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C++_Basics

C++

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3 views4 pages

C++_Basics

C++

Uploaded by

M Khalid Mahmood
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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C++ Programming Basics

1. Basic Elements of a C++ Program

A C++ program consists of the following basic elements:

Structure of a C++ Program:

#include <iostream> // Header file inclusion

using namespace std; // Namespace declaration

int main() { // Main function

cout << "Hello, World!" << endl; // Statement

return 0; // Return statement

Explanation of Elements:

1. Preprocessor Directives: Statements starting with #, such as #include <iostream>, are used to

include libraries.

2. Namespace: Declares a scope to avoid naming conflicts (using namespace std).

3. Main Function: The entry point of the program (int main()).

4. Statements: Instructions inside {} that perform actions, e.g., cout.

5. Comments: Documentation, written as // single-line or /* multi-line */.

2. Compiled vs. Interpreted Languages

Differences:
| Aspect | Compiled Languages | Interpreted Languages |

|--------------|---------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------|

| Execution | Translated to machine code before execution.| Executed line-by-line by an

interpreter.|

| Speed | Faster (precompiled). | Slower due to runtime interpretation.|

| Errors | Detected during compilation. | Detected at runtime. |

C++ Classification:

C++ is a compiled language. A C++ compiler (e.g., GCC, Clang) translates source code into an

executable file.

3. Variables in C++

A variable is a named memory location used to store data.

Declaration, Definition, and Initialization:

1. Declaration: Declares a variable's type and name, but does not allocate memory.

extern int x; // Declares 'x' but does not define it.

2. Definition: Allocates memory for the variable.

int x; // Defines 'x' (default initialized to 0 for global variables).

3. Initialization: Assigns a value during or after definition.

int x = 10; // Defines and initializes 'x'.


4. Data Types in C++

Categories:

1. Fundamental Data Types: Basic types provided by the language (e.g., int, float, char, bool).

2. Derived Data Types: Derived from fundamental types (e.g., array, pointer, function).

3. User-Defined Types: Created by the programmer (e.g., struct, class, enum).

Fundamental Data Types:

| Type | Size (bytes) | Range | Example |

|-------|--------------|--------------------------------|------------------|

| int | 4 | -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647| int a = 10; |

| float | 4 | ±3.4e-38 to ±3.4e+38 | float b = 5.5; |

| char | 1 | -128 to 127 or 0 to 255 | char c = 'A'; |

| bool | 1 | true or false | bool d = true; |

5. Purpose of Operators in C++

Operators are symbols used to perform operations on variables and values.

Types of Operators:

1. Arithmetic Operators:

int a = 10, b = 3;

cout << a + b; // Output: 13

cout << a - b; // Output: 7

cout << a * b; // Output: 30


cout << a / b; // Output: 3

cout << a % b; // Output: 1

2. Assignment Operators:

int x = 10; // Simple assignment

x += 5; // x = x + 5; Result: x = 15

x *= 2; // x = x * 2; Result: x = 30

3. Comparison Operators:

int a = 5, b = 10;

cout << (a == b); // Output: 0 (false)

cout << (a < b); // Output: 1 (true)

4. Logical Operators:

bool x = true, y = false;

cout << (x && y); // Output: 0 (false)

cout << (x || y); // Output: 1 (true)

cout << (!x); // Output: 0 (false)

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