[Chapter-8] Fungi (The Kingdom of Recyclers) 217 Chapter FUNGI 8 THE KINGDOM OF RECYCLERS “The study of fungi is called mycology”. Q.1 (a) Define fungi. What isa hypha? (6) What do you know about myceliun aseptate mycelia. (What is the composition of cell wall of fungus? How is this composition beneficial for fungi? Ans, (a) DEFINITION: “Fungi are heterotrophic, eukaryotic organisms which have spore bearing structure and cell wall of chitin”. (OR) “The achlorophyllous spore bearing organisms with cell wall of chitin which live as parasite, saporophyte and symbiont are called fungi”. HYPHAE The long, fine and branched filament ay a structural and functional unit of the fungus is called hypha. (Hyphae: Plural). A hypha may be septate or aseptate, and uninucleated or multinucleated: A multinucleated or uninucleated cells with cross walls are called Septate Hyphae. The hyphae without cross walls are called Aseptate Hyphae. Rhizopus and Mucor are examples of aseptate hyphae while penicillium has septate hyphae. Differentiate between septate and Hyphae @ o)[Chapter-8] Fungi (The Kingdom of Recyclers) 218 Fig. The fungus body plan: (a) Fungus mycelium growing on agar plate (b) Hyphae of yeelium (6) A coenocytic hypha (a) A septate Iypha with porous speta and ‘monokaryotic cells (e) A septate hypha with dikaryotic cell (b) (Mycelium! A group of hyphae is collectively called mycelium (OR) “The interwoven hyphae in the form of fungus body is called mycelium The mycelium grows in between the host cells is called intercellular mycelium, And the mycelium grows into the cells is called intracellular mycelium, The myeelium hav without cross walls cross walls is known as septate mycelium and mycelium alled aseptate mycelium, (©) Composition of Cell Wall (CHI ») Fungi have rigid cell wall, The cell wall is made up of CHITIN, In the cell wall chitin is present in fibrillar form, It surrounds the cells. Chitin is Nz-containing polysaccharide. Chemically, chitin is a nitrogen-containing polysaccharide Role of Chitin: Chitin has tensile strength like cellulose. It gives shape to the hyphae and prevents osmotic bursting of cells. Chitin is a “fungal cellulose”. Due to presence of chitin, cell wall is more resistant to decay The cell wall is followed by Plasmalemma. It regulates the movement of soluble substances into and out of hypha Chitin facilitates the skeleton like structure, as external character of arthropods. 02° (a) OF FUNGE: Ans, (a) (CHARACTERISTIC Hyphae: Hyphae are basic structural and functional units. Hyphae unite and form mycelium or body Non Photosynthetic: Fungi are lack of chlorophyll, so they are non photosynthetic. Pathogens: They are pathogens of human beings, crops, animals ete{[Chapter-8] Fungi (The Kingdom of Recyclers) 219 Moisture Loving: They are moisture and dark lovi -an be parasites, saprophytes and symbionts No Digestion: Digestion does not take place inside the body unlike animals. Reserve Foo eserve food material is glycogen. Decomposer: They act as decomposer like bacteria, Non-Motile: They are non-motile and centrioles are absent. Chitin: The presence of cell wall is a plant like character, but cell wall is made up of chitin, Chitin containing cell wall is a specific character. Exoskeleton: Lack of cellulose and presence of chitin show resemblance to animals, specially arthropods have exoskeleton of chitin, Different Kinds of Spores: DNA study deseribes, fungi are different to animals and plants. © Zygospores, basidiospores, ascospores and conidia are present in it . Fungi have nuclear mitosis in which nuclear envelope does not break, * Fungi reproduce asexually as well as sexually. Fusion of gametes takes place in sexual reproduction, Asexual reproduction occurs by spores fission, fragmentation and budding. (bv) [PAXONOMIC STATEUS. + [Plant Like Characteristics of Fungi In the past, the fungi were included in the kingdom of plants due to following characters Cell Wall: Cell wall is a specific feature of plants, so fungi also have cell wall. Lack Centrioles: No centrioles are present in plant Non-Motile: They are non motile/non locomatory like plants, ells, thus centrioles are also absent in fungi + [Animal Like Characteristics| Fungi have the following features which are similar to animals[Chapter-8] Fungi (The Kingdom of Recyclers) 220 Lack Chlorophyll: Due to absence of chlorophyll, fungi are heterotrephs. (lung autotrophs) Lack Cellulose Presence of Chitin: Chitin is that chemical which is fo (exoskeleton) of arthropods. Not Starch: Res are not Absence of cellulose in cell wall, they may be considered as animal erve food material is glycogen, not starch. + Neither Plants Nor Animals. Fungi are not plants because their cell wall is without cellulose and photosynthesis is absent. So all plants have photosynthesis and live as autotroph, While fungi live like heterotroph, They are also not animals because cell is surrounded by cell wall and they are also motile while animals are always motile. ts think that fungi and animal have According evolutionary view. some mycolo common ancestor we different fron DNA’s evidence shows, fung other organisms Specific mitosiy is a salient feature of fungi. This is called nuclear mitosis. “It is the mitosis in which nuclear membrane does not break. At the time of m sides”. This intranuclear spindle is made up of microtubules. The spindle pole bodies separate, move towards opposite poles and develop into two daughter nuclei. The entire nuclear mass remains. still surround by nuclear envelope. josis a pair of spindle pole bodies develop on opposit Q.3 _What do you know about y Ans. Unicellular Fungi (OR) Non-mycetial Fungi. Those fungi which have single cell stage in its life evele and reproduced by budding or fission are called yeasts Characteristics of Yeast: © They exist in parasite and saprophyte forms * The thallus (body) is mon mycelial. © Yeasts are unicellular & microscopic . Chitinouy cell wall surrounds protoplast[Chapter-8] Fungi (The Kingdom of Recyclers) 221 Cell wall is thin and delicate. Yeasts are heterotrophic ‘Yeast protoplasm secretes zymase enzymes. Zymases change starch into simple sugars. During alcoholic fermentation, glucose is broken down by yeast into ethyl alcohol (C2HsOH) and carbon dioxide (CO2) in the absence of oxygen. Asexual reproduction takes place by budding and fission. In case of sexual reproduction, no definite sex organs are found but they can reproduce by the union of two somatic cells. An co) w wi Define the follow (i) Mushrooms (i) Puff Balls (iii) Yeast (iv) Coenocytic Hyphae (v) Lignin (i) Parasite (vii) Saprotroph (viti) Predator (ix) Li «© Mycorrhizae Mushrooms: The macroscopic fungi of basidiomycetes which have umbrella like pileus with gills and stipe are called mushrooms Puff Balls: The macroscopic fungi belonging to hasidiomycetes group with oval or ball shaped vision are called putt balls. Yeasts: Those fungi which are generally unicellular of ascomycetes and having ability to convert the glucose into alcohol and COz are called yeasts Coenocytic Hyphae: (LE) The basic units of fungi which have more than one nuclei. Lignin: A polymeric substan in cell wall Parasites: Those organisms which exist on other living bodies for food and shelter are known as parasites. (They may be ectoparasites, endoparasites, obligate parasites and facultative parasites etc.) Saprotroph: Cys) An organism which obtains the food from dead materials (or dead organic materials) is known as saprotroph. formed from the certain alcohlic molecules found Predation: An interaction in which an organism destroys or ingests to other organism is called predation. An organism which ingest, destroy or kill the to other organism is called Predator.[Chapter-8} Fungi (The Kingdom of Recyclers) 222 (ix) Lichen: (4) A thallus like structure whieh is formed by symbiotic association between algae and fungi is called lichen. (You ean say. it isa compound organism) (x) Mycorrhizae: (£1) A symbiotic association between fungi and roots of plants is known as mycorthiz largest in th st organism. It is also grown/produced Armillaria may be considered as the rapidly. A single mycelium may produce one kilometer hypha in one day. It is a us which is belonging to basidi oup Ithas been measured up to 15 hectares. One heetare means 10,000 m2. reetes Note: “Leatless. rootless and stemless plant body is called thallus” 0.6 (a) What do you know about nutrition of fungi? igi as (i). Saprophyte, (ii). Parasite, (iti). Predatory (iv). (6) Write notes on fu Symbiont. Ans, NUTRITION Nutrition means feeding or being fed. Roundworm Constrieting ring decomposes wood, and also uses Fig. Carnivorous fungi (a) The ayster nematodes as a source of nitrogen (b) A nematode is trapped in constricting ring of a soil-dwelling carnivorous fungus (Arthrobotrys sp.)[Chapter-8] Fungi (The Kingdom of Recyclers) 223 FUNG! Fungi are unable to manufacture their own food because of absence of chlorophvll. Absence of chlorophyll means “no photosynthesis". There is no photosynthesis means “organism is heterotroph™. The two major kinds of heterotrophs are parasites and saprophytes while fungi heterotrophs are found in predators form. Fungi may also survive as a partner of mutual beneficial relationship ie. symbiont. (1) SAPROPHYTES (OR) SAPROTROPH An organism which obtains the food from dead materials is known as saprotroph or saptrophyte. Saprotrophs are divided into two kinds i.e. obligative saprotrophs and facultative saprotrophs. (i) Obligative saprophytes are those saprophytes which cannot survive without dead materials, (ii) Facultative saprophytes are those saprophytes which can survive without dead materials. Most fungi are saprotrophs. Sometimes, saprotrophs are also called saprobes. Energy, carbon, nitrogen and food of saprotrophs. is obtained trom dead organic matter. Saprotrophs as Decon Fungi are the decomposers of cellulose and lignin. Both cellulose and lignin are the main components of plant cell wall Keep in mind, bacteria cannot break cellulose and lignin, mostly. Saprobie fungi are the major decomposers of the biosphere. Recycling of the elements like N.C, P.O. H ete. is occurred by fungi and bacteria, These elements are reused by living things, Fungi secrete en jc matter, So organic molecules are formed from organic matter by digestion. Then these organic molecules are absorbed back into the fungus. ymes, these enzymes digest dead org Fungi anchor their hyphae into the substrate, Those hyphae whieh anchored into substratum are termed as rhizoids. Q) (AS PARASITES) “Those organisms which live on other living organisms for food and shelter are called parasites”. The fungi are found as obligative parasites and fucultative parasites. are those fu ied growth culture medium, Parasit cannot grow on available defi which can grow only on their livin{Chapter-8] Fungi (The Kingdom of Recyclers) 224 Facultative Parasites are those organisms which can grow other then specific host. In other words, these fungi have capabilities to grow on artificial growth media, (3) [AS PREDATORS “Those organisms which ingest, destroy or kill the other living bodies, generally for nutrition are called predator The Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) is a predator, its pre are nother fungus Arthrobotrys is that predator which trap soil nematodes by constricting rings Constricting rings are modifications of hyphae, these hyphae invade and digest the victim, Some predator secrete sticky substance which holds the prey. The need of predators is nitrogen and glucose. They absorh the nitrogen from nematodes ete, and glucose from wood. In both cases, predators break and destroy the host. nematodes. Oyster mushrooms are carnivores. They may be wood eater[Chapter-8] Fungi (The Kingdom of Recyclers) 225 EASY TO DRAW[Chapter-8] Fungi (The Kingdom of Recyclers) 226 (4) [FUNGI AS A SYMBIONT] (OR) SYMBIOTIC ASSOCIATION OF FUNGI: EASY TO DRAW. Rock Crustose lichen Foliose Lichen Fig. Lichens These are “compound organism” of fungi and algae. They have thallus body structure, ‘A thallus structure which is formed by symbiotic association between algae and fungi is called lichen” (OR) thallus which is formed by mutual beneficial relationship between algae and fungi is known as lie![Chapter-8} Fungi (The Kingdom of Recyclers) 227 Fungal Partner of Lichen: Mostly ascomycetes, and imperfect fingi and few hasidiomycetes are component of lichens, Algal Partner of Lichen: Chlorophyta (green algae) and cyanobacteria (blue green algae) are photosynthetic component of lichen Role of Fungi in Lichen: In partnership, fungi provide protection to algal cells from stron desiccation. Algal cells are present within the fungal hyphae. Generally, visible part Role of Algae in Lichen: ready made food to fungi in lichen. Actually, algae is photosynthetic in lichen, or autotroph pai DS OF LICHENS | The association of algae and fungi in the lichens results in the formation of thallus type plant body. Lichens are divided into following kinds on the basis of structure or morphology Crustose Lichen is a crust like thallus closely adhered to substratum. Foliose Lichen is a fat thallus like a leat which is attached to substratum by rhizines Fruticose Lichen is branch like thallus Occurrence of Lichen: They are found on rocks. Lichens grow on bark of trees. Some are found on soil Colours of Lichens: ey; yellow, red and brown colours are common. In Murree, these are easily found Economic Importance: These are hio-indicators of air pollution. Drugs, food, perfiunes, dyes and poison are produced from lichens. Biological weathering also occurred by lichens. J mutual beneficial relationship (symbiosis) between fungi and roots of plants is termed as mycorrhizae About 95% vascular plants have mycorthizae (according to recent study mycorthizae is 99% in angiosperms), Role of Fungi in Mycorrhizal Associations: Fungal hyphae are spread in large area of soil. Hyphae collect phosphorus, zine copper and other murients from soit and supply to the voots of plants. Due to this{Chapter-8] Fungi (The Kingdom of Recyclers) 228 function fungal symbionts are called bio-fertilizers, This symbiotic relationship provides good facility for better growth. Role of Roots in Mycorrhizal Association: Plants are autotrophs while fungi are heterotrophs, so plant roots donate food to fungi. Plants supply organic carbon to fungi too. wre divided into two kinds: (a) Endomycorrhizae (b)—_Ectomycorthizae (According to the latest research mycorthizac have almost nine kinds) Endomycorrhizac: Endomycorrhizae are that kind of mycorthizse in which hyphae enter in the root cells and moditied into branches, coils (arbuscules) and swellings (ves Surface phototroph swoven hyphae Rock or other surface nga hyphae) twvehich chen i atachet Fraticoset ik Crastose chews (Wacidia, Lee Fotos chen (Parmelia Fig. Lichens (a) Cross section of a ypical lichen showing different layers. (b) Different types of lichens varying in sice, colour and appearance. Three growth forms ~ erustose grow tighily attached to racks, tree tranks ete; foliose are leaf ~ like, fruticose are branching.{Chapter-8] Fungi (The Kingdom of Recyclers) 229 (>) Ectomycorrhizae: Fetomycorthizae is that mycorthizae in which fungal hyphae surround the outer cells of roots but do not enter in the cells”. It is common in pines and firs ete. The extended hyphae or mycelia are found all around the soil for collection of nutrients. Importance of Mycorrhizae: Endomycorrhizae enhance the growth of plants. They act as bio-fertilizers Endomycornhizar @ ©) Fig. Endomycorhizae and ectomycorrhicae. (a) endomycorrhica (left side of figure). Jungal hypae penetrate and branch out in a root cells. In ectomycorrhica (right side of figure), fungal haphae simply Ectomycorrhizae on roots of pines. row around but do not penetrate the root cell (b)[Chapter-8] Fungi (The Kingdom of Recyclers) 230 siectin C (a) Interaceltutar Mycelium () Inter-cellular Mycelium Q.7 (a) Discuss the parasitism of fungi. (6) What do you know about saprotroph? () Write a note on lichen. Ww What ix mycorrhisae? Describe its kinds. Ans. Consult relevant topics and prepa signment, Q.8 Where fun Ans. HABITATS OF FUNGI > — Generally, fungi are moist and dark loving > They grow in organic matter habitats They have wide temperature ra > They tolerate from 2-9 pH. > In sugar or salt (in jamyjelly), they have high osmotic-pressure ‘They can grow as parasites of man, plants and animals. > They are also found as saprophytes and symbionts, Fungi also have land adaptations, > Glycogen and oil droplets are reserve food materials in fungi[Chapter-8} Fungi (The Kingdom of Recyclers) 231 NINE IA 0.9 Differentiate between followings: ()— Septate and aveptate mycelium (ii) Ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhici (iii) Parasites and saprotrophs (ix) Mushrooms and puff batts. (0) Lichen and mycorrhi (vi) Obligate and facultative parasites. (vii) Foliose and fruticose lichens. (iii) Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes (ixy_Zygomycetes and Deutromycetes Ans. Cor ult different topics of this chapter and prepare this assignment w@ Di (by What do you know about sexual re Ans. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION) All group of fungi reproduce asexually. Sexual rep. is found in three groups while impertect fungi (deutromycetes) have no sexual reproduction = Fig. Spores are released from sporangia and germinate to produce new hypue Fig. Conidia cur off at the tip of conidiophores. in clusters chains Asexual reproduction takes place by spores, conidia, fragmentation and budding.{[Chapter-8] Fungi (The Kingdom of Recyclers) (i) By Spore Spores are asexual reproductive cells which ma formed in asexual reproductive structures i.e. sporangia 232 grow into new body. They are The formation of spores occur by sexual and asexual process in reproductive structures i.e, sporangia. Sporangia are present on hyphae with complete septa. The sporangia are saclike structures. cast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) in various stages of budding. Fig. Slowing yeast{[Chapter-8] Fungi (The Kingdom of Recyclers) 233 Spores may be uninucleate, also called Aplanospores. multinucleate and non-motile, Non motile spores are Spores are formed from vegetative body of various processes other than sexual process. Sometimes, these are called asexual spores When spores fall on suitable place, they grow. It is the general mean for reproduction of fungi. It is the rapid method. Spores of fungi not required water for dispersal. They are dispersed by wind, animals, insects and rain ete x AL CHART Certain spores are produced by sexual methods: (i) Zygospores (ii) Ascospores (iii) Basidiospores These are called sexual spores. CONIDIA: develop singly or in chain on hypha are called conidia”. a cman mo Monokayote YY Oy bi “The non-motile, asexual spores which are not formed in sporangium but Conjugating — tube Dikaryote Fig. Showing dikaryorization Conidia are different to spores, because conidia are not produced in sporangium The specific hypha on which single conidium or cluster or chain of conidia developed is called Conidiophore. Conidia may be produced in large number. They can survive many days. By Fragmentation: The kind of asexual reproduction in which certain hyphae break from mycelium and develop into new mycelium or individual is called fragmentation.[Chapter-8] Fungi (The Kingdom of Recyclers) 234 In other words, the division of a vegetative body into one or more fragments each of which grows into a new individual By Budding: The kind of asexual reproduction in which development of small outgrowth is occurred as a bud from vegetative body. This bud is separated and grows into new individual * (Vegetative means asexual or body) i involves the union of two nuclei of Sexual Reproduction: Sexual reproduction in fung different genetics. This process has particular sequence. fi) Plasmogamy: Union between the vo protoplasts is called plasmogamy. During plasmogamy two nuclei come elose to each other for mat (i) Kar In zygomycetes fusion of cytoplasm (plasmogamy) and fusion of nuclei (karyogamy) occur immediately. But in case of basidiomycetes and. ascomycetes karyagamy is delayed after plasmogamy. In this way. two nuclei of different parent cells and genetic constitution co-exist in same hypha, When two nuclei of different genetic type co-exist is called dikaryon. The hypha which contains two nuclei is called dikaryotic hypha. Two nucleated (dikaryotic) hypha is also called Aeterokaryotic hypha. ‘This condition is found long time in the life, generally, Haploid cell or hypha becomes diploid by karyogamy MEIOSIS: Afier karyogamy. meiosis takes place. Thus diploid condition is changed into haploid by meiosis. In this way, sexual spores are formed. Ascospores & Basidiospores are formed in specific structures. A sac like structure in which 8 ascospore are formed ic Ascus. A group of ASCH in a special body is called ASCO CARP. This is the specific character of ascomycetes (sae fungi) ogamy: Union or fusion of two nuclei is called karyogamy, Basidiospores are sexual spores of group Basidiomycetes. “Those sexual spores ed is basidium are called basidiospores. Basidium is a particular structure med. A group of basidia is known as basidioearp which are for on which 4 basidiospores are fe rs Typical Sevual Asexual lum ‘i , a Hyphae examples reproduction | reproduction Zygomycota | Rhizopus (black | Zygospores Non-motile Aseptate (non (zygomyeetes) | bread mould) spores form in} septate) Pilobolus sporangia multinucleate (splitting fangus) Ascomycota | Yeasts, Morels. | Ascospores Conidia cut off | Septate. tengthy ( truffles, powdery | inside sae-tike | trom tips of dikaryotie phase sa mildews, asci conidiophores moulds[Chapter-8} Fungi (The Kingdom of Recyclers) 235 Basidiomycota | Mushroom, rusts. | Basidiospores | Uncommon Septate, lengthy (basidiomycetes | smuts, pull balls, | bore on club dikaryotie phase orelub fungi) | bracket fungi. | shaped basidia Deuteromycora | Aspergillus, Sexual phase has | Conidia (deuteromycetes | Penicillium not been imperfect fimgi) | Alternaria observed QI] Write a note on sygomycetes (or) conjugating fungi. (OR) Which type of fungi are included in zygomycetes OR zygomycota? (OR) What are the characteristics of zygomycetes? Ans. “A hind of fungus in which -gospores are formed is called amples: Rhizopus (black mold) and Mucor. NUTR JON: They are saprob generally SUBSTRATUM: Mostly grow on decaying animals and plants. They are also grown on bread, cooked food and dui MYCELIUM: Mycelium is aseptate and branched generally. There are grey and white coeocytic hyphae ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION: In zygomycetes, asexual reproduction takes place by non motile spores i.e. aplanospores. Spores are produced in sporangium, Asexual spores minates into new mycelium, XUAL REPRODUCTION: Sexual reproduction occurs due to presence o| gospores These are sexual spores. Zygospores are formed by conjugation process When strain or hypha strain or gametes or hyphal use together then zygospore is formed, This zygote is modified into =-gospore. Meiosis takes place when zygospore germinates and haploid spores are formed Due to presence of conjugation and zygospore formation, they are called ating fungi or zygomycetes conju{[Chapter-8] Fungi (The Kingdom of Recyclers) 236 Spores Sporangium (aploiay Rhizoid Zyxospore Fig. Life cycle of Rhizopus (black bread mould), a Zygomycete. Zygote formed by fusion of gametangia directly develops int a resulting sygospore.[Chapter-8] Fungi (The Kingdom of Recyclers) 237 ‘ ‘dha myeoium Fos o to hye Define Ascomycetes, Ascus and Ascocarp. the salient features of ascomycetes. Ans. (a) “Those fungi in which ascospores are found in asei (ascus) called axcomycota”, ‘The most important feature of the ib (ascomycetes) is suclihe ascus in which & ascospores ave present. { group of asci in the form of fruiting body is called aseocarp.[Chapter-8] Fungi (The Kingdom of Recyclers) (b) GENERAL FEATURES Largest species, 50% Symbionts: About 50% are partners of lichen, svmbiont in mycorthizae and morels. Terrestrial and Aquatic: Ascomycetes are terrestrial mostly but few are in marine and fresh water Sroup: It is the largest group of fungi with 60,000 Unicellular and) Multicellutar: ‘They are unicellular (yeast) to multicellular Parasites: Mosily parasites within host, only powdery mildews show cetoparasite condition (upon the surface). Septate Mycelia: Branched mycelia with cross walls icc septate, They have lengthy dikaryotic phase. Ascospores, Ascus, Aseocarp: Eight ascospores (sexual spores) are formed in ascus. A. fruit of asci is called ascocarp. Ascocarps may be cup or flask shaped and spherical shaped. 238 ews Ascus| Fig. Ascocarp Ascospores are haploid (IN). [fl because they are formed by me and! Asexual Reproduct Budding in by Coni Asexual reproduction takes place |) by non motile conidia. Conidia are naked spore which produced conidiophore. Unicellular yeast are also. members of ascomycetes. Yeast are |p, asexually reproduced by buddin \ Sexual Reproduction by Ascospores| fy body with a group ee 1) | Fig, Asus 1 Aves == Ascospores Sexual reproduction occurs. by ascospores in. both multicellular and unicellular (yeasts). Fig. Asci and Ascoxpores. Each ascus contains eight haploid ascospores.[Chapter-8] Fungi (The Kingdom of Recyclers) 239 Q.13 (a) What is Basidium? What ix Basidiocarp? (6) What are basidiospores and how do they form? ()_What are particular characters of basidiomycetes? Ans. (a) BASIDIUM “A sexual reproductive structure in which sexual spores ie. basidiospores are formed, called basidium". Basidioapores in) asian with four appendages avd coring Fig. Basidiomycetes. A mushrooms fruiting structures. The gills on underside of ‘mushroom's cap are lined with basidia, on which basidiospores ure produced. Basidiospore Fig. Rasidiocarp[Chapter-8} Fungi (The Kingdom of Recyclers) 240 (b) BA DIOSPORES: “The haploid sexual spores which formed by basidium after meiosis are called basidiospores” () (GENERAL CHARACTERS OF BA’ TOMY CETE:! Common Examples: Mushrooms, (Edible) Puff Balls Bracker/elub fungi Rust and smut are the common and familiar names of basidiomycetes. Basidiospores: Basidiospores are chief distinguished features. Four haploid spores are found in cach basidium. Basidiospores are those sexual spores which are reason of the name of “Basidiomycetes” Basidium: Sexual reproductive structure is called basidium, Septate Mycelium: Septate branched mycelia are found in this fungi Pri uninucleated cells. Basidia never develop on uninucleate mycelium, ary Myceliu Primary myecleim which develops from basidiospore is Dikaryotization: When two hyphae of uninucleated cells fuse then dikaryotic mycelium or secondary mycelium is formed. It is the long phase of liffe eyele The conversion of primary mycelium into secondary mycelium is called Dikaryotization, Fruiting body remains dikaryotic while whole body of mushroom is dikaryotie Q.14_What are rust and smut and how smut attack on wheat Ans. RUST AND SMUT Puceinia sp. is most common member of basidiomycetes which causes rust disease in different plants. Ustilago tritici is most common smut fungus. It causes smut disease i.e. loose smut in wheat, The teliospore of Ustilago tritici carried by wind[Chapter-8] Fungi (The Kingdom of Recyclers) 241 Teliospore attacks on healthy flowers of wheat It germinates on flower and mycelium penetrates in the ovary of flower Mycelium grows inside ovary and then becomes dormant in seed. As soon as, seed germinates the mycelium also start g mycelium germinate together. mination, plant and At last, smut spores are formed in the kernal (kernel). These spores destroys the kernel completely. The covering of the wheat grains breaks exposing the black spores i.e. smut spores which may attack again, (Generally, rust and smut have not basidiocarp). Q.15 (a) What do you know about rusts and smuts? (b) What is dikaryotization? © What are teliospores? Ans. (a) Rust and Smut (See answer in previous Q.) (b)— [Dikaryotization It is binucleated condition of hypha of basidiomycetes. It is lengthy phase of life cycle. The whole mushroom body contains dikaryotization In beginning, primary mycelia hyphae or mycelia (c) _ [Teliospores| The thick walled resting spores which are found in rusts and smuts are called Teliospores” ith uninucleated hyphae fuse and form dikaryotie Teliospores are carried by wind They attack on healthy flower from infected plant Mycelium enters in ovary then teliospore remains dormant (resting) within seed, In next season, when seed of wheat is sown, it grow within plant, and ultimately attack on kernel.[Chapter-8] Fungi (The Kingdom of Recyclers) 242 cy) ial 3 CZ i if ‘row a roving pein open fea eeings 9. Kerala inte i tee Sie | jasc See | tf Fig. Disease eycle of loose smut of wheat caused by a club — fungus (Ustilago tritici) Q.16 What is cell wall? Which kinds of cells are found in different organisms? (OR) Q. What do you know about cell wall? What are different chemical compositions in bacterial cell wall, fungal cell wall and plant cell wall? Ans. [CELL WALL] “Cell wall is the outer covering of a plant cells, fungal cells, algal cells and bacterial cells”. This external covering contains different chemicals in different kingdoms. Four kingdoms (Monera, protista, fungi and plantac) have cell wall as extemal covering, Only protozoa group of protista is without cell wall in these four kingdoms. Kingdom animalia is only one kingdom in which cell wall is absent. “The cell wall is secreted by protoplasm”.[Chapter-8] Fungi (The Kingdom of Recyclers) 243 Gener I chemi of different kinds of cell walls are: Cellulose (polysaccharides) Lipids.Liposaccharide Lignin Proteins, lipoprotein Suberin Murein (peptidoglycan) Cutin Chitin (V2 containing proteins) Silica Techoie acid Inorganic salts eat Cellulosic > (In Plants) Coll Walls Murcin = (In Bacteria) Chitin => dn Fungi PLANT CELL WALL Cellulose is the major chemical of plants cell wall © Cellulose is polysaccharide of carbohydrates. © Lignin, suberin, silica, cutin and inorganic salts are additional chemicals of cell wall BACTERIAL WALL, Murein: (Peptidoglycan) is the major chemical of bacterial wall. © Murcin is a compound of proteins plus carbohydrates ‘* —Lipopolysaccharides, lipoproteins. techoie acid and lipotechoic acids are also in different eases Chitin is the major chemical of fungal cell wall. * Chitin is nitrogen containing proteins. ‘© Insoluble glucan element is additional one,[Chapter-8] Fungi (The Kingdom of Recyclers) 244 SHORT QUESTIONS Q.1__Why do some fungi are called “Rust Fungi"? Ans. RU N Members of fungi (teliomycetes) belonging to basidiomycota have reddish brown spores, Due to these reddish brown spores these fungi are popularly called Rust Fungi- Brown pustules on the stems and leaves provide rusty appearance, Q.2__What are differences benween spore and conidium? ] Ans. SPORE CONIDIUM (i) Spore is an asexual, reproductive | (i) Conidium)— isan asexual cell, formed in sporangium. reproductive cell which formed on mycelium without sporangium (ii) _Tmay be motile and non motile. | (ii) __Itis always non motile. (ii) Spores are found in all types of | (ii) — Conidia are found in fungi. plants, algae and fungi Q.3__Why do deuteromycetes are famous as imperfect fungi? Ans. Because of the absence any sexual phase, these fungi are commonly called “Imperfvet Fun These are imperfect, because sexual spores like ascospores, basidiospores. and zygospore are absent in it. But, they can reproduce asexually by conidia Q.4 What are the differences between Rust and Smut? ] Ans. RUST SMUT (i) Attack on stems and leaves. (i) Attack on grains of inflorescence. (ii) Rusty appearance may be red,| (ii) Grains transform — into black yellow, orange and black ete powdery mass or black dusty masses, (iii) Caused by Puceinia spp. (iii) Caused by Ustilago spp.[Chapter-8] Fungi (The Kingdom of Recyclers) 245 2 out the summary of fungal class ] Ans, >a} Zoospotes absent and Zygospores present 2) [Ascomycota] Kingdom Zoopores & Zywospores absent, Ascospores present [> 3 )Basidiomyeot] Biosidomycospores present (Basidiospores) spores, Aseospores & Basidiospores are absent Which fungi have teliospores and where they resVdormant? 26 AND DORMANCY OF TELIOSPORES The member of basidiomycetes which causes rust and smut in different plants have tcliospores. The rust and smut are belonging to teliomycetes class of basidiomycetes. In case of smut fungi (Ustilago sp.), teliospores attack on flower (inflorescence) and penetrates its mycelium into ovary. They remain resting/dormant in ovary of seed upto next growing. Q.7 Why myoxomycetes (slime molds) and oomycetes (water molds) have been excluded from true fungi? Ans. (i) Myxomycetes and oomycetes are without chitin in cell wall. For the membership of fungi or true fungi chitin is essential in cell wall (ii) Slime molds and water molds have centrioles but centrioles are absent in fungi. Thus these two m F features are the reason to expulsion of myxomycetes and oomycetes from fungi, Now, these are included in kingdom protista ie. fungi like protists,[Chapter-8} Fungi (The Kingdom of Recyclers) 246 g w (by encral features of deuteromycetes: Ans. “Fungi without perfect stage or without sexual phase are included in Deuteromycota or imperfect fungi”. DEUTEROMYCETES: + Imperfect fungi means fingi without 2 ospores, ascospores and basidiospores . Fungi placed temporary in deuteromycetes, after discovery of sexual phase, organisms are shifted to their proper group, . M ium consisting of well developed, branch and septate hyphae. Reproducti © Sexual reproduction absent. Asexual reproduction occurs by asexual spores ic. conidia. © Conidia are non-motile asexual spores. They may be elongated, spherical or curved. They are not produced in sporangia. Conidia are directly produced on conidiophores * Classification of Deuteromycetes also depends upon the basis of DNA sequence. Examples: Penicillium Fusarium Aspergillus Helminthosporium Alternaria (b) PENICILLIUM Penicillium sp. is also called blue or. found on bread and decaying food. Bra gen molds. It is saprotrophic. Peneillium is \ched and Septate: It has septate hyphae which are branched, Distribution of Conidia: Its conidia are present almost everywhere in the air Vegetative Reproduction: Vegetative mycelium breaks up into two or more fragments, each develops into a new mycelium. Asexual Reprodui reproduction. Conidiophores are branched. Cc clusters. Cluster is brush like structure, ): Importane n: Conidia developing on conidiophores are the means of asexual idiophore branches terminate into Color (Blue or Gree! : The color of fungal colony is due to conidia Economi penicillin Penicillium notatum is used for production of antibiotic[Chapter-8] Fungi (The Kingdom of Recyclers) 247 ‘Sepiate Mycelium Branched Mycelium Fig. Penicilium BENEFICIAL FUNGI Q.9 What are ecological benefits of fungi? OR jive ecological importance of fungi. Ans. Fungi are very important as deco ecological importance. nposers and symbionts, so they have great In following three ways, fungi may be economically important, Mycorrhizae: The my associated. The vascular plants (95%) have such a kind of association ‘orthizal fungi improve the growth of plants with which they are (ii) Lichens: The lichens growing on rocks break them during the course of ecological succession, They are very good biondicators of air pollution as they are highly sensitive to pollution (iii) Bioremediation Some fungi are also used for bioremediation. They degrade and thus remove poison and pollutants of organisms, from the environment.[Chapter-8] Fungi (The Kingdom of Recyclers) 248 0.10 Ans. w (a) (b) ©) (ii) (ii) co) fertile indus ww) have rapid growth and reproduction e.g., yeasts were the What are the commer i benefits of fun; down commercial importance of fungi. COMMERCIAL IMPORTANCE] Following are the commercial benefits of ingi to human bei As Edibles: Certain fungi are edible. About 200 species of mushrooms such as Agaricus sp., morels e.g., Morchella esculenta, truffles like tuber sp. are among the most common fungi Some mushrooms are poisonous such as toads tools like Amanita (may also be called as death cap or death angel) and jack-O lantern mushrooms. The reindeer moss (actually a lichen) is used as food for reindeer and some large animals in arctic, sub-arctie and boreal regions of world, Us Certain fun in Food Industry are used in food industry: (a) Because of the fermentation ability, yeasts like Saccharomyces cerevisiae are used in the production of bread and liquor (b) Penicillium spp. are used for giving flavour, aroma and particular colour to cheese. (c) Aspergillus spp. are used for g ing citric acid, soy sauce and soy paste. Use in Antibiotics and Drugs: Fungi may also be a source of antibioties and dru; ew (a) “Penicillin” is obtained from penicillium notatu Alexander Fleming in 1928. It was first discovered by (b) “Lovastrin” is used for lowering blood cholesterol. (c) “Cyclosporine” used for organ transplantation. (@) “Griseofiulvin” is used to inhibit fungal growth. (©) “Ergotine™ is used to relieve headache migraine, As Natural Dyes: Some important natural dyes are obtained from lichens and they are used in the Y- Use in Geneties and Molecular Biological Research: Fungi are widely used in genetic and molecular biological research because fungi rst eukaryotes to be used by[Chapter-8] Fungi (The Kingdom of Recyclers) 249 genetic engineers. Fungi show visible and clear appearing characters. In 1983, a functional artificial chromosome was made in saccharomyees cerevisiae. ‘The same yeast was completely studied in 1996, Yeasts are also being investigated for productio hormones, Pink bread, mold i.e, Neurospora erassa has also been used for genetic research, HARMFUL FUNGI 11 Discuss the economic lasses due to attack of fung about harmfulness of fung (OR) What do Ans. “ECONOMIC LOSSES DUE TO FUNGI Following are some of the economic losses caused by fun} (i) Plant Diseast Fun; breakdown cellulose, are responsible for many serious plant diseases because they legnin and even cutin by producing several enzymes can (a) Rusts and smuts of wheat, corn and rice cause extensive damages and also starvation to death of many people, (b) Some other diseases like powdery mildews of grapes, rose and wheat ete ot of eye, red rot of sugarcane, potato wilt, apple's seab and brown rot of peaches, plums, apricots and cherries are also very important (ii) Animal Diseases: Fungi cause many animal diseases: infections of (a) “Ringworm” and “Athlete's foot” are superficial fang: caused by certain imperteet fungi e.g., condidi oral and vaginal infections too. (bd) “Histoplasmolysis” is caused by inhali infection of lungs. very serious disorder (d) “AIDS” may also be caused in the persons having “Aspergillosis” de ive immune system, (©) “Aflataxins” isa type of can Aspergillus flavus, (0) “Ergotism” is caused by eating bread made from purple rye Hour, Nervous tensions, psyehontic delusion and occurred. Ergot also causes nervous spasm and convulsions. skin Ibicans and a yeast causes pores of a fungus. It isa serious spergillosis” is caused by inhaling spores of Aspergillosis Spp. which is but er caused by carcinogenic fungus Le. contaminated e may also be[Chapter-8} Fungi (The Kingdom of Recyclers) 250 (iii) Damage to Food, Wood, Fiber and Leather: Fungi also cause serious damage to food, wood, fiber and leather (i) About 15-30% of world’s fruit is lost each year due to fungal attack, (ii) Wood rotting fungi destroy not only living trees but also structural timber (iii) Bracket/shelf fungi cause a lot of damage to stored out lumber as well as stands of timber of living trees. Ans, What do you know about benefits of fungi? Discuss in details. (OR) Discuss harmfulness of fungi. (OR) How animals are effected by fungi? (OR) Diveuss the plant destroy by fungi (OR) Write down wood and timber destroy by fungi. Consult previous questions.[Chapter-8] Fungi (The Kingdom of Recyclers) 251 Rhizoids Eh terdtctinette Saprobic pbs Symbiotic ed hal Biondicators pbetAbysteithes at Resistant eatilesie ish fetre Se fibnba de tghtihbee e Mycorthizae tear seg SPAbuhS hie Lichen GEMM Se! wr eeyegeasse eObus eden APL deve neaede turd Mycelium Hebe FP Spahurgst nF Patou Decomposer ETL IF atrial ‘Symbiont i hee sateh stoke[Chapter-8] Fungi (The Kingdom of Recyclers) 252 Q.1 Each question has four options. Encircle the correct answer (i) Which statement about fungal nutrition is not true: (a) Some fungi ate active predators (b) Some fungi are mutualists (c) Facultative parasitic fung (@) All fung (ii) ‘The absorptive nutrition of fungi is aided by (a) Spore formation (b) Their large surface area-volume ratio (c) They are all parasites (@) They f (iii) They 7; (a) Have hyphae without re; -an grow only on their specific host require mineral nutrients fruiting bodies omycetes: ilarly occurring cross walls (b) Produce motile gametes (c) Are haploid throughout their life (@) Answers a and c are both correet (iv) Which of the following cells/structures are associated with asexual reproduction in fungi (a) Ascospores (b) Conidia (ec) Zygospores (a) Basidiospores (v) The closest relatives of fungi are probably (a) Animals (b) Slime moulds (©) Brown algae () Vascular plans (vi) E.coli of fungi are the: (a) Rusts (b)- Brown mould (©) Green mold (@) Yeasts (vii) Anascus is to ascomyeetes as is 1 to basidiomycetes a) Basidiospore (b) Basidiocarp (ce) Basidium (4) Haustorium (viii) Which statement is not true about Deuteromycetes: (a) They are also called imperfect fungi (b) Their asexual spores are called conidia (c) Iv isa heterogenous polyphyletic group. (@) They have both sexual and asexual reproduction.[Chapter-8] Fungi (The Kingdom of Recyclers) 253 ANSWERS: “© Gi) > iii) (a) tiv) (b) w) wi) @) Wit) (©) (viii) @) Q.2 Short Questions: (i) What is a hyphae? What is the advantage of having incomplete septa? Ans. Hyphae is a long, slender, branched tubular, thread like filaments of fungi, are of ‘Wo types sepatate and non-sepatate. In complete septa in a hyphae is helptul for the transportation of materials. (ii) What is the composition of fungal cell wall and how is this compositi advantageous of fungi? Ans. Cell wall of fungi is composed of chitin, this composition has advantage because it Ans. rs) Ans. wy) Ans, wi Ans. (ii) Ans. Ans. (ix) Ans. i) Ans. is more resistant to decay than are cellulose lignin which make up plant cell wall To which phyla do the yeasts belong? How they differ from other fun Yeasts belong to phylum asomycetes and it differs from other fungi in having one celled body Name sexual and asexual spores of Ascomyceti Sexual spores of ascomycetes are called assospores and asxexual spores are called conidia, What are mycorrhizae? Mutual association between fungi and roots of higher plants. By what means ea classified? individuals in imperfect fungi be are classified of DNA sequenci that differe Individuals in imperfect fun le characterist iates Zygomy} Zygospores are formed in zygomycota while basidiospores are the sexual by reproducing spores in basidiomycota, Basidiomycota have septate hyphae while. zygomycote have non septal Why is green mould likely to contam than are bacteria? hyphae. ate an orange kept in a refrigerator Because fungi can tolerate temperature extremes 5 ~ 6° C below freezing. What is fungus? A fungus is eukaryotic heterotrophic, spore bearing filamentous organism. State two parallel characteristics of Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes. (a) Both have septate hyphae. (b) Both produce haploid sexual spores,Mutiple 113 Biology F.Se. Part-l FUNGI 1, The number of species of fungi are: (A) 80,000 (B) 90,000 (© 100,000 (D) 110,000 2. Which of the following are pathogenic fungi? (A) Truffles (B) Morels (© Rust (D)_ Penicllium Which of the following fungi is used in breweries? (A) Truffles (B) Morels (©) Rust (D) Penicillium 4. Which of the followi fungi is a delicious fungus? (A) Truffles (B) Morels (C) Rust (D) Penicillium 5. Which of the following is not present in fungi? (A) Cell wall (B) Centrioles (©) Spores (D) Nuclei 6. Which of the follo is a resemblance of fungi with animals? (A) Mitosis (B)_ Spores (© Chitin (D) Hyphae 7. Contaminated milk, egg and meat may also have small amount of: (A) Aspergillus (B) Mycorthiza (©) Yeast (D) Griscofulvin10. ML. 2. 16. Mutiple Choice Questions 114 Biology E.Se. Part-l Which of the followings is the special character of fungi, resent only in it? (A) Chitin (B) Centrioles (©) Hyphae (D) Nuclear mitosis The body of fungus is called: (A) Hyphae (B) Thallus (©) Mycelium (D)_ Ceonocytes ‘The mycelium is composed of: (A) Hyphae (B) Thallus (©) Cells (D) Ceonocytes Which of the followings is a non-hyphal fungus? (A) Thufiles (B) Yeast (©) Rust (D)_ Penicllium Which of the following may be called world’s largest organism? (A). Truffles (B) Yeast (©) Amilaria (D) Penicillium ‘The fungi which absorb decomposed food are calle (A). Saprotrophs (B) Parasites, (©) Predators (D) Mutualistic Rhizoids are present in fungi: (A). Saprotrophs (B) Parasites, (©) Predators (D) Mutualistic Which of the following fungi have haustoria? (A). Saprotrophs (B) Parasites, (©) Predators (D) Mutualistic ‘The fungi arthrobotrays are: (A). Saprotrophs (B) Parasites, (©) Predators (D) Mutualistic 7. ‘The association in which both organisms get benefits is called: (A). Saprotrophs (B) Parasites (©) Predators (D) MutualisticMultiple Choice Questions 115 18. The mutualisti ionis observed between fungi and alg (A) Lichens (B) Mycorthizac (©) Arthrobotrys (D)_ None of the above 19. Which of the following is true for mushrooms whose gills glow in the dark? (A) Amanita verna (B) Truffles (© Agaricus (D)_ Omphalotus olearius 20. The lichens which form branching system are called: (A) Crustose (B)_ Foliose (©) Fruticose (D) None of the 21, The lichens which are leaf like are called: (A) Crustose (B)_Foliose (©) Fruticose (D) None of the above 22. The structures produced inside the sporangia are cal (A) Crustose (B)_ Foliose (©) Fraticose (D)_ None of the above 23. An outgrowth in fungi which detaches and forms new hyphae is calle (A). Spore (B) Conidia (©) Fragment (D) Bud 24. Naked spores are called: (A). Spore (B) Conidia (©) Fragment (D) Bud 25. The fusion of cytoplasm of fungi is called: (A) Plasmogamy (B)Karyogamy (©) Cytogamy (D) Oogamy 26. The fusion of nuclei of fungi is called: (A) Plasmogamy (B)Karyogamy (©) Cytogamy (D)_ Cogamy 27. The dikaryotic hyphae is produced only by: (A) Plasmogamy (B) Karyogamy (© Cytogamy (D) OogamyMultiple Choice Questions 116 Biology FSe. Part-l 28. 29, 3. 32. 34, 36. 37. Rhizopus belongs to which of the following groups? (A) Zygomycota (B) Ascomycota (©) Basidiomycota (D) Deutromycota Penicillium belongs to which of the following groups? (A) Zygomycota (B) Ascomycota (©) Basidiomycota (D)_ Deutromycota Rusts belongs to which of the following groups? (A) Zygomycota (B)_ Ascomycota (©) Basidiomycota (D)_Deutromycota Conjugation takes place in: (A) Zygomycota (B) Ascomycota (©) Basidiomycota (D)_Deutromycota The number of species of ascomycota i (A) 60,000 (B) 50,000 (C) 40,000 (D) 20,000 Ascospores are formed by meiosis. The number of Ascospores in an ascus is: ay 2 (B) 4 © 6 (D) 8 ‘The asexual spore in Ascomycetes @ cospore (B)_Basidiospore (©) Conidia (D)_ Simple spore Club fungi are: (A) Zygomycota (B) Ascomycota (©) Basidiomycota (D)_Deutromycota Basidium is present in: (A) Conjugation fungi (B) Sac fungi (©) Club fungi (D)_ Fungi imperfecti Which of the follo gs is smut? (A). Ustilago (B) Aspergillus (©) Puccinia (D)_ None of the aboveMultiple Choice Questions 117 Biology FSe. Parl 38. 39, 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 41. Which of the follo (A) Ustilago (B) Aspergillus (©) Puccinia (D)_ None of the above Sexual reproduction is absent in which of the followings? (A) Zygomycota (B) Ascomycota (©) Basidiomycota (D)_Deutromycota Which of the followings can act as bioindicators? (A) Smut (B) Mycorthizae (©) _Lichens (D)_ Aspergillus Which f the followings are poisonous fungi? (A) Morels (B) Truffles (©) Toadstools (D) Rust Which of the following fungi is used to give aroma to cheese? (A) Yeasts (B) Penicillium (©) Aspergillus (D)_ Neurospora Which of the follo is used for producing Soya paste: (A) Yeasts (B) Penicillium (©) Aspergillus (D) Neurospora Citric acid is obtained from: (A) Yeasts (B) Penicillium (©) Aspergillus (D)_ Neurospora Natural dyes are obtained form fungi: (A) Yeasts (B) Penicillium (©) Aspergillus (D)_ Neurospora Which of the following drugs is used for lowering the blood pressure? (A). Penicillin (B)_ Lovastatin (©) Cyclosporine (D)_Ergotine Which of the following drugs is used to relieve to relieve headache? (A) Penicillin (B) Lovastatin (©) Cyclosporine (D) ErgotineMultiple Choice Questions 118 Biology FSe. Parl 48. 49. 51. 53. a Which of the follo (A) Ringworm (B) Candidosis g is an oral or vaginal thrush? (©) Histoplasmosis (D) Ergotism Which of the following becomes more acti AIDS? in defective immune system like (A). Penicillin (B) Lovastatin (©) Cyclosporine (D) Aspergillosis Most of the visible part of lichen consists of? (A) Fungi (B) Algae (©) Roots (D) Bacteria Which of the following fungi causes wood rotting? (A) Ustilago (B) Aspergillus (©) Puccinia (D) Shelf fungi Which of the following is not a similarity of fungus with plants? (A) Both have cell wall (B) Both lack centrioles (©) Both are autotrophic (D) Both are non-motile Which of the following is not a difference of fungi from animals? (A). Fungi have cell wall but absent in animals (B)_ Fungi are heterotrophs but the animals are not (©) Fungi are absorptive heterotrophs (D) Fungi are non-motile In mitosis of fungi: (A) Nuclear membrane disappear (B)_Nucleoli disappear (©) Fungi are absorptive heterotrophs (D)_ Fungi are non-motile A mycelium is a group of: (A) Cells (B) Fungi (©) Hyphae (D) TissueMultiple Choice Questions 119 Biology FSe. Parl 56. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. A coenoeytie hyphae: (A) With cross walls (B) Without cross walls (©) Without nuclei (D) Without cytoplasm All nuclei of the fungi are haploid except: (A) Nuclei of gametes (B) Nucleic of spores (©) Nuclei of zygote (D)_ None of the above ‘The world’s largest organism may be: (A) Analgae (B) A fungi (© Aplant (D) An animal ‘The haustoria is special structure which: (A) Penetrate into the soil (B)_Penetrate into the plants (©) Penetrate into the host (D)_ None of the above Rust fungi belong to genus? (A) Ustilago (B) Aspergillus (©) Puccinia (D) Yeast Lovastatin is fungal product which lowers the blood. (A) Suger (B) Urea © Cal (D) Cholestrol Bioindicators are the organisms which: (A)_ Indicate about the change in seasons (B) Indicate about the chat in environment (©) Indicate about the change in structural changes in organisms (D)_ None of the above Which of the following Lichens is attached with the rock: (A) Crustose lichens (B)_ Foliose lichens (©). Fraticose lichens (D) None of the above Fungi store food in form of: (A) Starch (B) Glycogen (C) Cellulose (D) GlucoseMultiple Choice Questions 120 Biology FSe. Parl 65. The imperfect Fungi are also ealled: (A)_ Basidiomycetes (B) Ascomycetes (©) Deutromycetes (D) Zygomycetes 66, Sexual reproduction in fungi takes place by: (A) Fusion of gamates (B)_ Fusion of hyphae (©) Fusion of nuclei (D) Fusion of cytoplasm. 67. _ Heterokaryotic hyphae are those hypae which have: (A)_ Nucleus of same hyphae (B) Nucleus of different hyphae (©) Two nuclei of same hyphae (D)_ Two nuclei of different hyphae 68. Which of the following is fruiting body? (A) Condia (B)_Basidiospore (©) Basidium (D)_ Sporangium 69. Which of the following groups is multinucleate? (A) Zygomycota (B) Ascomycota (©) Basidiomycota (PD) Deutromycota 70. Ascospores are: (A) Haploid (B) Diploid (©) Dikaryotic (D) None of the above 71. Ustilago tritici is a: (A) Smut of wheat (B) Loose smut of wheat (©) Rust of wheat (D) None of the above 72. Deutromycota is group of fungi in whi (A) Ascospores are present (B) Sexual reproduction is present (©) Sexual reproduction is absent (D) Basidiospores are present 73. Parasexuality is a phenomenon in which: (A) Exchange of gametes between different hyphae (B) Exchange of gametes within the same hyphae (©)_ Exchange of part of chromosome between two hyphae () change of part of chromosome in the same hyphaeMutiple Choice Questions 124 Biology FSe. Parl 74. 16. 71. 2B. 79. 80. 81. 82. ‘The blue green colour of pencillium is due to the presence of: (A) Blue hyphae (B) Blue gametes (©) Blue spores (D) Blue conidia he rapid growth of hyphae of fungi takes place due to: (A)_ Rapid cell division (B) Cytoplamic flow through the hypae (©) Rapid absorption of food (D)_ None of the above Which function of the fungi do you (A) Decomposition (B) Fungi used as food (©) Bioindicator (D) Bioremediation Penicillin was the first antibiotics discovered by: (A) Pasteur (B) Edward Jenner (©) A. Fleming (D) None of the above Lovastatin is used: (A) For lowering the blood pressure (B) For lowering the blood cholesterol (©) For removing germs form the body (D)_ For lowering body temperature Histoplasmosis isa: (A) Heart disease (B) Lung disease (©) Kidney disease (D)_ None of the above Aflatoxin (A)_ Disease (B) Toxin (© Drug (D)_ None of the above Which of the following is not symptom of Ergotism? (A) Convulsion (B) Psychotic delusion (©) Gangrene (D)_ Indigestion Fungi resemble plants because they: (A) Have cell wall (B) Lack centriole (©) Are non-motile (D) All of the aboveMultiple Choice Questions 122 Biology FSe. Parl 83. 84, 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. on. 92. Fungi resemble animals because they are: (A). Heterotrophs (B) Saprotrophs (©) Heterosporous (D)_Autotrophs Fungal cell walls contain chitin, which is also found in exoskeleton of: (A) Chordates (B) Molluses (©) Echinoderms (D) Arthropods Fungi are different from animals because they: (A) Are non-motile (B) Have cell wall (©) Are absorptive heterotrophs (D) All of the above In lichens, fungus protects the algal partner from: (A) Dessication (B) Strong light (©) Both A andC (D)_ High temperature Fungi grow best in habitats which have: (A) Moisture and organic food (B)_ Moisture and carbon dioxide (C) Moisture and light (D) Moisture and Oxygen In fungi, asexual reproduction takes place by: (A) Conidia (B) Budding (©) Fragmentation (D) Allof the above Which of the follo 1g is not true for spores produced by fungi (A). They are non-motile (B) They need water for their dispersal (©) They are haploid (D)_ They are produced in large number ‘The number of ascospores inside each ascus is commonly: (A) 12 (B) 10 © 8 ) 6 In basidomycetes, fruiting body is made up of mycelium which is: (A) Polykaryotic (B) Monokaryotic (©) Trikaryotic (D)_Dikaryotic Poisonous mushrooms are call (A) Tuber (B) Truffles (© Morels (D) Toadstool as:Multiple Choice Questions 123 Biology FSe. Parl 93. 94, 96. 97. 98. 99, 100. 101. Griseofulvi is obtained from fungi and is used to: (A). Relieve migraine (B) Lower blood cholestrol (©) Prevent transplant rejection (D)_ Inhibit fungal growth Which of the follo ig is not a fungal disease of plants? (A) Potato wilt (B) Ergot of | e (©) Tobacco mosaic disease (D) Cotton root rot -an absorb the food from substrate because they have: (A) Ascospores (B) Conidia (©) Rhizoids (D)_Sporangiophores h of the following is associated with asexual reproduction in fungi? (A) Ascospores (B) Zygosores (©) Conidia (D) Basidiospores Mycelium consists of long, slender, branched tubular thread like filaments, called as: (A). Sporangia (B) Karyogamy (©) Haustoria (D) Hyphae Parasitic fun; help of speci absorb nutrients from the cytoplasm of hyphal tips called: ing host with the (A) Facultative (B) Hyphae (©) Haustoria (D) Karyogamy ‘The parasites which can grow on their host as well as by themselves by artificial growth media are called: (A) Facultative (B) Karyogamy (©) Rhizoids (D) Glycogen Which of this mushroom is a carnivorous fungus? (A) Karyogamy (B) Sporangia (©) Glycogen (D) Oyster Lichens are ecologically very important as: (A) Bioinsecticide (B) Biofertilizer (© Biological control (D)_BioindicatorsMultiple Choice Questions 124 Se, Part-l 102. 104. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. Which one is mutualisti vascular plants? (A) Ascomycota / Ascomycetes (©) Puccinia Which of the following is a major structural component of fungus cell wall? (A) Cellulose (B)_Peptidoglycon (© Chitin (D) Lignin Spores are produced inside the reproductive structures called: (A) Ascocarps (B) Cyclosporine (©) Ascomycota / Ascomycetes (D)_ Sporangia Fusion of nu lei is called as: (A) Rhizoids (B)Ascocarps (©) Dikaryotic / Heterokaryotie (D)_ Karyoganny A fungal hypha having two nuclei of different genetic types is called as: (A) Ascomycota / Ascomycetes (B) Cyclosporine (©) Dikaryotic /Heterokaryotic (D)_A-Fleming Ascospores are produced in special fruiting bodies called as: (A) Ascocarps (B) Bacidiocarp (D)_ Spores the largest group of fungi, \cluding over 60,000 speci (A) Ascomycota / Ascomycetes (B) Ascocarps (©) Conidia (D) Puccinia Basidiomycetes are also called as: (A) Sac fungi (B)_ Neutral fungi. (©) Club fungi. (D) All of the above Which species are the most common rust fungi? (A) Ustilago (B) Pilobolus (©) Puccinia (D) Aspergillus Imperfect fungi show special kind of genetic recombination called as: (A) Conidia (B) Rhizoids (© Parasexuality (D) PucciniaMultiple Choice Questions 125 Biology FSe. Parl 112. Pen m reproduces asexually by means of naked spores called as: (A) Conidia (B) Buds (©) Fragmengs (D)_ Rhizoids 113. Which one are the modified hyphae which anchor the fungus to substrate? (A) Rhizoids (B)_Stolon (© Ascus (D)_Sporangiophore 114. What percentage of all kinds of vascular plants has mycorrhizal mutualistic association with fungi? () 93 (B) 95 © 97 (D) 99 115. How many species of mushrooms, morels and truffles are edibl (A) 100 (B) 400 (©) 200 (D) 300 116. Which one is obtained from a soil fungus used in organ transplantation? (A) Ampi (B) Tetracyelin © (D)_ Cyclosporine 117. Penicillin is the first antibiotic, discovered by: (A) A-Fleming (B) ALRazi (©) A-Humming (D)_ None of the above 118. Ergotine is used to relieve: (A) Hepatitis C (B) Candodosis (©) Skin cancer (D) Migraine 119. In 1983, a functional artificial chromosome was made of: (A) Haemophilus influenzae (B)_ Saccharomyces cirvisiae (©) Homo sapiens (D) Cassia fistula 120. Histoplasmosis is a serious infection of: (A) Lung (B) Abdomen (©) Heart (D) Small intestineMultiple Choice Questions 126 121. Some strains of Aspergillus flavor produce one of the most carcinogenic mycotoxins called as (A) Aflatoxin (B) Antitoxin (©) Detoxin (D)_Allof the above 122. Which is caused by eating bread made from purple ergot — contaminated rye flour? (A) Migraine (B)_ Lung cancer (©) Ergotism (D) Apendix 123. Up to which percentage of world’s fruit is lost each year due to fungal attack: (A) 48 (B) 50 (© 32 (D) 54 124. Ergotism: (A) A-Fleming (B) Toadstool (©) Carcinogenic (D) Contaminated rye flour Aflatoxin: (A) Morel (B) Contaminated rye flour (©) Carcinogenic (D)_A-Fleming 126. Penicillin: (A) Morel (B) Pink bread mold (©) Contaminated rye flour (D)_A-Fleming 127. (A) AFleming (B) Toadstool (©) Morel (D) Contaminated rye flour 128. Neurospora: (A) Pink bread mold (B) Morel (©) A-Fleming (D) Contaminated rye flour 129. Bioremediation: (A) Contaminated rye flour (B) Degradation of pollutants (©) Imperfect fungi (D) Anchoring HyphaeMultiple Choice Questions 127 Biology F.Se. Part 130. Rhizoi ) © Deuteromycetes: Anchoring Hyphae Imperfect fungi 131. (A)_ Degradation of pollutants, © Zygomycetes: Imperfect fungi 132. (A) Septate hyphae (©) Coenoeytic hyphae 133. Ascomycetes: (A) Septate hyphae (©) Coenoeytic hyphae 134. Conidia: (A) Mass of hyphae (©) Source of an antibiotic Lichen: (A) Decomposer © Saprob Fruiting body 136. (A) Source of an antibiotic (©) Mass of hyphae Mycelium: “ (c) Peni “ © 137. Source of an antibiotic Fruiting body 138. jiu Source of an antibiotic Fruiting body (B) (v) (B) (D) (B) (D) (B) (D) (B) (D) (B) (D) (B) (D) (B) (D) (B) (D) Septate hyphae Coenocytic hyphae Septate hyphae Coenoeytic hyphae Imperfect fungi Perfect fungi Perfect fungi Imperfect fungi degradation of pollutants Non-motile asexual spores Fruiting body Mutualist Mass of hyphae Non-motile asexual spores Decomposer Mass of hyphae Mutualist Decomposer MutualistMultiple Choice Questions Ca ee Ans. | Sr. | Ans. 1. 2 3 (B) 4 | @ [5 (B) 6. 7. @) 8. (D) 9 | © {10 | “w 1. 2a] © [3] am [uw] wm [is] 16. 7] © [iw | a [9] mM [2] © 22. [| a) [ 23. [| @) [24 | @ | 25. [ 27. | [2 [ @w [2] m [30] © 32] A) | 33. |B) 3 | © | 358] 36. 37] A [38 | © [3 | Mm [4] © a2. | 6 [a3.[ © [4 [ © [4s] ® a. | om [a [ © [4a] oO (A) 2 | © |3.[ @ |[s | © © 56. 37. | © [ss [| @ [5 | © © 61. 2. | @) | 3. [ @ | o. | @ S) 66. 67. | ) | 68 [| © | | | 7] Ww zn] © [3[ Mo [wl Oo [sa] ® 7. | © | 78. | ® | 7 | @ | 8. | @ sz | © | 33 [ «) | s4 | mm | ss. | Dm 37. | @) | ss [| m [9% | om [9%] © 2] © [93.[ om [94] © [9s] Ww 96. 97. |) | 98. [ | 99. | © | 10. | 101. 102. | (B)_ | 103. | (©) | 04. | (A) | 105. | (D) 106. 107. | (A) | 08. | (A) [ t09. | | 0. | 11. uz] (A) 3. | a) tas |B) ts. | © 116. uz] (a) fas. [ [ay] [0.] 121. 22] © | 123.[ [4] om | 25.] © 126. 127] (By | 128. | A) 29. |B) | B0. |) 131. 132.] © | 133. [ @) [34] @ [138.] ® 136. 137. |B) | 138. | (A)Chap 8 (Kingdom Fungi) F.Sc 1st Year Biology Notes Chapter 8: Kingdom Fungi (Short Questions Answers) Name some edible fungi. About 200 species of mushrooms (eg., Agaricus sp), morels (e.g, Morchella esculent), truffles (underground fruiting bodies of some Ascomycetes, eg: Tuber sp) are common edible fungi. What is the function of constricting ring?Some species of Arthrobotrys trap soil nematodes by forming a constricting ring, their hyphae invading and digesting the unlucky victim. What is economic importance of fungi? * Certain fungi are edible e.g., mushrooms (e.g, Agaricus sp), morels (e.g., Morchella esculentb), truffles + Certain fungi are used in food industry e.g,, yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) + Some fungi are source of antibiotics and some other drugs e.g, Penicillin is obtained from Penicillium notatum. + Some natural dyes obtained from lichens are used in textile industry. + Yeasts are heavily used in genetic/molecular biological research because of their rapid generation and rapidly increasing pool of genetic and biochemical information ‘+ Fungi are responsible for many serious plant and animal diseases. + Saprobic fungi cause incalculable damage to food, wood, fibre, and leather by decomposing them. Differentiate between fragmentation and budding Fragmentation is simple breaking of mycelium of some fungal hyphae. Each broken fragment gives rise to a new mycelium. The budding is an asymmetric division in which tiny outgrowth or bud is produced which may separate and grow as a separate individual. What is reindeer moss? Reindeer moss is a lichen that is used as food for reindeers and some other large animals in arctic/subarctic/boreal regions. Where fungi are used in food industry? Give two examples Certain fungi are used in food industry e.g. * Yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) are used in the production of bread and liquor ‘+ Penicillium species are used for yiving flavour, aroma (smell) and characteristic colour to sorne cheese. What is the importance of Aspergillus in food industry?Some species of Aspergillus are used for fermenting/producing soy sauce and soy paste from soybean: Citric acid is also obtained from some snecies Aspergillus species. Name 5 antibiotics (drugs) obtained from fungi Penicillin, Lovastatin, Cyclosporine, Ergotine and Griseofulvin. What are ringworm and athlete's foot? Ringworm and athlete's foot are superficial fungal infections caused by certain imperfect fungi What is Candidiasis or candidosis? Candida albicans, a yeast, causes oral and vaginal thrush ie,, candidiasis or condidosis. What is histoplasmosis? Histoplasmosis is a serious infection of lungs caused by inhaling spores of a fungus which is common in soil contaminated with bird's faeces if infection spreads into blood stream and then to other organs (which is very occasional), it can be serious and even fatal. What is aspergillosis? Aspergillus fumigatus causes aspergillosis, but only in persons with defective immune system such as AIDS, and may cause death. Why any moldy human food or animal forage product should be discarded. Some strains of Aspergillus flavus produce one of the most carcinogenic (cancer- causing) mycotoxins (toxins produced by fungi) called aflatoxins. Aspergillus contaminates improperly stored grains such as peanuts and corn etc. Milk, eggs and ‘meat may also have small traces of aflatoxins. Therefore any moldy human food or animal, forage (feed, hunt) product should be discarded. What are dikaryotic hyphae? These are setate hyphae which have two nuclei per cell Discuss sexual reproduction in Rhizopus or How does sexual reproduction occur in zygomycota?During their sexual reproduction, zygote formed directly by the fusion of hyphae. Zygote forms temporary, dormant, thick walled resistant structure called zygospore, hence the name Zygomycetes. Meiosis takes place when zygospore germinates and haploid spores are produced. Spores on germination produce new mycelium. Name sexual and asexual spores of Ascomycetes. Mostly Ascomycetes reproduce asexually by budding and sexually by forming asci/ascospores. Write two land adaptations in fungi. * Extensive system of Extensive system of fast-spreading hyphae penetrate the substrate and enormously increase the contact and surface area for absorption, + Hyphae may be modified in such a way as to enable them to reproduce themselves without depending on external water. + They show very efficient dispersal of spores and conidia by wind, even to very long distances. Give ecological importance of fungi or Give any two points of importance of funy + They are very important as decomosers and symbionts. Fungi, along with saprobic bacteria, play important role in the recycling of inorganic nutrients in the ecosystem. ‘+ Mycorrhizal fungi improve the growth of plants with which they are associated. 95% of all kinds of vascular plants have this association. * Lichens growing on rocks break them, setting stage for other organisms during the course of ecological succession, * Lichens are very good bio-indicators of air quality as they are very sensitive to pollution. ‘+ Some fungi are also used for bioremediation (degrading / removing environmental poisons / pollutants by organisms). What do you know about multicellular reducers? Fungi are known as multicellular reducers / decomposers. They play important role in the recycling of inorganic nutrients. (C, N, P, O, H, etc.) in the ecosystem. Fungi are the principal decomposers of cellulose and lignin, the main components of plant cell walls.What is ergotism? How it is caused? or Give the cause and symptoms of ergotism. Ergotism is a disease caused by eating bread made froin purple ergot contaminated rye flour. The poisonous material in the ergot causes nervous spasm (tremor, contraction), convulsion (fit, spasm), Psychotic delusion (illusion) and even gangrene. What types of damages are caused by saprobic fungi? Saprobic fungi cause incalculable damage to food, wood, fibre, and leather by decomposing them. 15-50% of world’s fruit is lost each year due to fungal attack Wood-rotting fungi destroy not only living trees but also structural timber. Bracket/shelf fungi cause lot of damage to stored cut lumber as well as stands of timber of living trees. What is the portance of mycorrhizae for plants? The fungal hyphae dramatically increase the amount of soil contact and total surface area for absorption and help in the direct absorption of phosphorus, zinc, copper and other nutrients from the soil into the roots. Such plants show better growth than those without this association. What is budding? Itis the type of asexual reproduction in which an out growth called bud is formed which may be internal or external. On maturation it may become separated from the main body and can become a new individual What is fungus? Fungi are heterotrophs which are composed of thread like structures called hyphae. Their cell walls have chitin instead of cellulose. They also lack centrioles. Give features of Zygomycota.* During their sexual reproduction, zygote formed directly by the fusion of hyphae, forms temporary, dormant, thick walled resistant structure called zygospore, hence the name Zygomycetes. + Meiosis takes place when zygospore germinates and haploid spores are produced ‘+ Spores on germination produce new mycelium. Asexual reproduction by spores is common + Hyphae are coenocytic Give a description of conidia of Penicillium. + They are non-motile, asexual spores which are formed at the tips of modified hyphae called conidiophores «They are not found inside the sporangia, but usually in the form of chains or clusters. + These may be produced in a very large number. They can survive for weeks. # They cause rapid colonization of new food. Compare ascus with basidium or Differentiate between ascus and basidi Ascus is a sac like structure of Ascomycetes in which haploid sexual spores called ascospores are formed by meiosis while basidium is a club shapedi structure of Basidiomycetes on which are borne basidiospores. What is nuclear mitosis? During nuclear mitosis, nuclear envelope does not break instead the mitotic spindle forms within the nucleus and the nuclear membrane constricts. between the two clusters of daughter chromosomes. What is Armillaria? A circular clone of Armillaria, growing out from a central focus, has been measured up to 15 hectares (1 hectare = 10000 m2). Armillaria is a pathogenic fungus afflicting conifers, How spores are different from conidia? Conidia are non-motile, asexual spores which are formed at the tips of modified hyphae called conidiophores. They are not found inside the sporangia, but usually in the formof chains or clusters While spores are haploid, non-motile and produced in very large number within sporangia. Write two benefits of each of algae and fungi + Some algae such as keips are edible and may be used to overcome shortage of food in the world + Marine algae are also source of many usefui substance like algin, agar, carrageenan, and antiseptics. Fungi: Some fungi are source ci antibiotics and some other drugs eg,, penicillin and Certain fungi are used in food industry e.g. yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) are used in the production of bread and liquor. Give two points of medicinal importance of fungi. © Peni in, first antibiotic to be ever discovered (by A. Fleming-1928) is obtained from a fungus, Penicillium notatum. * Lovastatin, obtained from fungi, is used for lowering blood cholesrol. * Cyclosporine obtained from a soil fungus is used in organ transplantation for preventing transplant rejection. What are bracket or shelf fungi? Give its importance. Bracket / Shelf Fungi are club fungi (Basidiomycetes). Club-shaped sexual reproductive structure is known as basidium. Four haploid sexual spores, called the basidiospores, are borne on (not inside) each basidium. Puccinia species are most common rust fungi, and Ustilago species most common smut fungi. Many mushrooms are edible. Write structural characteristics of Penicillium? Penicillium sp. (blue, green molds) are wide spread saprotrophic species common on decaying fruit, bread etc. Its hyphae are septate. Penicillium reproduces asexually by means of naked spores called conidia. Conidia are found in chains at the tips of special hyphae called conidiophores, which are branched. Brush-like arrangement of its conidia is characteristic of Penicillium. These conidia give colour to the mycelial colony, which is circular, Differentiate between conidiophores and coenocytic hyphae.Conidia are non-motile, asexual spores which are formed at the tips of modified hyphae called conidiophores. Coenocytic or non-septate hyphae lack septa and are not divided into individual cells. These are in the form of an elongated multinucleated large cell. What is economic importance of yeasts? Some fungi are source of antibiotics and some other drugs e.g., Penicillin is obtained from Penicillium notatum. Yeasts are heavily used in genetic/molecular biological research because of their rapid generation and rapidly increasing pool of genetic and biochemical information.