GEOMETRY

Plane, Solid, and Analytic

PLANE GEOMETRY

It is the study of figures on a two-dimensional surface — that is,

on a plane
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
 Altitude of a Triangle – is a line segment through a vertex and
perpendicular to (i.e., forming a right angle with) a line containing
the base (the side opposite the vertex)

 Apothem – the apothem of a polygon is the radius of its inscribed

circle
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
 Area – is a number which expresses the ration of a plane figure’s surface and the
surface of the unit square

 Center of polygon – The center of a regular polygon is the common center of its
inscribed and circumscribed circles

 Complementary angles – two angles whose sum is equal to a right angle (90°)

 Locus – a figure containing all the points, and only those points, which fulfill a given
requirement. (for more information on locus visit https:
//mathbitsnotebook.com/Geometry/Constructions/CCLocus.html)
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
 Concurrent Lines – Three or more lines which have one common
point.

 Diagonal – a Diagonal of a polygon is a line joining any two

nonconsecutive vertices
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
 Parallel lines – lines that lie on the same plane and do not meet
but have the same slope

 Perpendicular – If one straight line cuts another so as to make

right angles
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
 Regular Polygon - a polygon that is equiangular (all angles are equal in measure) and
equilateral (all sides have the same length).

 Supplementary Angles - two angles whose sum is equal to a 180°

 Vertical angles – when two angles have the same vertex and are opposite each other
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
 Similar Polygons - their corresponding angles
are congruent but their corresponding sides
are proportional

 Tangent – touches only at one point

 POLYGONS
 Sum of Interior Angles

 Sum of Exterior Angles

 Number of Diagonals
 TRIANGLES

QUADRILATERALS
• RECTANGLE

QUADRILATERALS
• SQUARE

QUADRILATERALS
• PARALLELOGRAM

QUADRILATERALS
• RHOMBUS

QUADRILATERALS
• TRAPEZOID

QUADRILATERALS
• GENERAL (IRREGULAR)

CIRCLES
 CIRCLES r

d

 SAMPLE 1:
A triangular piece of wood having a dimension 130 cm, 180 cm,
and 190 cm is to be divided by a line bisecting the longest side
drawn from its opposite vertex. The area of the part adjacent to
the 180-cm side is:

A. 5126 sq. cm.

B. 5162 sq. cm.
C.5612 sq. cm.
D.5216 sq. cm
 C

130 cm 180 cm

A 95 cm 95 cm B
D
190 cm
C

180 cm

D 95 cm B
 SAMPLE 2:
 A piece of wire is shaped to enclose a square whose area is 169 sq. cm. It is then
reshaped to enclose a rectangle whose length is 15cm. The area of the rectangle is:

A. 165 sq. cm.

B. 175 sq. cm.
C. 170 sq. cm.
D. 156 sq. cm.
 A = 169 cm2 A =?
x y

x 15
 SAMPLE 3
 The distance between the center of the three circles which are
mutually tangent to each other externally are 10, 12 and 14.
Find the area of the largest circle.
 r1
r1
r2

r3 r2

r3
SOLID GEOMETRY

It is the geometry of three-dimensional space. It is called three-

dimensional, or 3D because there are three dimensions: width,
depth and height.
THREE DIMENSIONS
 Solid Geometry is the geometry of
three-dimensional space
 It is called three-dimensional, or 3D
because there are three dimensions:
width, depth and height.
POLYHEDRON
 A geometric object with flat faces and
straight edges.
 a polyhedron is a three - dimensional
figure made up of sides called faces,
each face being a polygon.
BASE
 The lowest part. The surface that a
solid object stands on, or the bottom
line of a shape such as a triangle or
rectangle.
PRISM
 A solid object that has two identical
ends and all flat sides.
 The cross section is the same all along
its length.
 The shape of the ends give the prism a
name, such as "triangular prism“
 It is a polyhedron.
PYRAMID
 A solid object where:

* The base is a polygon (a straight-

sided shape)

* The sides are triangles which meet

at the top (the apex).

It is a polyhedron.
CYLINDER
 A cylinder is a solid object with:
* two identical flat circular or elliptical
ends
* and one curved side.
CONE
 A solid

(3-dimensional) object that has a

circular base and one vertex
 PRISMS & PYRAMIDS
Type Examples Properties
● 5 faces
Triangular 2 triangular bases
3 rectangular faces
Prism ● 9 edges
● 6 vertices
6 faces

Rectangular 2 rectangular bases

4 rectangular faces
● 12 edges
Prism ● 8 vertices
 PRISMS & PYRAMIDS
Type Examples Properties
● 6 faces
2 square bases
4 square faces
Cube ● 12 edges
● 8 vertices

● 5 faces

Square 1 square base

4 triangular faces
● 8 edges
Pyramid ● 5 vertices

● 4 faces

Triangular 1 triangular base

3 triangular faces
● 6 edges
Pyramid ● 4 vertices
THREE DIMENSIONAL FIGURES WITH
CURVED SURFACES
Type Example Properties

● 2 circular bases
● 1 curved surface
Cylinder

1 circular base
●

Cone ● 1 curved surface

● 1 vertex

Sphere
● 1 curved surface
VOLUME AND SURFACE AREAS
OF SOLIDS
SAMPLE 1: 5cm
5cm

 Find the surface area and volume of a

cube whose sides have a length of 5 cm.

5cm
VOLUME AND SURFACE AREAS
OF SOLIDS
SAMPLE 2:
10cm
 Find the surface area and volume of a
rectangular prism with a length of 10cm, 6cm
width of 5 cm and a height of 6cm

5cm
VOLUME AND SURFACE AREAS
OF SOLIDS
SAMPLE 3:
 Find the surface area and volume of a
triangular prism with an equilateral base
given the following dimensions

10cm
4.33cm

5cm
VOLUME AND SURFACE AREAS
OF SOLIDS
SAMPLE 4:
 Find the surface area and volume of a
cylinder with a height of 12cmand a
12cm
radius of 7cm

7cm
VOLUME AND SURFACE AREAS
OF SOLIDS
SAMPLE 5:
 Find the surface area and volume of a
sphere with a radius of 20cm. 20 cm
VOLUME AND SURFACE AREAS
OF SOLIDS
  Find the surface area and volume of a

SAMPLE 6:
cone with a height of 8 cm and a radius of
4cm. S = 8.94cm

8cm

4cm
VOLUME AND SURFACE AREAS
OF SOLIDS
  Find the surface area and volume of a

SAMPLE 7:
square pyramid with a height of 15 cm
and a base of 5 cm.
ADVANCED PROBLEM 1:
The image is a silo made from two right circular cones, and a right circular
cylinder where the dimensions are given in feet. Find the volume of the entire
silo in cubic feet.
ADVANCED PROBLEM 2:
You own a Rubik's cube with a volume
of 343cm . What is the edge length of
3

the cube?
ADVANCED
PROBLEM
The volume of water in a spherical tank
having a diameter of 4 m is 5.236 cu. m.
Determine the depth of the water in the
tank.
ADVANCED
PROBLEM
A circular cone having an altitude of 9 m
is divided into two segments having the
same vertex. If the smaller altitude is 6
m. Find the ratio of the volume of small
cone to the big cone.
ADVANCED
PROBLEM
A pipe lining material of silicon carbide
used in conveyance of pulverized coal to
fuel a boiler, has thickness of 2 cm and
inside diameter of 10 cm. Find the
volume of the material with a pipe length
of 6 m.
ADVANCED
PROBLEM
A group of children playing with marbles
placed 50 pieces of marbles inside a
cylindrical container with water filled to a
height of 20 cm. If the diameter of each
marble is 1.5 cm and that of the
cylindrical container is 6 cm. What would
be the new height of water inside the
cylindrical container after the marbles
were placed inside?
ADVANCED
PROBLEM
Two vertical conical tanks are joined at the
vertices by a pipe. Initially, the bigger tank
is full of water. The pipe valve is open to
allow water to flow to the smaller tank until
it is full. At this moment, how deep is the
water in the bigger tank? The bigger tank
has a diameter of 6 ft and a height of 10 ft,
the smaller tank has a diameter of 6 ft and
a height of 8 ft. Neglect the volume of
water in the pipeline.
FRUSTUMS
FRUSTUM OF A CONE
ADVANCED
PROBLEM
A cone is cut by a plane horizontally. The
radius of circular top and base of frustum
are 10m and 3m, respectively. The height
of frustum is 24m. If the height of the
cone is 28m, then find the lateral surface
area of frustum.

=3m
= 24 m

= 10 m
FRUSTUM OF A PYRAMID
SAMPLE
PROBLEM
A frustum of a regular pyramid has an
upper base of 8 m x 80 m and a lower
base of 10 m x 100 m and an altitude of 5
m. Find the volume of the pyramid.