MIT Art, Design and Technology UniversityMIT School of

Computing, Pune

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Class: First Year Engineering
Subject : Electrical and Electronics Engineering (23CSE1104)
Unit-IV – DIGITAL ELECTRONICS

Prof. Tushar Mote

AY 2024-2025 SEM-I
 MIT School of Computing
Department of Computer Science &

Unit-IV Syllabus
Engineering

Main Topic-1: Introduction, digital

signals, Basic logic gates and
universal gates: AND, OR, NOR, NOT,
NAND, EX-OR, EX-NOR.PL
D
Main Topic-2: Arithmetic circuits:
Half Adder, Full Adder,
Main Topic-3:Introduction of VLSI
systems and digital applications
23-10-2024
 MIT School of Computing
Department of Computer Science &
Engineering
Unit-IV – DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
Course Learning Objectives: To study logic gates and their
applications.
Course Outcome(CO4): Design logic circuits and its
implementation using logic gates.
Reference Books:
1. R.P.Jain, “Modern Digital Electronics” Tata McGraw Hill (Second
edition). PL
2. A.P. Malvino, D.P. leach, G. Saha, “Digital
D principles and
Applications”, Tata McGraw Hill, (Sev-enth edition).

23-10-2024
 Introduction of Digital
Digital electronics is a field of electronics involving
Electronics
the study and application of digital signals and the
devices that use or generate them. It forms the
backbone of modern technology, including
computers, mobile phones, and many other
electronic devices.
Logic gates are electronic circuits that can be
used to implement the most elementary logic
expressions, also known as Boolean expressions.
The logic gate is the most basic building block of
combinational logic.
23-10-2024
 Key Concepts in Digital
1. Digital vs. Analog Signals
Electronics
Analog Signals: Continuous signals that vary over time and can take
any value within a given range. Examples include audio signals and
temperature readings.
Digital Signals: Discrete signals that have only two states, typically
represented as 0 and 1 (binary). Digital signals are less susceptible to
noise and are easier to store and manipulate with digital systems.
2. Binary Number System
Binary Numbers: The foundation of digital electronics, where data is
represented using two symbols, 0 and 1. Each binary digit (bit)
represents an exponential power of 2.
Bits and Bytes: A bit is the smallest unit of data in a computer. A
group of 8 bits forms a byte.
23-10-2024
 Signal
Types
Analog signals take on
continuous values -
typically current or voltage.
Digital signals appear at
discrete levels. Usually, we
use binary signals which
utilize only two levels.
One level is referred to as
logical 1 and logical 0 is
assigned to the other level.

23-10-2024
 Applications of Digital
Electronics
Computing: The core technology behind all computers
and servers.
Communication: Used in mobile phones, wireless
communication, and the internet.
Consumer Electronics: Found in TVs, digital cameras,
gaming consoles, and home automation systems.
Industrial Automation: Used in robotics, control
systems, and instrumentation.
Medical Devices: Essential in imaging systems,
diagnostic equipment, and patient monitoring systems.
23-10-2024
 Advantages of Digital
Electronics
Noise Immunity: Less susceptible to noise
compared to analog systems.
Reproducibility: Digital circuits can be
reproduced exactly, making them highly reliable.
Ease of Design: Digital circuits are easier to
design using computer-aided design (CAD) tools.
Data Storage: Digital data can be easily stored,
retrieved, and processed by computers.
23-10-2024
 BASIC LOGIC GATES
A logic gate is a basic building block of
a digital circuit.
It is an electronic circuit that has one or
more than one inputs and one output.
PL
The relationship between
D the i/p and
the o/p is based on a certain logic.
Logic gates perform basic logical
functions.

23-10-2024
23-10-2024
AND OR NOT
Gate Gate Gate

Y=A.B

Y=A+
B

23-10-2024
NAND NOR
Gate Gate

23-10-2024
Exclusive-OR Exclusive-NOR
Gate Gate

23-10-2024
Universal Gates
A universal gate is a gate which can implement any Boolean function
without need to use any other gate type.
The NAND and NOR gates are universal gates.
In practice, this is advantageous since NAND and NOR gates are
economical and easier to fabricate and are the basic gates used in all
IC digital logic families.

23-10-2024
Design of Basic Gates using
NAND Gate

23-10-2024
Design of Basic Gates using NOR
Gate

23-10-2024
 All digital gates
with its IC Pin
outs

23-10-2024
Standard Representations for Logic
Functions (SOP)
Sum-of-Products
Derived from the Truth table for a function
by considering those rows for which F = 1.
The logical sum (OR) of product (AND)
terms.
Realized using an AND-OR circuit.
Product-of-Sums (POS)
Derived from the Truth table for a function
by considering those rows for which F = 0.
The logical product (AND) of sum (OR)
terms.
23-10-2024
Realized using an OR-AND circuit.
 Sum-of-Products

AND

SUM

Y' + X'YZ' + XY

OR
x.y

Product
AND Term

Product Term = Logical ANDing of

literals
23-10-2024
Sum = Logical ORing of product
 Boolean Algebra
Rules

23-10-2024
 Boolean Algebra
Rules

23-10-2024
KARNAUGH Map Representation for Logic
Gates
Note the
Order

23-10-2024
 HALF
ADDER
A half-adder is an arithmetic circuit block that can be used to add
two bits.
Such a circuit thus has two inputs that represent the two bits to
be added and two outputs, with one producing the SUM output
The
and Boolean
the otherexpressions for CARRY
producing the the SUM. and CARRY outputs
are given by the equations

23-10-2024
 FULL ADDER
A full adder circuit is an arithmetic circuit block that
can be used to add three bits to produce a SUM and a
CARRY output.
Such a building block becomes a necessity when it
comes to adding
binary numbers with a large number of bits.
The full adder circuit overcomes the limitation of the
half-adder, which can be used to add two bits only.

23-10-2024
 FULL ADDER

23-10-2024
23-10-2024
 Design of Full adder using Half
Adder

23-10-2024
 What is
VLSI?
Very-large-scale integration (VLSI) is
the process of creating an Integrated
Circuits (IC) by combining thousands of
transistors into a single chip.
Before the introduction of VLSI technology
most ICs had a limited set of functions they
could perform.
An electronic circuit might consist of
a CPU, ROM, RAM and other glue logic. VLSI
IC designers add all of these into one chip.
23-10-2024
 Very large-scale integration (VLSI) is the
process of integrating or embedding hundreds
of thousands of transistors on a single silicon
semiconductor microchip.
VLSI technology was conceived in the late
1970s when advanced level computer
processor microchips were under development.
VLSI is a successor to large-scale integration
(LSI), medium-scale integration (MSI) and
small-scale integration (SSI) technologies.
23-10-2024
 VLSI Applications
VLSI is an implementation technology for electronic circuitry -
analogue or digital.
It is concerned with forming a pattern of interconnected switches
and gates on the surface of a crystal of semiconductor.
Microprocessors
personal computers
microcontrollers
Memory - DRAM / SRAM
Special Purpose Processors - ASICS (CD players, DSP
applications)
Optical Switches
Has made highly sophisticated control systems mass-producable
and 23-10-2024
therefore cheap
 VLSI
Applications
In today's world VLSI chips are widely used in various
branches of Engineering like:1.Voice and Data
Communication networks2.Digital Signal Processing
3.Computers4.Commercial Electronics5.Automobiles
6.Medical Field and many more.

VLSI Chip
23-10-2024
 Thank
You
23-10-2024