat molecules or lipids which are important for the in cell. They are filled with hydrolytic or digestive enzymes,
cellfunction. These proteins and lipids help in the building which are capable of breaking down all organic materials.
of the cell-membrane. This process is known as membrane These are a kind of waste disposal system of cell. They help to
biogenesis. keep the cell clean by digesting any foreign material as well
as worn out cell organelles. Foreign material entering the cel
18. (0) Inner membrane of mitochondria is deeply folded into such as bacterium or virus ends up in lysosomes. So, they are
finger-like processes called cristae. These folds create large called scavengers or cellular housekeepers.
Surface area for synthesis of energy rich ATP molecules. During the disturbance in cellular metabolism, lysosomes
(i) Mitochondria contain their own DNA and ribosomes and may burst and the enzymes released, digest their own cell.
hence, can make their own proteins. Therefore, lysosomes are also known as suicidal bags.
19. Golgi apparatus term was named after Camillo Golgi. 24. Each cell has got certain specific components within
Golgiapparatus takes part in the formation of lysosomes. it known as cell organelles. Each cell organelle show
Functions of Golgi apparatus are differentiation and specialisation in their structure to perform
0 to package and dispatch materials synthesised by ER specific functions. This is called division of labour. All cells
(0) to manufacture complex sugar from simple sugars. are found to have the same organelles, no matter what their
20. Endocytosis is the ingestion of material by the cells function is or in which organism they are found.
through the plasma membrane. It occurs in animal cells. It 25. The differences between vacuoles in plant cell and
IS difficult to occur in plant cell because of the presence of vacuoles in animal cell are:
cell wallin plants. The plasma membrane of a plant cell is S Vacuoles in Vacuoles in
usually pressed against the rigid cell wall by turgor pressure, plant cell
No. animal cell
which hinders the plasma membrane from invaginating into
ie cytoplasm. Turgor pressure is a positive pressure which (i) They are comparatively They are comparatively smaller
develops in a plant cell due to the entry of water into it. very large in size. In size.
21. Robert Brown discovered nucleus in cell in 1831. (ii) They are few in They are comparatively more
number. in number.
Nucleus directs and controls all the cellular activities so is
called director of cell., Nucleus is composed of: (ii)They contain cell sap| They may contain food and are
0) Nuclear membrane:It encloses the nucleus in eukaryotes. and provide turgidity called food vacuoles. In some
Ine nuclear membrane is penetrated by large nuclear pore and rigidity to the cases they become specialised
complexes, which selectively transport molecules into or out cell. to expel outexcess ot water and
of the nucleus. wastes, like in Amoeba.
6
26. () In beaker A, the raisins would swell because water 31. Plasma membrane performs various functions
concentration is higher outside the cell membrane. So, water which includes in cell
enters in raisin through the membrane howeve, in beaker B, (i) the entry and exist of some selective
raisins will shrink because water concentration is less outside (ii) maintains the shape of the cell substances
to cell
the cellmembrane. So, water comes out of the membrane. (iü) helps in maintaining internal environment of the call
() A- hypotonic, B- hypertonic 32. Two conditions required for osrnosis are:
27. Cell A could be an animal cell because it shows () There would be difference in the
have concentration
of
endocytosis. Endocytosis or phagocytosis is the phenomenon in two systems i.e., one should higher water
in which cellgives out protoplasmic processes (due to presence than the other. concentration
of flexible plasma membrane) around food particle or foreign (i) Semipermeable membrane is also required thre.
substance and engulfs it in a membrane bound vesicle. This is which water will flow.
possible only due to flexibility of plasma membrane. 33. (a) The cell organelle tound only in plant cell is plact.
Cell B does not show endocytosis but shows plasmolysis Plastids are of three types : Leucoplast, chromoplast ar
which indicates that it is a plant cell. Presence of rigid cell chloroplast.
wall maintains the shape of plant cell and does not allow (b) Achloroplast is covered by an envelope made up of tw
much flexibility of plasma membrane. So, plant cells do not smooth membranes separated by an intermembranal s0ace
showendocytosis. When animal and plant cell are placed in Outer membrane is more permeable than inner membrane. The
hypertonic solution. Both of them lose water on account of ground substance of chloroplast is known as matrix or stroma
exosmosis. But animal cell completely shrinks whereas plant contains DNA, RNA, ribosomes, proteins, etc. Membrann
cell gets plasmolysed, i.e., the cellcontents shrink away from lined flattened sacs called thylakoids run through stroma.
cell wall.
Thylakoids are stacked at some places toform grana.
28. Fungi withstand very dilute/hypotonic external media Thylakoids are structural elements of chloroplasts as they
without bursting because of their cell walls. In such media, the take part in photosynthesis due to presence of photosynthetic
cells swell by taking up water by osmosis and thus building pigment chlorophyl in them. Chloroplasts trap the solar
up pressure against the cell wall. The wall exerts an equal energy which is used for manufacturing the food. They are,
pressure against the swollen celI. therefore, the sites of photosynthesis and are commonly
29. (a) The labelled diagram of a prokaryoticcell is as follows: called 'kitchen of the cells'.
Plasma membrane 34. () When dry apricots are left in pure water, they swel
up as the water enter inside due to endosmosis and when
Cell wall
-Ribosome they are kept in sugar solution, they shrink due to exosmosis.
Nucleoid (i) When a red blood cell is kept in concentrated saline
(b) In bacteria, the nuclear region is poorly solution, it loses water due to exosmosis and shrinks. It gives
developed or
undefined. Such undefined nuclear region, containing shrivelled appearance.
nucleic acids, is called nucleoid. It does not possess only (ii) If plasma membrane of a cell breaks down, all the
membrane bound organelles. Such organisms are double called
protoplasmic materials including cells organelles will COne
prokaryotes. out of the cell resulting in their non-functioning and nerie
30. The following things may happen in the death of the cell. Plasma membrane is aselectively permeable
apparatus is absent:
cell if Golgi membrane which regulates transport of certain specific
() The packaging and substances into and out of cell maintaining theidentity of
proteins tovarious targets, dispatching
of different types of the cell. If plasma membrane of a cell breaksS down,there
inside and outside the cell willbe may occur loss of some celand
affected. essential components ofthe enter
(i) The products of the cell will not be stored and the substances which are not required by the cell may
further. modified Into it. This would ultimately lead to death of the cell.
(ii) The formation of (iv) Cells of the Rhoeoleaves will get killed on boiling, hence
not take place. complex sugars from simple sugars will no plasmolysis will occur. Therefore, there will be noeffectof
(iv) The formation of lysosomes will be affected. This may putting Sugar syrup over the leaves.
cause accumulation of worn enclosed
35. Mitochondria are
the cellwhich may lead to cellout and dead organelles within within two membranes,rod-shaped
structures inner
death. ie.. the outer and the inner
membrane. The outer membrane is the
smooth unlike
 7

membrane and has almost thesame amount of phospholipids It controls the entry and exit of selected molecules and ions
as proteins. and is selectively permeable.
The inner membrane has infoldings called cristae that Lysosome Rough endoplasmic
reticulum
increases the surface area for the complexes and proteins Smooth
endoplasmic Chloroplast (opened
that aid in the production of ATP, the energy rich molecules. reticulum to show thylakoids)
The inner membrane contains the complexes of the electron -Nucleus
transport chain and ATP synthetase complex. The interior
cavity of mitochondria is filled with a matrix which contains Golgi
apparatus
ribosomes, acircular DNA molecule and phosphate granules. -Nuclear
envelope
Mitochondria synthesise ATP, so they are known as power -Plasma
house of the cell. membrane
Inner chamber Adjacent
Oxysome (matrix) cell wall
Outer chamber Cell wall
Ribosomes Inner membrane Mitochondrion
(electron transport Cytoplasm Ribosomes
chain)
Outer (iii) Cytoplasm : The part of the cell which occurs between
the plasma membrane and nuclear envelope is called the
membrane
Crista
cytoplasm. It consists of aqueous ground substance, the
cytosol, a variety of cellorganelles and other inclusions. The
Matrix with enzymes
for protein synthesis,
DNA(Circular) lipid synthesis and cellorganeles are mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi
apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles and chloroplasts (present only
cellular respiration

36. A plant cell is eukaryotic cellwhich

contains a well in the cytoplasm of plant cell), etc.
(iv) Nucleus :It is a dense spherical body bounded by a
defined nucleus, membrane bound organelles and cell membrane which is called nuclear membrane. A number of
cOverings like plasma membrane and cellwall. thread-like structures called chromosomes with genes on
made mainly of non
) Cell wall: The outermost covering them are embedded in the nucleoplasm.The nucleus controls
living cellulose which gives distinct shape to the cell.
calledcell membrane. It is a the various metabolicactivities of the cell and so is called the
() Plasma membrane: It is also control centre of the cell.
lying inner to the cell wall.
thin, delicate and elastic covering