Slemani Polytechnic University

Engineering Technical College

Communication Department

ANALOG
MODULATION
Prepared by:
San Revan Abd Al-Sattar

Supervised by:
Dr.Aven Rawf Hamza
 Contents
1. Introduction

2. Need of Modulation

3. Analog Modulation Types

4. Amplitude Modulation Generation

5. Applications of Analog Modulation

6. Bandwidth Requirement and Power Relations in

AM

7. Advantages & Disadvantages

8. a Brief Comparison between AM, FM, PM

9. Amplitude Modulation & Demodulation (Using

Matlab)

10. References
 1. Introduction
The purpose of a communication system is to transmit information-bearing
signals through a communication channel separating the transmitter from the
receiver. Information-bearing signals are also referred to as baseband signals.
The term baseband is used to designate the band of frequencies representing the
original signal as delivered by a source of information.
The proper use of the communication channel requires a shift of the range of
baseband frequencies into other frequency ranges suitable for transmission, and
a corresponding shift back to the original frequency range after reception. For
example, a radio system must operate with frequencies of 30 kHz and upward,
whereas the baseband signal usually contains frequencies in the audio frequency
range, and so some form of frequency-band shifting must be used for the system
to operate satisfactorily. A shift of the range of frequencies in a signal is
accomplished by using modulation, which is defined as the process by which
some characteristic of a carrier is varied in accordance with a modulating wave
(sienal). A common form of the carrier is a sinusoidal wave, in which case we
speak of a continuous-wave modulation' process. The baseband signal is
referred to as the modulating wave, and the result of the modulation process is
referred to as the modulated wave.
Modulation is performed at the transmitting end of the communication system.
At the receiving end of the system, we usually require the original baseband
signal to be restored.
This is accomplished by using a process known as demodulation, which is the
reverse of the modulation process.
 Components of Analog Modulation System: (a): transmitter and (b): receiver

In addition to the signal received from the transmitter, the receiver input
includes channel noise. The degradation in receiver performance due to channel
noise is determined by the type of modulation used.
In this chapter we study two families of continuous-wave (CW) modulation
systems, namely, amplitude modulation and angle modulation. In amplitude
modulation, the amplitude of the sinusoidal carrier wave is varied in accordance
with the baseband signal. In angle modulation, the angle of the sinusoidal
carrier wave is varied in accordance with the baseband signal. Figure 2.2
displays the waveforms of amplitude-modulated and angle-modulated signals
for the case of sinusoidal modulation. Parts (a) and (b) of the figure show the
sinusoidal carrier and modulating waves, respectively. Parts (c) and (d) show
the corresponding amplitude-modulated and frequency-modulated waves,
respectively; frequency modulation is a form of angle modulation.
2. Need of Modulation
The primary purpose of modulation in a communication system is to generate a
modulated signal suited to the characteristics of the transmission channel.
Actually, there are several practical benefits and applications of modulation
briefly discussed.
Modulation for Efficient Transmission Signal transmission over appreciable
distance always involves a traveling electromagnetic wave, with or without a
guiding medium. The efficiency of any particular transmission method depends
upon the frequency of the signal being transmitted. By exploiting the frequency-
translation property of CW modulation, message information can be impressed
on a carrier whose frequency has been selected for the desired transmission
method. As a case in point, efficient line-of-sight ratio propagation requires
antennas whose physical dimensions are at least 1/10 of the signal’s wavelength.
Unmodulated transmission of an audio signal containing frequency
components down to 100 Hz would thus call for antennas some 300 km long.
Modulated transmission at 100 MHz, as in FM broadcasting, allows a practical
antenna size of about one meter. At frequencies below 100 MHz, other
propagation modes have better efficiency with reasonable antenna sizes.

Modulation to Overcome Hardware Limitations The design of a communication

system may be constrained by the cost and availability of hardware, hardware
whose performance often depends upon the frequencies involved. Modulation
permits the designer to place a signal in some frequency range that avoids
hardware limitations. A particular concern along this line is the question of
fractional bandwidth, defined as absolute bandwidth divided by the center
frequency. Hardware costs and complications are minimized if the fractional
bandwidth is kept within 1–10 percent. Fractional-bandwidth considerations
account for the fact that modulation units are found in receivers as well as in
transmitters.

Modulation for Multiplexing Multiplexing is the process of combining several

signals for simultaneous transmission on one channel. Frequency-division
multiplexing (FDM) uses CW modulation to put each signal on a different
carrier frequency, and a bank of filters separates the signals at the destination.
Modulation to Reduce Noise and Interference A brute-force method for
combating noise and interference is to increase the signal power until it
overwhelms the contaminations. But increasing power is costly and may
damage equipment. (One of the early transatlantic cables was apparently
destroyed by high-voltage rupture in an effort to obtain a usable received
signal.) Fortunately, FM and certain other types of modulation have the
valuable property of suppressing both noise and interference. This property is
called wideband noise reduction because it requires the transmission bandwidth
to be much greater than the bandwidth of the modulating signal. Wideband
modulation thus allows the designer to exchange increased bandwidth for
decreased signal power, a trade-off implied by the Hartley-Shannon law. Note
that a higher carrier frequency may be needed to accommodate wideband
modulation.

Modulation for Frequency Assignment When you tune a radio or television set to
a particular station, you are selecting one of the many signals being received at
that time. Since each station has a different assigned carrier frequency, the
desired signal can be separated from the others by filtering. Were it not for
modulation, only one station could broadcast in a given area; otherwise, two or
more broadcasting stations would create a hopeless jumble of interference.

3.

If the amplitude of the high frequency carrier wave is varied in accordance with
the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal, then such a technique is
called as Amplitude Modulation. 
If the angle of the carrier wave is varied, in accordance with the instantaneous
value of the modulating signal, then such a technique is called as Angle
Modulation. Angle modulation is further divided into frequency modulation and
phase modulation. If the frequency of the carrier wave is varied, in accordance
with the instantaneous value of the modulating signal, then such a technique is
called as Frequency Modulation. o If the phase of the high frequency carrier
wave is varied in accordance with the instantaneous value of the modulating
signal, then such a technique is called as Phase Modulation.

Amplitude Modulation: A continuous-wave goes on continuously without any

intervals and it is the baseband message signal, which contains the information.
This wave has to be modulated. According to the standard definition, “The
amplitude of the carrier signal varies in accordance with the instantaneous
amplitude of the modulating signal.” Which means, the amplitude of the carrier
signal containing no information varies as per the amplitude of the signal
containing information, at each instant. This can be well explained by the
following figures.
The first figure shows the modulating
wave, which is the message signal. The
next one is the carrier wave, which is a
high frequency signal and contains no
information. While, the last one is the
resultant modulated wave. It can be
observed that the positive and negative
peaks of the carrier wave, are
interconnected with an imaginary line.
This line helps recreating the exact
shape of the modulating signal. This
imaginary line on the carrier wave is
called as Envelope. It is the same as
that of the message signal.
In the process of Amplitude Modulation, the modulated wave consists of the
carrier wave and two sidebands. The modulated wave has the information only
in the sidebands. Sideband is nothing but a band of frequencies, containing
power, which are the lower and higher frequencies of the carrier frequency.
The transmission of a signal, which contains a carrier along with two sidebands
can be termed as Double Sideband Full Carrier system or simply DSBFC. It is
plotted as shown in the following figure

However, such a transmission is inefficient. Because, two-thirds of the power is

being wasted in the carrier, which carries no information. If this carrier is
suppressed and the saved power is distributed to the two sidebands, then such a
process is called as Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier system or simply
DSBSC. It is plotted as shown in the following figure.

The process of suppressing one of the sidebands along with the carrier and
transmitting a single sideband is called as Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier
system or simply SSBSC. the carrier and the lower sideband are suppressed.
Hence, the upper sideband is used for transmission. Similarly, we can suppress
the carrier and the upper sideband while transmitting the lower sideband. This
SSBSC system, which transmits a single sideband has high power, as the power
allotted for both the carrier and the other sideband is utilized in transmitting
this Single Sideband. It is plotted as shown in the following figure.
Vestigial Side Band Suppressed Carrier (VSBSC) technique: is a compromise
between DSBSC and SSBSC. The word “vestige” means “a part” from which,
the name is derived.is the process, where a part of the signal called as vestige is
modulated along with one sideband.
Along with the upper sideband, a part of the lower sideband is also being
transmitted in this technique. Similarly, we can transmit the lower sideband
along with a part of the upper sideband. A guard band of very small width is
laid on either side of VSB in order to avoid the interferences. VSB modulation is
mostly used in television transmissions.
The frequency spectrum of VSBSC wave is shown in the following figure.

Angle Modulation The other type of modulation in continuous-wave

modulation is Angle Modulation. Angle Modulation is the process in which the
frequency or the phase of the carrier signal varies according to the message
signal. The standard equation of the angle modulated wave 𝒔(𝒕) = 𝑨𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽𝒊(𝒕)
Where, Ac is the amplitude of the modulated wave, which is the same as the
amplitude of the carrier signal, 𝜽𝒊(𝒕) is the angle of the modulated wave Angle
modulation is further divided into frequency modulation and phase modulation. 
Frequency Modulation is the process of varying the frequency of the carrier
signal linearly with the message signal. Phase Modulation is the process of
varying the phase of the carrier signal linearly with the message signal.

Frequency Modulation In amplitude modulation, the amplitude of the carrier

signal varies. Whereas, in Frequency Modulation (FM), the frequency of the
carrier signal varies in accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the
modulating signal. Hence, in frequency modulation, the amplitude and the
phase of the carrier signal remains constant. This can be better understood by
observing the following figures.

Phase Modulation In frequency modulation, the frequency of the carrier varies.

Whereas, in Phase Modulation (PM), the phase of the carrier signal varies in
accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal. So, in
phase modulation, the amplitude and the frequency of the carrier signal remains
constant. This can be better understood by observing the following figures.
The phase of the modulated wave has got infinite points, where the phase shift
in a wave can take place. The instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal
changes the phase of the carrier signal. When the amplitude is positive, the
phase changes in one direction and if the amplitude is negative, the phase
changes in the opposite direction.

4.AM Generation
AM generation involves mixing of a carrier and an information signal. In low
level modulation, the message signal and carrier signal are modulated at low
power levels and then amplified. The advantage of this technique is that a small
audio amplifier is sufficient to amplify the message signal.
It is possible to look at the theory of the generation of an amplitude modulated
signal in four steps:
1. Carrier signal
2. Modulating signal
3. Overall modulated signal for a single tone
4. Expansion to cover a typical audio signal

5.Applications of Analog Modulation

As analog modulation consists of various types (amplitude, frequency, and
phase), there is a wide range of applications using these techniques.
AM techniques are used in aircraft to establish communication between the
pilot and the station and the other way too.
Implemented in satellite communications.
Telemetry, seismic processing, and radar implement the methods of
frequency modulation.
Used in music creation and also for video transmissions and magnetic-tape
recording scenarios
FM radio broadcastings
Monitoring of EEG signals also utilize analog modulation types
Used in VCR tape recordings
6.bandwidth requirement and power relations in AM

Bandwidth of AM Wave Bandwidth (BW) is the difference between the highest

and lowest frequencies of the signal. Mathematically, we can write it a
𝑩𝑾 = 𝒇𝒎𝒂𝒙 − 𝒇𝒎𝒊𝒏
Consider the following equation of amplitude modulated wave
𝒔(𝒕) = 𝑨𝒄[𝟏 + 𝝁 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒎𝒕)] 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄𝒕) => 𝒔(𝒕) = 𝑨𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄𝒕) + 𝑨𝒄𝝁 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄𝒕)
𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒎𝒕) => 𝒔(𝒕) = 𝑨𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄𝒕) +𝑨𝒄𝝁/𝟐𝐜𝐨𝐬[𝟐𝝅(𝒇𝒄 + 𝒇𝒎)𝒕] +𝑨𝒄𝝁/𝟐𝐜𝐨𝐬[𝟐𝝅(𝒇𝒄
-𝒇𝒎)𝒕]
Hence, the amplitude modulated wave has three frequencies. Those are carrier
frequency 𝒇𝒄, upper sideband frequency 𝒇𝒄 + 𝒇𝒎 and lower sideband frequency 𝒇𝒄
− 𝒇𝒎. Here, 𝐟𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝒇𝒄 + 𝒇𝒎 and 𝐟𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝒇𝒄 − 𝒇𝒎
Substitute, 𝐟𝐦𝐚𝐱 and 𝐟𝒎𝒊𝒏 values in bandwidth formula. 𝑩𝑾 = 𝒇𝒄 + 𝒇𝒎 − (𝒇𝒄 −
𝒇𝒎) => 𝐁𝐖 = 𝟐𝐟𝐦 Thus, it can be said that the bandwidth required for

Power Calculations of AM Wave Consider the following equation of amplitude

modulated wave.
𝒔(𝒕) = 𝑨𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄𝒕) +𝑨𝒄𝝁/𝟐𝐜𝐨𝐬[𝟐𝝅(𝒇𝒄 + 𝒇𝒎)𝒕] +𝑨𝒄𝝁/𝟐𝐜𝐨𝐬[𝟐𝝅(𝒇𝒄 − 𝒇𝒎)𝒕] Power of
AM wave is equal to the sum of powers of carrier, upper sideband, and lower
sideband frequency components.
𝑷𝒕 = 𝑷𝒄 + 𝑷𝑼𝑺𝑩 + 𝑷𝑳𝑺𝑩
We know that the standard formula for power of cos signal is 𝑷 =𝒗𝒓𝒎𝒔𝟐𝑹=
(𝒗𝒎⁄√𝟐)𝟐𝑹 Where, 𝒗𝒓𝒎𝒔 is the rms value of cos signal 𝒗𝒎 is the peak value of cos
signal First, let us find the powers of the carrier, the upper and lower sideband
one by one.
Carrier power 𝑷𝒄 =(𝑨𝒄⁄√𝟐)𝟐𝑹=𝑨𝒄/𝟐𝟐𝑹 Upper sideband power 𝑷𝑼𝑺𝑩 =
(𝑨𝒄𝝁⁄𝟐√𝟐)𝟐𝑹=𝑨𝒄𝟐𝝁𝟐/𝟖𝑹 Similarly, we will get the lower sideband power same as
that of the upper side band power.
𝑷𝑳𝑺𝑩=𝑨𝒄𝟐𝝁𝟐/𝟖𝑹 Now, let us add these three powers in order to get the power
of AM wave. 𝑷𝒕 =𝑨𝒄/𝟐/𝟐𝑹+𝑨𝒄𝟐𝝁𝟐/𝟖𝑹+𝑨𝒄𝟐𝝁𝟐/𝟖𝑹 => 𝑷𝒕 = (𝑨𝒄𝟐/𝟐𝑹) (𝟏
+𝝁𝟐/𝟒+𝝁𝟐/𝟒) => 𝑷𝒕 = 𝑷𝒄 (𝟏 +𝝁𝟐/𝟐)

7.Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages of Amplitude Modulation
The cost of amplitude modulation is low
Amplitude modulated signals are reflected by the earth from the ionosphere
layer
Thus, they travel a long distance and cover a wider area
 Required carrier frequency is low
It requires a simple transmitter and receiver
Thus transmission and reception of an audio signal are less cumbersome
Demodulation of amplitude-modulated signals is less complex due to the
use of a circuit having few components
Disadvantages of Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude modulated signals are highly susceptible to peripheral noises
Receivers of these signals find it difficult to distinguish between signals and
noises
Thus, the quality of the audio signal is of poor standard
If the amplitude modulated signal is weak, the receiver requires a complex
arrangement
Amplitude modulation is less efficient in terms of bandwidth usage
The bandwidth of the modulated signal is twice the frequency of the signal
wave
Amplitude modulation is also less efficient in terms of power usage
Only the power in the sidebands is used

Advantages of Frequency Modulation

1. The amplitude of the frequency-modulated wave does not get affected.
2. Frequency Modulation decreases the noise; hence, there is a significant
increase in the signal to noise ratio.
3. We can also reduce the noise by increasing the frequency deviation.
4. It also reduces the interference by the adjacent channels through guard
bands.
5. It operates in a very high frequency called VHF.
6. It is resistant to single strength variations.
7. It does not require a linear amplifier in the transmitter.
Disadvantages of Frequency Modulation
1. FM cannot cover large areas.
2. Transmitting and receiving equipment of frequency modulation is complex
and expensive.
3. Generally, wider channels, 200kHz, are required for FM.
4. The antennas for FM need to be closely placed for better signals.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Phase Modulation

The advantages of phase modulation include the following.
Phase modulation (PM) is a simple contrasted to Frequency modulation
(FM).
 It is used to find out the velocity of a target by removing Doppler data. This
needs constant carrier which is achievable during phase modulation
however not in FM (frequency modulation).
The main benefit of this modulation is signal modulation because it permits
computer for communicating on high-speed using a telephone system.
When the information is being transmitted without intrusion then the speed
rates can be observed.
And one more advantage of PM (phase modulation) is improved immunity
toward the noise.
The disadvantages of phase modulation include the following.
Phase modulation needs two signals by a phase variation among them.
Through this, both the two patterns are required like a reference as well as a
signal.
This type of modulation requires hardware which obtains more complex
due to its conversion technique.
Phase ambiguity arrives if we exceed index pi radian of modulation (1800).
Phase modulation index can be enhanced by employing frequency
multiplier.

Amplitude Modulation & Demodulation (Using Matlab)

First: By Using Simulink:

Tools:
Two Signal Generators (First for message signal with a very lower frequency;
second for carrier signal)
A sum (To connect message signal with the constant)
A constant (Summed with message signal)
A product (Connecting the result of the sum with the carrier signal)
A Scope with three input gates (To show the inputs: Message Signal, Carrier
Signal and the common operation between them)
These are modulated parts, and the second part will be:
Saturation
Low Pass Filter
DC Shift (Summed with LPF)
Gain (Connected to a scope to see the output)

By Using Codes
% AM Modulation and Demodulation System

% Clear the workspace and close all figures

clear all;
close all;
clc;
% Set the simulation parameters
Fs = 1000; % Sampling frequency
T = 1/Fs; % Sampling period
t = 0:T:1-T; % Time vector
fc = 100; % Carrier frequency
fm = 10; % Message frequency
Am = 1; % Message amplitude
Ac = 2; % Carrier amplitude
m = Am*sin(2*pi*fm*t); % Message signal
c = Ac*sin(2*pi*fc*t); % Carrier signal
% Modulation
s = (1 + m./Am).*c; % Modulated signal
% Demodulation
y = s.*c; % Demodulated signal
% Plot the signals
subplot(4,1,1);
plot(t, m);
title('Message Signal');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
subplot(4,1,2);
plot(t, c);
title('Carrier Signal');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
subplot(4,1,3);
plot(t, s);
title('Modulated Signal');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
subplot(4,1,4);
plot(t, y);
title('Demodulated Signal');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');

References:
Contemporary Communication Systems Using MATLAB john G. Proakis, Masoud Salehi
(Chapter 3)
communication systems simon haykin (Chapter 2)
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS - An Introduction to Signals and Noise
in Electrical Communication (Chapter 1: page 29)
Principles of Communication Systems–Taub & Schilling, Gautam Sahe, TMH, 3rd Ed
Electronics & Communication System – George Kennedy and Bernard Davis, TMH
Analog communications-K.N.Hari Bhat & Ganesh Rao, Pearson Publication, 2 nd Ed.
AMPLITUDE MODULATED SIGNALS Generation Methods - Saif Aldeen Saad Obayes
AlKadhim
Communication Systems Second Edition – R.P. Singh, SP Sapre, TMH, 2007.
Communication Systems – B.P. Lathi, BS Publication, 2006
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