JAVA:

=====

what is java?

Object oriented Programming language and Platform independent language,

java was developed by James gosling in 1995.

jdk--1.7 java is object oriented programming language.

What is latest version of java?

jdk 1.8 --object oriented and Functional programming language

(lambda expressions,streams,jondi api).

jdk -1.9 -- Object oriented and Functional Programming langauge.

--Additional funtionality is called JS shell

to check which version of java is installed in system:

=---------------------------------------------------------

cmd-> javac -version --jdk -- system independent -- tocompile

cmd-> java -version --jre -- system dependent -- to run (JVM)

write a simple java program to print welcome message:

==========================================================

syntax:
=======

class <classname>

public static void main(String args[]){

//statements;

steps:
======

1) create a file and the save the file with .java Extension

2) write a java code inside the file.java

3)to compile a java program

syntax:
-======
 javac Filename.java

4) to run the java program

syntax:
======

java Filename

ex1:
=====

public class Ex1{

public static void main(String args[]){

System.out.print("welcome the java"); //same line

System.out.println("welcome the java");//place the cursor in next line

note:
======

1)If we are creating any class with out any access modifier then
by default the class will have default access modifier.

2) if class contain Default access modifier then the class name

and Saved filename.java Need not be same.

3) if class contain public access modifier then, the class name

and saved filename.java should be same.

4) A class can contain default, public access modifiers.

5) Inner class can contain private, protected, static.. access modifiers.

comments:
=========

1)single line comments

=======================

syntax:
=======

// comments
 2)multiple line comments:
==========================

syntax:
========

/*

statements

*/

Datatypes:
==========
java contain eight primitive datatypes

Integer Datatypes:
================
1)byte -size is 1 byte(8bits) --range -128to 127 -default value-0

2)short -size is 2 bytes --range -32768 to 32767 --default value -0

3)int - size is 4 bytes -- range -2147483648 to 21747483647

--default-value 0

4)long -- size is 8 bytes --default value is 0

Floating point Datatypes:

---------------------------------------

5)float -- to store the decimal point values(5 to 6 --scale)

--size 4 bytes ---default value-- 0.0

ex:-- float a=10.12345 --10 is precision nd 123---scale

6)double :--to store the decimal point values(15 to 16 --scale)

--size 8 bytes --default value-- 0.0

7)char:-- to store characters values.

--size is 2 bytes --default value- '\u0000'

8) boolean :- to store logical values(true nd false) --size is 1 bit

--default value is -- false.

Note:
=====
==> f or l is a literals to store float and Long values into a variables

By default compile will treat as int we need to specify compiler has to

read as long by specifying
literal l or L

long a=10L;
 float b = 20.0f;

Object Referenced Datatypes:

=============================

1)String --is class available in java.lang Package

note:
=====
Any predefined class will act as Referenced types.
Default value for the Referenced Types is = null

ex:
===
String s;

variables :
==========

1)variable is used to store the value temporarily.

syntax:
========
accessmodifier datatype variablename ;
default
private
protected
public

In java the variables are

1)instance variable --
=================
a)memory is allocated at Heap area of JVM

b)For every object their is a separate copy of instance of variables

available(memory)-- at run time

c)we can declare the instance variable inside the class

before or outside the methods.

ex:
====
public class Ex1{

int b; --declaration
int a=10; --declarattion and initialization
int a,b;
int a=10,b=30,c;
//methods
public static void main(String args[]){
}
}

2)static variable--
 =================

a)For static variables the memory is allocated method area of JVM

b)the memory is allocated at once

c)we can declare the variable using static keyword.

d)instance variable cannot be used directly inside the static

context(static block,static method) and if we want to access
the instance variables inside static context using object.

e)They are shared among all instances of the class.

ex:
===
public class Ex2{

static int a=10;

//methods

3)local variable --
==============
a)For local variable the memory is allocated
at stack in JVM

b) Local variable is declared inside a method or block.

c)scope the local variable with in the method or block ==>{}.

d) A local variable which declared must be initialized.

ex:
====

public class Ex3

{

public void methodOne(){

int a=10;

JAVANAMING CONVENTIONS:
==========================

1)CLASSNAME:
=============
Class name is a noun and the classname should start with Capital Letter and
secondWord also
 followed by Capital.

Ex:
===
class StudentRegistration{

2) methodName:
=============
method name is verb and the method name should startwith small letterand next
word
start with capital Letter(camelCase)

Ex:
===
class Employee{

void getEmployeeDetails(){

//statements
}

3) variableName:
==============
variableName is also camelCase

ex:
===

class Employee{

int empId;
int empName;
int sal;

Example:
=======

write a java program to declare the variables

=======================================

class ExampleOnVariables{

int studentNo;
String studentName;
float studentMarks; //instance variables

public static void main(String args[]){

System.out.println(studentNo);
 System.out.println(studentName);
System.out.println(studentMarks);

Example2:
========
WAP named as ExampleOnVariables1 and declare
three instance variables of type int and
create a method named as getSum() ,return type of method is void and perform sum
of two numbers
and display the sum of two numbers.

sol:
===
public class ExampleOnVariables1{

int num1;
int num2;
int res;

public void getSum(){

res=num1+num2;
System.out.println("sum of two numbers is "+res);

public static void main(String args[]){

ExampleOnVariables1 env1 = new ExampleOnvariables1();

env1.getSum();

}}
}

oops:
=====
1)class
2)Object
3)Inheritance
4)Encapsulation
5)Abstraction
6)Polymorphism

Class:
======

A class is Blue print(template) for an Object.

A class is user defined Datatype.

 syntax:
=======

class classname
{
//Datamemebers //to specify object properties
//member methods // to specify object functionality or actions.

Object:
=======

An Object which exists phsically in the real world.

An object is an instance of a class(initalization of an object)

An object can contain properties and Actions.

In java we represent Properties in the form of datamembers(variables)

In java we represent Actions in the form of member methods.

to define Object properties and Actions we require class.

to perfrom any operations in java we require Class(template).

example:
=======
Chair is an Object

properites of chair:- color,material,shape,wheels..etc

Actions of chair -- movieable(),seatAdjustable()

sol:
=====

class Chair
{

String color="black";
String material="plastic";

int wheels = 4; //properties

public void movieable(){ //actions

System.out.println("Chair is moveable");

How to create object for class:

===============================
1) new operator:
= ===============
 Using new operator we can create the Object for a class

syntax:
=======

classname referencename = new classname();

ex:
===

Chair c = new Chair();

to call the instance data members and instance methods;

========================================================

syntax:
=======

referencename.variablename //to call instance variables

referencename.methodname() // to call instance methods

ex:
====

System.out.println(c.color);
System.out.println(c.wheels); //to call instance variables

c.movieable();//to call instance method

to call static datamembers and static methods:

==============================================

syntax:
========

classname.variable --- to call a static variable

classname.methodname --to call static methods.

typeCasting:
=========
There are two typecasting

1) Widening casting or implicit casting:

================================

converting one datatype of a variable into other data type.

note:
====
it convert lower datatype to higher datatype

byte->short->int->long->float->double
or
 char->int->long->float->double

2)Narrowing casting or Explicity casting:

================================
Converting higher datatype of a variable into Lower datatype.
with help of type cast () operator .

syntax:
======
(specify the dataype)

Example :
========

1) write a java program to convert one datatype into another data type.

sol:
===

public class ExampleOnCasting{

public static void main(String args[]){

int a=10;

double b = a; //widening casting or implicit casting

System.out.println("the value of a variable is "+b);

double d = 20.0;

int c = (int)d; //narrowing casting or explicit casting

System.out.println("the value of a variable is "+c);

float x =(float) d; //converting double to float

System.out.println(x);

long aa = 30;

float y= aa; //converting long to float

System.out.println(y);

Operators:
=========

1)Arithmetic operators:
===================
this operators are used to perfrom calculations between two operands.
 + -- ADDITION
- --SUBSTRACTION
* --MULTIPLICATION
/ --DIVISION --- IT WILL RETURN QUOTIENT

% -- MODULES --- IT WILL RETURN REMAINDER

2)Relational operators:
==================

> GREATER THAN

>= GREATER THAN OR EQUALS TO
< LESSTHAN
<= LESSTHAN OR EQUALS TO
!= NOT EQUALS TO
== EQUALS TO

3)Logical operators:
================
&& --- logical and
|| --logical or
^ --logical XOR
! --- logical Not

4)Increment and Decrement operators

++,--,+=,-=,%=

Example:
=======

1)WAP to perform addition,substraction,division,modules.

and display sum of numbers,sub of numbers or.......

Conditional operator:
=====================
this operator is used to make Conditional Expressions.

syntax:
======
Datatype variableName =Expression1?Expression2:Expression3;

if Expression1 condition is matched it will return expression2

.
if Expression 1 condition is not matched it will retrun Expression3

Ex:
===
int a=10;
int b=20;

int value1=(a<b)?a:b;

int value2=(a>b)?a:b;
Conditional Statements:
======================
1)if
===
syntax:
=======
if(condition){

//true statements
}

note:
=====
In if condition it contains only one statement braces
are optional but this statement should not be initialization statement.

Example:
=======
1)WAp to compare two int variables and print which is greater.
using if-else condition.

if-else
======
syntax:
======
if(condition){

//true statments

}else{

//else /false statements

}

1)WAp to compare two int variables and print which is greater.

using if-else condition.

if-else-if:
===========
to check multiple conditions

syntax:
======

if(condition1){

//statements

}else if(condition2){
//statements

}else{
//statements
}
 ex:
===
WAp to compare three int variables and print which is greater.
using if-else-if condition and logical operators (&& or ||).

Nested If-else:
==========
Nested if-else statements which means you can use one if or else if statement
inside another if or else if statement.

Syntax:
========
if(condition1){
//if condition1 is true then this if block of code will be executed.

if(condition2){

//Executes the statments when condition2 is true

}

}else{

if(condition2){

//Executes the statments when condition2 is true

}

}
Assignment:
-----------
WAp to compare three int variables and print which is greater.
using nested-if condition and logical operators (&& or ||).

switch-case:
===========
The Switch statement allows us to execute a block of code among many
alternatives.

to check multiple condition based on expression

syntax:
=======
switch(expresssion){

case cond1 : statements;

break;
case cond2 : statements;
break;
case cond3 : statements;
break;
case cond4 : statements;
break;

.....
case condn: statements;
 break;
default : statement;
}

Note:
=====
fall-through mechanism in java
the break statement is used to terminate the switch-case statement.
if break is not used, all the cases after the matching case are also executed.

The java Switch statement we can work with types:

a)primitives datatypes
b)Enumerated types
c)String Class
d)Wrapper Classes

Example
++++++++
wAp to perform arthematic operations using switch case expresssion .

Iterative statments:
=====================

While loop:
===========
to repeat the statements until the condition become true.

syntax:
=======

initialize a variable;

while(condition)
{
//statements;

//increment/decrement

ex:
==
Write a program to print 1 to 10 natural numbers.
write a program to display multiplication table of 2 using while loop;

sol:
===

public class ExampleOnWhile{

public static void main(String args[]){

 int i=1;
int n=2;

while(i<=10){

System.out.println(n+ " X " +i+" = "+(n*i));

i++; //i=i+1; or //i+=1

}}
}

2) WAP to print 1 to 10 integers using while loop.

sol:
===

public class ExampleOnIntegers{

public static void main(String args[]){

int i=1;

while(i<=10){

System.out.println(i);
i++
}

}
}

for loop
========
syntax:
=======

for(initilization;condition;increment/decrement){

//statements

ex:
===
WAP to print 1 to 10 integers
WAP to display multiplication table of 5 using for loop;

sol:
====
public class ExampleOnFor{
public static void main(String args[]){

int n=5;

for(int i=1;i<=10;i++){

System.out.println(n+" X "+i+" = "+(n*i));

}
 }
}

do-while loop
=============
syntax:
=======
initilization variable;
do{

//statements;
//increment/decrement

}while(condition);

note:
=====
the statements will execute atleast one time before checking the condition.

Example:
=======
write a java program to print 1 to 10 integers using do-while loop.
WAP to print multiplication table of 4

sol:
===
public class ExampleOndoWhile{

public static void main(String args[]){

int i=1;
do{
System.out.println(i);
i++;
}while(i<=10);
}

break:- explicity based on condition to exit loop.

continue :- explicity based on condition to skip the iteration and continue the
loop.

How to read the values from Keyboard using Scanner class(java.util.*)

=====================================================================

1) we need to create the object for scanner class

ex:
===
Scanner s = new Scanner(System.in); //Specify the class information to
compiler by using import keyword

2) to read the values for respective variable data types

we need to use respective methods from Scanner class by using scanner Object
 ex:
===
int a = s.nextInt();
float b = s.nextFloat();
long l = s.nextLong();

String s = s.next(); ex:john

ex:- john doe -- it will read only john
String s =s.nextLine();

Example:
=======
Write a java program to read studentId,studentName,marks,comments from
keyboard or run time by using scanner class

sol:
===

import java.util.Scanner;

public class ExampleOnScanner{

public static void main(String args[]){

Scanner s = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.println("Enter the value for Student Id : ");

int studentId = s.nextInt();

System.out.println("Enter the value for Student Name " );

String studentName = s.next();

System.out.println("Enter the value for StudentMarks");

float studentMarks=s.nextFloat();

System.out.println("Student Details are :");

System.out.println("stundentId is : "+studentId);
System.out.println("studentName is : "+studentIName );
System.out.println("studentMarks is : "+studentMarks );

}
}

Note:
====
It's because when you enter a number then press Enter, input.nextInt() consumes
only the number, not the "end of line". When input.nextLine() executes, it consumes
the "end of line" still in the buffer from the first input.

Instead, use input.nextLine() immediately after input.nextInt()

How to define methods:

======================

1) instance methods or concrete methods or complete methods

 --------------------------------------------------------------
syntax:
========
AccessModifer returntype methodname(if any arguments){

//to perform certain a task

}
note:
======

AccessModifer:-(public,protected,private,default)
return type :- primitive datatypes or object References
if not primitive or object it must be void(empty).

ex:
===

void methodOne(){

//any statements

or

public int getAddition(int x,int x){

//logic
//return type of variable
}

or

protected float getEmpSalay(int id){

//logic to get the salary based on id

//return;
}

static methods:
===============

A static method is method is declared using a keyword called

static.

syntax:
========

accessmodifiers static returntype methodname(if any arguemnts){

//
}

ex:
====
public static void main(String args[]){
 //logic
}

Abstract Method:
================
A abstract method is a method , it contains only method declaration
but not definition .

syntax:
=======
public abstract retruntype methodname(if any arguments);
ex:
public abstract void methodOne();

note:
=====
if a class contain atleast one abstract method then compiler will
force the user or Developer to declare the class as abstract.

Example:
=======
1) WAP named as ExampleOnMethods
a) create a instance method(getEmpSal) which return int type value and
perform sum of two numbers by passing values to method.

b)create a static method named as studentTotalMarks(three parameters of type

int)
and return the sum of the three parameters

sol:
===
public class ExampleOnMethods{

public int getEmpSal(int x,int y){

int z=x+y;
return z;

public static int studentTotalMarks(int m1,int m2, int m3){

int total=m1+m2+m3;

return total;
}
public static void main(String args[]){

ExampleOnMethods enm =new ExampleOnMethods();

int res = enm.getEmpSal(1000,3000);//calling instance method

int res1= ExampleOnMethods.studentTotalMarks(45,60,36); //calling static

method

System.out.println("sum of employee salaries : "+res);

System.out.println("sum of marsk of a student : "+res1);
 }

Constructor:
============

A constructor is used to initialize the object

A constructor is special method whose name is same as a class name.

A constructor doesn't not return any value not even void also.

note:
=====
Initialize the object means ,allocating memory for
instance variables (heap) and the instance variables
will store with it default values based on it types.

There are two types of Constructors

1) default constructor:
=======================

a constructor is defined with out parameters with in class

2) parameterized constructor:
===========================
A constructor is defined with some parameters with in class.

note:
=====
1)if class doesnt not contain any constructor,
compiler is responsible to provide default constructor in the
class implicitly.

2)compiler will provider default constructor,

inside default the code available like this

ex:
===
compiled welcome.class
public class Welcome{

public Welcome(){

this()/super()
}

3) If explicity we need to use this() or super()

inside a constructor,it should be first line statment inside
the constructor.
 example:
---------

1)create a class named as TestOnConstructor

and create default and
parameterized(int empno,String ename,float sal) constructors

2)create three instance variables of type empno -int

ename -String,sal -- float

3)create the object for TestOnConstructor class and display

empno,ename,sal fields.

this keyword:
=============
1) this is keyword which represents current class object or instance

2) using this keyword we can call instance methods and

instance variable
3) using this() method we can call constructors.
note:- this should be a first line of statement in constructor

example:
--------

public class ExampleOnThis{

a antha
int a=10;
String s = "hello";

public ExampleOnThis(){

System.out.println("we are in default constructor");

System.out.println(a+ " "+s);

public ExampleOnThis(int x,String s){

System.out.println("we are in parameterized constructor");

}

public static void main(String args[]){}

ExampleOnThis eot = new ExampleOnThis();

Arrays:
=======
A array is used to store collection of similar types of element.
An array is used to store homogenous types of elements.

Array index start from 0

to Declare a single dimension Array:

==============================
syntax:
=======
dataType arrayName[]
Ex:
====
int a[];

int[] a;

int []a;

to Declare and initilaize the size for array using new key word
-----------------------------------------------------------------===============
syntax:
=======

dataype arrayName[] = new datatype[size];

ex:
---

int a[] = new int[5];

Example:
========

WAP to create int array with declaration along with initialization

sol:
====
public class ExampleOnArray{

public static void main(String args[]){

//declare and initializtion of array;

int a[] = {10,20,30,40,50};

System.out.println(a);

System.out.println(a.length);//no of elements in array is 5

//using for loop

for(int i=0;i<a.length;i++){

System.out.println(a[i]);

}
//for each loop

for(int b : a){ //here we are storing array object a into b

 System.out.println("displaying the elements using for each loop "+b);

}
}

Example:
=======
1)Create an int array and with size of five elements
and initiliaze the array and display the elements from array

sol:
-----
public class ExampleOnArray2{

public static void main(String args[]){

int a[] = new int[5]; //declared the array with size using new operator
//initilaze the array
a[0]=10;
a[1]=40;
a[2]=50;
a[3]=60;
a[4]=30;

System.out.println("size of any arrray "+a.length);

//to display the elements using for loop

for(int i=0;i<a.length;i++){
System.out.print(a[i]+" ");
}

//display the elements using for-each loop

for(int b : a){

System.out.println(b);

}
}

Example:
=======

1) WAP to create an int array which stores five elements and

read the values using scanner and initialize the array.
and display the elements from array using for and for-each loop

public class ExampleOnArray3{

public static void main (String args[]){

int c[] = new int[5];

//initialize the array using for loop using keyboard

Scanner s= new Scanner(System.in);
 for(int i=0;i<c.length;i++){

System.out.println("enter the value for C array");

c[i]=s.nextInt();

}
//to display the values from array c

for(int i=0;i<c.length;i++){
System.out.println(c[i]);

//foreach-loop
for(int i :c){
System.out.print(i+" ");
}

}}

two dimension array:

=======================

syntax:
========

datatype arrayName[][] = new datatype[size][size];

rows cols
ex:
===

1) create an two dimension array of type int along with

declaration and initialzation .

sol:
=====

public class ExampleOnArray5{

public static void main(String args[]){

int a[][]={{1,2,3},{10,30,50}}; // 1 2 3
// 10 30 50 2 rows and 3 cols
//no of elements in array is rows*cols
for(int i=0;i<2;i++){ //rows

for(int j=0;j<3;j++){ //colums

System.out.print(a[i][j]+" ");
}
System.out.println("");
}
}
}

olp:-
1 2 3
10 30 50

Example:
========
WAP program to declare two dimension array of type int
with size(r=3,c=3) and insert the values to array using Scanner
and display the element using for loop

sol:
===
public class ExampleOnArray6 {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Scanner s = new Scanner(System.in);

int a[][] =new int[3][3];

//insert the values for array a[r][c]

for(int i=0;i<3;i++) {
for(int j=0;j<3;j++) {

System.out.println("Enter the elements for a[][]");

a[i][j]=s.nextInt();
}
}
// display the element using for loop
System.out.println("Elements are :");
for(int i=0;i<3;i++){ //rows
for(int j=0;j<3;j++){ //columns
System.out.print(a[i][j]+" ");
}
System.out.println("");
}
}
}

Example:
========

WAP a program to pass an int array as method argument and

display the elements from array
sol:
====

public class ExampleonArray7{

public void getEmpSal(int a[]) {

//display the element from array a using for-each loop

for(int b:a) {
System.out.print(b);
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {

ExampleOnArray4 eoa = new ExampleOnArray4();

//declaring and initilazing int empSal[]
 int empSal[] = {3000,4000,5000,2000};

eoa.getEmpSal(empSal);

}
}

Example:
========

WAP to return an int array as method return type

and display the elements from array.
sol:
=====
public class ExampleOnArray9{

public int[] methodOne(){

int a[]={10,30,40,50};

return a;

}
public static void main(String args[]){

ExampleOnArray9 a9 = new ExampleOnArray9();

int res[] = a9.methodOne();

for(int b:res){

System.out.println(b);

}
}

String:
=======
String a predefined class available in java.lang.String

String a final class(we cannot inherited)

String is a immutable class.

immutable :-- the data or state of String object cannot be changed.

Java Strings are Immutable:

--------------------------
In Java, strings are immutable. This means, once we create a string, we cannot
change that string.

To understand it more deeply, consider an example:

// create a string
String example = "Hello! ";
Here, we have created a string variable named example. The variable holds the
string "Hello! ".

Now suppose we want to change the string.

// add another string "World"

// to the previous tring example

example = example.concat(" World");

Here, we are using the concat() method to add another string World to the previous
string.

It looks like we are able to change the value of the previous string. However, this
is not true.

Let's see what has happened here,

1)JVM takes the first string "Hello! "

2)creates a new string by adding "World" to the first string

3)assign the new string "Hello! World" to the example variable

4)the first string "Hello! " remains unchanged

1.While creating strings using string literals,

String example = "Java";

Here, we are directly providing the value of the string (Java).
Hence, the compiler first checks the string pool to see if the string already
exists.

If the string already exists, the new string is not created.

Instead, the new reference, example points to the already existed string (Java).

If the string doesn't exist, the new string (Java is created)

Difference between (==) operator and equals() method

=========================================

1) == operator check for the object References

2)equals() method check for the content inside the Object Reference.

note:
====
1)String literal object will store in String constant
pool memory area of heap

2) String Object with new key Word ,the object will

store on the heap of jvm

Method Description:
------ ------------------------
contains() checks whether the string contains a substring

substring() returns the substring of the string

join() join the given strings using the delimiter

replace() replaces the specified old character with the specified new character

replaceAll() replaces all substrings matching the regex pattern

replaceFirst() replace the first matching substring

charAt() returns the character present in the specified location

getBytes() converts the string to an array of bytes

indexOf() returns the position of the specified character in the string

compareTo() compares two strings in the dictionary order

compareToIgnoreCase() compares two strings ignoring case differences

trim() removes any leading and trailing whitespaces

format() returns a formatted string

split() breaks the string into an array of strings

toLowerCase() converts the string to lowercase

toUpperCase() converts the string to uppercase

valueOf() returns the string representation of the specified argument

toCharArray() converts the string to a char array

matches() checks whether the string matches the given regex

startsWith() checks if the string begins with the given string

endsWith() checks if the string ends with the given string

isEmpty() checks whether a string is empty of not

intern() returns the canonical representation of the string

contentEquals() checks whether the string is equal to charSequence

hashCode() returns a hash code for the string

subSequence() returns a subsequence from the string

public class ExampleOnStr

{
public static void main (String[] args)
{
// created string using string literal
 String s= "HelloWorld";

// Returns the number of characters in the String.

System.out.println("length of "+s+"is" + s.length());

// Returns the character at ith index.

System.out.println("Character at 2nd position = "+ s.charAt(2));

// Return the substring from the ith index character

// to end of string
System.out.println("Substring from index 3 is " + s.substring(3));

// Returns the substring from i to j-1 index.

System.out.println("Substring from index 2 to index 4 = " +
s.substring(2,5));

// Concatenates string2 to the end of string1.

String s1 = "Hello";
String s2 = "World";
System.out.println("Concatenated string = " +s1.concat(s2));

// Returns the index within the string

// of the first occurrence of the specified string.
String s4 = "Hello World";
System.out.println("Index of World is " +s4.indexOf("World"));

// Checking equality of Strings

Boolean out = "HELLO".equals("hello");
System.out.println("Checking Equality of HELLO and hello " + out);

out = "HELLO".equals("HELLO");
System.out.println("Checking Equality " + out);

out = "HeLlo".equalsIgnoreCase("Hello");
System.out.println("Checking Equality " + out);

// Converting cases
String word1 = "World";
System.out.println("Changing to lower Case " +word1.toLowerCase());

// Converting cases
String word2 = "world";
System.out.println("Changing to UPPER Case " +word2.toUpperCase());

// Trimming the word

String word4 = " Welcome to Java ";
System.out.println("Trim the word " + word4.trim());

// Replacing characters
String str1 = "Hello";
System.out.println("Original String " + str1);
String str2 = "Hello".replace('H' ,'M') ;
System.out.println("Replaced H with M -> " + str2);

}
}
Inheritance:
============

Acquiring the properties and methods from one class to

another class is called inheritance.

or

Acquiring the properties and methods from Parent Class(super class) to

Child Class(subclass) is called inheritance.

the main advantage of inheritance is code reuseability.

By using extend keyword we can get the properties and method from
parent class to child class.

Inheritance is also called as IS-A a relation.

note:
=====

-- It is recommended to create the object for child class

in inheritance concept.

--In java every class by default extends from Object class.

-- Object is the super class for all the classes.

syntax:
=======

public class Parent {

//data members;

//member methods;

public class Child extends Parent{

//it acquires the datamembers and members from parent

//and it child class data members and member methods.

public static void main(String args){

Child c = new Child();

//using child object we can call parent class datamemebrs and members.

//using child object we can call it own data memeber and member methods.

}
 Different types of inheritance:
================================

1)single inheritance

2)multiple inheritance

3)multi-level inheritance

1) single inheritance:
======================

it contain single parent and single child.

ex:
----

public class A{
//variables and methods
}

public class B extends A{

//variables and methods
psvm(){

}
}

2) multi-level inheritance class:

==================================

A class extend from more than one class and one child

ex:
===

there are three class A,B,C

public class A{

//variables and methods

}

public class B extends A{

//variables and methods

}

public class c extends B{

//variables and methods

public static void main(String args[]){
 //to create the object for c class

}
}

Example On single inheritance:

========================
single inheritance

a) parent class :-
1)create a class named as First .

2) this class contain two intansce variables of type int

3) declare a method named as getSum(int,int) and retrun type int

and access modifier is public

b) child class:-
1)create a class named as Second which extends from First.

2) this class contain two instance variables of type float.

3)declare a method as getMessage(String) and Return type is

String and access modifier is public

4) create object for second class and display the

First class instance variables and second class
instance variables and call the methods of First and second class.

sol:
===

public class First{

int num1=10;
int num2=20;

public int getSum(int x,int y){

int z = x+y;
return z;

public class Second extends First{

float f1=10.0;
float f2=20.0;

public String getMessage(String s){

return "hello "+s+"welcome to java";

public static void main(String args[]){

 Second s = new Second();

System.out.println(s.num1);
System.out.println(s.num2);

int res = s.getSum(40,40);

System.out.println("sum of salaries of two numbers is : "+res);

System.out.println(s.f1);
System.out.println(s.f2);

String gt = s.getMessage("sainath");
System.out.println(gt);

}
}

2) multi-level inheritance
----------------------------
Example-level inheritance
====================
a) create a class named as A and it contains one method
method name is methodOne()(simple statement(sop)
and retrun type is void .

b)create a Class named B and it contains one method named as

methodTwo()--(sop) and return type is void.

c) create a class named C and it contains one method named as

methodThree() --(sop) and return type is void
d)create a object for child class C and call the methods
of A,B,C

Has-A relation:
===============
A class which contain object reference or entity reference
as a instance variable is called composition or Has-a relation.

Example:
========

There are two class student,Address and

Student Has-A relation with Address.

1)Address Class

public class Address{

String city;
String state;
String country;

public Address(){

this.city=null;
 this.state=null;
this.country=null;

public Address(String city,String state,String cn){

this.city=city;
this.state=state;
country=cn;

}
}

public class Student{

int sid;
String sname;
Address a; //represents student has-a relation with address

public Student(){
this.sid=0;
this.sname=null;
this.a=null;

public Student(int sid,String sname,Address a){

this.sid=sid;
this.sname=sname;
this.a=a;

public static void main(String... args){ //var-arg--jdk1.5

Address a1 = new Address("hyd","telangana","india");

Student s= new Student(1001,"Martin",a1);

System.out.println("Student Details");

System.out.println("Sid is :"+s.sid);
System.out.println("Stundent name is :"+s.sname);

System.out.println("city :"+s.a.city);
System.out.println("state "+s.a.state);
System.out.println("country :"+s.a.country);

super keyword:
 ==============
->super keyword is used to refer parent class object.

->using super we can call super class variables and

super class methods

->using super() method we can call super class constructors.

because in inheritance sub class cannot override the constructors.

to call a super class method:

======================
super.methodname(); --we need to call in any instance methods of sub class

to call super class instance variable:

=============================
super.variableName --we need to call in any instance variable of sub class

to callsuper class constructor:

========================

super() ---it will call default constructor of super class by

default without specifying.

super(any arguments) -- it will call parameterized constructor of super class

based on arguments type

note:
====
1)it will call default constructor of super class by default without specifying
in subclass default constructor.

2)super() or super(any arguments ) --should be first line of statment

in sub-class constructors.

Example:
========

public class ExampleOnSuper

{

int a=10;

public ExampleOnsuper(){

System.out.println("we are in default constructor of ExampleOnsuper");

}
public void display(){

System.out.println("we are in display method of ExampleOnsuper");

}
 public class Test3 extends ExampleOnSuper{

int a=20;

public Test3(){

System.out.println("we are in default constructor of Test class");

public void display(){

System.out.println("we are in display method of test class");

public static void main(String args[]){

Test t = new Test();

Encapsulation:
==============
Encapsulation is process of wrapping or binding the
data members(variables) and member methods functionalities as single unit .

ex:
====
class

In real time javabean class is called as Encapsulation class.

what is javabean class ?

it a class which contain private access modifiers of instance variables

and based on that instance variable the class contains
setter methods and getter methods...etc

note:
=====
In spring,Hibernate frameworks the java bean class will called as Pojo class
(plain old java object)

ex:
===

public class Employee{

private int empid;

private String empName;
 private float sal;

//setters and getters

public void setEmpId(int empid){

this.empid=empid;

}
public void setEmpName(String empName){

this.empName=empName;
}

public void setSal(float sal){

this.sal = sal;
}

public int getEmpId(){

return this.empid;

public String getEmpName(){

return this.empName;
}
public float getSal(){

return this.sal;
}

note:
======
In eclipseIDE we can generate getter and setter methods
in class rightclik-->source-->generate setters and getters-->selectall
-->finish.

method signature:
=================

syntax :-
---------
methodname(datatype of variables);

ex:
===
public int getSum(int x,int y){

//logic t perform sum of two numbers

} --> method signature:

==================
 getSum(int,int);

public void methodOne(String s,float f,long l){

}--> method signature:

==================
methodOne(String,float,long);

Polymorphism:
=============
polymorphism is means many forms.

A superclass Reference variable holding its subclass object

is called polymorphism.

we can achieve polymorphism in java using method overloading

and method overriding.

1)method overloading or compile time polymorphism or early binding:

===================================================================

A class which contain one or more methods which consists of same method name
and differ in arguments is called method overloading.

we can achieve method overloading with a class.

rules for method overloading:

========================

1) different in no of arguments.
2)different in type of arguments,

ex:
====

1) create a class which contain multiple methods with same

method name to perform sum.

sol:
----

public class ExampleOnMethodOverload{

public int getSum(int x,int y){

int z=x+y;

return z;

public int getSum(int x,int y,int z)

{
 return x+y+z;
}

public void methodOne(int x,float y){

System.out.println(x+" "+y);

public void methodOne(float x,int y){

System.out.println(x+" "+y);
}

Automatic promotion types in method overloading:

==========================================
if calling any method in method overloading ,compiler may not found the method
based
on referenced type compiler will not throw any error message
immediately, it will check for next level reference datatype based
on the any method available it will execute other wise
you will get error.

byte ->short->int->long->float->double
or
char ->int->long->float->double

ex:
===
public class ExampleTypePromotion {

public void methodOne(int a){

System.out.println("int value of a is "+a);

public void methodOne(float a){

System.out.println("float value of a "+a);

public void methodOne(double a){

System.out.println("double value of a "+a);

public static void main(String args[]){

ExampleTypePromotion ept =new ExampleTypePromotion();

ept.methodOne(10);
ept.methodOne(10.5);
 ept.methodOne('a');

note:
======
compiler is responsible to perform or to execute the
methods based on method signature is called method resolution
(decision) ,the decision taken at compile time based on argument referenced
type.

Method Overriding or run time polymorphism or late binding:

===========================================================

A method is override from parent class to child class with

same method signature along with same arguments and
same return type of parent class method.

using inheritance concept we can perform method overriding.

ex:
===
public class ExampleOnOverride //parent
{

public void methodOne(){

System.out.println("we are in method one of ExampleOnoverride");

}
}

public class TestOnMethodOverride extends ExampleOnOverride

{
@Override
public void methodOne(){ //child class

System.out.println("we are in methodOne of TestChild class");

public static void main(String args[]){

TestOnMethodOverride tmd = new TestOnMethodOverride();

tmd.methodOne();

}
 note:
======
In method overriding the method resolution(decision) will
take at run time based on Object reference type.

For A super class Reference variable Holding its sub class Object Execution:
===========================================================
ExampleOnOverride tmd1 = new TestOnMethodOverride();
tmd1.methodOne();

1)first it will check the method reference in Super class and based on
method signature if available it will check same method Signature in child
class ,
if available it will execute child class method.

2)If method signature not available in super class and the same method signature

available in child class ,it will not execute child class method it will throw
an error.

Interface:
==========

--> An interface which contains set of abstract methods.

-->Interface used for SRS(software requirement specification or abstract).

-->An interface contain variables and these variable must be static and final

syntax:
=======

public interface InterfaceName{

//variables;

//abstract methods

-->once the interface is created who will provide the implementation,

developer is responsible to provide implementaions for the interface

--> How to provide implementation

to provide implementations a class must implements the

interface and provide the implementation for all the abstract method.

note:
=====

1)if we not provide implementation for any one abstract method then
declare the class as abstract.

2)we can not create the object for abstract class directly.

3) to create the object for the abstract class, create one more
 class which extends from abstract class and provide
the implementation for the abstract method

4) create a object for new created class which extends from

abstract class

5) call the data members and member methods of it own class

as well as abstract class by creating object for the new created class

Example:
========

1) create a interface named as MyApp

2) this interface contain two abstracts methods

a)public abstract int getSum(int x,int y);
b)public abstract int getAddition(int x,int y,int z);

3) create a class named as ExampleOnInterface which implements

MyApp interface
note:- provide implementation for all abstract methods.

4) create a Object for implementation class and call those methods.

Sol:
-----
interface:
=======

public interface MyApp{

public abstract int getSum(int x,int y);

public abstract int getAdditions(int x,int y,int z);

Implementation Class
=================

public class ExampleOnInterface implements MyApp{

public int getSum( int x,int y){

int z=x+y;

return z;

public int getAddition(int x,int y,int z){

return x+y+z;
}

public static void main(String args[]){

ExampleOnInterface eoi = new ExampleOnInterface();

int res = eoi.getSum(40,50);

System.out.println("sum of two numbers is : "+res);

int res1 = eoi.getAddition(30,40,30);

System.out.println("Sum of three numbers is :"+res1)

//Interface Reference variable Holding its implementation class Object

MyApp mp = new ExampleOnInterface();

int result = mp.getSum(50,50);

System.out.println("sum of two numbers is : using interface reference :

"+result);

int result2 = mp.getAddition(50,50,60);

System.out.println("sum of three numbers is : using interface reference :

"+result2);

Example:2
=========
1) create a interface named as MyInterface

2) this Interface contain abstract methods

a) int methodOne();
b) String methodTwo(String s);
c) void methodThree();

3)create a class named as ExImp1 which implements the interface

MyInterface
note:- provide the implementation for two methods methodOne
and methodTwo.
Then declare the class as abstract

4)create a one more class named as ExImp2 extends from above class
ExImp1 and provide the implementation for abstract method
methodThree();
5) create a object for ExImp2 class and call the methods
public interface MyInterface{

public abstract int methodOne();

public abstract String methodTwo(String s);
public abstract void methodThree();
}

public class ExImp1 implements MyInterface{

public int methodOne(){

int a=10;
System.out.println("we are in method One");
return a;
}

public String methodTwo(String s){

return "we are in methodTwo of ExImpl Class"

}

4)create a one more class named as ExImp2 extends from above class
ExImp1 and provide the implementation for abstract method
methodThree();
5) create a object for ExImp2(two ways) class and call the methods

public class ExImp2 extends ExImp1{

public void methodThree(){

System.out.println("we are in method Three of ExImp2");

public static void main(String args[]){

ExImp2 ex2 = new ExImp2();

String wc = ex2.methodTwo("Welcome");
System.out.println(wc);

ex2.methodThree();

Example3:
========
a)
public interface I1{
 public abstract String getMessage();
void display();

}
public interface I2 extends I1{

public abstract String getMessage();

void methodTwo();

b) create a class named as ExampleOnInterface2 which

will provide the implementation for I2(I2 interface inherits the properties and
abstract methods
from I1)

sol:
===

public class ExampleOnInterface2 implements I2{

public String getMessage(){

return "welcome to java we are working on interface"

}

public void methodTwo(){

System.out.println("we are in methodTwo");

}

public void display(){

System.out.println("we are in display method ");

}

public static void main(String args[]){

ExampleOnInterface2 ei2 = new ExampleOnInterface2();

System.out.println(ei2.getMessage());

ei2.methodTwo();
ei2.display();

Abstraction:
============
abstraction is a process of hiding implementation details
and showing useful information to user is called abstraction.

The advantage of abstraction is security.

 we can achieve full abstraction in java
using interfaces and abstract class

ex:
===

ATM--withdrawal a money

note:
======
we can declare the class as abstract but even it does not contain
any abstract method to achieve security i.e., for the class
it will not allow us to create object for the class directly.

ex:
====
case1:
-------
public abstract class Ex1 implements Interface{
//not implemented any abstract method
//instance methods

case2:
------
public abstract class Ex1{

//instance methods

final keyword:
==============
we can use final keyword in three ways

1)We can a declare a final variable ,along with

declaration we must initialize that final variable

2)final variable will act as constant i.e., value of final

variable cannot be changed(fixed)

3)we can declare a method as final by using final keyword

note:-final method will not participate in method overriding.

4)we can declare a class as final and we can create the object for final class
but
final class will not participate in inheritance.