A PROJECT REPORT

ON

IOT MEDTECH : ADVANCING

HEALTHCARE THROUGH
INTELLIGENT CONNECTIVITY
BY

ROCHAK SHARMA (2001321550038)

SHAMI GAFFAR (2001321550046)

SHRESHTHA GUPTA (2001321550049)

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Mr. GAUTAM

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING,

GREATER NOIDA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ENGG.INSTITUTE, GREATER NOIDA

Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow

December, 2024
 Department of ………..
Session 2023-2024
Project Completion Certificate
Date: 29/05/2024

This is to certify that Mr. Rochak Sharma bearing Roll No.2001321550038, student
of 4th year CSE-IoT has completed project program (KCS-…..) with the Department of
CSE-IoT from 26-Feb-24 to 30-May-24.

He worked on the Project Titled “IoT MedTech: Advancing Healthcare Through

Intelligent Connectivity” under the guidance of Mr. Gautam.

This project work has not been submitted anywhere for any degree.

Mr. Gautam Dr. Indradeep Verma

Assistant Professor, CSE-IoT HoD-IoT

 Department of CSE-IoT
Session 2023-2024
Project Completion Certificate
Date: 29/05/2024

This is to certify that Mr. Shami Gaffar bearing Roll No.2001321550046, student of
4TH year CSE-IoT has completed project program (KCS-851) with the Department of
CSE-IoT from 26-Feb-24 to 30-May-24.

He worked on the Project Titled “IoT MedTech: Advancing Healthcare Through

Intelligent Connectivity” under the guidance of Mr. Gautam.

This project work has not been submitted anywhere for any degree.

Mr. Gautam Dr. Indradeep Verma

Assistant Professor, CSE-IoT HoD-IoT

 Department of CSE-IoT
Session 2023-2024
Project Completion Certificate
Date: 29/05/2024

This is to certify that Mr. Shreshtha Gupta bearing Roll No.2001321550049, student
of 4TH year CSE-IoT has completed project program (KCS-851) with the Department of
CSE-IoT from 26-Feb-24 to 30-May-24.

He worked on the Project Titled “IoT MedTech: Advancing Healthcare Through

Intelligent Connectivity” under the guidance of Mr. Gautam.

This project work has not been submitted anywhere for any degree.

Mr. Gautam Dr. Indradeep Verma

Assistant Professor, CSE-IoT HoD-IoT

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to sincerely thank Mr. Gautam, our project coordinator, and all of the professors

for their counsel, inspiration, and unwavering support over the course of our project work.

Without their assistance and insightful recommendations, our task would not have been feasible.

We are deeply grateful to our esteemed Department Head, CSE-IoT Dr. Indradeep Verma, for

his counsel and assistance when needed.

We are also appreciative of Dr. Dheeraj Gupta, our director, for providing the resources we

needed to complete our project job effectively.

We would like to express our gratitude to all of our friends for their support and helpful advice

throughout this effort. Finally, we have no words to express our sincere gratitude to our parents

who have shown us this world and for everything they have given to us.

IV
 ABSTRACT

The incapacity to move one's muscles voluntarily is a symptom of paralysis. It happens when
there is damage to the neurological system that prevents the brain and muscles from properly
transmitting messages to each other. Paralysis can result from a number of conditions, such as
multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, stroke, and Guillian Barre syndrome. Furthermore,
trauma to the neck or spinal cord that results in fractures can also result in paralysis due to
damage to the neurological system.
We suggested an IoT MedTech device to help paralyzed patients communicate. This device is an
Internet of Things system that allows patients to communicate basic needs and emergency
messages by just moving their finger to display the required message. By allowing patients to
express themselves, this approach hopes to increase their motivation.
Patients who use finger gestures to express their needs are able to receive better treatment and
support. An attendant is alerted when a message is displayed by the Wi-Fi module coupled to the
microcontroller in the proposed IoT MedTech gadget. This function makes sure that caregivers
are informed as soon as possible about the patient's needs, so they can offer support in a timely
manner.
The technology combines the use of finger movements with an alert system to improve
communication and assistance for those who are paralyzed in a comprehensive manner. The
overall goal of the proposed IoT MedTech is to empower patients who are paralyzed by allowing
them to communicate their needs and emergency messages and by enabling effective caregiver
response via the use of IoT-based systems. This strategy seeks to enhance the general well-being
and quality of life for those who are paralyzed.

V
 INDEX
TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

CERTIFICATE I

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT IV

ABSTRACT V

LIST OF FIGURE VI

LIST OF TABLE VII

1 INTRODUCTION 1-5

1.1 INTRODUCTION 01
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT 02
1.3 IDENTIFICATION AND NEED 03
1.4 OBJECTIVE 03
1.5 UNIQUENESS OF THE INNOVIATION 04
1.6 APPLICATIONS OF IOT MEDTECH 04
1.6.1 POTENTIAL AREAS OF APPLICATION IN INDUSTRY/MARKET IN BRIEF 04
1.6.2 MARKET POTENTIAL OF IDEA/INNOVIATION 05

2 LITERATURE SURVEY 6-11

2.1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 6

3 PROBLEM FORMULATION AND PROPOSED WORK 12-14

3.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT 12
3.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM 13
3.3 ADVANTAGE OF PROPOSED SYSTEM 14
3.4 LIMITATIONS 14

4 FEASIBILITY STUDY 15-50

4.1 TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY 15
4.1.1 ARDUINO IDE 15
4.1.2 FORCE SENSOR 16
4.1.3 ESP 32 20
4.1.4 RESISTOR 23
4.1.5 LCD MODULE 28
4.1.6 LED 31
4.1.7 BREADBOARD 36
4.1.7.1 STRUCTURE AND CONFIGURATION 38
4.1.7.2 TERMINAL STRIPS 38
4.1.7.3 BUS STRIPS 38
4.1.7.4 RESUABLE PROTOTYPING
38
4.1.7.5 COMPONENT PLACEMENT
39
4.1.7.6 LIMITATIONS
39
4.1.7.7 EDUCATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE
39
4.1.7.8 EVOLUTION AND VARIATIONS
39
 4.1.7.9 SOURCES 41
4.1.8 JUMPER WIRES 41
4.1.9 USB TYPE B CABLE 47
4.2 ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY 50

5 METHODOLOGY 51-52
5.1 METHODOLOGY 51

6 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 53-58

6.1 PROTOTYPE MODEL 53
6.2 COMPARATIVE STUDY 54
6.2.1 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BASED ON COST 54
6.2.1.1 BCI TECHNOLOGY 54
6.2.1.2 BENJAMIN CHOI’S ROBOTIC ARM: 54
6.2.1.3 SMART GLOVES 55
6.2.1.4 IOT MEDTECH 55
6.2.2 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BASED ON KEY FEATURE AND TECHNOLOGY 56

7 SCREENSHOT 59-62
8 FUTURE SCOPE AND CONCLUSION 63

REFERENCES 64
 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig 1: Block Diagram of IoT MedTech 13

Fig 2: Arduino IDE 16
Fig 3: Force Sensor 19
Fig 4: ESP 32 22
Fig 5: Resistor 27
Fig 6: LCD Module 31
Fig 7: LED 35
Fig 8: Breadboard 41
Fig 9: Jumper Wire 46
Fig 10: USB Type B Cable 49
Fig 11: Schematic Diagram of IoT MedTech 52
Fig 12: Prototype Model 53
Fig 13: Screenshot 1 59
Fig 14: Screenshot 2 59
Fig 15: IoT MedTech Advancing Healthcare 60
Fig 16: Food Message 60
Fig 17: Water Message 61
Fig 18: Medicine Message 61
Fig 19: Telegram Bot 62

VI
 LIST OF TABLE

Table 1: Economic Feasibility 50

Table 2: Comparative Analysis Based on Cost 54

Table 3: Comparative Analysis Based on Key Features 56

Table 4: Comparative Analysis Based on Technology 58

VII
 Chapter 1
Introduction

1.1 Introduction

The Internet of Things MedTech presents a cutting-edge Internet of Things (IoT)-based

automated communication system that enables effective hand gesture communication,

empowering patients who are paralyzed. This approach improves overall quality of life by

facilitating the expression of wants, wishes, and emotions through the use of wearable

gadgets, sensors, and sophisticated gesture recognition algorithms. Sensors that can record

deft hand motions and movements.

The system's central component is a device, that consists of multiple force sensor which

takes input from the patient and the collected data is wirelessly sent by these sensors to an

Internet of Things platform for immediate processing and analysis.

The IoT platform translates the recorded hand movements into predetermined instructions or

messages. Every gesture has a distinct meaning or action,such as asking for help, expressing

discomfort or pain, or interacting with a caregiver. The intended receiver is then informed of

the translated commands via an interface, such a display panel or a smartphone application.

Personalized gesture mapping is made possible by the IoT MedTech extraordinary capacity

to be tailored to the skills and preferences of specific patients. The platform ensures precise

and dependable communication by learning and adapting to the distinct motions of each

patient.

1
Moreover, the IoT platform keeps an extensive log of gesture-based interactions, giving

healthcare providers and caregiver’s useful historical data to work with. This data makes it

possible to have a deeper understanding of the patient's communication styles and

requirements over time, which makes it possible to provide more individualized and focused

treatment and assess the success of therapies.

This Internet of Things (IoT) automated device gives crippled individuals who might have

trouble communicating verbally back their sense of freedom and dignity by providing a

dependable and easy-to-use communication method. It lessens annoyance, enabling people

to communicate more efficiently and facilitating better treatment that better meets their

medical needs.

Improved patient-caregiver communication, more patient satisfaction, better response to

patient requirements, and a stronger sense of autonomy for those who are paralyzed are

some of the expected consequences of IoT MedTech. All things considered, IoT MedTech

has great promise for transforming paralyzed patients' communication, promoting more

comprehension and greatly enhancing their general wellbeing.

1.2 Problem Statement

Millions of people across the world suffer from condition where somehow they lose the

ability of both moving and speaking. A person can have these symptoms due to some

accident (e.g., patients in ICUs), age (e.g., older people find hard time in moving and

communicating), and medical issues (e.g., partial paralysis, astasis, quadriplegia, stroke,

Parkinson, spinal cord injuries, fractures of the neck etc.). These people often experience

difficulties with mobility, independence, and communication, which can severely impact

2
their quality of life.

3
1.3 Identification of Need

 Those people who somehow lost the ability of both moving and speaking (e.g., partial

paralysis, astasis, quadriplegia, stroke, Parkinson, old age, people in ICUs, etc.), and find

hard time in communication.

 Existing solution include Brain Computer Interface (BCI) systems, exoskeletons and eye

status monitoring. But, the devices using these technologies are expensive, sophisticated,

and put an additional burden on the patient. Can’t locate the location of the normal blind

stick user when they are having an emergency problem or lost in a public area.

1.4 Objective

Paralysis is a condition characterized by the inability to voluntarily move one's muscles. It occurs

when damage to the nervous system disrupts the proper transmission of messages between the

brain and the muscles. Several factors can lead to paralysis, including diseases like Parkinson's

disease, multiple sclerosis, Guillian Barre Syndrome, and stroke. In addition, accidents resulting

in spinal cord injuries or fractures of the neck can also cause paralysis by damaging the nervous

system. To address the communication challenges faced by paralyzed patients, we proposed IoT

MedTech device - an IoT based system that enables them to convey their basic requirements and

emergency messages simply by moving their finger to display the desired message.

Overall, our proposed system seeks to empower paralyzed patients by enabling them to express

their needs and emergency messages, while also facilitating efficient caregiver response through

IoT based system. This approach aims to improve the quality of life and overall well-being of

individuals living with paralysis.

4
1.5 Uniqueness of the innovation
The proposed solution is handy and affordable. The proposed solution offers dynamic patterns.

The IoT med tech device relies on interpreting the patterns captured by force sensors. And,

different people may intend to have their own set of patterns to convey their messages. For

example, a patient may choose alphabets like “A”, “B” and “C” as their pattern and another

patient may choose some art figures like circle, drawing, and square to convey the message. The

IoT med tech device offers the configuration setting to store these patterns.

The device will also be attached to the smart phones of the care giver and the support
community to alert them any time the patient needs. The patient can choose to convey the
message via LCD or notification procedure in the application. The device will also be using
cloud storage to maintain the history of communication.

The proposed device can also be used by hospitals to provide advanced facilities to the patients
admitted in ICU. Elder people can also use this device to have communication without much
efforts.

1.6 Applications of IoT MedTech

1.6.1 Potential areas of application in industry/market in brief
The IoT-based MedTech provides various application in the domain of health care which are
listed as follows:

 Provide innovative solutions for nursing home care, specifically for paralyzed patients, to
improve clinical outcomes without constant nursing presence.
 Benefits for Grades A and B Paralytics: The proposed gear, combining hardware and
software, offers significant benefits for paralyzed patients in Grades A and B, enabling
communication for emergencies and basic needs at an affordable price.

 Accessibility and Usability: Ensure the IoT-based technology is user-friendly and

accessible for individuals with varying educational backgrounds, making it applicable in
diverse healthcare settings.

5
  The anticipated outcomes of this project include enhanced patient-caregiver
communication, increased patient satisfaction, improved responsiveness to patient
needs, and a greater sense of autonomy for paralyzed individuals. Overall, the IoT-
based automated communication system has the potential to revolutionize
communication for paralyzed patients, fostering better understanding and
significantly improving their overall well-being.
 Furthermore, the IoT platform maintains a comprehensive record of gesture-based
interactions, providing caregivers and healthcare professionals with valuable
historical data for analysis. This information enables a deeper understanding of the
patient's communication patterns and needs over time, facilitating more personalized
and targeted care and helping evaluate the effectiveness of interventions.

1.6.2 Market potential of idea/innovation

 The proposed device can be utilized by hospitals to provide advanced health facility to
their patents at an affordable price.
 The proposed device can also be utilized by support group of patients to take better
care and have communication. One of the remarkable aspects of this system is its
ability to be customized to individual patients' capabilities and preferences, allowing
for personalized gesture mappings. The platform can learn and adapt to each patient's
unique gestures, ensuring accurate and reliable communication.

6
 Chapter 2

Literature Survey

2.1 Review of Literature

Khan et al. [2] focused on the development and implementation of an IoT-based health
surveillance system. This system allows users to monitor their health parameters using IoT
devices, enabling them to proactively manage their well-being. When necessary, patients
can seek medical assistance based on the data collected. The system facilitates convenient
communication of medical information to physicians through a single application.
Physicians can remotely monitor patients' conditions, regardless of distance. By measuring
temperature, pulse rate, and oxygen saturation levels, the IoT device collects data, which is
then transmitted to the application via Bluetooth. The data is also displayed on the screen,
providing patients with a quick overview of their current health status. This method proves
beneficial for elderly individuals, asthma and Emphysema patients, those with chronic
illnesses, COVID-19 patients, and individuals with diabetes, enabling them to maintain their
long-term health effectively.
In their innovative approach to address sudden death rates, Krishnan et al. [3] introduced
Patient Health Tracking, a system that utilizes monitoring and internet connectivity to
enable communication with loved ones during critical situations. The system incorporates
temperature and pulse sensors to track health indicators. A microprocessor is connected to a
display screen, allowing for real-time health monitoring, while wireless connectivity
transmits the collected data to a web-based server. This setup ensures continuous tracking
and provides a means for timely intervention and support.
The researchers implemented an IoT-based system that utilizes sensors to detect sudden
changes in a person's body temperature or pulse. When such changes occur, the IoT system
sends immediate notifications to the individual. Furthermore, this system collects real-time
patient temperature and pulse data, incorporating date stamps for accurate record-keeping
and analysis.

7
Hadis et al. developed a patient tracking system that utilizes Android applications to display
electronic findings. The system also incorporates the ability to recognize threshold values of
physiological parameters, assess the severity of these parameters based on the patient's
condition, and generate alerts for abnormal conditions. This innovation significantly reduces
the workload for nurses and provides a more practical approach to monitoring vital signs of
patients throughout the ward. The traditional method, which involves physicians physically
visiting each patient to check their heart rhythm, is time-consuming. However, with this
system, nurses can conveniently monitor patients' conditions using Android applications that
can be installed on any Android smartphone. Additionally, healthcare professionals can
easily evaluate the previous vital sign status by retrieving information from the cloud in the
form of an Excel spreadsheet.

Richa et al. introduced a patient medical surveillance system designed for widespread use in
real emergencies. This system enables regular inspection, recording, and storage of medical
data in a database. The IoT device can also be seamlessly integrated with laptop computers,
allowing for the transfer of the database between critical care and therapy facilities. This
system proves to be highly valuable, especially in pandemic situations, where efficient and
secure medical data management is crucial.

Monitoring the body temperature, heartbeat, and blood oxygen levels are essential measures
for trauma patients. In their study [7], Khan et al. introduce an IoT-based approach that
serves as a comprehensive health surveillance system, focusing on these key patient
parameters. The IoT device incorporates an LCD display that can be easily synchronized
with a smartphone app, providing quick access to real-time readings of temperature,
heartbeat, and blood oxygen levels. The proposed technique utilizes an Uno-based system
and has undergone testing and validation with five individuals.

Abdulmalek et al. explored the use of IoT in healthcare surveillance systems, examining
current trends and highlighting the advantages of IoT-based health services. Through a
thorough analysis of literature, the study provides a comprehensive evaluation of recent
research on medical surveillance systems utilizing IoT.

8
The evaluation compares the efficacy, effectiveness, data security, confidentiality, privacy,
and surveillance capabilitiesof various systems. Additionally, the researchers delve into IoT
surveillance systems that leverage wireless and wearable sensors, offering a taxonomy of
healthcare monitoringsensors. This review study offers valuable insights into the utilization
of IoT in healthcare surveillance and contributes to a deeper understanding of its potential
benefits and challenges.

Rohith et al. developed a Patient’s Healthcare Monitoring System using an ESP8266 and a
Uno microcontroller. The team utilized Thing Speak as the interactive system for this
project. Through the HTTP protocol, the IoT application and Thing Speak API facilitated
the storing and retrieval of data from connected devices over a local area network (LAN) or
the internet. The IoT device monitored pulse 0rate and temperature, continuously collecting
data and transmitting it to an IoT platform. The system incorporated an oximeter detector to
measure Pulse Beat (BPM) and Elevated Heart Rate (HR/BPM), while the LM35 sensor
module was used to measure body temperature. To ensure patient comfort, the system
maintained a specific humidity and temperature ratio in the patient's environment. This
careful control of environmental conditions aimed to provide a comfortable space for the
patient during monitoring.

M Mohana, S Priyadharshini, N Sowmiya, and GP Devi proposed an IoT-based automated

communication system for paralyzed patients using simple hand gestures. Paralysis,
characterized by the inability to move muscles, results from damage to the nervous system,
disrupting the communication between the brain and muscles. Various conditions such as
Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, Guillain-Barre Syndrome, stroke, accidents leading
to spinal cord injury, or broken necks can cause paralysis. The objective of their system is to
assist paralyzed patients in conveying basic needs and emergency messages through finger
movements, enabling them to communicate effectively. By utilizing hand gestures, the
patient can display the required message, thereby enhancing their motivation and autonomy.
Additionally, the system includes a buzzer to alert caregivers or attendants when a message
is displayed, ensuring prompt assistance.

9
"Smart healthcare security device on medical IoT using Raspberry Pi," authored by S. Sengan,
O. I. Khalaf, S. Priyadarsini, D. K. Sharma, K. Amarendra, and A. A. Hamad, the focus is on
enhancing the security of two-wheelers through the implementation of an innovative technology
solution. The study, published in the International Journal of Reliable and Quality E-Healthcare,
is structured around two main components: the helmet unit and the vehicle unit. The helmet unit
is equipped with sensors to detect proper helmet usage by the rider, as well as an alcohol sensor
to ascertain whether the driver is under the influence of alcohol. Data collected by the helmet
unit, including helmet usage status and alcohol detection, is transmitted wirelessly to the vehicle
unit using RF transmission. Prior to transmission, the data is encoded for security purposes.
Upon receiving the data, the vehicle unit, which includes a Raspberry Pi micro-controller,
analyzes the information. If the alcohol sensor detects intoxication, the Raspberry Pi micro-
controller activates a driver circuit to control a relay, thereby stopping the vehicle to prevent the
intoxicated individual from driving further. The project incorporates a tracking mechanism to
monitor vehicle usage on a daily basis. In the event that alcohol consumption is detected while
driving, an alarm is triggered, and the vehicle's key is disabled to ensure the safety of the driver
and others on the road.

Zhao, Chen, Khan, and Khalafe (2021) focus on the optimization of management processes for
the Internet of Things (IoT) in the electronic market, particularly for Small and Medium
Electronics Enterprises (SMEE) in China. Quality is identified as a crucial competitive priority
for SMEEs, essential for their survival and growth in the market. However, these enterprises face
challenges due to limited validation capital, which hampers their ability to compete effectively.
To address these challenges, continuous measurement of quality is emphasized, regardless of the
product type. This approach enables firms to effectively deploy IoT-assisted identify
management (IIDM) models, which facilitate the identification and resolution of quality issues.
By implementing IIDM, SMEEs can allocate resources efficiently and focus on areas that
contribute to improved quality outcomes, rather than wasting resources on non-productive
activities. The authors highlight the importance of analyzing Total Quality Management (TQM)
to better understand the relationship between internal and external structures within SMEEs. This
understanding is crucial for achieving better quality results and enhancing competitiveness in the
electronic market.

10
"E-health monitoring system," presented at the International Conference on Applied Internet and
Information Technologies in 2016, A. Kotevski, N. Koceska, and S. Koceski highlighted the
limitations of traditional patient monitoring systems, which are often confined to hospitals or
healthcare centers. They emphasized the potential benefits of remote monitoring systems
facilitated by advancements in information and communication technologies. The proposed e-
health system aimed to enable doctors to monitor patients' vital parameters regardless of their
location, thereby reducing costs, travel time, and improving overall efficiency and user
satisfaction. The integration of web, mobile, and smart TV technologies was proposed to
enhance accessibility to patients' data and facilitate improved communication between patients
and doctors. This holistic approach sought to leverage various platforms to provide seamless
access to vital health information, thereby enhancing the quality of care provided to patients.

N. S. M Hadis, M. N. Amirnazarullah, M. M. Jafri, and S. Abdullah developed a patient

monitoring system aimed at detecting and analyzing two primary vital signs: body
temperature and respiratory rate. The system, implemented on an IoT platform, was
designed using Arduino Mega 2560 and ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module. Each vital sign level was
determined using two sensor modules, each equipped with temperature sensors.

The objectives of the project were to design a patient monitoring system capable of
detecting vital sign levels, analyzing them based on the patient's age, issuing alerts for
abnormal conditions, and wirelessly displaying the results via Android apps. The system
aimed to reduce the workload for nurses in hospitals by providing a convenient method for
monitoring vital signs for every patient in the ward. Nurses had to visit each patient
individually to record vital sign measurements, which was time-consuming. However, with
the implemented system, nurses could monitor patient status through Android apps installed
on any Android device. Furthermore, nurses or doctors could review previous vital sign
statuses by downloading data from the cloud in Excel format. Comparative analysis between
the vital signs levels obtained from this system and those from standard measurement
equipment or manual observation showed almost identical results. This suggests that the
developed IoT-based patient monitoring system is reliable and accurate for monitoring vital
signs in a healthcare setting.

11
Jenifer, M.; Rinesh, S.; Thamaraiselvi, K. presented an Internet of Things (IOT) based Patient
Health Care Monitoring System using electronic gadgets. This system is particularly relevant in
pandemic situations, as it helps prevent disease spread and facilitates diagnosis even when
medical professionals are not physically present. The system consists of an electronic wearable
device and a smartphone connected via Wi-Fi. Various sensors are employed to measure crucial
physical parameters such as heart rate, temperature, blood pressure, and oxygen supply level.
These sensors continuously monitor the patient's health, and the data is transmitted and stored in
a cloud server located remotely via Wi-Fi. To implement this system, sensors are connected to an
ARDUINO Uno microcontroller, which processes the data and sends it to the cloud server. In
case of any abnormalities detected in the patient's health parameters, an automatic alert message,
along with the patient's location, is sent to medical specialists via the smartphone. This
innovative approach to healthcare monitoring demonstrates the potential of IoT technology in
improving patient care, particularly in challenging circumstances such as pandemics. By
leveraging wearable devices and cloud-based data storage, this system offers real-time
monitoring and timely intervention, ultimately enhancing patient outcomes.

12
 Chapter 3
Problem Formulation and Proposed Work

3.1 Problem Statement

Millions of people across the world suffer from condition where somehow they lose the

ability of both moving and speaking. A person can have these symptoms due to some

accident (e.g., patients in ICUs), age (e.g., older people find hard time in moving and

communicating), and medical issues (e.g., partial paralysis, astasis, quadriplegia, stroke,

Parkinson, spinal cord injuries, fractures of the neck etc.). These people often experience

difficulties with mobility, independence, and communication, which can severely impact

their quality of life.

3.2 Proposed System

To address the communication challenges faced by these patients, we propose IoT MedTech
device - an IoT based system that enables them to convey their basic requirements and
emergency messages simply by moving their finger.

• IoT MedTech is an innovative medical device that has the potential to significantly
improve the quality of life for those living with partial paralysis.

• The proposed device includes Wi-Fi module attached with microcontroller that alerts
attendants when a message is displayed. This feature ensures that caregivers are promptly
notified of the patient's requirements, enabling them to provide timely assistance. By
combining the use of finger movements and an alert mechanism, the system offers a
comprehensive solution for enhancing communication and support for paralyzed
individuals.

13
• Force sensor, microcontroller and Wi-Fi module are the main components of the IoT
MedTech. Force sensor is used to identify simple finger movements to express a patient's
requirements. Sensors attached to the body measure the acceleration, gesture or
movement of the fingers. A microcontroller is a compact integrated circuit designed to
govern the various operations of the device. It controls all the components of the device.
A Wi-Fi module is also connected with microcontroller board which enables the
communication.

Fig.1: Block diagram of IoT MedTech

14
 3.3 ADVANTAGE OF PROPOSED SYSTEM

Advantages of the Proposed System:

 Help the paralyzed people to communicate with the others.

 Easy pattern detection through force sensors.

 Able to draw the patterns easily.

 In case of emergency, able to contact with the family member.

 Easy to detect the problem of the user.

 Implementation cost is low.

3.4 Limitations

 In case of defect or repair, troubleshooting of the system is complex.

 This system is not compatible for blind people.

15
 Chapter 4

FEASIBILITY STUDY

4.1. Technical Feasibility

4.1.1 Arduino IDE:

A detachable, dual-inline-package (DIP) ATmega328 AVR microprocessor serves as the

foundation for the Arduino UNO R3 microcontroller board. Twenty digital input/output pins are

included on it, six of which can be utilized as PWM outputs and the other six for computer

programs. Because of its large support base, the Arduino is a fairly simple platform to begin

working with embedded electronics.

The Arduino IDE becomes an invaluable tool for documenting code and project details. Its user-

friendly interface makes coding easier for both novice and seasoned developers. Developers can

include comments and annotations directly in the code, explaining the functionality of particular

sections or giving context for particular decisions.

The Arduino IDE, users are presented with an interface that is easy to navigate and caters to a wide

range of developers, from beginners to seasoned pros. This interface is quite helpful during the

development process since it makes it possible to add comments and annotations straight into the

source. These annotations clarify the purpose of particular code segments and offer crucial

background information for making decisions throughout the development process.

The Arduino IDE makes it possible to create thorough project documentation with precision. This

documentation includes an overview of the project, a description of its goals, and a list of the

components that were used, and clear wiring diagrams. Developers may guarantee that this

16
Documentation becomes an integral part of the project, supporting teamwork, aiding in debugging,

and creating the foundation for future project expansion, by incorporating it within the IDE.

The Arduino IDE presents itself as an indispensable tool for developers to document, annotate, and

produce thorough reports, going beyond its function as a simple coding environment. By virtue of

these characteristics, the Arduino IDE improves the overall effectiveness of the report-making

process by streamlining the communication and presenting components of Arduino-based projects.

Fig.2: Arduino IDE

4.1.2 Force Sensor:

Force sensors are used in assistive technology and medical equipment to measure the forces that

users or patients apply. Force sensors, for instance, can be included into prosthetic limbs to

modify grip strength and offer feedback. By keeping an eye on the distribution of pressure across

body surfaces, they can also be used to avoid pressure ulcers.

Force sensors are tools made to measure the force applied to an item, giving useful information

about the force's direction and quantity.

17
These sensors work by translating mechanical force into an electrical signal, which enables

quantitative analysis in a range of contexts.

Force sensors find widespread application in diverse fields. In industrial settings, they play a

crucial role in quality control, robotics, and material testing. In healthcare, force sensors are

employed in medical devices to measure physiological forces, such as blood pressure or grip

strength. They are also integral components in human-computer interaction devices like touch

screens, providing a responsive interface.

Force sensors are vital in the field of biomechanics for analyzing forces exerted by the human

body during activities like walking or exercising. The automotive industry utilizes force sensors

for crash testing and vehicle safety systems. With their versatility and precision, force sensors

contribute significantly to the advancement of technology across various domains, enabling

accurate measurements and enhancing the performance of numerous systems and devices.

Force sensors are devices designed to measure the force applied to an object, providing valuable

data about the magnitude and direction of the applied force. These sensors operate on the

principle of converting mechanical force into an electrical signal, allowing for quantitative

analysis in various applications.

A force sensor, also known as a force transducer or load cell, is a device designed to measure the

force applied to it. These sensors play a crucial role in various fields, including engineering,

physics, biomechanics, and industrial applications. The fundamental principle behind force

sensors is the conversion of mechanical force into an electrical signal, allowing for quantitative

measurement and analysis.

18
At its core, a force sensor comprises a mechanism that deforms under the influence of an applied

force. This deformation can be proportional to the magnitude of the force, and the sensor is

equipped with elements that transduce this mechanical deformation into an electrical signal. This

transduction process enables the force to be accurately quantified and utilized for diverse

applications.

Force sensors come in various types, each tailored to specific requirements. Common designs

include strain gauge-based sensors, piezoelectric sensors, hydraulic load cells, and capacitive

sensors. Strain gauge-based force sensors utilize the strain-dependent resistance of materials to

measure force. These sensors typically consist of a flexible material with attached strain gauges

that deform with applied force, causing a change in electrical resistance.

Piezoelectric force sensors, on the other hand, employ piezoelectric materials that generate an

electrical charge when subjected to mechanical stress. This charge is then measured and

correlated with the applied force. Hydraulic load cells utilize fluid-filled chambers and measure

the pressure changes caused by force, translating them into an electrical signal.

Capacitive force sensors rely on changes in capacitance between two plates, which vary as a

function of the applied force. This change is then converted into an electrical signal for

measurement. Each type of force sensor has its advantages and limitations, making them suitable

for different applications based on factors such as precision, sensitivity, and environmental

conditions.

19
The force sensor, priced between 350 and 420 rupees, offers precise measurement capabilities

for detecting and quantifying forces applied to it and some specifications:

 Range: 0 to 100 Newton’s

 Sensitivity: 0.1 Newton’s

 Resolution: 0.01 Newton’s

 Operating Temperature: -10 to 50 degrees Celsius

 Maximum Overload: 150 Newton’s

 Response Time: 10 milliseconds

Sources: You can purchase force sensors from various sources, including online retailers such as

Amazon, electronics suppliers like Digi-Key or Mouser, and specialized sensor manufacturers

such as TE Connectivity or Honeywell. Additionally, local electronics stores or industrial

equipment suppliers may also carry force sensors. When buying a force sensor, consider factors

such as price, specifications, brand reputation, and customer reviews to ensure you get a reliable

and suitable product for your application.

Fig.3: Force Sensor

20
 4.1.3 ESP 32:

The ESP32, developed by Espressif Systems, is a renowned microcontroller platform celebrated

for its powerful features and cost-effectiveness. It features a dual-core Tensilica Xtensa LX6

microprocessor, capable of operating at up to 240 MHz, which supports efficient multitasking

and complex computations. One of its standout features is the integrated Wi-Fi and Bluetooth

capabilities, supporting 802.11 b/g/n Wi-Fi and Bluetooth 4.2, including Classic Bluetooth and

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), making it ideal for IoT (Internet of Things) applications.

Equipped with a rich set of peripherals, the ESP32 includes multiple UARTs, SPI, I2C, I2S, and

PWM interfaces, enabling it to interface with various sensors, actuators, and other hardware

components. Additionally, it offers 18 channels of 12-bit ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) and

2 channels of 8-bit DAC (Digital to Analog Converter) for precise analog measurements and

signal generation. The ESP32 is designed with energy efficiency in mind, featuring various

power modes such as deep sleep, light sleep, and dynamic frequency scaling, crucial for battery-

powered devices.

Development for the ESP32 is supported by the ESP-IDF (Espressif IoT Development

Framework), a comprehensive software development kit, and it is also compatible with the

Arduino IDE, making it accessible to hobbyists and beginners alike. This versatility allows the

ESP32 to be used in a wide range of applications, including IoT devices, home automation

systems, health monitoring devices, industrial control systems, and robotics. Its connectivity

options are particularly beneficial for smart home devices, wearable electronics, and industrial

automation.

The ESP32's development environment is further enhanced by an extensive ecosystem of tools

and resources. The ESP-IDF provides comprehensive software libraries and example codes,

21
facilitating rapid development and deployment of applications. For beginners and hobbyists, the

Arduino IDE offers a simplified interface and a vast repository of libraries tailored to the ESP32,

making it easier to start with basic projects and gradually advance to more complex designs.

In practical applications, the ESP32's low power consumption features are especially

advantageous. For IoT devices, the ability to switch to deep sleep mode can significantly extend

battery life, making it suitable for remote monitoring systems where battery replacement is

impractical. In home automation, the combination of Wi-Fi and Bluetooth connectivity allows

the ESP32 to seamlessly integrate with various smart devices, creating a cohesive and intelligent

home environment. Health monitoring devices benefit from the ESP32's BLE capabilities,

enabling real-time data transmission with minimal power usage, essential for wearable

technology.

The ESP32's robust performance and diverse features also make it an excellent choice for

industrial control systems. Its multiple I/O interfaces and high processing power enable it to

handle complex tasks such as real-time data processing and machine control. In robotics, the

ESP32 can manage sensors, motors, and communication systems, providing a versatile platform

for building sophisticated robotic systems.

Moreover, the active and growing ESP32 community significantly contributes to its success.

Developers continuously contribute to an extensive collection of open-source libraries, tutorials,

and forums. This collaborative environment aids in troubleshooting and problem-solving while

fostering innovation through the sharing of new projects and ideas.

The ESP32 also supports various operating systems and real-time operating systems (RTOS),

such as FreeRTOS, allowing for real-time task management and precise control over hardware

resources. This suitability for applications requiring deterministic performance makes it ideal for

audio processing, real-time data acquisition, and control systems.

22
For security-conscious applications, the ESP32 offers robust security features, including

hardware encryption, secure boot, and flash encryption, ensuring data protection both at rest and

during transmission. These features are particularly important in IoT applications, where security

is a major concern due to the increasing number of connected devices.

Additionally, the ESP32 can easily integrate with cloud platforms like AWS, Google Cloud, and

Azure. This capability enables developers to build scalable IoT solutions that leverage cloud

computing resources for data analytics, machine learning, and remote management.

In educational settings, the ESP32 is frequently used to teach students about embedded systems,

programming, and IoT concepts. Its affordability and ease of use make it an excellent tool for

hands-on learning and experimentation. Many educational institutions and makerspaces use the

ESP32 to introduce students to real-world applications of technology, fostering a new generation

of engineers and developers.

Overall, the ESP32's combination of advanced features, extensive connectivity options, energy

efficiency, and strong community support makes it a highly versatile and widely used

microcontroller. Whether in IoT, industrial automation, health monitoring, robotics, or

education, the ESP32 provides a robust platform for innovation and development.

Fig.4: ESP 32

23
4.1.4 Resistor:

A resistor is a fundamental electronic component that opposes the flow of electric current. Its

primary function is to limit or control the amount of current flowing through a circuit. Resistors

are ubiquitous in electronic devices, serving a crucial role in regulating voltage, dividing circuits,

and protecting components.

The fundamental property that defines a resistor is its resistance, measured in ohms (Ω).

Resistance is the opposition to the flow of electric current, and it depends on the material, length,

and cross-sectional area of the resistor. The relationship between voltage (V), current (I), and

resistance (R) is described by Ohm's Law: V = I * R.

Resistors come in various types and shapes, catering to different applications. One common type

is the fixed resistor, which has a predetermined resistance value that remains constant. Variable

resistors, on the other hand, allow the adjustment of resistance manually or automatically.

Potentiometers and rheostats are examples of variable resistors frequently used for tuning circuits

or controlling volume in electronic devices.

The physical construction of resistors varies based on their intended use. Carbon composition

resistors consist of a mixture of carbon and insulating material. Metal film resistors utilize a thin

metal film on a ceramic base, providing greater precision and stability. Wire wound resistors

employ a coiled wire, often made of a resistive alloy, for applications requiring high power

handling capabilities.

Resistors play a crucial role in voltage division circuits, where they create a specific voltage drop

across a portion of the circuit. This principle is frequently applied in voltage dividers, allowing
24
precise control over voltage levels within electronic systems. Moreover, resistors are integral in

protecting sensitive electronic components by limiting the current that flows through them.

In addition to their primary function in limiting current, resistors find application in signal

processing circuits. They influence the amplitude and frequency response of signals, contributing

to the shaping and filtering of electrical signals. In audio applications, for instance, resistors are

commonly used in conjunction with capacitors to design filters that pass or attenuate specific

frequency ranges.

Resistors are also vital in the realm of integrated circuits (ICs) and microelectronics. They are

employed in pull-up and pull-down resistor networks to establish known states in digital circuits.

Pull-up resistors, for example, ensure that an input signal to a microcontroller is in a defined state

when no other active device is driving it.

Furthermore, resistors are crucial for safety and power dissipation in electronic systems. High-

power resistors can absorb and dissipate significant amounts of heat generated during normal

operation. This prevents electronic components from overheating and ensures the reliability of

the entire system.

In conclusion, resistors are fundamental components in electronic circuits, providing essential

functions such as current limitation, voltage division, and signal processing. Their versatility and

widespread use make them indispensable in various applications, from basic electronic devices

to complex integrated circuits, contributing significantly to the functionality and reliability of

modern electronic systems.

25
Resistors play a pivotal role in the intricate world of electronics, acting as indispensable

components that influence the behavior of electric circuits. Their ability to regulate current flow

and manage voltage levels makes them essential for achieving precision, control, and safety in

electronic systems.

One significant aspect of resistors is their impact on power dissipation. When electric current

passes through a resistor, it encounters opposition, leading to the conversion of electrical energy

into heat. This characteristic is particularly crucial in high-power applications where resistors are

strategically employed to absorb and dissipate excess energy, preventing overheating and

potential damage to sensitive electronic components.

In electronic circuits, resistors are often used in conjunction with other components, such as

capacitors and inductors, to form filters that modify the frequency response of signals. This

collaborative effort enables engineers to tailor the performance of a circuit to specific

requirements, allowing for the selective transmission or attenuation of certain frequencies. The

careful integration of resistors in signal processing applications contributes to the creation of

audio equalizers, tone controls, and various filtering systems that shape the output signal

according to desired characteristics.

The concept of resistance also extends its influence to the field of sensors. In devices like

thermistors and photo resistors, the electrical resistance changes in response to variations in

temperature or light intensity. This property makes resistors crucial elements in the development

of sensors for temperature monitoring, ambient light sensing, and other applications where a

measurable electrical response correlates with environmental changes.

26
Resistors are not confined to passive roles; they actively contribute to the stability and reliability

of electronic systems. Pull-up and pull-down resistors are commonly employed in digital circuits

to ensure well-defined voltage levels when inputs are not actively driven. This is particularly

important in microcontroller-based systems, where maintaining clear and consistent logic states

is vital for proper operation.

Variable resistors, including potentiometers and rheostats, offer a dynamic element to circuit

design. These components allow users to manually adjust resistance, offering a practical means

of tuning circuits, controlling volume in audio devices, or setting specific parameters in various

applications. The versatility of variable resistors provides a hands-on approach to circuit

optimization, allowing for real-time adjustments to meet changing requirements.

In the context of electronic manufacturing, precision and reliability are paramount. Modern

manufacturing processes have led to the development of resistors with high precision and

stability, ensuring consistent performance across different units. This is particularly critical in

applications such as medical devices, aerospace systems, and communication equipment, where

the reliability and accuracy of electronic components are non-negotiable.

In conclusion, the intricate and multifaceted nature of resistors extends beyond their fundamental

role in limiting current and controlling voltage. Their impact spans diverse applications, from

power dissipation and signal processing to sensor technology and circuit tuning. As electronic

systems continue to evolve, resistors remain at the forefront, contributing to the efficiency,

stability, and adaptability of modern electronics.

27
The resistor is available at prices ranging from a minimum of 2 rupees to a maximum of 3 rupees

and some specifications:

 Resistance value: Expressed in ohms (Ω)

 Tolerance: Percentage indicating the maximum deviation from the specified resistance

value

 Power rating: Maximum power the resistor can dissipate without damage, typically in

watts (W)

 Temperature coefficient: Change in resistance per degree Celsius change in temperature

(if applicable)

 Dimensions: Length, width, and height of the resistor package

 Lead spacing: Distance between the resistor leads for through-hole resistors

 Additional characteristics: Stability, noise level, voltage coefficient, etc.

Sources: The resistor can be sourced from various electronics suppliers or online marketplaces

such as Amazon, Digi-Key, or Mouser Electronics. Additionally, local electronics stores or

specialized component shops may also carry resistors.

Fig.5: Resistor

28
4.1.5 LCD Module

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) modules are indispensable components found in a wide array of

electronic devices, prized for their low power consumption, superior visibility, and adaptability in

presenting both textual and graphical information. They are available in various types tailored to

suit different applications. Character LCDs, for instance, are adept at displaying text in a grid

format, commonly utilized in straightforward devices such as digital meters and household

appliances, often configured as 16x2 or 20x4. On the other hand, graphic LCDs offer the

capability to exhibit images and custom characters, making them well-suited for more intricate

applications like handheld gadgets and control interfaces, with popular resolutions including

128x64 or 240x128 pixels. Segment LCDs cater to fixed segment displays, apt for digital clocks,

calculators, and similar devices necessitating numeric or simple alphanumeric displays.

Meanwhile, TFT LCDs (Thin-Film Transistor) provide high-resolution displays with vivid color

rendition, suitable for advanced applications like smartphones, tablets, and automotive

dashboards.

Critical features of LCD modules encompass their resolution, determining the display's pixel or

character capacity; backlight functionality, enhancing visibility in dimly lit conditions; viewing

angle, which dictates the maximum angle from which the display remains legible, with wider

angles preferred for user interfaces viewed from various perspectives; interface options such as

parallel, SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface), and I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit), facilitating

connectivity with microcontrollers; power consumption, a defining characteristic with LCDs

known for their energy efficiency, rendering them suitable for battery-operated devices; and

operating temperature range, ensuring operational functionality across different environmental

conditions, from consumer electronics to industrial settings.

29
Driving an LCD module typically entails employing a microcontroller to transmit signals for

displaying requisite information. For instance, interfacing a character LCD with a microcontroller

involves connecting power supply pins, control pins (RS - Register Select, RW - Read/Write, E -

Enable), and data pins (D4 to D7 for a 4-bit interface) to the microcontroller’s GPIO (General

Purpose Input/Output) pins. The initialization process encompasses setting the function mode (8-

bit or 4-bit, number of lines, and font size), activating the display, setting the cursor, and clearing

the display. Data transmission involves setting the RS pin to HIGH and the RW pin to LOW,

followed by sending the data byte, while commands necessitate setting the RS pin to LOW and

RW pin to LOW. An Arduino example employing the Liquid Crystal library elucidates this

process, initializing interface pins, configuring the LCD’s columns and rows, and displaying

messages or real-time data.

LCD modules find diverse applications across various industries. In consumer electronics, they

serve to display information and status in appliances like microwaves, washing machines, and

digital clocks. In industrial control systems, LCDs showcase sensor readings, machine status, and

control menus. Medical devices rely on LCDs to provide precise, clear readings, notably in

equipment like blood pressure monitors and glucose meters. In the automotive sector, TFT LCDs

are instrumental in displaying critical information on vehicle dashboards. Portable devices such as

GPS units, handheld games, and e-readers utilize graphic and TFT LCDs for their user interfaces.

The ESP32 microcontroller platform, renowned for its robust features and cost-effectiveness,

frequently integrates LCD modules. Boasting built-in Wi-Fi and Bluetooth capabilities, the ESP32

is apt for IoT applications and seamlessly integrates with LCDs to create advanced user interfaces.

Supported by tools like the ESP-IDF (Expressive IoT Development Framework) and compatible

with the Arduino IDE, the ESP32 development environment facilitates swift development and

deployment of LCD module-related applications.

30
An active and growing community surrounding LCD modules and platforms like the ESP32

substantially contributes to their widespread adoption. Developers continually enrich the

community with open-source libraries, tutorials, and forums, fostering troubleshooting and

innovation through knowledge sharing. LCD modules' compatibility with various operating

systems and real-time operating systems (RTOS), such as FreeRTOS, enables precise hardware

resource management and real-time task execution, rendering them suitable for applications

requiring deterministic performance, like audio processing, real-time data acquisition, and control

systems.

Moreover, LCD modules boast robust security features, encompassing hardware encryption,

secure boot, and flash encryption, ensuring data integrity at rest and during transmission, making

them pivotal in security-sensitive IoT applications. Furthermore, their seamless integration with

cloud platforms like AWS, Google Cloud, and Azure facilitates the development of scalable IoT

solutions harnessing cloud computing resources for data analysis, machine learning, and remote

management.

In educational settings, LCD modules serve as invaluable tools for teaching students about

embedded systems, programming, and IoT concepts. Their affordability and user-friendly nature

make them ideal for hands-on learning and experimentation, contributing to the cultivation of a

new generation of engineers and developers.

In conclusion, LCD modules, with their advanced features, extensive connectivity options, energy

efficiency, and strong community support, stand as versatile and widely utilized components in

modern electronics. Whether in IoT, industrial automation, health monitoring, robotics, or

education, LCD modules provide a robust platform for innovation and development.

31
 Fig.6: LCD Module

4.1.6 LED:

Light Emitting Diodes, commonly known as LEDs, are semiconductor devices that emit light

when an electric current is applied. This technology has revolutionized illumination, finding

applications in various fields due to its energy efficiency, durability, and versatility.

At the heart of an LED is a semiconductor material, typically composed of gallium arsenide,

gallium phosphide, or other compounds. When electrons and holes (positively charged

vacancies) recombine in this material, energy is released in the form of photons, creating light.

Unlike traditional incandescent bulbs, which rely on heating a filament to produce light, LEDs

operate on a fundamentally different principle, making them much more energy-efficient.

One key characteristic of LEDs is their ability to emit light in a specific colour range determined

by the semiconductor materials used. By adjusting the composition and structure of these

materials, manufacturers can produce LEDs that emit light across the visible spectrum. This

capability makes LEDs ideal for various applications, from simple indicator lights to full-colour

displays.

The efficiency of LEDs is a standout feature. Traditional incandescent bulbs waste a significant

amount of energy as heat, whereas LEDs generate very little heat, directing most of the electrical

energy into light production. This efficiency not only reduces energy consumption but also

contributes to the extended lifespan of LEDs. The absence of a fragile filament, which can break

32
or burn out, enhances their durability.

LEDs have become ubiquitous in everyday life. They illuminate homes, offices, streets, and

electronic devices.

Moreover, LEDs have made a substantial impact in the field of electronics. They are integral to

the functioning of display technologies like LED-backlit LCD screens, providing vivid colours

and high contrast ratios. LEDs also play a crucial role in optoelectronics, serving as light sources

in fibre optic communication systems and optical sensors.

In recent years, advancements in LED technology have led to the development of smart lighting

systems. These systems allow users to control the color, intensity, and even the direction of light

through mobile apps or voice commands. This not only enhances user experience but also

contributes to further energy savings by tailoring lighting to specific needs.

Beyond conventional lighting, LEDs have found applications in horticulture, where specific light

spectra can be tailored to optimize plant growth. Additionally, they are utilized in automotive

lighting, providing brighter and more energy-efficient headlights, brake lights, and interior

lighting.

In conclusion, LED lights represent a transformative technology that has reshaped the lighting

industry and influenced various other fields. Their energy efficiency, durability, and versatility

have made them a go-to choice for diverse applications, from everyday lighting to advanced

electronics. As technology continues to advance, LEDs are likely to play an even more

significant role in shaping the future of illumination and beyond.

The fundamental principle behind LED operation is electroluminescence, a process where light

is emitted as a result of the recombination of electrons and holes in a semiconductor material.

The specific wavelength, or colour, of the emitted light is determined by the energy bandgap of

the semiconductor. This unique characteristic allows manufacturers to engineer LEDs that emit

33
light in a wide range of colours, from the visible spectrum to ultraviolet and infrared.

Semiconductor materials play a crucial role in defining the performance of LEDs. Gallium

nitride (Gann) has become a dominant material for blue and green LEDs, which are essential for

producing white light in combination with phosphor coatings. The development of blue LEDs in

the 1990s marked a significant breakthrough, as it enabled the creation of white light by

combining blue LEDs with phosphors that emit yellow light. This approach, known as phosphor

conversion, is widely used in the production of white LEDs.

LEDs offer remarkable efficiency compared to traditional lighting technologies. Incandescent

bulbs convert only about 5% of the energy they receive into visible light, while the rest is emitted

as heat. On the other hand, LEDs can convert more than 90% of their energy into light. This

efficiency not only reduces electricity consumption but also contributes to a longer operational

life, as less heat means less stress on the semiconductor components.

The lifespan of LEDs is a key factor in their widespread adoption. Traditional incandescent bulbs

typically last around 1,000 hours, while compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) may last up to 10,000

hours. In contrast, LEDs can last anywhere from 25,000 to 100,000 hours or more, depending on

factors such as temperature and current. This longevity translates into fewer replacements,

reduced maintenance costs, and a smaller environmental footprint.

Beyond their efficiency and longevity, LEDs offer precise control over light output. Traditional

lighting sources often rely on external reflectors or diffusers to control the direction and spread

of light. In contrast, LEDs inherently emit light in a specific direction, allowing for more focused

and directional illumination. This characteristic is particularly advantageous in applications such

as automotive headlights, street lighting, and spotlights.

34
The versatility of LED technology extends to its adaptability in various environments. LEDs can

operate efficiently in a wide range of temperatures, making them suitable for both indoor and

outdoor use. They also exhibit rapid response times, making them ideal for applications that

require instant illumination, such as brake lights in vehicles.

In recent years, the integration of LEDs with smart technology has opened up new possibilities in

lighting design and control. Smart LED lighting systems enable users to adjust colour

temperatures, brightness levels, and even create dynamic lighting scenes through smartphone

apps or voice-activated assistants. This not only enhances the aesthetic aspects of lighting but

also contributes to energy conservation by allowing users to tailor lighting to specific needs and

scenarios.

In conclusion, the ongoing advancements in LED technology continue to redefine the landscape

of illumination. From their efficient and long-lasting performance to their adaptability in various

applications, LEDs have become a cornerstone in modern lighting solutions. As research and

development in semiconductor materials progress, we can expect further innovations that will

shape the future of lighting technology and its integration into diverse fields.

The LED lights are available at prices ranging from a minimum of 4 rupees to a

maximum of 5 rupees and some Specifications.

 Operating Voltage: Typically around 3.3-5 volts, suitable for use with Arduino Uno's

5Voutput pins.

 Current Consumption: Usually a few milliamps per LED, depending on brightness

andcolour.

 Colour: LEDs can emit various colours such as red, green, blue, yellow, and white.

35
  Size and Form Factor: Common sizes include 3mm and 5mm diameter LEDs, as well

as surface-mount (SMD) variants.

 Forward Voltage Drop: Typically around 1.8-3.3 volts depending on the colour of the

LED.

 Brightness: Measured in lumens or mill candela (mcd), indicating the intensity of light

emitted.

 Viewing Angle: Specifies the angular range over which the LED emits light effectively.

 Lifetime: LEDs generally have a long lifespan, often tens of thousands of hours.

Sources: You can purchase LED lights from a variety of sources, including local hardware

stores, electronics retailers, online marketplaces such as Amazon or Flipkart, and specialized

lighting stores. When buying LED lights, consider factors such as the desired brightness

(measured in lumens), colour temperature, energy efficiency (look for Energy Star certification

or BEE ratings in India), and compatibility with any existing fixtures or dimmer switches you

may have. It's also advisable to read customer reviews and compare prices before making a

purchase to ensure you're getting the best value for your money.

Fig.7: LED

36
4.1.7 Breadboard:

A breadboard is a crucial tool in the realm of electronics, serving as a prototyping platform for

constructing and testing circuits without the need for soldering. Its design enables engineers,

hobbyists, and students to experiment with various components and configurations rapidly,

fostering a flexible and iterative approach to circuit development.

At its core, a breadboard consists of a rectangular board with an array of interconnected metal

clips arranged in a grid. These clips, often made of springy metal, allow for the insertion and

connection of electronic components. The board typically features rows and columns labelled

with alphanumeric coordinates, aiding in component placement and circuit organization.

The most common type of breadboard follows the International Electronics Commission (IEC)

standard, featuring two main sections: the terminal strips and the bus strips. The terminal strips

run vertically along the sides of the board, each containing multiple interconnected clips. These

strips serve as the primary points for connecting components, such as resistors, capacitors, and

integrated circuits.

In contrast, the bus strips run horizontally across the breadboard, usually divided into sections.

They provide a means to distribute power and ground throughout the circuit. Often, one section

is dedicated to positive voltage (Vcc), while another is reserved for ground (GND). This

arrangement facilitates the creation of organized and neat circuits, as it aligns with the typical

power distribution requirements in electronic designs.

Breadboards come in various sizes, accommodating projects of different complexities. Larger breadboards offer

more space for components and larger circuits, while smaller ones are suitable for simple experiments.

37
Regardless of size, the fundamental principle remains the same – the ability to create temporary

connections between components through the interconnected clips without the need for

soldering.

One of the key advantages of breadboards is their reusability. Since components are simply

inserted into the clips, they can be easily removed and repositioned, allowing for quick

modifications and iterations. This feature is especially valuable during the prototyping phase of a

project, where frequent adjustments and testing are necessary to refine the circuit design.

While breadboards excel in rapid prototyping, it is important to note that they have limitations.

High-frequency circuits, circuits dealing with high currents, or those requiring precise impedance

matching may experience challenges on a breadboard due to parasitic capacitance and inductance

inherent in the design. In such cases, more advanced prototyping techniques or custom PCBs

(Printed Circuit Boards) may be necessary for accurate representation and testing.

In conclusion, the breadboard stands as an indispensable tool in the electronics enthusiast's

toolkit. Its versatility, ease of use, and reusability make it a fundamental component of the

prototyping process. Whether used for educational purposes, hobbyist projects, or professional

development, the breadboard provides a platform for experimenting with electronic circuits,

fostering innovation and creativity in the field of electronics.

Certainly! A breadboard's intricate design and functionality contribute significantly to its

widespread use in electronics prototyping. The primary purpose of a breadboard is to facilitate

the construction and testing of circuits without the permanent connections imposed by soldering.

Let's delve deeper into some key aspects of breadboards:

38
4.1.7.1 Structure and Configuration:

A typical breadboard features a grid of holes, and each hole corresponds to a metal clip beneath

the surface. The clips are arranged in rows and columns, making it easy to organize and connect

components. The rows are often labelled with numbers, while the columns are labelled with

letters, providing a coordinate system for reference.

4.1.7.2 Terminal Strips:

The vertical strips along the sides of the breadboard are known as terminal strips. These strips

consist of interconnected clips and are primarily used for component placement. Components

with two or more leads, such as resistors and integrated circuits, can be inserted into these strips,

allowing for easy connections.

4.1.7.3 Bus Strips:

The horizontal strips that run across the breadboard are called bus strips. They are typically

divided into sections, each serving a specific purpose. One section may be designated for

positive voltage (Vcc), another for ground (GND), and additional sections for other power rails.

These bus strips facilitate the distribution of power throughout the circuit, simplifying the wiring

process.

4.1.7.4 Reusable Prototyping:

One of the breadboard's standout features is its reusability. Components can be effortlessly

plugged in and removed, making it an ideal platform for iterative design. This characteristic is

particularly valuable during the experimentation phase, where designers often need to make

rapid changes and test various configurations.

39
4.1.7.5 Component Placement:

Understanding how to place components on a breadboard is crucial. Components are inserted

such that their leads make contact with the metal clips beneath the holes. Proper alignment

ensures a functional circuit. Many breadboards include a central gap that divides the board into

two halves. This gap is not just for aesthetics but serves as a convenient way to create separate

circuits on each side.

4.1.7.6 Limitations:

While breadboards are versatile, they do have limitations. High-frequency circuits may suffer

from parasitic capacitance and inductance, affecting signal integrity. Additionally, the contacts in

the clips introduce some resistance, so high-precision applications may require alternative

prototyping methods or custom PCBs.

4.1.7.7 Educational Significance:

Breadboards play a vital role in electronics education. They provide a hands-on experience for

students to grasp fundamental concepts such as circuit design, component functionality, and the

flow of electricity. The tactile nature of bread boarding enhances learning and encourages

experimentation.

4.1.7.8 Evolution and Variations:

Over time, variations of breadboards have emerged, catering to specific needs. Mini breadboards,

for example, are compact and suitable for small projects. Solderless breadboards with built-in

power supplies and additional features offer enhanced convenience for certain applications.

In essence, the breadboard represents more than just a prototyping tool; it symbolizes the bridge

between theoretical understanding and practical implementation in the field of electronics.

40
The breadboard is available at prices ranging from 59 to 169 rupees, making it an affordable and

versatile tool for prototyping electronic circuits with an Arduino Uno or other compatible

microcontroller boards and some Specifications.

 Compatibility: The breadboard is compatible with Arduino Uno and other similar

microcontroller boards.

 Connection Points: It provides a convenient platform for prototyping circuits and

creatingtemporary connections between components.

 Terminal Strips: The breadboard typically consists of terminal strips arranged in a

gridpattern, allowing for easy insertion and connection of electronic components.

 Power Rails: It features power rails on both sides, typically labelled as VCC (power)

andGND (ground), which can be used to distribute power to the connected

components.

 Versatility: The breadboard supports various types of electronic components,

includingresistors, capacitors, LEDs, sensors, and jumper wires.

 Reusability: Components can be easily inserted and removed from the breadboard,

making it reusable for multiple prototyping projects.

 Compact Design: Its compact size makes it suitable for small-scale projects and

experimentation.

 No Soldering Required: Since it relies on spring-loaded connections, no soldering

isrequired, allowing for quick and hassle-free circuit prototyping.

 Stability: It provides a stable platform for testing and debugging electronic circuits

beforesoldering them onto a permanent PCB (Printed Circuit Board).

 Educational Tool: The breadboard is widely used in electronics education and

workshopsto teach basic circuit design and experimentation techniques.

41
4.1.7.9 Sources:

You can purchase breadboards from various sources, including electronics stores, online retailers

like Amazon or eBay, and specialized hobbyist shops. Additionally, local electronics markets or

stores may carry them.

Fig.8: Breadboard

4.1.8 Jumpers Wires:

Jumper wires are essential components in electronics and electrical circuits, serving a

fundamental role in establishing connections between various components ona breadboard or a

circuit board. These wires, often composed of copper or aluminium, are insulated to prevent

short circuits and ensure the flow of electrical signals without interference.

In the realm of electronics prototyping and experimentation, jumper wires act as flexible

conductors that link different points on a circuit. They allow engineers, hobbyists, and students

to quickly and easily create temporary connections, facilitating the testing and validation of

circuit designs. The term "jumper" originates from the idea that these wires can "jump" from one

point to another, creating a bridge for the electrical current.

42
These wires come in various lengths and colours, aiding in the organization and identification of

connections within a circuit. Longer jumper wires might be used to span larger distances on a

breadboard, while shorter ones are employed for more localized connections. The colour coding

helps distinguish different signal paths or components, reducing the risk of errors during circuit

assembly.

The insulation of jumper wires is crucial in preventing unintentional short circuits. Most jumper

wires are covered with a thin layer of plastic or rubber, isolating the conducting core. This

insulation ensures that the current flows only along the intended path, preventing electrical

interference and maintaining the integrity of the circuit.

Jumper wires are particularly valuable in educational settings, where they provide a hands-on

approach to learning about electrical circuits. Students can experiment with different

configurations, easily modifying connections to observe the impact on circuit behavior. This

practical experience enhances understanding and promotes problem-solving skills in the field of

electronics.

In addition to their educational and prototyping uses, jumper wires play a vital role in

troubleshooting circuits. Engineers and technicians often employ these wires to isolate and test

specific sections of a circuit, helping identify faulty components or connections. The flexibility

and simplicity of jumper wires make them indispensable tools for diagnosing issues and ensuring

the proper functioning of electronic systems.

43
As technology advances, the design and materials of jumper wires continue to evolve. Some

wires feature connectors on one or both ends, simplifying the process of connecting to various

components. Additionally, advancements in insulation materials enhance the durability and

safety of these wires, making them more resilient to environmental factors and wear.

In conclusion, jumper wires are integral to the world of electronics, providing a versatile means

of creating connections in circuits. Their flexibility, colour coding, and insulation make them

invaluable tools for prototyping, education, and troubleshooting. As electronic systems become

increasingly complex, the importance of these simple yet essential components remains

paramount in facilitating innovation and progress in the field.

Jumper wires, in the intricate landscape of electronics, serve as the unsung heroes bridging the

gap between theoretical circuit designs and tangible prototypes. Composed predominantly of

conductive materials such as copper or aluminum, these wires embody versatility in their ability

to establish temporary connections between various points on a circuit. The very term "jumper"

encapsulates the essence of these wires, effortlessly leaping from one component to another,

facilitating the smooth flow of electrical current.

Within the realm of electronics prototyping, where experimentation is key, jumper wires emerge

as essential tools. Their primary purpose lies in enabling engineers, hobbyists, and students to

swiftly construct and modify circuits on breadboards or circuit boards. This agile adaptability is

particularly valuable during the iterative process of design, allowing for rapid testing and

refinement without the need for permanent soldered connections.

44
The physical attributes of jumper wires contribute significantly to their utility. These wires come

in diverse lengths, catering to the specific spatial requirements of a circuit. Longer jumper wires

may traverse the expanse of a breadboard, connecting components situated farther apart, while

shorter ones delicately link adjacent elements. This flexibility in length, combined with a

spectrum of colours, not only accommodates the spatial intricacies of circuitry but also aids in

organizing and identifying different signal paths or components.

The insulation enveloping jumper wires is a critical aspect that ensures their functionality and

safety. Typically crafted from materials like plastic or rubber, this insulation serves the dual

purpose of preventing short circuits and safeguarding against electrical interference. By

encapsulating the conductive core, the insulation directs the electrical current along the intended

path, preserving the integrity of the circuit and preventing unintended crosstalk or disruptions.

In educational contexts, jumper wires become invaluable tools for hands-on learning. Aspiring

engineers and students can engage in practical experimentation, manipulating connections to

observe the real-time impact on circuit behavior. This tactile approach enhances comprehension,

allowing individuals to apply theoretical knowledge to tangible outcomes and fostering a deeper

understanding of electronics principles.

Beyond educational settings, jumper wires play a pivotal role in the diagnostic phase of

electronic systems. Engineers and technicians employ these wires to selectively isolate and test

specific sections of a circuit. This meticulous approach aids in identifying faulty components,

loose connections, or other issues that may impede the proper functioning of the overall system.

The ease with which jumper wires can be inserted, rearranged, and removed makes them

indispensable for troubleshooting and refining electronic designs.

45
As technology advances, so does the design and functionality of jumper wires. Some variants

now come equipped with connectors on one or both ends, streamlining the connection process

and reducing the risk of accidental dislodgment. Advances in insulation materials enhance

durability, making jumper wires more resistant to environmental factors and physical wear.

In the grand tapestry of electronic innovation, jumper wires emerge as unassuming yet vital

components. Their flexibility, adaptability, and simplicity make them essential facilitators of

progress, enabling the seamless transition from conceptualization to realization in the dynamic

field of electronics.

Jumper’s wires, ranging in price from 70 to 179 rupees, offer a cost-effective solution for

creating connections between components on a breadboard or between various modules in

electronic projects and some Specifications.

 Length: Typically available in various lengths ranging from 10cm to 30cm.

 Wire Gauge: Commonly constructed with 22 AWG (American Wire Gauge) or 24 AWG

stranded wire.

 Conductor Material: Often made of tinned copper for excellent conductivity and

corrosion resistance.

 Insulation Material: Typically insulated with PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) or silicone for

flexibility and durability.

 Connector Types: Available with various connector types such as male-to-male, male-to-

female, and female-to-female connectors.

 Colour Coding: Often color-coded for easy identification and organization of

connections.

46
  Operating Temperature: Can withstand temperatures ranging from -20°C to 80°C,

depending on the insulation material.

 Maximum Current Rating: Typically rated for currents up to 2A or 3A, depending on the

wire gauge and quality.

 Compatibility: Compatible with various prototyping platforms such as Arduino,

Raspberry Pi, and breadboards.

 Packaging: Sold in packs containing multiple wires of different colours for convenient

use in electronic projects.

Sources: Jumpers wires can be sourced from various electronics stores, hobbyist shops, or online

marketplaces such as Amazon, eBay, or Ali Express. These wires are commonly used for

prototyping and connecting electronic components on breadboards or PCBs. They come in

various lengths, gauges, and connector types (such as male-to-male, male-to-female, or female-

to-female) to suit different project requirements.

Fig.9: Jumper Wires

47
4.1.9 USB Type B Cable:

The USB Type-B cable is an essential component in electronic connectivity, widely used for

interfacing peripherals such as printers, scanners, and microcontroller boards with host devices

like computers. This cable adheres to the Universal Serial Bus (USB) standard, ensuring a

standardized interface for data transfer and power supply between devices.

It features two distinct connectors: a USB Type-A connector, which is flat and rectangular,

commonly found on computers, laptops, USB hubs, and power adapters; and a USB Type-B

connector, typically square with beveled corners or trapezoidal, used for connecting to

peripheral devices. The cable comprises four primary conductors: VCC and GND for power

supply, and D+ and D- for bidirectional data transfer, essential for tasks such as uploading data,

debugging, and device interaction.

Supporting data transfer rates up to 480 megabits per second (Mbps) under the USB 2.0

standard, the cable is suitable for most applications, despite newer standards offering higher

speeds. Physically, the cable typically ranges from 1 to 2 meters in length, constructed with

high-quality copper conductors for efficient data transfer and durability, and shielded to

minimize electromagnetic interference. Its robust construction, including reinforced connectors

and strain relief, ensures longevity.

The USB Type-B cable is compatible with a wide range of devices and is particularly crucial

for connecting microcontroller boards like Arduino to computers for programming and power

supply. The cable simplifies the setup process by eliminating the need for separate power

sources, making it an efficient and practical choice for a variety of projects. Additionally, the

USB Type-B cable is instrumental in establishing a reliable communication link between the

host device and peripherals, ensuring smooth and uninterrupted data flow necessary for the

functioning of various applications.

48
In terms of compliance, the USB Type-B cable adheres to USB 2.0 specifications, ensuring

compatibility and performance standards that meet industry requirements. Furthermore, it

meets Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) regulations, highlighting its commitment to

safety and environmental protection. This compliance ensures that the cable is free from

hazardous materials, making it safe for use in diverse environments.

The availability of USB Type-B cables through various online and local retailers adds to their

convenience and accessibility. Online platforms like Amazon, Spark Fun, Ad fruit, and the

official Arduino website offer a wide selection of USB Type-B cables, catering to different

lengths and specifications to meet various user needs. Local electronics and hobbyist shops also

stock these cables, providing an immediate solution for those who prefer in-person purchases.

In professional settings, the USB Type-B cable is vital for the seamless operation of office

equipment such as printers and scanners, facilitating quick and reliable data transfer between

computers and peripherals. In educational and hobbyist environments, the cable is

indispensable for projects involving microcontroller boards like Arduino, enabling users to

program, test, and interact with their devices effortlessly.

Furthermore, the USB Type-B cable's role extends to industrial applications where reliable data

transfer and power delivery are critical. Its robust construction and shielding make it suitable

for environments where electromagnetic interference is a concern, ensuring that data integrity

is maintained even in challenging conditions.

An additional benefit of the USB Type-B cable is its ability to charge devices while facilitating

data transfer. This dual functionality is particularly beneficial for devices that require constant

power, such as external hard drives and certain microcontroller boards. The convenience of

simultaneous data and power transfer simplifies the user experience, reducing the number of

cables needed for different functions.

49
The longevity of the USB Type-B cable is another significant advantage. The robust

construction of the connectors, along with the strain relief design, prevents wear and tear from

frequent plugging and unplugging. This durability is crucial for environments where the cable

will be used regularly, such as in schools, offices, and workshops.

The USB Type-B cable's versatility extends to its use in various custom projects and DIY

electronics. Hobbyists and engineers often rely on this cable for prototyping and developing

new devices, appreciating its reliable performance and ease of use. The standardized nature of

the USB Type-B connector also ensures compatibility across different projects and

components, making it a staple in the toolkit of any electronics enthusiast.

In summary, the USB Type-B cable's standardized design, durability, and reliable performance

make it a vital tool for ensuring efficient and stable connections in numerous applications. Its

role in facilitating data transfer and power supply underscores its importance in the broader

context of electronic device connectivity. The combination of its technical specifications,

physical durability, and compliance with safety standards positions the USB Type-B cable as a

trusted and essential component in both every day and specialized electronic setups. Its

availability through various retail channels and its applicability across multiple domains further

solidify its status as a fundamental element in modern electronic infrastructure.

Fig.10: USB Type B Cable

50
4.2 Economic Feasibility

PRODUCT PRICE

ESP 32 500

FORCE SENSOR 350

LCD MODULE 150

USB CABLE 120

JUMPER WIRE 70

BREADBOARD 60

LED LIGHT 4

RESISTOR 3

Table.1: Economic Feasibility

51
 Chapter 5
Methodology

5.1 Methodology

The proposed system is designed to assist paralyzed patients in effectively conveying their
instructions or needs. It consists of several components working together seamlessly to
facilitate communication between the patient and caregiver.

At the core of the system is a force sensor, which is connected to a microcontroller board.
The microcontroller board is programmed using the Arduino IDE compiler and serves as the
controller for all main and sub-equipment within the system. Additionally, a Wi-Fi module
isintegrated with the microcontroller board, enabling communication functionalities.

The primary objective of the system is to identify simple finger movements made by the
patient to express their requirements. Sensors attached to the patient's body measure the
acceleration, gestures, or movements of the fingers. These sensors relay input signals to the
microcontroller, which then processes the data.

The microcontroller maps the input voltages received from the sensors and assigns specific
ranges for each finger movement. Predefined messages corresponding to basic requirements
and emergencies are stored within the system for each sensor movement range. When a
movement or gesture is detected by the sensors, the microcontroller retrieves the
corresponding message from its memory.

Once the message is retrieved, the Wi-Fi module connected to the microcontroller is
activated. It sends out messages containing the desired information to the caregiver, alerting
them to the patient's needs or emergencies. Simultaneously, the conveyed messages are
displayed on an LCD screen, making it easier for the patient to understand and confirm the
communication.

One of the key advantages of this system is its adaptability to the severity of the patient's
condition. It can be adjusted and customized based on the individual needs and capabilities
of the patient. Additionally, the system is designed to be portable and accessible from
anywhere, ensuring the patient's comfort and convenience.

52
In summary, the proposed system offers a comprehensive solution for paralyzed patients to
effectively communicate their instructions or needs, thereby enhancing their quality of life
and overall care...

Fig.11: Schematic diagram of IoT MedTech

53
 Chapter 6

Results and Discussion

6.1 Prototype Model:

IoT MedTech operates as follows: The patient starts the communication by moving the fingers
on the force sensor of the device. When the sensor detects movement or gestures, it sends input
signals to a microcontroller, which then reads and pre-processes the data, recognizing patterns.
These patterns are mapped to predefined messages related to basic needs and emergencies within
the sensor's range of movement. The microcontroller, equipped with a GSM module, transmits
these messages, and the LCD screen displays as shown in below Screen Shots the information
for the patient's understanding.

Fig.12: Prototype Model

54
6.2 Comparative Study

6.2.1 Comparative Analysis based on cost

S. No. Existing Products Min. Product Cost Max. Product Cost

(In Rupees) (In Rupees)
1 Reverse Paralysis 5,82,339.45 2,49,574.05
Technology
2 Robotic Arm 16,63,827 66,55,308

3 Mind Controlled Bionic 3,07,724 6,65,530.80

Arm
4 Eye-Blink 80,000 1,25,000

5 Smart Gloves 18,250 50,000

6 IoT MedTech 4203 6736

Table 2: Comparative Analysis based on cost

6.2.1.1 BCI Technology:

Also known as reversing paralysis technology that is used for assisting the paralyzed patient for
their day-to-day activities who have completely lost their movement. Using BCI technology
devices like exoskeletons, mind-controlled prosthetics are made to help these kinds of people.
BCI analyzes brain patterns of the individuals to control the movements of body parts. This is the
most expensive technology available in market which costs ranging from 20,000$ to 5, 00, 000$.
(Sources: research gate, Smithsonian Magazine, [16]).Due to high cost this is not accessible for
all those who really needs in their life especially for poor people.

6.2.1.2 Benjamin Choi’s Robotic Arm:

In 2020, Choi proposed a robotic arm that uses AI algorithms to analyze the brain pattern for
disabled person who can't move their body parts, meant to help them in their everyday tasks. The

55
system works by picking up signals from the brain using a special sensor called EEG to control
how the arm moves. But the problem arises here that first it needs to analyze the brain patterns
which is time taking process, accuracy increases over time and creating dataset is complex.
(Source Smithsonian magazine).

6.2.1.3 Smart Gloves

These gloves are made for the quiet people and those who can’t move much. It has sensors that
collect data on hand movements to understand specific signs and words. Paralyzed patients can
wear these gloves to control things at home by moving their fingers and also they can convey
their basic requirements through finger movement to the care taker. These smart gloves are
ranging from 20,000 to 60,000 as listed on Amazon e-commerce website. These smart gloves has
limited instructions and sometime response is not proper.

Sources (Amazon.in, [17], [18], [19])

6.2.1.4 IOT - MedTech (2023):

We proposed IoT MedTech device - an IoT based system that enables them to convey their
basic requirements and emergency messages simply by moving their finger to display the desired
message, at minimal cost. The IoT MedTech ranges from rupees 4,203 to rupees 6,736.Unlike
BCI or reverse paralysis technology there is no requirement of surgery for prosthetics body parts
or no need to analyses the brain pattern or signal. It clearly tackles the problems of retina
analysis technology i.e. it is completely suitable for tetraplegia patient which is not possible in
retina analysis treatment. Also solve the limited instruction problem of smart gloves technology,
in this device number of instruction can be adjusted based on the patient requirement. The IoT
MedTech provides precise result and took minimal time to process. IoT MedTech is simple
, handy, affordable easy to use. Providing an innovative solutions to paralyzed patient to make
their life easier

56
6.2.2 Comparative Analysis based on key features and technology

Ref Year IoT Devices Components

[19] 2016 Smart Gloves Flex Sensor, Inertial Measurement Unit(IMU)

[20] 2017 Eye-Blink TCRT 5000

[21] 2017 Hybrid Wheel Chair BNO-055 Module, ARM Cortex M3

[22] 2018 Fitness Tracker LM-35 Temperature Sensor, Heartbeat

Sensor, Eye-Blink Sensor, Accelerometer
Sensor

[18] 2018 Sensor Gloves LM-35, Flex Sensor, Voice Processor(APR33A3)

[17] 2019 Gloves Flex Sensor

[23] 2019 Fitness Tracker Heart-Pulse Sensor, Arduino UNO, Raspberry-pi

[24] 2019 Eye-Com ADXL335

[16] 2020 Adaptive & Flexible Brain Electroencephalogram(EEG)

Energized Full Body Exoskeleton

Table 3: Comparative Analyses on Key Features

57
Technology Distinct Features

Brain-Controlled Controlled by brain signals (EEG), enabling hands-free

operation.
Exoskeleton Assists in daily activities by translating brain signals into
physical movement.
Requires training for proper use due to its advanced control
mechanism
Integrates with IoT for enhanced control and functionality.
|

Better Wheelchairs Utilizes sensors to monitor vital health parameters like

temperature, heart rate, and movement
Provides remote patient monitoring, allowing caregivers to
track patient well-being from a distance.
Automated system that continuously monitors patient health,
sending alerts in case of abnormalities
Integration with GSM modules and IoT facilitates real-time
data transmission to caregivers. |

Blink Sensor for Home Activated by eye blinks, allowing paralyzed individuals to
control home appliances independently
Appliances Simplifies home appliance control without the need for
physical assistance
Consists of embedded electronics like the TCRT 5000 sensor,
Bluetooth, and Arduino microcontroller for connectivity
Enables easy operation of appliances without relying on
physical or human help.

Smart Gloves for Sign - Recognizes hand and finger movements to translate sign
language into spoken words. |
Language Facilitates communication for individuals using sign

58
Smart Gloves for Sign language, improving accessibility
Equipped with flexible sensors for accurate recognition of
Language finger movements
Offers an intuitive interface for converting sign language
gestures into speech. |

Table 4: Comparative Analysis on Technology

59
 Chapter 7

SCREEN SHOTS

Fig.13: Screenshot 1

Fig.14: Screenshot 2

60
Fig. 15: IoT MedTech Advancing Healthcare

Fig. 16: Food Message

61
 Fig. 17: Water Message
Fig. 1: Emergency
Message

Fig. 18: Medicine Message

62
Fig. 19: Telegram Bot

63
 Chapter 8
Future Scope and Conclusion

The proposed IoT MedTech aims to minimize the gaps between those people who somehow lost
the ability of both moving and speaking (e.g., partial paralysis, quadriplegia, stroke, Parkinson,
old age, people in ICUs, etc.), and find hard time in communication others. Existing solution
include Brain Computer Interface (BCI) systems, exoskeletons and eye status monitoring. But,
the devices using these technologies are expensive, sophisticated, and put an additional burden
on the patient and also communication is not effective.

The proposed solution IoT MedTech assist in establishing a communication medium between
patient and care giver where the patient is provided with a force sensor embedded device. The
patient moves his/her finger on the device and based on the pattern of movements, the
information is interpreted and conveyed to the care giver.

IoT MedTech helps these patients communicate their needs and emergencies, making care giving
more efficient. This approach enhances the well-being of people with these kinds of disabilities,
improving their quality of life.

64
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Note:

1. Attach digital plagiarism report of the project report and plagiarism must be less than 10%
after exclusion of reference/bibliography.

2.Attach hard copy of research paper/patent along with communication

acceptance/registration/publication proof.

3.Attach digital plagiarism report of the research paper/patent and plagiarism must be less then
10% after exclusion of reference.

68