Vector Based

Spatial Analysis
Dr. A. R. Ghosh

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Introduction
◼ In the present class, basic concepts of
various overlay operations will be discussed.
◼ The sequence of performing a simple spatial
analysis is also discussed.
◼ And finally important tips are given to be
taken care of whole doing any kind of spatial
analysis.

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Various Types of Overlay
Operations in GIS
◼ These are multi layer operations which
allow to combine features from different
layers to form a new map and give new
information and features that were not
present in the individual maps.

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Topological overlays
◼ Polygon-in-polygon overlay
◼ Line-in-polygon overlay
◼ Point-in polygon overlay

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Polygon-in-polygon overlay
◼ Output is polygon coverage.
◼ Coverages are overlaid two at a time.
◼ There is no limit on the number of coverages
to be combined.
◼ New FAT is created having information about
each newly created features.

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Line-in-polygon overlay
◼ Output is line coverage with additional
attribute.
◼ No polygon boundaries are copied.

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Point — in polygon overlay
◼ Output is point coverage with additional
attributes.
◼ No new point features are created.
◼ No polygon boundaries are copied.

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 Logical Operators
◼ Logical Operators: Overlay analysis manipulates spatial data
organized in different layers to create combined spatial
features according to logical conditions specified in Boolean
algebra with the help of logical and conditional operators.
◼ The logical conditions are specified with operands (data
elements) & operators (relationships among data elements).
◼ In vector overlay, arithmetic operations are performed with
the help of logical operators. There is no direct way to it.
◼ Common logical operators include AND, OR, XOR (Exclusive
OR), and NOT.
◼ Each operation is characterized by specific logical checks of
decision criteria to determine if a condition is true or false.

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◼ Say, A & B are two operands. One (1) implies a
true condition and zero (0) implies false.
◼ Thus, if the A condition is true while the B
condition is false, then the combined condition of
A & B is false, whereas the combined condition of
A OR B is true.
◼ AND: Common Area! Intersection! Clipping Operation
◼ OR : Union Or Addition
◼ NOT : (Inverter)
◼ XOR: Minus

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◼ The most common basic multi layer operations are
union, intersection, & identity operations.
◼ All three operations merge spatial features on
separate data layers to create new features from the
original coverage.
◼ The main difference among these operations is in the
way spatial features are selected for processing.

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Conditional Operators

◼ EQ Equal to
◼ NE #, <> Not equal to
◼ GE > = Greater than or equal to
◼ LE <= Less than or equal to
◼ GT > Greater than
◼ LT < Less than
◼ CN Containing
◼ NC Not containing

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Various Types of Spatial
Operations in GIS

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Various Types of Spatial
Operations in GIS

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VARIOUS TYPES OF SPATIAL
OPERATIONS IN GIS
◼ Spatial Join Operations
◼ IDENTITY, INTERSECT and UNION
◼ Feature Extraction Operations
◼ CLIP, ERASE and RESELECT
◼ Feature merging Operations:
◼ DISSOLVE and ELIMINATE
◼ Proximal operation Operations:
◼ BUFFER
◼ Map database merging and splitting Operations:
◼ MAPJOIN and SPLIT
◼ Coordinate transformation Operations:
◼ PROJECT and TRANSFORM
◼ special functions designed for manipulation and analysis of REGIONS.
◼ REGIONBUFFER, REGIONDISSOLVE, AREAQUERY, REGIONQUERY,
REGIONSELECT etc.

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Spatial Join Operations
◼ IDENTITY, INTERSECT and UNION provide
different type of overlay operations and give
flexibility for geographic data manipulation
and analysis. In polygon overlay, features
form two map coverages are geometrically
intersected to produce a new set of
information. Attributes for these new features
are derived from the attributes of both the
original coverages, thereby contain new
spatial and attribute data relationships.

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Spatial Join Operations…
◼ IDENTITY [in_cover] [identity cover]
[out_cover] {POLY / LINE / POINT}
{fuzzy_tolerance}
◼ computes the geometric intersection of two
coverages. Only those features overlaying the
feature extent of the first specified coverage
are preserved. Feature attributes from both
coverages are joined in the output coverage.

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IDENTITY
◼ IDENTITY [in_cover] [identity cover]
[out_cover] {POLY / LINE / POINT}
{fuzzy_tolerance}
◼ computes the geometric intersection of two
coverages. Only those features overlaying the
feature extent of the first specified coverage
are preserved. Feature attributes from both
coverages are joined in the output coverage.

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IDENTITY is similar to UNION and INTERSECT. These differ from
IDENITY only in the features which remain in the output coverage.
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INTERSECT
◼ INTERSECT [in_cover] [intersect_cover]
[out_cover] {POLY / LiNE / POfNT}
{fuzzytolerance}
◼ computes the geometric intersection of two
coverages. Only those features in the area
common to both are preserved. Feature
attributes from both coverages are joined in
the output coverage.

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UNION
◼ UNION [in_cover] [union_cover]
[out_cover] {fiizzy_tolerance}
◼ computes the geometric intersection of
two polygon coverages are preserved.
◼ coverages. All features and attributes of
both

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Feature Extraction Operations
◼ CLIP, ERASE and RESELECT facilitate
extraction of desired features from a
coverage either by using a template
coverage or by using spatial or logical
criteria.

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CLIP
◼ CLIP [in_cover] [clip_cover] [out_cover]
{POLY / LiNE I POiNT I NET I LINK)
{fuzzy_tolerance}
◼ extracts features from a coverage that
overlaps another coverage using the
clip coverage as a ‘cookie cutter’.

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Feature merging Operations
◼ DISSOLVE and ELIMINATE enables the
polygon merging to create new polygon
feature and removal of the
spurious/sliver polygons resulted due to
an overlay operation respectively.

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Proximal operation Operations

◼ ARC/INFO provides BUFFER command,

which can be used to define a zone of
specified distance around a selected
feature. Different sized buffers can be
generated around a selected feature
based on associated attribute data.

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Map database merging and
splitting Operations

◼ MAPJOIN and SPLIT commands

facilitate the merging or splitting of
maps.

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Coordinate transformation
Operations
◼ PROJECT and TRANSFORM commands enable us to
do coordinate transformation using affine or
projective transformation based on a set of control
points. PROJECT supports coordinate transformation
between any two projections.
◼ Note that ESRI-ARC/JNFO offers all above functions and
commands for geographic information manipulation and
analysis.
◼ Recent versions of ARC/INFO also provide special functions
designed for manipulation and analysis of REGIONS. It
offers host of commands viz. REGIONBUFFER,
REGIONDISSOLVE, AREAQUERY, REGIONQUERY,
REGIONSELECT etc.

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BUFFER ANALYSIS
◼ Spatial searching (also called buffering or proximity
analysis) is based on the distance derived from
certain selected features. Area expansion of features
is commonly known as buffer operation in GIS. It is
used to highlight a zone of interest around a point,
line and polygon which in turn can be used to
retrieve attribute data or generate new features.
Both constant and variable width buffers can be
generated. Because the buffer operation expands
area, it always results in polygon features.

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◼ STEPS FOR PERFORMING GEOGRAPHIC
ANALYSIS
◼ Step 1. Establish the objectives & criteria for
the analysis
◼ Step 2. Prepare data for spatial operations
◼ Step 3. Perform spatial operation
◼ Step 4. Prepare data for tabular analysis
◼ Step 5. Perform tabular operations
◼ Step 6. Evaluate & interpret the results
◼ Step 7. Refine the analysis as necessary
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◼ MODELING ISSUES INVOLVED IN
PERFORMING GEOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS:
◼ • Must understand data in totality and their
relationships
◼ • Data accuracy and quality
◼ • Selecting right parameters for integration.
◼ • Criteria formulation depending upon aim
and objective of analysis.

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Identity tool
◼ The Identity tool is used to perform
overlay analysis on feature classes. This
tool combines the portions of features
that overlap the identity features to
create a new feature class.

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Thank You

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