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Implementing Splunk 7
Third Edition

Effective operational intelligence to transform

machine-generated data into valuable business insight

James D. Miller
BIRMINGHAM - MUMBAI
Implementing Splunk 7 Third
Edition
Copyright © 2018 Packt Publishing

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in
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damages caused or alleged to have been caused directly or indirectly by this book.

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First published: January 2013

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ISBN 978-1-78883-628-9

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Contributors
About the author
James D. Miller is an IBM-certified expert, creative innovator,
director, senior project leader, and application/system architect with
35+ years extensive application, system design, and development
experience. He has introduced customers to new and sometimes
disruptive technologies and platforms, integrating with IBM Watson
Analytics, Cognos BI, TM1, web architecture design, systems
analysis, GUI design and testing, database modeling and systems
analysis. He has done design and development of OLAP,
client/server, web, and mainframe applications.
I would like to thank Nanette, Shelby and Paige who continually amaze me with their support and love.
About the reviewer
Kyle Smith is a self-proclaimed geek from Pennsylvania and has
been working with Splunk extensively since 2010. He has spoken
many times at the Splunk User Conference and is an active
contributor to the Splunk Answers Community, the #splunk IRC
Channel, and the Splunk Slack Channels. He has published several
Splunk apps and add-ons to Splunkbase, the Splunk community’s
premier app, and add- on publishing platform. He now works as a
consultant/developer for Splunk's longest running Aplura, LLC. He
has written Splunk Developer's Guide, also by Packt.

I'd like to thank my wife, who most graciously put up with all of my BS during the writing of this book.
Without her, this effort is meaningless.

Yogesh Raheja is a certified DevOps and cloud expert with a

decade of IT experience. He has expertise in technologies such as
OS, source code management, build & release tools, continuous
integration/deployment/delivery tools, containers, config
management tools, monitoring, logging tools, and public and
private clouds. He loves to share his technical expertise with
audience worldwide at various forums, conferences, webinars,
blogs, and LinkedIn (https://in.linkedin.com/in/yogesh-raheja-b7503714). He
has written Automation with Puppet 5 and Automation with Ansible.
Packt is searching for authors
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Table of Contents
Title Page

Copyright and Credits

Implementing Splunk 7 Third Edition

Packt Upsell

Why subscribe?

PacktPub.com

Contributors

About the author

About the reviewer

Packt is searching for authors like you

Preface

Who this book is for

What this book covers

To get the most out of this book

Download the example code files

Conventions used

Get in touch

Reviews

1. The Splunk Interface

Logging in to Splunk

The home app

The top bar

The Search & Reporting app

Data generator
The Summary view

Search

Actions

Timeline

The field picker

Fields

Search results
 Options

Events viewer

Using the time picker

Using the field picker

The settings section

Splunk Cloud

Try before you buy

A quick cloud tour

The top bar in Splunk Cloud

Splunk reference app – PAS

Universal forwarder

eventgen

Next steps

Summary

2. Understanding Search

Using search terms effectively

Boolean and grouping operators

Clicking to modify your search

Event segmentation

Field widgets

Time

Using fields to search

Using the field picker

Using wildcards efficiently

Supplementing wildcards in fields

All about time

How Splunk parses time

How Splunk stores time

How Splunk displays time

How time zones are determined and why it matters

Different ways to search against time

Presets

Relative
Real-time

Windowed real-time versus all-time real-time searches

Date range
 Date and time range
Advanced

Specifying time in-line in your search

_indextime versus _time

Making searches faster

Sharing results with others

The URL
Save As Report

Save As Dashboard Panel

Save As Alert

Save As Event Type

Searching job settings

Saving searches for reuse

Creating alerts from searches

Enable Actions
Action Options

Sharing
Event annotations

An illustration
Summary

3. Tables, Charts, and Fields

About the pipe symbol

Using top to show common field values

Controlling the output of top

Using stats to aggregate values

Using chart to turn data

Using timechart to show values over time

The timechart options

Working with fields

A regular expression primer

Commands that create fields

eval

rex
Extracting loglevel

Using the extract fields interface

Using rex to prototype a field
 Using the admin interface to build a field
Indexed fields versus extracted fields

Indexed field case 1 - rare instances of a common term

Indexed field case 2 - splitting words

Indexed field case 3 - application from source

Indexed field case 4 - slow requests
Indexed field case 5 - unneeded work

Chart enhancements in version 7.0

charting.lineWidth
charting.data.fieldHideList
charting.legend.mode

charting.fieldDashStyles
charting.axis Y.abbreviation
Summary
4. Data Models and Pivots

What is a data model?

What does a data model search?
Data model objects
Object constraining

Attributes
Acceleration in version 7.0
Creating a data model
Filling in the new data model dialog

Editing fields (attributes)

Lookup attributes
Children
What is a pivot?

The Pivot Editor

Working with pivot elements
Filtering pivots
Split (row or column)

Column values
Pivot table formatting
A quick example
Sparklines

Summary
5. Simple XML Dashboards
The purpose of dashboards
Using wizards to build dashboards

Adding another panel

A cool trick
Converting the panel to a report

More options
Back to the dashboard
Add input
Editing source

Edit UI
Editing XML directly
UI examples app
Building forms

Creating a form from a dashboard

Driving multiple panels from one form
Post-processing search results
Post-processing limitations

Features replaced
Autorun dashboard
Scheduling the generation of dashboards
Summary

6. Advanced Search Examples

Using subsearches to find loosely related events
Subsearch
Subsearch caveats

Nested subsearches
Using transaction
Using transaction to determine session length
Calculating the aggregate of transaction statistics

Combining subsearches with transaction

Determining concurrency
Using transaction with concurrency
Using concurrency to estimate server load

Calculating concurrency with a by clause

Calculating events per slice of time
 Using timechart
Calculating average requests per minute

Calculating average events per minute, per hour

Rebuilding top
Acceleration
Big data – summary strategy

Report acceleration
Report acceleration availability
Version 7.0 advancements in metrics
Definition of a Splunk metric

Using Splunk metrics

Creating a metrics index
Creating a UDP or TCP data input
Summary

7. Extending Search
Using tags to simplify search
Using event types to categorize results
Using lookups to enrich data

Defining a lookup table file

Defining a lookup definition
Defining an automatic lookup
Troubleshooting lookups

Using macros to reuse logic

Creating a simple macro
Creating a macro with arguments
Creating workflow actions

Running a new search using values from an event

Linking to an external site
Building a workflow action to show field context
Building the context workflow action

Building the context macro

Using external commands
Extracting values from XML
xmlkv

XPath
Using Google to generate results
 Summary
8. Working with Apps

Defining an app
Included apps
Installing apps
Installing apps from Splunkbase

Using Geo Location Lookup Script

Using Google Maps
Installing apps from a file
Building your first app

Editing navigation
Customizing the appearance of your app

Customizing the launcher icon

Using custom CSS

Using custom HTML

Custom HTML in a simple dashboard

Using server-side include in a complex dashboard

Object permissions

How permissions affect navigation

How permissions affect other objects

Correcting permission problems

App directory structure

Adding your app to Splunkbase

Preparing your app

Confirming sharing settings

Cleaning up our directories

Packaging your app

Uploading your app

Self-service app management

Summary
9. Building Advanced Dashboards

Reasons for working with advanced XML

Reasons for not working with advanced XML

Development process

Advanced XML structure

Converting simple XML to advanced XML
 Module logic flow

Understanding layoutPanel
Panel placement

Reusing a query

Using intentions
stringreplace

addterm
Creating a custom drilldown

Building a drilldown to a custom query

Building a drilldown to another panel

Building a drilldown to multiple panels using HiddenPostProcess

Third-party add-ons

Google Maps
Sideview Utils

The Sideview search module

Linking views with Sideview

Sideview URLLoader

Sideview forms
Summary

10. Summary Indexes and CSV Files

Understanding summary indexes

Creating a summary index

When to use a summary index

When to not use a summary index

Populating summary indexes with saved searches

Using summary index events in a query

Using sistats, sitop, and sitimechart

How latency affects summary queries

How and when to backfill summary data

Using fill_summary_index.py to backfill

Using collect to produce custom summary indexes

Reducing summary index size

Using eval and rex to define grouping fields

Using a lookup with wildcards

Using event types to group results

Calculating top for a large time frame

 Summary index searches
Using CSV files to store transient data

Pre-populating a dropdown

Creating a running calculation for a day

Summary

11. Configuring Splunk

Locating Splunk configuration files

The structure of a Splunk configuration file

The configuration merging logic

The merging order

The merging order outside of search

The merging order when searching

The configuration merging logic

Configuration merging – example 1

Configuration merging – example 2

Configuration merging – example 3

Configuration merging – example 4, search

Using btool

An overview of Splunk.conf files

props.conf
Common attributes

Search-time attributes
Index-time attributes

Parse-time attributes

Input-time attributes
Stanza types

Priorities inside a type

Attributes with class

inputs.conf

Common input attributes

Files as inputs

Using patterns to select rolled logs

Using blacklist and whitelist

Selecting files recursively

Following symbolic links

Setting the value of the host from the source

 Ignoring old data at installation

When to use crcSalt

Destructively indexing files

Network inputs

Native Windows inputs

Scripts as inputs

transforms.conf

Creating indexed fields

Creating a loglevel field

Creating a session field from the source

Creating a tag field

Creating host categorization fields

Modifying metadata fields

Overriding the host

Overriding the source

Overriding sourcetype
Routing events to a different index

Lookup definitions
Wildcard lookups

CIDR wildcard lookups

Using time in lookups

Using REPORT

Creating multivalue fields

Creating dynamic fields

Chaining transforms

Dropping events
fields.conf

outputs.conf

indexes.conf
authorize.conf

savedsearches.conf

times.conf
commands.conf

web.conf
User interface resources

Views and navigation

 Appserver resources
Metadata

Summary

12. Advanced Deployments

Planning your installation

Splunk instance types

Splunk forwarders

Splunk indexer

Splunk search
Common data sources

Monitoring logs on servers

Monitoring logs on a shared drive

Consuming logs in batch

Receiving syslog events

Receiving events directly on the Splunk indexer

Using a native syslog receiver

Receiving syslog with a Splunk forwarder

Consuming logs from a database

Using scripts to gather data

Sizing indexers
Planning redundancy

The replication factor

Configuring your replication factors

Syntax

Indexer load balancing

Understanding typical outages

Working with multiple indexes

Directory structure of an index

When to create more indexes

Testing data
Differing longevity

Differing permissions

Using more indexes to increase performance

The life cycle of a bucket

Sizing an index

Using volumes to manage multiple indexes

 Deploying the Splunk binary

Deploying from a tar file

Deploying using msiexec

Adding a base configuration

Configuring Splunk to launch at boot

Using apps to organize configuration

Separate configurations by purpose

Configuration distribution
Using your own deployment system

Using the Splunk deployment server

Step 1 – deciding where your deployment server will run

Step 2 - defining your deploymentclient.conf configuration

Step 3 - defining our machine types and locations

Step 4 - normalizing our configurations into apps appropriately

Step 5 - mapping these apps to deployment clients in serverclas

s.conf
Step 6 - restarting the deployment server

Step 7 - installing deploymentclient.conf

Using LDAP for authentication

Using single sign-on

Load balancers and Splunk

web

splunktcp

deployment server
Multiple search heads

Summary

13. Extending Splunk

Writing a scripted input to gather data

Capturing script output with no date

Capturing script output as a single event

Making a long-running scripted input

Using Splunk from the command line

Querying Splunk via REST

Writing commands

When not to write a command

When to write a command
 Configuring commands
Adding fields

Manipulating data

Transforming data
Generating data

Writing a scripted lookup to enrich data

Writing an event renderer

Using specific fields

A table of fields based on field value

Pretty printing XML

Writing a scripted alert action to process results

Hunk
Summary

14. Machine Learning Toolkit

What is machine learning?

Content recommendation engines

Natural language processing

Operational intelligence

Defining the toolkit

Time well spent

Obtaining the Kit

Prerequisites and requirements

Installation
The toolkit workbench

Assistants

Extended SPL (search processing language)

ML-SPL performance app

Building a model

Time series forecasting

Using Splunk

Launching the toolkit

Validation
Deployment

Saving a report

Exporting data

Summary
Preface
Splunk is a leading platform that fosters an efficient methodology
and delivers ways to search, monitor, and analyze growing amounts
of big data. This book will allow you to implement new services and
utilize them to quickly and efficiently process machine-generated
big data.

We'll introduce you to all the new features, improvements, and

offerings of Splunk 7. We cover the new modules of Splunk—Splunk
Cloud and the Machine Learning Toolkit—to ease data usage.
Furthermore, you will learn how to use search terms effectively with
boolean and grouping operators. You will learn not only how to
modify your search to make your searches fast, but also how to use
wildcards efficiently. Later, you will learn how to use stats to
aggregate values, a chart to turn data, and a time chart to show
values over time; you'll also work with fields and chart
enhancements and learn how to create a data model with faster
data model acceleration. Once this is done, you will learn about
XML dashboards, working with apps, building advanced dashboards,
configuring and extending Splunk, advanced deployments, and
more. Finally, we'll teach you how to use the Machine Learning
Toolkit and some best practices and tips to help you implement
Splunk services effectively and efficiently.

By the end of this book, you will have learned the Splunk software
as a whole and implemented Splunk services in your tasks at
projects.
Who this book is for
This book is intended for data analysts, business analysts, and IT
administrators who want to make the best use of big data,
operational intelligence, log management, and monitoring within
their organization. Some knowledge of Splunk services will help you
get the most out of the book.
Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
slightly necked; free; mid-season; of little commercial importance
because of inferior size and color.
Golden Gem. Species?
A variety originating from seed with P. P. Dawson, Payette, Idaho.
Golden Prolific. Species? 1. Ont. Fr. Exp. Sta. Rpt. 5:116. 1898.
Tree vigorous, productive; fruit medium, yellow; very good;
clingstone; poor shipper.
Golden Prune. Domestica. 1. Wickson Cal. Fruits 360. 1891. 2. Cal.
Sta. Bd. Hort. 112. 1891. 3. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 291. 1893. 4.
Waugh Plum Cult. 105. 1901.
Golden 2.
Grown by Seth Lewelling, Milwaukee, Oregon, from a seed of the
Italian Prune; mentioned in the last two catalogs of the American
Pomological Society. Fruit large, oval; cavity small, round, shallow,
abrupt; stem short; suture shallow; apex depressed, sometimes
cracking; light yellow; bloom thin; dots numerous, yellow; skin thin;
flesh yellow, firm, tender, juicy; good; stone of medium size, long-
oval, nearly free; mid-season.
Golden Queen. Americana. 1. Terry Cat. 1900. 2. Ill. Hort. Soc.
Rpt. 426. 1905.
Originated with H. A. Terry; first fruited in 1897. Tree characterized
by its luxuriant foliage; fruit large, roundish-oblong, golden-yellow;
good; said to be valuable for dessert.
Golden Transparent. Domestica. 1. Gard. World 10:448. 1893. 2.
Rivers Cat. 34. 1898. 3. Thompson Gard. Ass’t 157. 1901.
From Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England; closely allied to
the Transparent Gage, but is distinctly later and more golden in
color; an excellent dessert plum.
Goldsmith. Domestica. Mentioned in Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 147.
1831.
 Goldsmith’s Vienna.
Gondin. Domestica? Mentioned in Mathieu Nom. Pom. 432. 1889.
Pflaume Von Gondin. Prune de Gondin.
Gonne. Domestica. 1. Ann. Pom. Belge 6:15, Pl. 1858. 2. Downing
Fr. Trees Am. 917. 1869. 3. Oberdieck Deut. Obst. Sort. 409.
1881.
Gonne’s Rothe Pflaume 3. Prune Gonne 1. Prune Gonne 2.
Originated by Dr. Gonne of Fleurus, Belgium. Oberdieck gives the
Gonne’s Rothe Pflaume, which is evidently the same variety, as a
seedling of the Red Egg. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit large,
obovate, sometimes spherical; suture shallow to deep; carmine-red,
dotted with russet; flesh yellow, juicy, melting, sweet; the pit lies in
a large cavity, nearly free; mid-season.
Goose-Dye. Species? 1. Kerr Cat. 11. 1900.
A supposed hybrid between the Wild Goose plum and Dyehouse
cherry grown by Theodore Williams. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit
larger than Wild Goose, oval, cherry-red; clingstone; mid-season;
said to be free from rot.
Goose-O. Munsoniana × Triflora. 1. Kerr Cat. 11. 1900.
A cross between Wild Goose and Ogon made by Theodore
Williams, Benson, Nebraska. Tree suckers badly; fruit of medium
size, roundish, red on a yellow ground; clingstone; mid-season.
Gordon. Domestica. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 46. 1897.
Gordon No. 3 1.
A seedling of Imperial Gage. Fruit of medium size, roundish;
yellow overspread with coppery-red; bloom profuse; skin acid; flesh
rich, yellow, meaty, juicy, subacid; good; freestone; mid-season.
Gordon Castle. Domestica. 1. Gard. Chron. 26:364. 1866. 2.
Garden 54:318. 1898.
 A plum of the Reine Claude type which originated at Gordon
Castle, England. Fruit large, obovate; greenish-yellow overspread
with a reddish blush; flesh firm, sweet; good; mid-season.
Gorman. Species? Mentioned in Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 169. 1909.
Govalle. Triflora ×? 1. Vt. Sta. Bul. 67:14. 1898. 2. Waugh Plum
Cult. 215. 1901.
Grown by Joseph Breck, Texas, supposedly from the Kelsey.
Introduced by F. T. Ramsey in 1898. Fruit medium, oval; cavity
shallow; bright red; flesh slightly soft, fibrous, sprightly; good;
clingstone; early.
Grace. Americana. 1. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 263. 1892. 2. Am. Pom. Soc.
Rpt. 74. 1895.
Originated with W. R. Grace, Garden City, Kansas. Fruit of medium
size, oblong, yellow striped with red, mottled and washed with dull
purple; flesh yellow, melting, juicy; flavor rich, sweet; good;
clingstone; mid-season.
Grand Précoce. Domestica? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 432. 1889. 2.
Guide Prat. 163, 357. 1895.
Mentioned in the preceding references.
Graugrüne Frühpflaume. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 432.
1889.
Mathieu found the variety referred to in Wiener Garten-Zeitung
287. 1884.
Gray Damask. Insititia. 1. Quintinye Com. Gard. 68, 70. 1699.
Mentioned by Quintinye as “a round plum of a gray color.”
Grayson. Munsoniana × Americana. 1. Sherman Cat. 1897. 2. Vt.
Sta. Rpt. 12:225. 1899.
A seedling of Wild Goose crossed with some Americana; from A. L.
Bruce, Basin Springs, Texas, about 1893. Fruit of medium size,
roundish; suture a line; clear red; dots many, conspicuous, yellow;
bloom heavy; flesh yellow, soft; good; clingstone; season follows
Wild Goose.
Great Bearer. Domestica. 1. Montreal Hort. Soc. Rpt. 56. 1878.
Corse’s Great Bearer 1.
Undoubtedly originated with Henry Corse of Montreal, Canada.
Fruit small, light blue; flavor fair; very prolific.
Greely. Domestica. 1. Me. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 130. 1888. 2. Ibid. 144.
1889. 3. Rural N. Y. 55:512. 1896.
Greeley 1, 3.
Captain Eliphalet Greely of Portland, Maine, secured the original
tree from Montreal; introduced by O. K. Gerrish of Portland. A large,
purple plum so closely resembling Bradshaw that some growers
believe them to be identical; its season seems to be earlier than
Bradshaw.
Greenfield. Domestica. 1. Montreal Hort. Soc. Rpt. 51. 1878.
A seedling of Red Magnum Bonum raised by Mr. Greenfield of
Canada. Tree hardy, productive; fruit large, red.
Green Indian. Domestica. 1. Willich Dom. Enc. 195. 1903.
White Indian 1.
Reported in 1803 as a very desirable variety.
Green Italian. Domestica. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 3d App. 181.
1869.
From Germany; tree moderately vigorous, fairly productive; fruit
medium, oval; suture a line; greenish-yellow splashed with green;
bloom thin; cavity small; flesh green, coarse, juicy, sweet, rich;
good; semi-clinging; mid-season.
Green Oysterly. Domestica. 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 577 fig., 578.
1629. 2. Rea Flora 207. 1676.
 Described as roundish, of medium size, greenish, juicy, flavor
“reasonably good.”
Green Perdrigon. Domestica. 1. Rea Flora 208. 1676.
Described by Rea nearly two hundred and fifty years ago as “a
round plum, of medium size, green; flavor good.”
Green Pescod. Domestica. 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 576. 1629.
Parkinson states that “this plum is of medium size, pointed; mid-
season.”
Grelck. Cerasifera. 1. Wickson Cal. Fruits 358. 1891.
Supposedly a seedling grown by John Grelck of Los Angeles,
California, who gave it to O. S. Chapin of San Diego County about
1883. Fruit small, round, light yellow with reddish shade, sprightly;
good; season before Myrobalan; decidedly superior to Myrobalan.
Gros Damas de Tours. Domestica. 1. Quintinye Com. Gard. 70.
1699. 2. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 2:69. 1768. 3. Knoop
Fructologie 2:56. 1771. 4. Forsyth Treat. Fr. Trees 19. 1803.
5. Willich Dom. Enc. 4:300. 1803. 6. Miller Gard. Dict. 3.
1807. 7. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 145, 147. 1831. 8. Prince Pom.
Man. 2:86. 1832. 9. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 917. 1869. 10.
Mathieu Nom. Pom. 433. 1889.
Damas de Tours 10. Damas de Tours Gros 7. Damas de Tours Gros
8, 9, 10. Damas gros de Tours 3. Damas Violet of Tours 4. Great
Violet Damask de Tours 5. Great Damask Violet of Tours 6, 10. Great
Damask Violet of Tours 9. Great Plum of Tours 7. Great Violet Tours
Damask 1. Gros Damas 6. Grosse Damascene von Tours 10. Gros
Damas de Tours 8, 9, 10. Gros Damas Violet de Tours 6. Largest
Damask of Tours 8. Largest Damask of Tours 9, 10.
For historical notes and description see Précoce de Tours.
Gros Damas Noir. Domestica? 1. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard.
2:500. 1860.
 A small mediocre plum mentioned by Noisette as ripening the last
of July.
Grosse Hâtive de Rodt. Domestica? Mentioned in Mathieu Nom.
Pom. 433. 1889.
Grosse Marange. Domestica. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 433. 1889. 2.
Guide Prat. 156, 357. 1895.
Hâtive d’Augny 1, 2.
This variety was grown by M. Chabardin of Augny near Metz,
France, where it is considered very promising because of its high
quality and earliness. Fruit medium in size, roundish; purplish; flesh
yellowish-green, sweet; quality best of its season; very early.
Grosse Rosspauke. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 434. 1889.
Mathieu found it noted in Wiener Garten-Zeitung 287. 1884.
Grosse Surpasse. Domestica. 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2d Ser. 3:52.
1900. 2. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 432. 1905.
A small round plum tested at British Columbia Experimental Farm;
yellow; flesh yellow, tender, sweet, pleasant; stone small, clinging;
mid-season.
Grosse Violette de Grugliasco. Species? Mentioned in Mathieu
Nom. Pom. 434. 1889.
Grüne Dattel Zwetsche. Domestica. 1. Oberdieck Deut. Obst.
Sort. 444. 1881. 2. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 434. 1889.
Berliner Pflaume 2. Datte Verte 2. Grüne Dattelzwetsche 1. Grüne
Insel Pflaume 2 incor. Susina Verdachia Longa 2. Weisse Indische
Pflaume 2.
Mentioned in the preceding references. Grünliche Dattelpflaume
von Besançon is given by Guide Pratique, 1895, as a synonym of the
Yellow Egg.
Grüne Herzformige. Domestica. 1. Kraft Pom. Aust. 2:30, Tab.
176 fig. 1. 1796.
 Die grüne herzförmige Pflaume 1. Prune coeur de pigeon verd 1.
An old European variety. Flowers small; fruit heart-shaped,
greenish-yellow; flesh yellow, firm; stone uncommonly rough and
uneven.
Grüne Zwetsche Von Monrepos. Species? Listed in Mathieu Nom.
Pom. 434. 1889.
Guilford No. 2. Hortulana mineri. 1. Ill. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 135. 1903
2. Ibid. 422. 1905.
A seedling of Miner from Illinois. Tree moderately vigorous,
productive; fruit yellow, with a pink cheek; good; freestone; mid-
season.
Guimaraen. Domestica. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 148. 1831.
Fruit medium in size, oval, yellow; good; clingstone; mid-season.
Guinea Egg. Americana. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 46:263. 1900.
Found wild about 1857 by Frederick Albright, near Bangor,
Marshall County, Iowa; not introduced. Tree vigorous, hardy; fruit
large, dark red; skin thin; flesh firm; good; stone small.
Gundaker. Domestica. 1. Horticulturist 6:524. 1851. 2. Downing Fr.
Trees Am. 383. 1857.
A large, heart-shaped, purple plum grown from seed by Samuel E.
Gundaker, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, about 1820; of good quality.
Gundaker Prune. Domestica. 1. Horticulturist 6:524. 1851. 2.
Downing Fr. Trees Am. 382. 1857.
Groundacre 1, 2.
A seedling grown by Samuel E. Gundaker, Lancaster, Pennsylvania,
about 1820; sent out by Samuel Carpenter of Lancaster, Ohio, as
Groundacre. Tree productive; fruit large, oval, light yellow; good.
Guthrie Apricot. Domestica. 1. Mag. Hort. 12:341. 1846. 2. U. S.
Pat. Off. Rpt. 2:449. 1849. 3. McIntosh Bk. Gard. 2:531.
 1855. 4. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 918. 1869. 5. Mathieu Nom.
Pom. 434. 1889.
Abricot de Guthrie 5. Guthrie’s Apricot Plum 2. Guthrie’s Apricot 5.
Guthrie’s Golden 4. Guthrie’s Golden 5. Guthrie’s New Apricot 3.
A seedling raised by Charles Guthrie of Taybank, Dundee,
Scotland. Fruit of medium size, roundish; suture slight; cavity small;
yellow; bloom thin; dots red; flesh yellow, coarse, juicy, sweet;
good; clingstone; mid-season.
Guthrie Russet. Domestica. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 919. 1869.
2. Mas Pom. Gen. 2:167. 1873.
Rousse De Guthrie 2. Guthrie’s Russet 2.
A seedling of Reine Claude grown by Charles Guthrie, Taybank,
Dundee, Scotland. Fruit large, oval; suture distinct; cavity small;
stem slender; yellow, sometimes marbled with red; bloom thin; flesh
yellow, juicy, sweet; good; clingstone; mid-season.
Guthrie Topaz. Domestica. 1. Mag. Hort. 12:341. 1846. 2.
Downing Fr. Trees Am. 919. 1869. 3. Hogg Fruit Man. 728.
1884. 4. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 434. 1889.
Guthrie’s Topaz 4. Guthrie’s Topaz 3, 4. Topaz 3. Topaze de
Guthrie 4.
Grown by Charles Guthrie, Taybank, Dundee, Scotland, probably
from seed of Reine Claude. Tree hardy, productive; fruit of medium
size, oval, necked, suture distinct; cavity small; stem slender; yellow,
with thin bloom; flesh yellow, juicy, sweet; flavor not high but
pleasant; good; clingstone; mid-season.
Gwalsh. Domestica. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 148. 1831. 2. Downing
Fr. Trees Am. 301. 1845. 3. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 343.
1849.
From Thomas Hancock, Burlington, New York. Fruit large,
obovate; suture indistinct; dark purple; flesh yellow, juicy, sprightly;
quality fair; clingstone; mid-season.
Haag. Americana. 1. Wis. Sta. Bul. 63:24, 39. 1897. 2. Ia. Sta. Bul.
46:274. 1900. 3. Waugh Plum Cult. 150. 1901.
Purchased from a nurseryman of Minneapolis and introduced as
Haag by J. S. Haag, Hosper, Sioux County, Iowa. Tree moderately
vigorous, spreading; fruit above medium size, roundish; suture
distinct; flesh greenish-yellow, tender, sweet; good; stone oval,
clinging; mid-season.
Hackl Grosse Zwetsche. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 434.
1889.
Reference to this variety found by Mathieu in Wiener Garten-
Zeitung 287. 1884.
Haferpflaume. Insititia? Mentioned in Mathieu Nom. Pom. 434.
1889.
Blaue Krieche. Echte Hafer Pflaume. Echte Hafer Zwetsche.
Haffner Herbstpflaume. Domestica? Mentioned in Mathieu Nom.
Pom. 434. 1889.
Haffner Königspflaume. Domestica? Mentioned in Mathieu Nom.
Pom. 434. 1889.
Royale de Haffner.
Haku Botan. Triflora. 1. Va. Sta. Bul. 129:113. 1901.
Imported by the United States Department of Agriculture.
Hallenbeck. Domestica. 1. Cultivator 8:309. 1860. 2. Downing Fr.
Trees Am. 920. 1869.
Originated with Henry Hallenbeck, East Greenbush, Rensselaer
County, New York. Fruit large, roundish-oval, one side often
enlarged, reddish-purple; numerous minute dots; flesh greenish-
yellow, very juicy, sugary, brisk flavor; good; clingstone; mid-season.
Halcyon. Triflora × Munsoniana? 1. Vt. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:225. 1899.
2. Waugh Plum Cult. 215. 1901.
 Grown by J. S. Breece, North Carolina. Fruit heart-shaped; suture
faint; bright red; dots few; flesh yellow; quality fair; stone large,
oval, clinging.
Hanford. Domestica. 1. Ill. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 71. 1868.
Hanford’s Orleans 1.
Mentioned in 1868 by Lucius C. Frances in the report of the Illinois
Horticultural Society.
Hanska. Americana × Simonii. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 108: Pl. 5. 1908.
Originated by N. E. Hansen of the South Dakota Experiment
Station; first fruited in 1906 on two-year-old trees. Tree very
vigorous, fruit of medium size, roundish-oblate, halves unequal;
suture shallow; bright red; bloom heavy; flesh firm, reddish; stone
very small; semi-free.
Hanson. Americana. 1. Kerr Cat. 1894. 2. Waugh Plum Cult. 151.
1901.
Said to be of value in the South. Fruit of medium size; nearly
spherical; suture shallow; skin very thick; bright red over yellow;
dots numerous; flesh yellow; sweet; good; stone round, slightly
flattened, clinging; early.
Happiness. Triflora ×? 1. Griffing Bros. Cat. 1906-1909.
A chance seedling found by Joseph Breck about 1899; introduced
by F. T. Ramsey, Austin, Texas; fruit large, bright red; good.
Harlow. Domestica. 1. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 263. 1892. 2. Am. Pom. Soc.
Rpt. 74. 1895.
Supposed to be a seedling of Bradshaw; raised by S. C. Harlow,
Bangor, Maine. Tree vigorous, hardy, productive; fruit large, oblong-
oval; skin smooth, reddish-purple; dots numerous, fawn-colored;
bloom light; flesh greenish-amber, melting, mildly subacid; mid-
season.
Harney. Domestica. 1. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 45. 1895.
 Specimens of this plum from H. C. Cook, White Salmon,
Washington, were described by the Division of Pomology,
Department of Agriculture. Fruit large, roundish; cavity large,
regular, deep, abrupt; suture shallow; purplish-red; dots large and
small, russet; bloom thin; skin thin, tough; flesh pale yellow, tender,
juicy, sweet, rich; very good; stone medium, roundish, nearly free;
mid-season.
Harper. Munsoniana? 1. Ga. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 28. 1876. 2. Ibid. 24.
1881.
Harper’s 1.
Originated about 1870. Fruit red; clingstone; mid-season.
Harriet. Domestica. 1. Gard. Chron. 18:441. 1882. 2. Hogg Fruit
Man. 705. 1884.
Grown by Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England, about 1870.
Fruit of the Reine Claude type, medium in size; roundish-oblate;
cavity deep; suture slight; skin thin but rather tough; golden yellow
sometimes specked with red; bloom thin; flesh yellow, juicy, firm,
very good; stone of medium size, oval, turgid, clinging; mid-season.
Harris. Hortulana mineri. 1. Ill. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 225. 1877.
Tree and fruit much resemble Miner, but the ripening season is
four weeks earlier; freestone.
Harrison. Americana. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 123. 1875. 2. Cornell
Sta. Bul. 38:38, 86. 1892. 3. Wis. Sta. Bul. 63:39, 40. 1897.
4. Waugh Plum Cult. 170. 1901.
Harrison’s Peach 1, 2, 3. Harrison’s Peach 4.
Found growing wild in Minnesota. Tree unproductive; fruit of
medium size, oval; suture a line; cavity shallow; dots small; dull red;
bloom thick; flesh yellow, tender, juicy, sweet; quality fair; stone
oval, pointed, flattened, semi-clinging; mid-season. Harrison is the
parent of a great number of varieties.
Hart. Americana. 1. Wis. Sta. Bul. 63:40. 1897. 2. Ia. Sta. Bul.
46:274. 1900. 3. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 93:19. 1905.
Hart’s De Soto 1. Hart’s De Soto 2, 3.
A sprout taken from a tree bought for De Soto by H. Hart, Sioux
County, Iowa, about 1890; widely distributed by the Iowa
Agricultural College. The fruit resembles De Soto in color and shape,
but ripens from ten days to two weeks earlier; somewhat larger in
size but inferior in quality.
Hartwick. Americana. 1. Kerr Cat. 1894. 2. Waugh Plum Cult. 151.
1901.
Noted as of little value.
Hartwiss. Domestica. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 383. 1857. 2. Mas
Pom. Gen. 2:123. 1873. 3. Lauche Deut. Pom. No. 3. Pl.
1882. 4. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 453. 1889.
Hartwiss Gelbe Zwetsche 2, 3. Hartwiss Yellow Prune 1. Quetsche
Jaune de Hartwiss 2. Quetsche Jaune de Hartwiss 4. Von Hartwiss’
Gelbe Zwetsche 4.
Obtained by Liegel from a pit of Quetsche Jaune Précoce and
dedicated by him to the Director of the Imperial Gardens at Nikita,
Crimea. Tree large, productive; fruit medium in size, irregularly oval;
suture broad and shallow; halves unequal; skin canary-yellow, rather
adherent; bloom thin; flesh yellow, tender, sweet; freestone; mid-
season.
Harvest. Americana. 1. Minn. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 127. 1890.
Brought in from the wild by H. Knudson, Springfield, Minnesota.
Fruit large, roundish-ovate; skin thin, red; quality fair; early.
Hattie. Cerasifera. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 67. 1875. 2. Cornell Sta.
Bul. 38:75, 86. 1892. 3. Vt. Sta. An. Rpt. 13:369. 1900.
Cultivated in the South. Tree dwarfish; branches stiff and rough;
leaves small, folded upward, finely serrate; petioles glandless;
flowers small and clustered; fruit small, roundish; suture a line;
cavity small; stem slender; dull red; bloom thin; dots many,
conspicuous; skin thin, tough; flesh yellow, soft, watery; quality fair;
clingstone; early.
Hayo-Simoni. Triflora. 1. N. Mex. Sta. Bul. 27:124. 1898.
An upright, vasiform tree; fruit above medium, roundish-oblate;
suture distinct; dark red; dots minute, yellow; bloom abundant; flesh
dull yellow, firm, juicy, subacid; good; clingstone; early.
Hazard. Domestica. 1. John Watkins Cat.
Mentioned by John Watkins, nurseryman, Withington, England.
Heaton. Americana. 1. Kerr Cat. 1894.
Received by J. W. Kerr about 1894 from H. A. Terry, Iowa. Fruit
medium to large, oblong-oval, dark purplish-red; freestone; early.
Hector. Domestica.
A chance seedling found about 1890 by Edward Smith on his farm
at Hector, New York; introduced by E. Smith and Sons, Geneva, New
York. Tree vigorous, hardy and productive; fruit one and three-
quarters inches in diameter, roundish; cavity deep; suture shallow;
stem short, thick; skin tender; dark reddish-purple; bloom thick;
dots inconspicuous; flesh light yellow, juicy, tender, sweet, mild;
quality good; stone semi-clinging, oval, turgid, slightly winged and
necked; mid-season.
Heep. Angustifolia varians. 1. Waugh Plum Cult. 195. 1901.
F. T. Ramsey, Austin, Texas, offered this sort in his 1897 catalog as
an old variety found in the orchard of a Mr. Heep. Tree very vigorous
and productive; fruit above medium size, red; quality fair.
Heikes. Triflora. 1. Cornell Sta. Bul. 62:23. 1894. 2. Ibid. 139:38,
42. 1897.
Burbank No. 4 1.
Imported by Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, California, in 1885, and
named for W. F. Heikes of the Huntsville Nurseries, Huntsville,
Alabama. As tested at the Cornell Experiment Station similar to
Satsuma if not identical with it.
Heine Superbe. Domestica. Mentioned in Mathieu Nom. Pom. 434.
1889.
Helen. Species? 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 36. 1875.
Helen’s Seedling 1.
Listed in American Pomological Society catalog for eight years.
Hendrick. Munsoniana? 1. Ala. Sta. Bul. N. S. 11:12. 1890.
Hendrick’s 1.
Tree vigorous; fruit of medium size, spherical, yellow, blushed with
red; flesh tender; good; early.
Henrietta Gage. Domestica. 1. Gen. Farmer 9:232. 1848. 2.
Downing Fr. Trees Am. 920. 1869. 3. Mas Pom. Gen. 2:169.
1873.
Early Genesee 2. Henrietta Gage 3. Reine-Claude D’Henrietta 3.
Originated about 1840 on the farm of a Mr. Brown, Henrietta,
Monroe County, New York. Similar to Reine Claude but much earlier.
Henry Clay. Domestica. 1. Cultivator 3:20. 1855. 2. Mas Pom. Gen.
2:95. 1873.
A seedling of Howard raised by Elisha Dorr, Albany, New York;
named by Dr. Warder of Cincinnati, Ohio; first fruited in 1852. Fruit
large, oval; suture broad and shallow; stem long, rather thick; skin
clear yellow, often washed and dotted with red on the sunny
exposure; flesh clear yellow, sweet, vinous; good; stone small,
clinging; mid-season.
Herbst Kriecke. Insititia? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 435. 1889.
Mention of the variety found by Mathieu in Wiener Garten-Zeitung
288. 1884.
Herbstpflaume. Domestica. 1. Oberdieck Deut. Obst. Sort. 445.
1881.
A German variety; unproductive in dry soils.
Hereford Damson. Insititia. 1. Watkins Cat. 48. 1892?
Mentioned in the preceding reference as a favorite and very
productive.
Herefordshire Prune. Domestica. 1. Thompson Gard. Ass’t 4:160.
1901.
Fruit large, obovate; flesh firm, yellowish-green.
Heron. Domestica. 1. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 26. 1894. 2. Cornell Sta.
Bul. 131:187. 1897. 3. Rivers Cat. 35. 1898.
Originated and introduced by Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth,
England. Popular in England but on account of its poor foliage it is of
little value in this country. Fruit large, roundish, dark purplish-red;
dots small; skin sour; flesh greenish-yellow, firm, meaty, moderately
juicy, subacid; good; stone large, oval, semi-free; early.
Heroy. Species? Mentioned in Mathieu Nom. Pom. 435. 1889.
Herren. Domestica. 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2d Ser. 3:52. 1900.
A vigorous variety of the Reine Claude type grown in Germany.
Fruit of medium size, roundish, slightly flattened at both ends;
suture distinct; sides often unequal; dull yellow; flesh yellowish,
firm, coarse, sweet, juicy, pleasant; freestone; mid-season.
Herzformige Pflaume. Species? Mentioned in Mathieu Nom. Pom.
435. 1889.
Prune Cordiforme.
Heupflaume. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 435. 1889.
Reference obtained by Mathieu in Wiener Garten-Zeitung 288.
1884.
Hiawatha. Americana. 1. Kerr Cat. 1894. 2. Wis. Sta. Bul. 63:41.
1897. 3. Waugh Plum Cult. 152. 1901.
Introduced by C. W. H. Heideman, New Ulm, Minnesota, as an
example of a staminate-flowered plum; rarely productive. Fruit very
large, roundish-oblong, purplish-red; clingstone; early.
Highland. Domestica. 1. Cal. State Bd. Hort. Rpt. 8:47. 1897.
A seedling of Agen, grown by Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa,
California. Tree vigorous and productive; fruit large, long-oval,
purplish-crimson; flesh yellow, firm, sweet; flavor excellent; stone
nearly free.
Highlander. Domestica. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 384. 1857.
Fruit large, irregularly ovate, deep blue; bloom thin; dots brown,
numerous; yellow, juicy, vinous; semi-clinging; late.
Hilda No. 5. Hortulana mineri ×? 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 46:274. 1900.
Originated under cultivation with J. F. Wagner, Bennett, Iowa, in
1894, from seed of Miner pollinated by a wild plum; not introduced.
Fruit above medium size, dark red; used for jellies.
Hillside. Americana. 1. Minn. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 128. 1890.
Selected from wild plants by H. Knudson, Springfield, Minnesota.
Fruit of medium size; skin thick, deep red, astringent.
Hilltop. Americana. 1. Kerr Cat. 1894. 2. Wis. Sta. Bul. 63:42.
1897. 3. Waugh Plum Cult. 152. 1901.
Fruit small, round-oval; suture a line; skin deep red; dots very
minute; thick bloom; flesh yellow; quality fair; stone large, half-free.
Hilman. Americana. 1. Wis. Sta. Bul. 87:13. 1901.
Fruit small, oblong; skin yellow, two-thirds covered with purple;
dots conspicuous; flesh yellow, firm, sweet; stone small, oval; mid-
season.
Hinkley. Americana. 1. Meneray Cat.
 A seedling of Harrison grown by H. A. Terry and introduced by F.
W. Meneray, Council Bluffs, Iowa. Fruit large, yellow with a red
cheek; flesh yellow, rich, sweet, semi-clinging; good.
Hlubeck Aprikosenpflaume. Domestica. Mentioned in Mathieu
Nom. Pom. 435. 1889.
Hoag’s Seedling. Domestica. 1. N. Y. Sta. Rpt. 8:356. 1889.
Received for testing at the New York Experiment Station in 1889.
Hoffman. Munsoniana? 1. Cornell Sta. Bul. 38:63. 1892. 2.
Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 492. 1897.
A wild variety from southwestern Missouri. Fruit of medium size,
roundish, purplish-red; mid-season.
Hofinger Mirabelle. Insititia. Listed in Mathieu Nom. Pom. 435.
1889.
Hofinger’s Rote Mirabelle. Roter Spilling incor.
Hog.
A common name variously applied to P. americana, P. umbellata, P.
hortulana and P. gracilis.
Holland. Domestica. 1. Coxe Cult. Fr. Trees 239. 1817. 2. Prince
Pom. Man. 2:78. 1832. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 301. 1845.
4. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 435. 1885.
Blue Holland 2, 3, 4. Holland Plum 1, 3. Holland Prune 4.
Kensington Prune 2. Large Holland 2, 3.
An old variety supposed to have been brought into this country
from Holland by the early Dutch settlers. Tree vigorous, productive;
fruit roundish, slightly compressed, blue; stem very adherent; flesh
juicy, melting, sweet, rich; freestone; mid-season.
Holland. Triflora × Angustifolia varians. 1. Vt. Sta. Bul. 67:14.
1898. 2. Kerr Cat. 1900. 3. Waugh Plum Cult. 215. 1901.
A cross between Lone Star and Kelsey, grown by D. H. Watson,
Brenham, Texas; introduced by W. A. Yates in 1897. Fruit resembles
Abundance in shape and size; yellowish-green splashed with red;
flesh firm, juicy, vinous; semi-clinging; mid-season.
Holister. Munsoniana. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 275. 1893. 2. Waugh
Plum Cult. 185. 1901.
Holister 1.
A variety said to have originated with a Mr. Holister of Cedar
County, Iowa. Tree productive; fruit of medium size, roundish-
oblong; cavity shallow; suture faint; clear bright red; flesh soft,
yellow, sweet; good; clingstone; mid-season.
Holman Prune. Domestica. 1. Sarcoxie Nur. Cat. 1892. 2. Can.
Exp. Farm Bul. 2d Ser. 3:52. 1900.
A seedling grown by D. S. Holman, Springfield, Maine. Fruit of
medium size, oblong, pointed; greenish-yellow; flesh yellow, firm,
sweet, juicy; stone small, pointed, free; mid-season.
Holme. Domestica. 1. Peachland Nur. Cat.
Holmes Early Blue 1.
Introduced by J. Van Lindley, Pomona, North Carolina. Tree hardy,
productive; fruit large, dark blue; good; early.
Holt. Americana. 1. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 392. 1891. 2. Colo. Sta. Bul.
50:37. 1898. 3. Waugh Plum Cult. 152. 1901.
Originated with B. J. Holt of Rutland, Ohio. Tree vigorous,
spreading; fruit large, roundish, yellow shaded with red; flesh
yellow, melting, juicy, mild subacid; good; clingstone; mid-season.
Homestead. Americana. 1. Minn. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 128. 1890. 2.
Wis. Sta. Bul. 63:42. 1897.
Originated with H. Knudson, Springfield, Minnesota. Fruit small,
round, deep red; skin not at all adherent; flavor rich, somewhat
resembling a peach; stone small, free.
Honey. Americana. 1. Kerr Cat. 1894. 2. Wis. Sta. Bul. 87:13.
1901. 3. Waugh Plum Cult. 153. 1901.
 Tree unproductive; fruit small, oblate; cavity shallow; suture a
line; yellow washed and shaded with red; flesh sweet; quality fair;
clingstone; early.
Honey Julian. Domestica. Listed in Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 148.
1831.
Hoo Green Gage. Domestica. Mentioned in Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat.
148. 1831.
Hoosier. Hortulana. 1. Sarcoxie Nur. Cat. 1900.
From Greene County, Missouri; introduced by Wild Brothers
Nursery. Tree vigorous, spreading; fruit above medium size,
roundish; suture a line; dark cherry-red; bloom thin; dots distinct;
flesh yellow; good; clingstone; late.
Horemoritzer Reine Claude. Domestica. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom.
435. 1889.
Reference found by Mathieu in Pomologische Monatshefte 33.
1889.
Horrigan. Domestica. 1. Can. Exp. Farm. Bul. 43:38. 1903.
Mentioned as being tested.
Horse. Species? 1. Knoop Fructologie 62. 1771. 2. Lond. Hort. Soc.
Cat. 148. 1831. 3. Prince Pom. Man. 2:87. 1832. 4. Kenrick
Am. Orch. 263. 1832. 5. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 301. 1845. 6.
Floy-Lindley Guide Orch. Gard. 303. 1846. 7. Vt. Sta. An. Rpt.
13:335. 1899.
Early Damson 3. Horse Plum 3, 4. Irish Horse Plum 2. Large Early
Damson 3. Large Early Damson 5. Large Sweet Damson 4. Prune de
Cheval 1. Ros-pruim Double 1. Sweet Damson 3, 5.
Plums from at least two and possibly three species are known as
the “Horse Plum.” In New York the Horse Plum used by nurserymen
as a stock is undoubtedly Prunus cerasifera. The plum referred to by
Waugh, in the preceding reference, is a variety of Prunus domestica.
It is difficult to determine the species referred to by the older
writers, but from the frequency with which the word Damson
appears as a synonym, it would seem that some at least had in mind
Prunus insititia.
The Horse plum brought into this country by the early Dutch or
French settlers, propagated by seedlings or suckers was probably an
Insititia. During the first half of the last century, this plum was
extensively raised in this State and large quantities were sold in the
New York market. It is described as follows:—
Fruit of medium size, oval; suture distinct; reddish-purple; flesh
greenish, firm, sweet, dry; poor; usually freestone; mid-season.
Horse Jag. Domestica. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 148. 1831. 2. Mag.
Hort. 9:164. 1843.
Horse Gage 1, 2.
Fruit small, round or slightly oval, red; stone clinging; mid-season.
Hoskins. Americana. 1. Wis. Sta. Bul. 63:42. 1897. 2. Ia. Hort. Soc.
Rpt. 110. 1899. 3. Ia. Sta. Bul. 46:275. 1900.
Originated by a Mr. Hoskins of Pleasant Plain, Jefferson County,
Iowa; and introduced by J. Wragg and Sons, Waukee, Iowa, in 1899.
Tree productive; fruit of medium size, yellow; skin thin, tough;
freestone; mid-season.
Houston County. Species? Mentioned in Cornell Sta. Bul. 38:79.
1892.
How Amber. Domestica. 1. Mag. Hort. 12:398, 399 fig. 1846. 2.
Elliott Fr. Book 419. 1854. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 384.
1857.
How’s Amber 1, 2, 3.
A seedling selected from several hundred brought from New
Hampshire and grown by Hall J. How of South Boston in 1838. Tree
vigorous, productive; fruit of medium size, round; suture shallow;
amber, spotted and mottled with rose; flesh coarsely veined, yellow,
melting, juicy, rich; good; clingstone; mid-season.
Howard. Domestica. 1. Cultivator 1:316. 1853. 2. Ibid. 3:20. 1855.
3. Mas Pom. Gen. 2:185. 1873.
Howard’s Favorite 1, 2. Howard’s Favorite 3. Favorite d’Howard 3.
A seedling of unknown parentage produced by Elisha Dorr, Albany,
New York. Fruit large, necked, yellow, dotted and shaded with
carmine; stem very adherent; skin thick; flesh coarse, sweet, rich;
clingstone; mid-season.
Howe. Triflora ×? 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 248. 1903. 2. Griffing
Bros. Cat. 1906. 3. Ibid. 1909.
Stumpe 3. Stumpy 1.
A seedling of Kelsey grown in the yard of a Mrs. Stumpe, Putnam
County, Florida; introduced by Griffing Brothers in 1906. Fruit large,
roundish, red; bloom delicate; suture a line; skin thin, leathery; flesh
yellow, firm, juicy; good; stone small, oval, clinging; early.
Howell. Domestica. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 302. 1845. 2.
Horticulturist 7:402. 1852. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 921.
1869.
Chapin’s Early 3. Early Purple 2, 3. Howell’s Early 1. Sea 2. Sea 3.
This variety derives its name from B. Howell of Newburgh, New
York, who brought the original tree from Virginia as a sucker. It was
supposed to have been introduced into the Southern States by cions
from Germany. Tree of slow growth; fruit below medium, oval;
suture indistinct; red; flesh juicy, rich, sweet; good; freestone; very
early.
Hoyo Smomo. Triflora. 1. Cornell Sta. Bul. 62:23. 1894.
A name used by J. L. Normand, Marksville, Louisiana; probably a
synonym.
H. T. S. 84,761. Species? 1. Rural N. Y. 61:674. 1902.
One of Burbank’s plums. Fruit large, yellow with crimson blush;
flesh yellow, firm, sweet, vinous, juicy; clingstone; a good shipper.
Huankume. Triflora. 1. N. Mex. Sta. Bul. 39:122. 1901.
Reported from New Mexico as weak in growth; fruit small,
roundish, downy; yellowish-red; slightly acid; clingstone; resembles
the apricot in flavor and appearance.
Hudson Gage. Domestica. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 277. 1845. 2.
Hogg Fruit Man. 365. 1866. 3. Guide Prat. 163, 364. 1895.
Hudson 2. Hudson 3. Hudson Gage 2, 3. Hudson’s gelbe
Frühpflaume 3. Reine-Claude d’Hudson 3.
Hudson Gage is one of several good varieties originated by L. V.
Lawrence of Hudson New York. Fruit of medium size, oval; suture
slight; yellow, obscurely streaked with green; bloom thin; flesh
greenish, juicy, melting, sprightly; good; freestone; early; placed in
the catalog of the American Pomological Society in 1877.
Hughes. Munsoniana. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 166. 1885. 2. Waugh
Plum Cult. 195-6. 1901. 3. Ga. Sta. Bul. 67:275. 1904.
Originated in northeastern Mississippi where it is said to be one of
the best of its species. Fruit of medium size, roundish; stem long,
slender; cavity shallow; suture a line; bright red, striped with yellow;
dots large, white; skin thin; flesh yellow, fibrous, watery, sprightly,
subacid quality fair; stone of medium size, turgid, clinging; late.
Hungarian Musk Prune. Domestica. 1. Guide Prat. 158, 363.
1895. 2. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 432. 1905.
Basilic 1. Musquée de Besztercze 1. Proune bissioque (Roumanie)
1. Quetsche musquée de Hongrie 1.
Hungarian Musk Prune is very similar to the German Prune; fruit
of medium size, necked; cavity small; suture shallow; deep purple;
bloom thick; flesh yellow, juicy, sweet, musky, aromatic; stone small,
free; mid-season.
Hungarian No. 1. Domestica. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 31:349. 1895.
J. L. Budd of the Iowa Experiment Station received this plum from
Europe with sprouts of his Ungarish. Fruit of medium size, prune-
shape, bright yellow; freestone.
Hungarian No. 2. Domestica. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 86. 1890.
Imported by J. L. Budd from Russia; of little value.
Hunn. Triflora. 1. Cornell Sta. Bul. 139:43. 1897. 2. Ibid. 175:147.
1899.
Burbank No. 1 1, 2.
A small, round plum named for C. E. Hunn of the New York State
College of Agriculture; apex pointed; suture shallow; deep red; dots
many, yellow; flesh soft, yellow, aromatic; quality fair; clingstone;
mid-season.
Hunt. Munsoniana × Americana. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 78. 1897. 2.
Ia. Sta. Bul. 46:275. 1900. 3. Waugh Plum Cult. 153. 1901.
Originated about 1880 by Henry Hunt, De Soto, Dallas County,
Iowa, from seed of Wild Goose probably pollinated by the De Soto,
trees of which stood near. It was supposed at one time that Lombard
was the male parent but no traces of Domestica blood can be
detected in either tree or fruit; introduced in 1897 by M. J. Graham,
Odel, Iowa. Fruit of medium size, roundish-oval; cavity shallow;
suture a line; dark red; bloom heavy; dots large, conspicuous; skin
thin, not astringent; flesh yellow, firm, mild; quality fair; stone large,
ovate, winged.
Hunt De Soto. Americana. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 93:20. 1905.
Hunt’s De Soto 1.
Introduced by J. L. Budd of the Iowa Experiment Station; closely
resembles De Soto, differing from it in being a little larger, darker red
and a better keeper.
Ida. Americana. 1. Cornell Sta. Bul. 38:38. 1892. 2. Colo. Sta. Bul.
50:37. 1898. 3. Waugh Plum Cult. 153. 1901.
Originated with D. B. Wier of Illinois. Tree very thorny, of slow,
irregular growth; fruit medium, roundish-oblong; cavity shallow;
stem medium, stout, dull; red over yellow; bloom thick; skin thick;
flesh pale yellow; quality fair; stone roundish, rather flat, clinging;
mid-season.
Ida Green Gage. Domestica. 1. Cole Am. Fr. Book 212. 1849.
A seedling of Reine Claude originating near Mount Ida, New York.
It very closely resembles its parent except that it is more strongly
blushed and is a few days later; obsolete.
Idall. Munsoniana × Hortulana mineri. 1. Cornell Sta. Bul. 38:56.
1892. 2. Am. Gard. 19:234. 1898. 3. Waugh Plum Cult. 173.
1901.
Idal 2. Idol 1. Idol 1, 2.
According to the originator, D. B. Wier, of Illinois, the Idall is a
cross between Wild Goose and Miner. Fruit large, roundish-oval;
cavity shallow; suture a line; red; dots many; skin tough; flesh
yellow; good; stone of medium size, oval, clinging; late.
Imperial. Americana. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 46:276. 1900.
A small plum of the De Soto type brought to notice by C. B.
Ginrich, Laporte, Iowa. Fruit round, conical; cavity broad, deep;
suture a line; yellow with red markings; bloom thin; flesh clear
yellow, firm, brisk, acid; good; clingstone.
Impériale Alexandrina. Species? Mentioned in Mathieu Nom.
Pom. 436. 1889.
Impériale de Milan. Domestica. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 149.
1831. 2. Hogg Fruit Man. 365. 1866. 3. Mas Le Verger 6:67.
1866-73.
Mailändische Kaiserpflaume 3. Prune de Milan 2, 3.
Originated near the city of Milan, Italy. Tree large, vigorous,
spreading; fruit medium, oval; suture distinct; stem short, rather
thick; skin tough, dark purple; bloom heavy; flesh greenish-yellow,
juicy, firm, sweet; good; usually freestone; mid-season.
Imperial Ottoman. Domestica. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 149. 1831.
2. Horticulturist 1:11 fig. 1846. 3. Elliott Fr. Book 413. 1854.
 4. Mas Pom. Gen. 2:137. 1873. 5. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 442.
1889.
Impériale de Turquie 4. Impériale Ottomane 5. Imperial Ottoman
3, 4, 5. Ottoman 3. Ottomanische Kaiserpflaume 5. Ottomanische
Kaiserpflaume 4. Türkische Gelbe Pflaume 5.
Supposed to have been brought into this country from Turkey by
William Prince. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit medium, roundish-
oval; suture indistinct; stem of medium length, slender; greenish-
yellow, clouded and mottled with darker shades; bloom thin; flesh
yellow, juicy, pleasant; good; clingstone; very early.
Imperial Purple. Domestica. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 923. 1869.
2. Mas Pom. Gen. 2:45. 1873.
Imperial Purple 2. Pourprée Impérial 2.
Raised by William Prince, Flushing, Long Island. Tree vigorous,
productive, fruit medium in size, roundish-oval; suture barely
indicated; stem of medium length, slender; intense purple; flesh
yellowish, juicy, sweet; clingstone; mid-season.
Imperial Violet. Domestica. 1. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 2:99. 1768.
2. Kraft Pom. Aust. 2:33, Tab. 181 fig. 1. 1796. 3. Prince
Pom. Man. 2:60. 1832. 4. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:497.
1860.
Die violete Kaiserpflaume mit scheckichten Blattern 2. Impériale à
Petit Fruit Violet 4. Impériale Violette à feuilles panachees 1.
Impériale violette à feuilles panachees 2, 3.
A variety with variegated leaves and fruit, cultivated as an
ornamental.
Imperial Washington. Domestica. 1. Horticulturist 25:204. 1870.
A seedling of Lombard grown by G. P. Peffer of Pewaukee,
Wisconsin. Tree vigorous and productive; fruit large, roundish,
slightly oblate; suture faint; cavity lacking or small; brownish-red;
dots yellow; skin thin, tender; flesh greenish-yellow, firm, juicy, rich;
late.
Improved French Prune. Domestica. 1. Coates Cat. 1908.
Miller 1.
A seedling of Agen grown by Luther Burbank and sold in 1898
under the name Miller to Leonard Coates, Morganhill, California, who
introduced it under the name given above about 1908. Very similar
to its parent but larger and more uniform in size.
Incomparable. Domestica. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 924. 1869. 2.
Mathieu Nom. Pom. 451. 1889.
Incomparable 2. Incomparable Prune 1. Nonpareil 1, 2.
Unvergleichliche 2.
Probably a seedling of the German Prune. Tree vigorous; fruit of
medium size, long-oval; suture shallow; cavity small; deep purplish-
black; bloom heavy; flesh yellow, sweet; good; clingstone; late.
Indian. Domestica. 1. Kraft Pom. Aust. 2:36, Tab. 186 fig. 1. 1796.
Die grosse indianische braunrothe Pflaume 1. Grosse prune d’Inde
rouge 1.
Fruit large, obovate, brownish-red; suture distinct; flesh yellow,
firm; good; obsolete.
Indiana. Hortulana mineri. 1. Mich. Sta. Rpt. 111. 1887. 2. Cornell
Sta. Bul. 38:56, 86. 1892. 3. Waugh Plum Cult. 173. 1901.
Indiana Red 3. Indiana Red 1, 2.
Supposed to have been found wild in Indiana; introduced by Dr. I.
Cramer. Tree tender in severe climates; fruit medium in size, oval;
cavity shallow; stem slender; suture a line; red; bloom thin; dots
minute, small; flesh yellow, firm; quality fair; stone large; oval,
clinging; season late.
Indian Chief. Munsoniana. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 36. 1875. 2.
Cornell Sta. Bul. 38:49, 86. 1892. 3. Waugh Plum Cult. 186.
 1901.
A southern variety of which the place of origin is not certainly
known; Munson says southern Texas, Onderdonk thinks Georgia,
others consider Arkansas as its birthplace. Tree vasiform, open;
leaves short, broad, finely serrate; petiole short, glandular; fruit of
medium size, oval; stem short, slender; cavity shallow; suture a line;
dots numerous, white; bright red; skin thick; flesh yellow, melting,
insipid; poor; stone long-oval, flattened, clinging; early.
Inkpa. Americana × Simonii. Cir. S. Dak. Exp. Sta. 1910.
Inkpa is a cross between Prunus simonii and Prunus americana
made by N. E. Hansen of the South Dakota Experiment Station, who
introduced the variety in 1910.
Iola. Species? 1. Cornell Sta. Bul. 38:79. 1892.
Originated by D. B. Wier, Illinois. Fruit large, oblong, yellow
covered with red; flesh firm; freestone; late.
Iona. Hortulana mineri. 1. Cornell Sta. Bul. 38:39. 1892. 2. Thomas
Am. Fruit Cult. 490. 1897. 3. Waugh Plum Cult. 153. 1901.
Originated with D. B. Wier, from seed taken from a wild bush in
southwestern Wisconsin. Tree vigorous, upright; fruit of medium
size, oval; cavity shallow; suture a line; flesh yellow, firm, sweet;
quality fair; freestone; late.
Iowa. Americana. 1. Wis. Sta. Bul. 63:43. 1897. 2. Minn. Hort. Soc.
Rpt. 411. 1899. 3. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 93:20. 1905. From
Allamakee County, Iowa. Fruit medium, oval; red over yellow;
skin astringent; early.
Iowa Beauty. Americana. 1. Kerr Cat. 1898. 2. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt.
111. 1899. 3. Ia. Sta. Bul. 46:276. 1900.
Taken from the woods about 1860 by Hugo Beyer, New London,
Iowa. Fruit of medium size, oval, mottled yellow; flesh melting, juicy,
sweet; good; early.
Irby. Hortulana. 1. Vt. Sta. An. Rpt. 11:284. 1898. 2. Waugh Plum
Cult. 181. 1901. 3. Tex. Nur. Cat. 1907.
Erby September 1, 2. Irby September 3.
Found by Dan Irby of Texas growing on the grounds of an old
Indian settlement. Fruit of medium size, bright red; late; similar to
Wayland.
Ireland. Domestica. 1. Can. Hort. 21:391. 1898. Ireland’s Seedling
1.
Fruit of medium size, dark blue; stem slender; cavity deep; suture
distinct; flesh green, tender, juicy; good; early.
Ireland Golden. Domestica. 1. Ont. Fr. Exp. Sta. Rpt. 3:120. 1896.
Ireland’s Golden Gage 1.
Tree vigorous, hardy, productive; good; early.
Irene. Hortulana mineri. 1. Cornell Sta. Bul. 38:79. 1892. 2. Waugh
Plum Cult. 154. 1901.
Originated by D. B. Wier, Illinois. Fruit of medium size, oval; bright
red; skin thick; flesh yellow, firm; clingstone; late.
Iris. Hortulana mineri. 1. Cornell Sta. Bul. 38:56. 1892. 2. Waugh
Plum Cult. 173. 1901.
Originated and introduced by D. B. Wier of Illinois. Fruit medium
in size, oval; cavity shallow; suture a line; red; bloom thin; flesh
yellow; poor; clingstone; late.
Ironclad. Americana. 1. Cornell Sta. Bul. 38:38. 1892. 2. Ia. Sta.
Bul. 46:275. 1900. 3. Waugh Plum Cult. 154. 1901.
Illinois Ironclad 1, 2. Illinois Ironclad 3.
A wild variety from Illinois introduced by Stark Brothers in 1890.
Tree dwarf; fruit of medium size, roundish-oval; stem slender; cavity
of medium depth, flaring; suture shallow; dots many, small, yellow;
dark red; bloom thick; skin thick; flesh yellow, firm, meaty, sweet;
quality fair; stone oval, smooth, flattened, clinging; mid-season.
Iroquois. Hortulana mineri? 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 43:39. 1903.
From Charles Luedloff, Cologne, Minnesota. Fruit of medium size,
roundish-heart-shaped; cavity narrow; suture a line; dark red; dots
numerous, small, yellow; bloom thin; skin thick, tough; flesh yellow,
juicy, sweet; quality fair; stone oval, slightly flattened, clinging.
Isaac. Americana. 1. Kerr Cat. 1897. 2. Waugh Plum Cult. 154.
1901.
Brought to notice by M. S. Hubbell from a wild tree near Lincoln,
Nebraska. Fruit small, roundish, red over a green ground; clingstone.
Isabella. Domestica. 1. Pom. Mag. 3:150. 1830. 2. Downing Fr.
Trees Am. 305. 1845. 3. Ann. Pom. Belge 6:93, Pl. 1858. 4.
Hogg Fruit Man. 366. 1866. 5. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 436. 1889.
Die Isabelle 5. Prune Isabelle 3.
An English variety popular sixty-five years ago; said to produce
three crops a year. Tree vigorous; fruit large, oval; suture distinct;
deep, dull red, paler in the shade; dots many, dark colored; flesh
yellow, rich, juicy, brisk; good; clingstone; mid-season.
Isabella. Americana. 1. Kerr Cat. 1900. 2. Terry Cat. 1900
Originated with H. A. Terry, Iowa, in 1893. Tree low, spreading,
productive; fruit of medium size, roundish; dark red on a yellow
ground; good; clingstone; mid-season.
Isle-Verte. Domestica. 1. Quintinye Com. Gard. 68, 70. 1699. 2.
Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 2:107. 1768. 3. Prince Pom. Man.
2:94. 1832. 4. Mas Pom. Gen. 2:39. 1873.
Grosse Grüne Pflaume 4. Grüne Inselpflaume 4. Ilevert 2, 4. Ile
Vert 3. Ile verte 3. Ille verte 3. Illvert 1. Inselpflaume Grüne 4. Isle
Vert 3. Isle Verte 2. Prune de Savoye 3. Prune Ileverte 4. Savoy 3.
Tree very prolific; fruit of medium size, oval; suture a line; stem of
medium length; skin yellowish-green, reddish on the sunny side;
flesh clear yellow, juicy, sweet; clingstone; used for preserves and
pickles.
Italian Damask. Domestica. 1. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 2:75. 1768.
2. Kraft Pom. Aust. 2:42, Tab. 195 fig. 1. 1796. 3. Prince
Pom. Man. 2:83. 1832. 4. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 302. 1845.
5. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 1846. 6. Hogg Fruit Man. 366. 1866.
7. Guide Prat. 157, 353. 1895.
Damas d’Italie 1, 7. Damas d’Italie 2, 3, 4, 6. Die wälsche
Damascenerpflaume 2. Prune Damas d’Italie 5. Prunus italica 5.
Supposed to have originated in Italy. Tree productive, doing
especially well in the South; fruit of medium size, roundish; cavity
small; suture distinct; dark purple; bloom heavy; dots small, light;
flesh yellowish-green, juicy, firm, sweet; good; stone thick, free;
mid-season.
Italienische Damascene (Diel’s). Species? Listed in Mathieu Nom.
Pom. 436. 1889.
Damas d’Italie.
Italienische Damascene (Liegel’s). Species? Mentioned in Mathieu
Nom. Pom. 436. 1889.
Damas d’Italie.
Itasca. Nigra. 1. Mich. Sta. An. Rpt. 111. 1887. 2. Cornell Sta. Bul.
38:39. 1892. 3. Waugh Plum Cult. 171. 1901.
Itaska 1, 2.
An inferior variety from Minnesota; introduced by P. M. Gideon,
Excelsior, Minnesota, and W. F. Heikes, Huntsville, Alabama. Tree
dense and stocky; fruit of medium size, oblong, dull purple-red; skin
thick; flesh firm; quality fair; clingstone; mid-season.
Ithaca. Species? 1. Cornell Sta. Bul. 38:79. 1892.
Supposed to have originated with Peter M. Gideon, Minnesota.
Ivason. Americana. 1. Kerr Cat. 1897.
From Iowa. Tree vigorous; fruit large, roundish, purplish-red;
semi-clinging; mid-season.
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