Database Management System Lab (BCS 551)

University Syllabus

Contents:

i. Creation of a database and writing SQL queries to retrieve information from the database.
ii. Performing Insertion, Deletion, Modifying, Altering, Updating and Viewing records based on
conditions.
iii. Creation of Views, Synonyms, Sequence, Indexes, Save point.
iv. Creating an Employee database to set various constraints.
v. Creating relationship between the databases.
vi. Study of PL/SQL block.
vii. Write a PL/SQL block to satisfy some conditions by accepting input from the user.
viii. Write a PL/SQL block that handles all types of exceptions.
ix. Creation of Procedures.
x. Creation of database triggers and functions
xi. Mini project (Application Development using Oracle/ MySQL)
a. Inventory Control System
b. Material Requirement Processing.
c. Hospital Management System.
d. Railway Reservation System.
e. Personal Information System.
f. Web Based User Identification System.
g. Time Table Management System.
h. Hotel Management

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 Database Management System Lab (BCS 551)

List of Experiments mapped with COs

Sr. No. Program COs
1 Creation of database and SQL Queries to retrieve CO1,CO2
information from database
2 Performing insertion, deletion, modification, altering and CO1,CO3
updating operations on the records based on conditions.
3 To Manipulate the Operations on the table CO1,CO2,CO3
4 To Implement the structure of the table CO1,CO2
5 To Implement the restrictions on the table. CO2,CO3,CO4
6 To implement the concept of Joins. CO2,CO3,CO4
7 To implement the concept of grouping of Data. CO2,CO3,CO4
8 To implement the concept of Sub-Queries. CO2,CO3,CO4
9 To implement the concept of Indexes and views. CO2,CO3,CO4
10 To implement the basics of PL/SQL. CO2,CO3,CO4
Mini Project(Application Development using CO1,CO2,CO3,CO4
Oracle/MySQL) ,CO5
Inventory Control System
Material Requirement Processing
Hospital Management System
Railway Reservation System
Personal information System
Web Based User Identification System
Time Table Management System
Hotel Management

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 Database Management System Lab (BCS 551)

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 Database Management System Lab (BCS 551)

Practical #1

Objective: Create tables and specify the Questionnaires in SQL.

Theory & Concepts:

Introduction about SQL-
SQL (Structured Query Language) is a nonprocedural language, you specify what
you want, not how to get it. A block structured format of English key words is used
in this Query language. It has the following components.

DDL (Data Definition Language)-

The SQL DDL provides command for defining relation schemas, deleting relations
and modifying relation schema.

DML (DATA Manipulation Language)-

It includes commands to insert tuples into, delete tuples from and modify tuples in
the database.

View definition-
The SQL DDL includes commands for defining views.
Transaction Control- SQL includes for specifying the beginning and ending of
transactions.

Embedded SQL and Dynamic SQL-

Embedded and Dynamic SQL define how SQL statements can be embedded with in
general purpose programming languages, such as C, C++, JAVA, COBOL, Pascal
and Fortran.

Integrity-
The SQL DDL includes commands for specifying integrity constraints that the
datastored in the database must specify. Updates that violate integrity constraints are
allowed.
Authorization-
The SQL DDL includes commands for specifying access rights to relations and views.

Data Definition Language-

The SQL DDL allows specification of not only a set of relations but also
informationabout each relation, including-
 Schema for each relation
 The domain of values associated with each attribute.
 The integrity constraints.
 The set of indices to be maintained for each relation.
 The security and authorization information for each relation.

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 The physical storage structure of each relation on disk.

Domain types in SQL-

The SQL standard supports a variety of built in domain types, including-

 Char (n) - A fixed length character length string with user specified length.
 Varchar (n) - A variable character length string with user specified
maximumlength n.
 Int- An integer.
 Small integer- A small integer.
 Numeric (p, d)-A Fixed point number with user defined precision.
 Real, double precision- Floating point and double precision floating point
numbers with machine dependent precision.
 Float (n) - A floating point number, with precision of at least n digits.
 Date- A calendar date containing a (four digit) year, month and day of the month.
 Time- The time of day, in hours, minutes and seconds Eg. Time ‟09:30:00‟.
 Number- Number is used to store numbers (fixed or floating point).

DDL statement for creating a table-

Syntax-
Create table tablename
(columnname datatype(size), columnname datatype(size));

Creating a table from a table-

Syntax-
CREATE TABLE TABLENAME
[(columnname, columnname, ………)]
AS SELECT columnname, columnname ........ FROM tablename;

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OUTPUT:-

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Practical #2

Performing insertion, deletion, modification, altering and updating operations on the records
based on conditions.

Insertion of data into tables-

Syntax-
INSERT INTO tablename
[(columnname, columnname,
………)]Values(expression,
expression);
Inserting data into a table from another table:
Syntax-
INSERT INTO tablename
SELECT columnname, columnname,
…….FROM tablename;
Insertion of selected data into a table from another table:
Syntax-
INSERT INTO tablename
SELECT columnname, columnname……..
FROM tablename
WHERE columnname= expression;

Retrieving of data from the tables-

Syntax-
SELECT * FROM tablename;
The retrieving of specific columns from a table-
Syntax-
SELECT columnname, columnname,
….FROM tablename;
Elimination of duplicates from the select statement-
Syntax-
SELECT DISTINCT columnname,
columnnameFROM tablename;

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Selecting a data set from table data-

Syntax-
SELECT columnname,
columnnameFROM tablename
WHERE searchcondition;

OUTPUT:-

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Q1. Create the following tables:

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Q2- Insert the following data into their respective tables:

Client Name City Pincode State Balance Due

No
0001 Ivan Bombay 400054 Maharashtra 15000
0002 Vandana Madras 780001 Tamilnadu 0
0003 Pramada Bombay 400057 Maharashtra 5000
0004 Basu Bombay 400056 Maharashtra 0
0005 Ravi Delhi 100001 2000
0006 Rukmini Bombay 400050 Maharashtra 0

Data for Product Master:

Product Description Profit Unit Qty_on_ Reorder Selling Cost

No. % Measure hand _lvl Price Price
P00001 1.44floppies 5 piece 100 20 525 500
P03453 Monitors 6 piece 10 3 12000 11200
P06734 Mouse 5 piece 20 5 1050 500
P07865 1.22 floppies 5 piece 100 20 525 500
P07868 Keyboards 2 piece 10 3 3150 3050
P07885 CD Drive 2.5 piece 10 3 5250 5100
P07965 540 HDD 4 piece 10 3 8400 8000
P07975 1.44 Drive 5 piece 10 3 1050 1000
P08865 1.22 Drive 5 piece 2 3 1050 1000

Q3:- On the basis of above two tables answer the following Questionries:
i) Find out the names of all the clients.
ii) Retrieve the list of names and cities of all the clients.
iii) List the various products available from the product_master table.
iv) List all the clients who are located in Bombay.
v) Display the information for client no 0001 and 0002.
vi) Find the products with description as „1.44 drive‟ and „1.22 Drive‟.
vii) Find all the products whose sell price is greater then 5000.
viii) Find the list of all clients who stay in in city „Bombay‟ or city
„Delhi‟ or„Madras‟.
ix) Find the product whose selling price is greater than 2000 and less
than orequal to 5000.
x) List the name, city and state of clients not in the state of „Maharashtra‟.

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Practical #3

Objective:- To Manipulate the Operations on the table.

DML ( Data Manipulation Language) Data manipulation is

 The retrieval of information stored in the database.

 The insertion of new information into the database.
 The deletion of information from the database.
 The modification of information stored by the appropriate data model.
There arebasically two types.
(i) Procedural DML:- require a user to specify what data are needed and
howto get those data.
(ii) Non Procedural DML : require a user to specify what data are
neededwithout specifying how to get those data.

Updating the content of a table:

In creation situation we may wish to change a value in table without changing all
valuesin the tuple . For this purpose the update statement can be used.

Update table name

Set columnname = expression, columnname
=expression……Where columnname = expression;

Deletion Operation:-
A delete query is expressed in much the same way as Query. We can delete whole
tuple (rows) we can delete values on only particulars attributes.
Deletion of all rows

Syntax:
Delete from tablename :
Deletion of specified number of rows
Syntax:

Delete from table

name Where search
condition ;
Computation in expression lists used to select data

+ Addition - Subtraction
* multiplication ** exponentiation
/ Division () Enclosed operation

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Renaming columns used with Expression Lists: - The default output

column names canbe renamed by the user if required
Syntax:

Select column name

resul
t_columnname,
Columnname
resul
t_columnname,
From table name;

Logical Operators:
The logical operators that can be used in SQL sentenced are

AND all of must be included

OR any of may be included
NOT none of could be included

Range Searching: Between operation is used for range searching.

Pattern Searching:
The most commonly used operation on string is pattern matching
using the operation„like‟ we describe patterns by using two special
characters.

 Percent (%) ; the % character matches any substring we

consider the followingexamples.
 „Perry %‟ matches any string beginning with perry
 „% idge % matches any string containing‟ idge as substring.
 „ - - - „ matches any string exactly three characters.
 „ - - - % matches any string of at least of three characters.

Oracle functions:
Functions are used to manipulate data items and return result. function
follow the format of function _name (argument1, argument2 ..) .An
arrangement is user defined variable or constant. The structure of function
is such that it accepts zero or more arguments.
Examples:
Avg return average value of n

Syntax:
Avg ([distinct/all]n)
Min return minimum value of expr.

Syntax:
MIN((distinct/all )expr)
Count Returns the no of rows where expr is not null

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Syntax:
Count ([distinct/all)expr]
Count (*) Returns the no rows in the table, including duplicates and
those with nulls.Max Return max value of expr

Syntax:

Max ([distinct/all]expr)
Sum Returns sum of values of n

Syntax:
Sum ([distinct/all]n)
Sorting of data in table

Syntax:
Select
columnname,
columnnameFrom
table
Order by columnname;

OUTPUT:-

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Question.1 Using the table client master and product master answer the following
Questionnaires.

i. Change the selling price of „1.44 floppy drive to Rs.1150.00

ii. Delete the record with client 0001 from the client master table.
iii. Change the city of client_no‟0005‟ to Bombay.
iv. Change the bal_due of client_no „0001, to 1000.
v. Find the products whose selling price is more than 1500 and
also find the newselling price as original selling price *15.
vi. Find out the clients who stay in a city whose second letter is a.
vii. Find out the name of all clients having „a‟ as the second letter in their names.
viii. List the products in sorted order of their description.
ix. Count the total number of orders
x. Calculate the average price of all the products.
xi. Calculate the minimum price of products.
xii. Determine the maximum and minimum prices . Rename the tittle
as „max_price‟and min_price respectively.
xiii. Count the number of products having price greater than or equal to 1500.

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Practical .4

Objective:- To Implement the structure of the table

Modifying the Structure of Tables- Alter table command is used to
changing the structure of a table. Using the alter table clause you cannot
perform the following tasks:

(i) change the name of table

(ii) add a column
(iii) drop a column
(iv) decrease the size of a table if table data exists.

The following tasks you can perform through alter table command.

(i) Adding new columns:

Syntax
ALTER TABLE tablename
ADD (newcolumnname newdatatype (size));

(ii) Modifying existing table

Syntax:
ALTER TABLE tablename
MODIFY (newcolumnname newdatatype (size));

NOTE: Oracle not allow constraints defined using the alter table, if the data
in the table,violates such constraints.

Removing/Deleting Tables- Following command is used for removing or

deleting atable.
Syntax:
DROP TABLE tablename:

Defining Integrity constraints in the ALTER TABLE command-

You can also define integrity constraints using the constraint clause in the
ALTER TABLE command. The following examples show the definitions of
several integrityconstraints.

Add PRIMARY KEY-

(1) Syntax:
ALTER TABLE tablename
ADD PRIMARY KEY (columnname);

(2) Add FOREIGN KEY-

Syntax:

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ALTER TABLE tablename

ADD CONSTRAINT constraintname
FOREIGN KEY(columnname) REFERENCES tablename;Dropping integrity
constraints in the ALTER TABLE command:

You can drop an integrity constraint if the rule that if enforces is no longer true or
if theconstraint is no longer needed. Drop the constraint using the ALTER
TABLE commandwith the DROP clause. The following examples illustrate the
dropping of integrity constraints.

(1) DROP the PRIMARY KEY-Syntax:

ALTER TABLE tablenameDROP PRIMARY KEY

(2) DROP FOREIGN KEY-Syntax:

ALTER TABLE tablename
DROP CONSTRAINT constraintname;

OUTPUT:-

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Question 1. Create the following tables:

Challan_Header
Column name data type size Attributes
Challan_no varchar2 6 Primary key
s_order_no varchar2 6 Foreign key references s_order_no of
sales_order table
challan_date date not null
billed_yn char 1 values („Y‟,‟N‟). Default „N‟

Table Name : Challan_Details

Column name data type size Attributes
Challan_no varchar2 6 Primary key/Foreign key references
Product_no of product_master
Qty_disp number 4,2 not null

Q2. Insert the following values into the challan header and challan_details tables:

(i) Challan No S_order No Challan Date Billed

CH9001 019001 12-DEC-95 Y

CH865 046865 12-NOV-95 Y
CH3965 010008 12-OCT-95 Y

Data for challan_details table

Challan No Product No Qty Disp

CH9001 P00001 4
CH9001 P07965 1
CH9001 P07885 1
CH6865 P07868 3
CH6865 P03453 4
CH6865 P00001 10
CH3965 P00001 5
CH3965 P07975 2
Answer the following Questionries

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Q1. Make the primary key to client_no in client_master.

Q2. Add a new column phone_no in the client_master table.
Q3. Add the not null constraint in the product_master table with the
columns description,profit percent , sell price and cost price.
Q4. Change the size of client_no field in the client_master table.
Q5. Select product_no, description where profit percent is between 20 and
30 bothinclusive.

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Practical #5
Objective:- To Implement the restrictions on the table.
Data constraints: Besides the cell name, cell length and cell data type there are other parameters
i.e. other data constrains that can be passed to the DBA at check creationtime. The constraints can
either be placed at column level or at the table level.

Column Level Constraints: If the constraints are defined along with the
column definition, it is called a column level constraint.
Table Level Constraints: If the data constraint attached to a specify cell in atable reference the
contents of another cell in the table then the user will have to use table level constraints.

Null Value Concepts:- while creating tables if a row locks a data value for particular column that
value is said to be null . Column of any data types may contain null values unless the column was
defined as not null when the table was created
Syntax:

Create table tablename

(columnname data type (size) not null ……)

Primary Key: primary key is one or more columns is a table used to uniquely identity each row
in the table. Primary key values must not be null and must be unique across the column. A
multicolumn primary key is called composite primary key.

Syntax: primary key as a column constraint

Create table tablename
(columnname datatype (size) primary key,….)
Primary key as a table constraint
Create table tablename
(columnname datatype (size), columnname datatype(
size)…Primary key (columnname,columnname));

Default value concept: At the line of cell creation a default value can be assignedto it. When
the user is loading a record with values and leaves this cell empty, the DBA will automatically
load this cell with the default value specified. The data type of the default value should match
the data type of the column
Syntax:
Create table tablename
(columnname datatype (size) default value,….);

Foreign Key Concept : Foreign key represents relationship between tables.

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A foreign key is column whose values are derived from the primary key of the same of some
other table . the existence of foreign key implies that the table with foreign key is related to the
primary key table from which the foreign key is derived .A foreign key must have
corresponding primary key value in the primarykey table to have meaning.
Foreign key as a column constraint

Syntax :
Create table table name
(columnname datatype (size) references another table name);

Foreign key as a table constraint:

Syntax :
Create table name
(columnname datatype
(size)….primary key
(columnname);
foreign key (columnname)references table name);

Check Integrity Constraints: Use the check constraints when you need to enforce integrity
rules that can be evaluated based on a logical expression following are a few examples of
appropriate check constraints.
A check constraints name column of the client_master so that the name is
entered in upper case.
A check constraint on the client_no column of the client
_master so thatno client_no value starts with „c‟

Syntax:
Create table tablename
(columnname datatype (size) CONSTRAINT
constraintname)Check (expression) );

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OUTPUT:-

Question.1 Create the following tables:

Columnname Datatype Size Attributes
Salesman_no varchar2 6 Primary key/first letter
must start with „s‟
Sal_name varchar2 20 Not null
Address varchar2 Not null
City varchar2 20
State varchar2 20
Pincode Number 6
Sal_amt Number 8,2 Not null, cannot be 0
Tgt_to_get Number 6,2 Not null, cannot be 0
Ytd_sales Number 6,2 Not null, cannot be 0
Remarks Varchar2 30

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i. Sales_order
Columnname Datatype Size Attributes
S_order_no varchar2 6 Primary/first letter must be 0
S_order_date Date 6 Primary key reference clientno
of client_master table
Client_no Varchar2 25
Dely_add Varchar2 6
Salesman_no Varchar2 6 Foreign key references
salesman_no of
salesman_master table
Dely_type Char 1 Delivery part(p)/full(f),default f
Billed_yn Char 1
Dely_date Date Can not be lessthan
s_order_date
Order_status Varchar2 10 Values („in
process‟;‟fulfilled‟;back
order‟;‟canceled

I. Sales_order_details
Column Datatype Size Attributes

S_order_no Varchar2 6 Primary key/foreign

key references
s_order_no of
sales_order
Product_no Varchar2 6 Primary key/foreign
key references
product_no of
product_master
Qty_order Number 8
Qty_disp Number 8
Product_rate Number 10,2

Insert the following data into their respective tables using insert statement:
Data for sales_man master table
Salesman_ Salesman Address City Pin State Salamt Tgt_to_get Ytd Remarks
no name code Sales
500001 Kiran A/14 Bom 400002 Mah 3000 100 50 Good
worli bay
500002 Manish 65,nariman Bom 400001 Mah 3000 200 100 Good
bay
500003 Ravi P-7 Bom 400032 Mah 3000 200 100 Good
Bandra bay
500004 Ashish A/5 Bom 400044 Mah 3500 200 150 Good
Juhu bay

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(ii)
Data for salesorder table:
S_orderno S_orderdate Client no Dely Bill Salesman no Delay Orderst
type yn date atus
019001 12-jan-96 0001 F N 50001 20-jan- Ip
96
019002 25-jan-96 0002 P N 50002 27-jan- C
96
016865 18-feb-96 0003 F Y 500003 20-feb- F
96
019003 03-apr-96 0001 F Y 500001 07-apr- F
96
046866 20-may-96 0004 P N 500002 22- C
may-96
010008 24-may-96 0005 F N 500004 26- Ip
may-96

(i)
Data for sales_order_details table:
S_order no Product no Qty ordered Qty disp Product_rate
019001 P00001 4 4 525
019001 P07965 2 1 8400
019001 P07885 2 1 5250
019002 P00001 10 0 525
046865 P07868 3 3 3150
046865 P07885 10 10 5250
019003 P00001 4 4 1050
019003 P03453 2 2 1050
046866 P06734 1 1 12000
046866 P07965 1 0 8400
010008 P07975 1 0 1050
010008 P00001 10 5 525

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Practical #6
Objective:- To implement the concept of Joins

Joint Multiple Table (Equi Join): Sometimes we require to treat more than one table asthough
manipulate data from all the tables as though the tables were not separate object but one single
entity. To achieve this we have to join tables. Tables are joined on column that have dame data
type and data with in tables.

The tables that have to be joined are specified in the FROM clause and the
joining attributes in the WHERE clause.

Algorithm for JOIN in SQL:

1. Cartesian product of tables (specified in the FROM clause)
2. Selection of rows that match (predicate in the WHERE clause)
3. Project column specified in the SELECT clause.

1. Cartesian product:-
Consider two table student and
courseSelect B.*,P.*
FROM student B, course P;
2. INNER JOIN:
Cartesian product followed by
selectionSelect B.*,P.*
FROM student B, Course P WHERE
B.course # P.course # ;

3. LEFT OUTER JOIN:

LEFT OUTER JOIN = Cartesian product + selection but include rows from the left table which are
unmatched pat nulls in the values of attributes belonging to th esecond table
Exam:
Select B.*,P*
FROM student B left join course pON
B.course # P.course #;

4. RIGHT OUTER JOIN:

RIGHT OUTER JOIN = Cartesian product + selection but include rows
fromright table which are unmatched

Exam:
Select B.*,P.*
From student B RIGHT JOIN course P
B.course# = P course # ;

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5. FULL OUTER JOIN

Exam
Select B.*,P.*
From student B FULL JOIN course POn
B.course # = P course # ;

OUTPUT:-

Answer the following Queries:

1. Find out the product which has been sold to „Ivan Sayross.‟
2. Find out the product and their quantities that will have do delivered.
3. Find the product_no and description of moving products.
4. Find out the names of clients who have purchased „CD DRIVE‟
5. List the product_no and s_order_no of customers haaving qty
ordered less than 5from the order details table for the product “1.44 floppies”.
6. Find the products and their quantities for the orders placed by
„Vandan Saitwal ‟and “Ivan Bayross”.
7. Find the products and their quantities for the orders placed by
client_no “C00001” and “C00002”
8. Find the order No,, Client No and salesman No. where a client
has been receivedby more than one salesman.

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9. Display the s_order_date in the format “dd-mm-yy” e.g. “12- feb-96”

10. Find the date , 15 days after date.

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Practical # 7

Objective:- To implement the concept of grouping of Data.

Grouping Data From Tables:

There are circumstances where we would like to apply the aggregate function not only toa
single set of tuples, but also to a group of sets of tuples, we specify this wish in SQL using
the group by clause. The attribute or attributes given in the group by clause areused to form
group. Tuples with the same value on all attributes in the group by clauseare placed in one
group.
Syntax:
SELECT columnname, columnnameFROM
tablename
GROUP BY columnname;
At times it is useful to state a condition that applies to groups rather than to tuples. For
example we might be interested in only those branches where the average account balance is
more than 1200. This condition does not apply to a single tuple, rather it applies to
each group constructed by the GROUP BY clause. To express such Questionry, we use the
having clause of SQL. SQL applies predicates in the having maybe used.
Syntax:
SELECT columnname, columnname
FROM tablename
GROUP BY columnname;HAVING searchcondition;

Answer the following Queries:

Q1.- Print the description and total quantity sold for

each product. Q2.- Find the value of each product sold.

Q3.- Calculate the average quantity sold for each client that has a maximum order value
of 15000.
Q4.- Find out the products which has been
sold to Ivan. Q5.- Find the names of clients
who have „CD Drive‟.
Q6.- Find the products and their quantities for the orders placed by
„Vandana‟ and „Ivan‟.
Q7.- Select product_no, total qty_ordered for each product.

Q8.- Select product_no, product description and qty ordered for each product.
Q9.-Display the order number and day on which clients placed their order.
Q10.- Display the month and Date when the order must be delivered.

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OUTPUT:-

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Practical #8

Objective:- To implement the concept of SubQueries.

SubQueries:- A subQuery is a form of an SQL statement that appears inside another SQL
statement. It also termed as nested Query. The statement containing a subQuery called a parent
statement. The rowsreturned by the subQuery are used by the following statement.
It can be used by the following commands:
1. To insert records in the target table.
2. To create tables and insert records in this table.
3. To update records in the target table.
4. To create view.
5. To provide values for the condition in the WHERE , HAVING IN
,SELECT,UPDATE, and DELETE statements.
Exam:-
Creating clientmaster table from oldclient_master, table

Create table client_master

AS SELECT * FROM oldclient_master;
Using the Union, Intersect and Minus Clause:
Union Clause:
The user can put together multiple Queries and combine their output using the union clause .
The union clause merges the output of two or more Queries into a single set of rows and
column. The final output of union clause will be

Output: = Records only in Query one + records only in Query two + A

single set of records with is common in the both Queries.

Syntax:

SELECT
columnname,
columnameFROM
tablename 1
UNION
SELECT columnname,
columnnameFrom
tablename2;

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Intersect Clause: The use can put together multiple Queries and their
output using the interest clause. The final output of the interest clause will
be :

Output =A single set of records which are common

in both QueriesSyntax:

SELECT columnname, columnnameFROM tablename 1

INTERSECT
SELECT columnname, columnnameFROM tablename
2;

MINUS CLAUSE:- The user can put together multiple Queries and combine their output
= records
only in
Query one
Syntax:
SELECT columnname, columnnameFROM tablename ;
MINUS
SELECT columnname, columnnameFROM tablename ;

OUTPUT:-

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Answer the following Queries:

Question.
1. Find the product_no and description of non- moving products.
2. Find the customer name, address, city and pincode for the client
who has placedorder no “019001”
3. Find the client names who have placed order before the month of may 96.
4. Find out if product “1.44 Drive” is ordered by only client and
print the client_noname to whom it was sold.
5. find the names of client who have placed orders worth Rs.10000 or more.
6. Select the orders placed by „Rahul Desai”
7. Select the names of persons who are in Mr. Pradeep‟s department
and who havealso worked on an inventory control system.
8. Select all the clients and the salesman in the city of Bombay.
9. Select salesman name in “Bombay” who has atleast one client
located at“Bombay”
10. Select the product_no, description, qty_on-hand,cost_price of
non_moving itemsin the product_master table.

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 Database Management System Lab (BCS 551)

Practical # 9

Objective:- To implement the concept of Indexes and views.

Indexes- An index is an ordered list of content of a column or group of columns in a table.An
index created on the single column of the table is called simple index. When multiple table
columns are included in the index it is called composite index.
Creating an Index for a table:-

Syntax (Simple)
CREATE
INDEX
index_nameON
tablename(colu
mn name);
Composite Index:-
CREATE INDEX index_name
ON tablename(columnname,columnname);

Creating an UniQuestion Index:-

CREATE UNIQUESTION INDEX
indexfilenameON
tablename(columnname);

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Creation of Views:-

Syntax:-
CREATE VIEW viewname AS SELECT
columnname,columnnameFROM tablename
WHERE columnname=expression_list;

OUTPUT:-

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 Database Management System Lab (BCS 551)
Answer the following Questions

Q1. Create an index on the table client_master, field client_no.

Q2. Create an index on the sales_order, field s_order_no.

Q3. Create an composite index on the sales_order_details table for the columns s_order_no
and product_no.
Q4. Create an composite index ch_index on challan_header table for the columns challan no
and s_order_no.
Q5. Create an uniQuestion index on the table salesman_master, field salesman_no.
Q6. Drop index ch_index on table challan_header.
Q7. Create view on salesman_master whose sal_amt is less than 3500.
Q8. Create a view client_view on client_master and rename the columns as name, add1, add2,
city, pcode, state respectively.
Q9. Select the client names from client_view who lives in city „Bombay‟.
Q10. Drop the view client_view.

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Practical # 10

Objective:- To implement the basics of PL/SQL.

Introduction – PL/SQL bridges the gap between database technology and procedural
programming languages. It can be thought of as a development tool that extends the facilities
of Oracles SQL database language. Via PL/SQL you can insert, delete, update and retrieve
table data as well as writing loops or branching to another block of code.
PL/SQL Block structure-
DECLARE
Declarations of memory variables used later BEGIN
SQL executable statements for manipulating table data. EXCEPTIONS
SQL and/or PL.SQL code to handle errors.END;

Displaying user Messages on the screen – Any programming tool requires a

method through which messages can be displayed to the user.

dbms_output is a package that includes a number of procedure and functions

that accumulate information in a buffer so that it can be retrieved later. These
functions canalso be used to display message to the user.
put_line: put a piece of information in the buffer followed by a end of line
marker. It canalso be used to display message to the user.
Setting the server output on:

SET SERVER OUTPUT ON:

Example: Write the following code in the PL/SQL block to display message to
userDBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(„Display user message‟);

Conditional control in PL/SQL-

Syntax:
IF <condition> THEN
<Action> ELSEIF<condition>
<Action>
ELSE
<Action>ENDIF;

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The GOTO statement: The goto statement allows you to change the
flow of controlwithin a PL/SQL Block.

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OUTPUT:-
19 21 8
b is maximum 21

Q1. WAP in PL/SQL for addition of two numbers.

Q2. WAP in PL/SQL for addition of 1 to 100 numbers.

Q3. WAP in PL/SQL to check the given number is even or odd.

Q4. WAP in PL/SQL to inverse a number, eg. Number 5639 when inverted must be display
output 9365.

Q5. WAP in PL/SQL for changing the price of product „P00001‟ to 4000 if the price is less than
4000 in product_master table. The change is recorded in the old_price_table along with
product_no and the date on which the price was changed last.

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MINI PROJECT(Sample)

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 Database Management System Lab (BCS 551)

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 Database Management System Lab (BCS 551)

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 Database Management System Lab (BCS 551)

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 Database Management System Lab (BCS 551)

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 Database Management System Lab (BCS 551)

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 Database Management System Lab (BCS 551)

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 Database Management System Lab (BCS 551)

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Note:- Execute at least 20 queries

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VIVA QUESTIONS

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It is number of entity type participating

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 Database Management System Lab (BCS 551)

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 Database Management System Lab (BCS 551)

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