Short Questions

Unit 1 Engineering
1. What is learning in the context of machine learning?
2. Define supervised and unsupervised learning.
Express
3. What is a well-defined learning problem?
4. What are the key steps in designing a learning system?
5. Briefly describe the history of machine learning.
6. What is an artificial neural network (ANN)?
7. Define clustering in machine learning.
8. What is reinforcement learning?
9. What is the purpose of decision trees in machine learning?
10. Define Bayesian Networks in a few words.
11. What is a Support Vector Machine (SVM)?
12. What are genetic algorithms?
13. Mention key issue in machine learning.

Long Questions

1. Explain the different types of learning in machine learning, including supervised, unsupervised, and
reinforcement learning.
2. Describe the decision tree learning process and explain its algorithm with an example.
3. Explain the concept of reinforcement learning. Discuss its key components and provide examples of
real-world applications.
4. Provide a detailed history of machine learning, focusing on its major milestones and breakthroughs.
5. What are Artificial Neural Networks (ANN)? Explain their structure and working mechanism with a
suitable diagram.
6. Define clustering in machine learning. Explain two popular clustering algorithms and their applications.
7. Explain the backpropagation algorithm used in training artificial neural networks.
8. What are Bayesian Networks? Discuss their significance and application in machine learning.
9. Explain the working mechanism of Support Vector Machines (SVM) and how they can be used for
classification tasks.
10. What are genetic algorithms? Explain their components and how they are applied to solve optimization
problems.
11. Discuss common issues in machine learning such as overfitting, underfitting, and model evaluation
challenges.
12. What is the difference between data science and machine learning? Discuss the relationship between
the two fields.
Short Questions
Unit 2 Engineering
1. What is linear regression used for in machine learning?
2. Define the key difference between linear and logistic regression.
3. What is the equation of a simple linear regression model?
Express
4. What is logistic regression, and where is it commonly used?
5. Define Bayes’ Theorem in the context of Bayesian learning.
6. What is concept learning in Bayesian learning?
7. What is the difference between the Bayes Optimal Classifier and Naïve Bayes Classifier?
8. What are Bayesian Belief Networks (BBNs)?
9. Briefly explain the EM Algorithm.
10. What is a kernel in the context of Support Vector Machines (SVM)?
11. List two types of kernels used in SVM.
12. Define the hyperplane in SVM.
13. What is the decision surface in SVM?
14. What is the primary issue in using Support Vector Machines (SVM)?
15. What are the properties of an optimal hyperplane in SVM?

Long Questions

1. Explain linear regression with an example. Discuss how it can be used for prediction.
2. Describe logistic regression and its applications in binary classification tasks. Include an example in your
explanation.
3. Explain Bayes’ Theorem in detail and how it is applied in machine learning.
4. Compare and contrast the Bayes Optimal Classifier and the Naïve Bayes Classifier.
5. Describe Bayesian Belief Networks (BBNs) and their significance in machine learning. Provide an
example.
6. What is the EM (Expectation-Maximization) Algorithm? Explain its role in machine learning with an
example.
7. What are Support Vector Machines (SVM)? Explain the concept of kernels and how they are used in
SVM.
8. Explain the importance of the hyperplane and decision surface in SVM. How do they contribute to the
classification process?
9. Discuss the different types of SVM kernels, their properties, and when they are used.
10. What are the main issues faced while using Support Vector Machines (SVM), and how can they be
resolved?

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Short Questions
Unit 3 Engineering
1. What is Decision Tree Learning?
2. What are the key steps in building a Decision Tree?
Express
3. Define inductive bias in the context of decision trees.
4. What is inductive inference in decision tree learning?
5. What is entropy in information theory?
6. How is entropy used in decision tree learning?
7. Define information gain in decision tree algorithms.
8. What is the purpose of the ID3 algorithm?
9. What are some common issues in decision tree learning?
10. What is the k-Nearest Neighbour (k-NN) algorithm used for?
11. How does locally weighted regression work?
12. Define a radial basis function (RBF) network.
13. What is the key advantage of locally weighted regression?
14. What is case-based learning?
15. How does case-based learning differ from other types of learning?

Long Questions

1. Explain Decision Tree Learning in detail, covering how the algorithm works and its key steps.
2. Discuss the role of inductive bias and inductive inference in decision tree learning with examples.
3. Describe entropy in information theory and how it is used in decision tree learning to build better
models.
4. Explain the concept of information gain and its importance in decision tree algorithms like ID
5. Describe the ID3 algorithm and how it constructs decision trees using information gain.
6. What are the major issues faced in decision tree learning? Discuss possible solutions for these issues.
7. Explain the k-Nearest Neighbour (k-NN) algorithm in detail, including its strengths and weaknesses.
8. Describe locally weighted regression and its use in machine learning. How is it different from regular
regression?
9. Explain radial basis function (RBF) networks and how they are used in machine learning.
10. Discuss case-based learning and its applications. How does it compare to other machine learning
approaches?

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Short Questions
Unit 4 Engineering
1. What is a perceptron in machine learning?
2. How does a multilayer perceptron (MLP) differ from a perceptron?
Express
3. What is the purpose of gradient descent in training neural networks?
4. Define the delta rule in the context of gradient descent.
5. What is backpropagation in neural networks?
6. Why are multilayer networks more powerful than single-layer networks?
7. What is the significance of generalization in machine learning models?
8. What is a Self-Organizing Map (SOM)?
9. What is deep learning and how does it differ from traditional machine learning?
10. Name the main types of layers used in a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN).
11. What is the role of the convolutional layer in a CNN?
12. Explain the difference between 1D and 2D convolution.
13. How is a CNN trained using backpropagation and gradient descent?

Long Questions

1. Explain the architecture of perceptrons and how they are used in classification tasks. How does a
multilayer perceptron (MLP) improve upon it?
2. Discuss the role of gradient descent in training neural networks. How does the delta rule help adjust
weights?
3. Explain the backpropagation algorithm in detail. How does it work to minimize the error in neural
networks?
4. Describe how multilayer networks differ from single-layer networks, and explain why multilayer
networks are important in deep learning.
5. What is generalization in machine learning, and why is it important for the performance of a model?
How can overfitting be prevented?
6. Discuss the Self-Organizing Map (SOM) algorithm and how it is used in unsupervised learning.
7. Provide an introduction to deep learning. How does it enhance the capabilities of machine learning
models, particularly with neural networks?
8. Discuss the different types of layers in Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), including
convolutional, pooling, and fully connected layers.
9. Explain the concept of convolution in CNNs, differentiating between 1D and 2D convolutions. How do
these affect the performance of a network?

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Short Questions
Unit 5
Engineering
1. What is reinforcement learning?
2. What is the Markov Decision Process (MDP) in reinforcement learning?
Express
3. Define a policy in the context of MDP.
4. What is the Q-Learning function in reinforcement learning?
5. How does Q-Learning differ from traditional reinforcement learning methods?
6. What is the purpose of the Q-Table in Q-Learning?
7. Define deep Q-Learning.
8. What are genetic algorithms (GA)?
9. What is the role of fitness function in genetic algorithms?
10. Define crossover in genetic algorithms.
11. What is mutation in genetic algorithms?
12. What are the key components of a genetic algorithm?
13. How does reinforcement learning apply to game AI?

Long Questions

1. Explain the core concepts of reinforcement learning and how it differs from supervised and
unsupervised learning.
2. Provide a detailed example of reinforcement learning in practice. How does it impact decision- making
processes?
3. What is a Markov Decision Process (MDP)? Explain its components and its role in reinforcement
learning.
4. Discuss the Q-Learning algorithm. How does it use the Q-Table to update values and learn optimal
actions?
5. Explain the applications of Q-Learning in robotics and autonomous systems. How does Q- Learning
help in decision-making in such systems?
6. Compare and contrast Q-Learning and Deep Q-Learning. What advancements does deep Q- Learning
bring to the table?
7. Discuss the key components of genetic algorithms. How are reproduction, crossover, and mutation
implemented in GAs?
8. Explain the cycle of genetic algorithms, focusing on how populations evolve over generations.
9. Discuss the similarities and differences between reinforcement learning and genetic algorithms. How
can they complement each other?