Design and implementation of an online platform for school

transportation booking

BY

UWAKWE NELSON KAMSIYOCHUKWU 20/1382

OFFIA VICTORY CHIBUCHI 20/1122

IKPE, GODSGRACE JOE 20/0254

A PROJECT WORK SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR

THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE B. SC (HONS) DEGREE IN SOFTWARE
ENGINEERING

TO THE DEPARTMENT OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF COMPUTING AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES BABCOCK UNIVERSITY,
ILISHAN – REMO, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA

NOVEMBER, 2023
 DECLARATION

We declare that this project work Design and implementation of an online platform for school
transportation booking was carried out by the following people:

UWAKWE NELSON KAMSIYOCHUKWU 20/1382 —---------------------------------

OFFIA VICTORY CHIBUCHI 20/1122 —----------------------------------

IKPE GODSGRACE JOE 20/0254 —-----------------------------------

 DEDICATION

This project is dedicated to the Almighty God, who has endowed us with wisdom, knowledge,
and insight from beginning to conclusion. This effort is also dedicated to our parents, family and
friends, who played an important role in making our experience at Babcock University so
enjoyable.
 ACKNOWLEGDMENT

Coming this far was very challenging for us and as a result there are certain individuals who we
feel deserve special acknowledgment as we could not have completed this project without their
help.

First and foremost, our appreciation goes to God Almighty for guiding our steps and allowing us
to achieve all we have so far. We give him thanks for sustaining our lives, for His mercies and
his favor.

Our project could not have been accomplished without the support, love and prayers of our
parents, Elder. Joe/ Mrs Mayen Ikpe Mr. Chinedu and Mrs Esther Offia. Mr. Victor / Mrs Divine
Uwakwe. our friends and lecturers who contributed to our success one way or the other.

We would like to appreciate our supervisor Dr. Wumi Ajayi for his guidance and advice during
the course of our project. We are grateful for his support and words of encouragement which
allowed us to the strive for the best.

We would like to show gratitude to the Dean, Prof. Idowu S.A. and the H.O.D, Dr Adekola for
their support and good leadership all through our stay in Babcock University. We would also like
to seize this opportunity to thank Babcock University as a whole, school of Computing and
Engineering Sciences (CES), Software Engineering (SE) because without the platform they
made available to us, we would not have been able to achieve this success.
 ABSTRACT

This research work focused on the development of a web based online platform for school
transportation booking system using tricycle Transport in Babcock university as case study.

The problems identified in the existing system that necessitated the developemt of the web
based tricycle booking system include: passengers cannot book for transportation online
because of the absence of a web based tricycle booking system,.

The objectives of the study include to: create a system that will aid passenger transit booking
online, develop a system that will submit booking information to an online database and to
implement a system that can be used to verify booking information of passengers.

The significance of the study is that it will enable passengers to easily book for transit online.
The software development methodology used is waterfall development methodology and the
programming language used for the development of the study is Hypertext markup language
(HTML) and MySql database. It was concluded that a web based tricycle booking system is very
useful as it enables organizations to be more efficient in their keeping transportation record
operations.

It is recommended that more research should be encouraged on the development of web

based tricycle booking systems.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION ii

CERTIFICATION ii

DEDICATION ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii

ABSTRACT ii

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study 1
1.2 Problem Statement 1
1.3 Aim and Objectives 2
1.4 Scope of Study 2
1.5 Limitations of the Study 3
1.6 Significance of the Study 3

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction 4
2.2 Brief history on transportation 4
2.3 online transportation 5
2.4 Theoretical review of online transportation 6
2.5 Benefits of online transportation 7
2.6 Review of existing works 8
2.6.1 Closely related works 9
2.7 GAPS 11
2.8 Strengths and weakness of online transportation 12
2.8.1 Strengths 13
2.8.2 Weakness 13

CHAPTER THREE: SYSTEM DESIGN ANALYSIS AND

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Overview 14
3.2 System analysis 14
3.3.1 Agile Methodology Approach 15
3.4 Conceptual model 16
3.5 Design and implementation tools 17
3.5.1 Backend framework 17
3.5.2 Database management 18
3.5.3 Frontend framework 18
3.5.4 Development environment 18
3.6 Functional and non-functional requirements 19
3.6.1 Functional requirement 19
3.6.2 Non functional requirement 20
3.7 Software architecture 21
3.7.1 Use Case diagram 21
3.7.2 Sequence diagram 22
3.7.3 Class diagram 23
3.7.4 Flowchart diagram 25

CHAPTER FOUR: IMPLEMENTATION

4.2 System Implementation 26
4.3 Home Page 26
4.4 Role Selection and Login Interface 26
4.5 Admin Dashboard 27
4.5.1 User Management 27
4.5.2 Vehicle Management 28
4.5.3 Booking Management 28
4.5.4 Feedback Management 28
4.5.5 Password Reset Managemen 29
4.5.6 Gallery Section 29
4.5.7 Dashboard 29
4.6 Vehicle Booking 30
4.6.1 User Registration/Login 30
4.6.2 Viewing Available Vehicles 30
4.6.3 Making a Booking 31
4.6.4 Managing Bookings 31
4.6.5 Password Reset 32
4.6.6 Feedback Submission
4.7 Software Testing 32
4.7.1 Functional Testing 33
4.7.2 Integration Testing 33
4.7.3 User Interface Testing 34
4.7.4 Performance Testing 34
4.7.5 Security Testing 35
4.7.6 Unit Testing 35
4.7.7 Student Register Test Case 36
4.7.8 Admin and Client login Test Case 36
4.7.9 Book Vehicle Test Cas 36
4.8 Student Waiting Time 37
4.8.1 Methodology 37
4.8.2 Results and Analysis 37
4.9 User Feedback 38
4.9.1 Methodology 38
4.9.2 Results and Analysis 38

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY

5.1 Introduction 39
5.2 Summary 39
5.3 Recommendation 39
5.4 Conclusion 39
 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The word transport means movement of people or goods from one place to another, through the
means of human, cars, ship, trains, animals e.t.c. According to [1] .The educational landscape is
evolving, and with it, the need for efficient school transportation solutions becomes increasingly
apparent. Traditional methods of booking and managing school transportation often involve
cumbersome manual processes, leading to inefficiencies and communication gaps The
proposed study delves into these challenges, aiming to design and implement an online
platform specifically tailored for the school transportation booking. By conducting a thorough
examination of existing systems, the research seeks to identify pain points and areas of
improvement. This includes issues related to calling of keke drivers, communication, and safety
protocols.
The study will explore how an online platform can revolutionize the booking process, providing a
user-friendly interface for students to schedule and monitor their child's transportation.
Additionally, the research will investigate features such as real-time tracking, automated
notifications to enhance the overall experience.
Furthermore, the implementation aspect of the study will involve developing a prototype of the
online platform. This phase will require careful consideration of technical requirements, security
measures, and scalability to ensure a robust and reliable system.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

The current school’s transportation system faces inefficiencies, communication gaps due to
manual processes. Students struggle with tracking, and the schools faces coordination issues.
This study aims to design an online platform that bridges the manual gap, scheduling
inefficiencies, and automated notifications. The goal is to modernize and streamline the system,
offering improved communication, enhanced safety measures, and a user-friendly experience
for all stakeholders.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study is to:

Develop an online platform for school transportation booking to improve efficiency and
bridge communication gaps in the current manual system.

The objectives of this study are:

I. To design an online transport booking system

II. To implement the designed system
III. To test the developed system.

1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study’s scope will be confined to the facilitation of payment among participating members,
excluding other aspects of online transactions.
The following are the key components that the project will implement:
⦁ Stakeholders: The primary stakeholders include the students,school,and transportation
providers ensuring the platform solves the requirement and concern of the users.
⦁ Technology stack: the study will identify and utilize appropriate technologies for the design
and implementation of the platform.
⦁ Feedback and Improvement: A feedback mechanism will be implemented to collect input
from users, enabling continuous improvement of the platform based on practical experiences and
suggestions.

1.5 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

A limitation of the study includes the potential challenge of generalizing findings, as the
effectiveness of the online platform may vary based on specific regional or institutional
characteristics. Additionally, the study's scope is limited to the design and implementation
phases, and long-term operational challenges or user adoption issues may not be fully explored
within the study's timeframe. Payment with smart card will not be possible due to lack of fund to
get the intereswitch facilities that are expected in this area. [1] Constraints related to budget and
time resources may also impact the depth of the platform's features and testing.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study holds significance as it addresses critical issues within the current school
transportation system. By designing and implementing an online platform, the study aims to:

⦁ Advancement of Transportation Services:

The implementation of an online booking system contributes to the advancement of
transportation services, aligning with the evolving demands of modern society [2].

⦁ Operational Efficiency:
The study addresses the need for operational efficiency in transportation, as emphasized by the
challenges faced by local governments in managing urban mobility [3][4].

⦁ User Behavior and Preferences

Studying user behavior and preferences in on-demand transportation services contributes to a
better understanding of factors influencing user choices [5].

⦁ Security and Privacy Concerns:

Assessing security and privacy concerns in online transportation platforms is crucial for ensuring
the safety and protection of user information [6].

This study adds valuable insights to the existing body of knowledge, addressing the challenges
and potentials of online transportation booking systems in diverse contexts.
 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION

The increasing demand for efficient and streamlined school transportation services has
prompted the development and implementation of online platforms dedicated to managing
booking processes. In the context of modern educational institutions, the design and
implementation of an online platform for school transportation booking represent a crucial step
towards enhancing the overall experience for students, parents, and administrative staff. This
literature review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of existing research and
technological advancements pertinent to the design and implementation of such online
platforms. By exploring the current state of school transportation systems, examining case
studies, analyzing technological solutions, and emphasizing user experience considerations,
this review seeks to elucidate the critical factors that contribute to the effective design and
seamless operation of online booking platforms tailored specifically for school transportation
services. The synthesis of this literature will serve as a foundation for understanding the key
elements necessary to create a robust and user-friendly online platform that addresses the
diverse needs and challenges within the realm of school transportation booking.

2.2 BRIEF HISTORY ON TRANSPORTATION

Transportation has played a crucial role in the development and connectivity of human societies
throughout history. The evolution of transportation methods reflects the ingenuity and innovation
of civilizations as they sought to overcome geographical barriers and facilitate trade and
communication. In ancient times, transportation primarily relied on simple modes such as
footpaths and animal trails, enabling humans and domesticated animals to traverse terrain [7].
Early civilizations, including the Roman Empire, developed intricate road networks for military
and trade purposes [8]. Waterways became vital for transportation, with rivers and seas serving
as natural routes. Ancient civilizations like the Egyptians and Mesopotamians utilized boats for
trade and travel [9]. The development of sailing ships during the Renaissance, exemplified by
explorers like Christopher Columbus, marked a significant expansion of maritime transportation
[10]. The advent of the Industrial Revolution introduced steam power to transportation. Steam
locomotives, pioneered by figures like George Stephenson, revolutionized land travel, leading to
the establishment of extensive rail networks [11]. Concurrently, steam-powered ships
transformed maritime trade, enabling faster and more reliable ocean voyages [12].The late 19th
and early 20th centuries witnessed the rise of automobiles, pioneered by Karl Benz, and the
mass production of cars by Henry Ford [13]. The Wright brothers' first powered flight in 1903
ushered in the era of aviation, transforming global connectivity [14]. The mid-20th century saw
the development of extensive highway systems, such as the U.S. Interstate Highway System,
facilitating efficient land transportation [15]. Mass transit systems, including buses and subways,
became integral to urban mobility [16].Recent decades have witnessed the rise of electric
vehicles, advancements in autonomous transportation technologies, and the exploration of high-
speed transportation concepts like the Hyperloop and magnetic levitation (Maglev) [17] [18].

2.3 ONLINE TRANSPORTATION

In the context of "design and implementation of an online platform for school transportation
booking," online transportation refers to the use of digital tools and internet-based systems to
facilitate the seamless booking and management of school transportation services. This entails
the development of user-friendly online interfaces that enable students, parents, and school
staff to efficiently access and organize transportation arrangements. By incorporating features
such as real-time tracking, secure payment processing, and effective communication channels,
the online platform optimizes the coordination and transparency of transportation operations.
Emphasizing data security and privacy measures ensures the protection of sensitive
information, fostering a secure and reliable online environment for all users involved. Overall,
the integration of online transportation services aligns with the broader trend of digital innovation
in the transportation sector, contributing to the advancement of smarter and more effective
transportation solutions specifically tailored to the needs of educational institutions.

2.4 THEORETICAL REVIEW OF ONLINE TRANSPORTATION

Online transportation services have completely changed the way people commute by bringing in
new and innovative solutions that use mobile technology and connectivity. In this theoretical
review, different theories and perspectives are explored to understand the impact of online
transportation on urban mobility, the role of technology, user behavior, regulatory challenges,
sustainability practices, and even how it affects the job market.
The widespread adoption of online transportation services, facilitated by platforms like Uber,
Lyft, and others, has reshaped urban mobility patterns [19]. Rayle et al. (2017) investigate the
effects of ride-hailing services on travel behavior, congestion, and public transportation ridership
[20]. The study delves into the transformative impact of these services on the dynamics of urban
transportation. Wang et al. (2019) provide a comprehensive review of technological
advancements in online transportation services [21]. The study explores innovations such as
GPS tracking, route optimization, and user interface design. It highlights how these
technological features enhance the overall efficiency and user experience within various
transportation applications. Sivakumar et al. (2020) focus on understanding user behavior and
preferences in on-demand transportation services [22]. The study examines factors influencing
user choices, satisfaction levels, and loyalty towards specific platforms like Grab, Didi, or Ola.
Insights into user preferences contribute to a better understanding of the competitive landscape.
Martin et al. (2018) evaluate the regulatory challenges and policy implications arising from the
rapid growth of the ride-hailing industry [23]. The study assesses the impact on traditional taxi
services, labor regulations, and the role of local governments in managing these services.
Regulatory frameworks become crucial in balancing innovation and ensuring fair competition.
Lopez et al. (2021) emphasize sustainable and green practices in online transportation [24]. The
review assesses initiatives taken by companies like Uber and Lyft to promote electric and hybrid
vehicles, reduce carbon emissions, and contribute to eco-friendly transportation solutions.
Sustainability considerations become integral to the long-term viability of online transportation
services. Lee and Chen (2019) conduct a comprehensive analysis of the impact of online
transportation on the labor market [25]. The study examines implications for traditional taxi
drivers, the emergence of the gig economy, and the challenges faced by workers in this
evolving industry. Understanding labor market dynamics is crucial for assessing the broader
socio-economic impact. Smith et al. (2020) assess security and privacy concerns in online
transportation platforms [26]. The study discusses data protection, identity verification, and
cybersecurity issues related to user information and transactions within these applications.
Addressing these concerns is essential for building trust among users. This theoretical review
takes a broad look at different aspects of online transportation. It explores how it affects urban
mobility, technological advancements, user behavior, regulations, sustainability practices, and
even the job market. These different perspectives help us gain a comprehensive understanding
of the complex nature of online transportation services.

2.5 BENEFITS OF ONLINE TRANSPORTATION

The benefits of online transportation are significant and encompass various aspects of
convenience, efficiency, and accessibility.Convenience Online transportation platforms provide
a convenient way for users to book, track, and manage transportation services from any location
with internet access, eliminating the need for physical visits or calls to arrange transportation.
Ease of Access Users can easily access a range of transportation options and services through
a single online platform, enabling them to compare different choices and select the most
suitable one based on their preferences and requirements. Real-Time Tracking Online
transportation services often offer real-time tracking capabilities, allowing users to monitor the
exact location of their vehicles, which enhances safety and provides peace of mind, particularly
for parents and guardians concerned about the transportation of students. Transparent Pricing
Many online transportation platforms provide transparent pricing structures, enabling users to
understand the costs involved upfront and avoid any potential discrepancies or hidden charges
associated with traditional transportation booking methods. Secure Payment Options Secure
online payment systems ensure the safe and hassle-free processing of transportation
payments, providing users with a reliable and convenient way to complete transactions without
the need for physical cash exchanges. Enhanced Communication Online transportation
platforms often facilitate efficient communication between service providers, users, and
administrators, fostering effective coordination and quick resolution of any transportation-related
issues or concerns. Time Efficiency By streamlining the transportation booking process and
reducing the time required for manual arrangements, online transportation services contribute to
overall time savings for both users and service providers. Environmental Sustainability
Encouraging the use of shared transportation services through online platforms can contribute
to reduced carbon emissions and promote a more sustainable approach to transportation,
benefiting the environment and the community at large
2.6 REVIEW OF EXISTING WORKS
Online transportation service is a recent service innovation in the m-commerce world, where
customers can order rides through mobile applications, and drivers respond to orders through
apps [27]. Various applications, including Uber Motor, Grab-bike, Go-Jek, and Blue Jeck, exist
in Indonesia, with Go-Jek, Grab, and Uber being the dominant providers [28]. [29] proposes a
school bus ticket booking service platform that utilizes Kubernetes container self-expanding
technology to optimize the online booking experience for students. [30] focuses on the
development of a school bus information and tracking system application that enables users to
track bus trips and obtain passenger information. [31] introduces a smart transportation system
for school buses, utilizing a mobile and web application to facilitate communication between
parents, schools, and buses, improving efficiency and reducing waiting times. Utari Meridha
Putri's work on the "Development of Online Transportation Services" explores the effectiveness
and efficiency of Grabbike applications in Medan City [32] The Impact of Ride-Hailing Apps on
Urban Transportation is a study investigating the effects of ride-hailing services on urban
mobility patterns, travel behavior, congestion, and public transportation ridership [33].
Technological Innovations in Online Transportation Services, a review by Wang et al., explores
advancements in GPS tracking, route optimization, and user interface design in various
transportation applications [34]. User Behavior and Preference in On-Demand Transportation
Services is a study by Sivakumar et al., focusing on factors influencing user choices,
satisfaction levels, and loyalty towards specific platforms [35]. Regulatory Challenges and
Policy Implications in the Ride-Hailing Industry is a research work by Martin et al., evaluating
regulatory challenges and policy implications arising from the rapid growth of the ride-hailing
industry [36]. Sustainable and Green Practices in Online Transportation is a review by Lopez et
al., emphasizing sustainable and green practices in online transportation and initiatives taken by
companies like Uber and Lyft [37]. Impact of Online Transportation on Employment and Labor
Market Dynamics is a comprehensive analysis by Lee and Chen, examining the impact of online
transportation on the labor market, traditional taxi drivers, and challenges faced by workers in
the evolving industry [37]. Bolt, originally Taxify, was founded in Estonia in 2013 by Markus Villig
[38]. The company rapidly expanded its ride-hailing services globally, offering affordable
transportation alternatives and diversifying into additional services like scooter rentals and food
delivery [38]. Uber was founded in 2009 by Garrett Camp and Travis Kalanick [39]. Since then,
it has transformed global transportation by introducing a platform connecting riders with drivers.
Uber has expanded its services globally, facing regulatory challenges but becoming a dominant
player in the ride-hailing industry [39].

2.6.1 CLOSELY RELATED WORKS

Gokada: Gokada was founded in 2018 by Fahim Saleh. The company started as a motorbike
hailing service with the aim of providing safe and efficient transportation options in urban areas.
Gokada operates a platform that allows users to book motorbike rides through a mobile app.
Motorbike transportation is a popular mode of commuting in congested urban areas. It focuses
on providing quick and convenient transportation solutions, particularly in cities where traffic
congestion is a challenge. It services are accessible through a mobile app. Users can use the
app to request rides, track their drivers, and make cashless payments. Like many ride-hailing
services, Gokada has faced regulatory challenges and changes in the regulatory environment in
Nigeria. The company has navigated these challenges to continue providing services. Gokada
focuses on Motor-bike transportation while the proposed system focuses on keke booking
transportation.
Bolt: Bolt (formerly known as Taxify) is a transportation network company that provides ride-
hailing services, It operates as a global ride-hailing platform, allowing users to book rides
through a mobile application. The platform connects passengers with drivers who use their own
vehicles to provide transportation services. Bolt was founded in Estonia in 2013 by Markus
Villig. The company started as Taxify and later rebranded to Bolt. Markus Villig, who started the
company when he was just 19 years old, aimed to create a transportation platform that would be
more efficient and cost-effective for users. In bolt online transportation the vehicles and phones
are own by the drivers while on this system to be built the school is to provide the means of
transportation and communication to the driver, that is the keke and the phone, each phones
are assigned to a keke.
Lyft: Lyft was founded in 2012 by Logan Green and John Zimmer, it provides a mobile app that
allows users to request rides from nearby drivers. The app offers features such as real-time ride
tracking, estimated arrival times, and upfront pricing. Both drivers and passengers have the
ability to rate each other after each ride, contributing to a community-driven feedback system.
Lyft Line is a shared ride option where passengers traveling in the same direction can share a
ride and split the cost.Lyft has expressed a commitment to sustainability, including efforts to
promote the use of electric vehicles and reduce the environmental impact of transportation.
Uber: Uber was founded in March 2009 by Garrett Camp and Travis Kalanick. The company
started as a ride-sharing platform with the goal of providing a convenient and reliable
transportation option using a mobile app.Uber's primary platform is a mobile app available for
iOS and Android devices. Users can use the app to request rides, track their drivers, and make
cashless payments.Uber has expanded its operations globally and operates in numerous
countries and cities worldwide. Its services are available in diverse markets, making it one of the
largest ride-hailing platforms globally. In Uber online transportation, the distance covered are
much while on my system, the distance covered are not much because it is just meant for
students in campus.

2.7 GAPS
The reviewed transportation systems might work well for bus or car transportation, it's true that
keke maruwas are more suitable for shorter distances, especially within the confines of a
university campus. The distances between different points within a university usually aren't too
far apart, making keke maruwas an ideal mode of transportation. They can easily navigate
through the campus and provide a quick and convenient way for students to reach their
destinations. By incorporating online booking for these tricycles, the transportation system
would become even more efficient and beneficial for students. It's all about finding the right
solution that suits the specific needs and distances within a university setting.Online booking for
tricycles, or keke Maruwas, would provide an easier and convenient way for students to get
around campus. They wouldn't have to wait by the roadside; they could simply book a ride from
their hostel to their classes, the stadium, or any destination they want. It would definitely save
them time and make transportation more accessible. In bolt online transportation the vehicles
and phones are own by the drivers while on this system the school is to provide the means of
transportation and communication to the driver.

2.8 STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS OF ONLINE TRANSPORTATION

The existing online transportation systems have several strengths and weaknesses,
which are crucial to consider for both users and service providers.
2.8.1 Strengths:
Online transportation systems provide users with the convenience of booking rides
from anywhere at any time through a mobile application, These systems often offer
competitive pricing compared to traditional taxi services, making transportation more
affordable for users, Users can track their rides in real-time, providing a sense of
security and allowing for better time management, Most platforms have intuitive
interfaces that are easy to use, even for individuals not well-versed in technology and
These systems create job opportunities for drivers, contributing to the growth of the gig
economy.

2.8.1 Weakness:
Technical glitches and network issues can disrupt the smooth functioning of these
services, leading to inconveniences for both users and drivers, during peak hours or
high-demand periods, some systems implement surge pricing, which can significantly
increase the cost of rides, leading to user dissatisfaction, Issues related to data privacy
and security can pose risks to user information, leading to concerns about the misuse of
personal data, regulatory issues and conflicts with traditional taxi services can create
legal challenges for the companies operating these platforms and fluctuations in the
availability of drivers can result in longer wait times or unavailability of rides during
specific hours, particularly in less densely populated areas.
 CHAPTER THREE
SYSTEM DESIGN AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 OVERVIEW
This section gives a detailed breakdown of how the system will be designed based on the
analysis of the existing system. It spans from the planning phase to the execution phase, it
highlights major activities in the planning and design, analysis, and the implementation of the
proposed online platform for school transportation booking. The proposed system aims to
streamline the school transportation booking process, providing an efficient and user-friendly
platform for students. The system ensures secure and reliable transportation services for
students attending various educational institutions.

3.2 SYSTEM ANALYSIS

The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines system as “the process of studying a procedure or
business in order to identify its goal and purpose and to create systems and procedures that will
achieve them in an efficient way” (Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 2018). In simpler terms, system
analysis involves studying how various components of a system collaborate to achieve their
intended goals. Its primary aim is to understand what a system needs to accomplish to meet
user requirements, and from there, to create applications that align with those needs. This
process ensures that the system functions effectively and efficiently in delivering the desired
outcomes. System analysis involves a thorough examination and documentation of current
systems, identifying any issues within them. It includes the analysis of proposed systems,
evaluating their costs and benefits. Additionally, system analysis delves into understanding both
the system and user requirements while exploring practical alternative solutions. The goal is to
gain insights into existing challenges, assess potential solutions, and make informed decisions
for system improvement.

3.3.1 METHODOLOGY
Agile methodology has emerged as a prominent approach in software development, offering a
flexible and iterative framework that prioritizes customer collaboration, adaptability to change,
and continuous improvement. This methodology stands in contrast to traditional, rigid
development approaches by emphasizing incremental delivery of working software, close
interaction with stakeholders, and the ability to respond swiftly to evolving requirements. (Agile
Software Development by Torgeir Dingsøyr 2008)
The Agile methodology is best for the Vehicle Booking System project due to its iterative
development, customer collaboration, adaptability to change, incremental delivery, continuous
improvement, and effective risk management. These aspects ensure that the project progresses
smoothly, meets user needs, and provides valuable learning experiences for the students
involved.

3.3.2 AGILE METHODOLOGY APPROACH

Requirement and analysis: Amongst all the requirements of the system to be designed are
gotten in this stage and written in a requirement specification document. In this stage, inquisition
on how the current system is running and the limitations therein was conducted, in order to
know where to start the proposed system. Based on the analysis, the basic requirements of the
proposed system will then be determined, i.e. the input and output, and elimination of
redundancies. System Design: The necessity determinations from the first phase are
concentrated in this phase and the system configuration is prepared. This system configuration
helps in determining hardware and system necessities and helps in characterizing the general
system engineering. 16 Integration and Testing: in this stage, as referenced prior, unit testing
will be directed. All the units created in the execution stage are coordinated into a system
subsequent to testing of every unit. Post integration the whole framework is tried for any issues
and faults. Deployment of system: This will happen after all the previously mentioned stages.
When the functional and non-functional testing is done, the item is sent in the customer
environment or delivered into the market. Maintenance: After the deployment, there will be a few
issues which will come up in the customer environment. To fix those issues, patches are
delivered. Likewise, to upgrade the software product some better forms are delivered.
Maintenance is done to convey these modifications to the client environment.

Advantages of Agile Methodology:

1. Flexibility and Adaptability: Agile allows for quick adaptation to changing requirements,
ensuring software remains relevant.

2. Customer Collaboration: Close collaboration with customers leads to software that better
meets their needs and boosts satisfaction.

3. Iterative Development: Incremental releases enable early feedback, resulting in faster

delivery of high-quality software.

4. Increased Transparency: Regular communication and demonstrations provide

stakeholders with clear project visibility.

5. Higher Quality Deliverables: Continuous testing and integration lead to fewer defects
and higher-quality deliverables.

Disadvantages of Agile Methodology:

1. Lack of Predictability: Emphasis on change may lead to uncertainty in project timelines

and scope.

2. Resource Intensive: Active team participation can be demanding, especially for large or
distributed teams.

3.4 CONCEPTUAL MODEL

3.5 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION TOOLS

3.5.1 Backend Framework:

The project is built using the PHP language for server-side scripting. PHP is a popular choice for
web development due to its ease of use, extensive documentation, and wide community
support.

3.5.2 Database Management System: MySQL

MySQL is used as the database management system for storing and managing data related to
customers, drivers, vehicles, bookings, feedback, etc. MySQL is a widely used open-source
relational database management system known for its reliability, scalability, and performance.
Frontend Framework: Bootstrap (with some Vanilla CSS)

3.5.3 Frontend Framework:

Bootstrap, along with some Vanilla CSS (custom CSS), is used for frontend development.
Bootstrap is a free and open-source CSS framework that provides pre-styled components and
responsive design utilities, making it easier to create modern and responsive user interfaces.
Overall, the project utilizes PHP for backend logic, MySQL for database management, and
Bootstrap (along with some Vanilla CSS) for frontend styling and layout. These technologies
together enable the development of a comprehensive Vehicle Booking System with both client-
side and admin-side functionalities.
3.5.4 Development Environment:
Integrated Development Environment (IDE) like Visual Studio Code are sophisticated software
tools that provide developers with a comprehensive environment for coding, debugging, and
managing projects, offering features like code autocompletion, debugging tools, version control
integration, and extensive plugin support to enhance productivity and streamline the
development process.

3.6 FUNCTIONAL AND NON-FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS

This section outlines the functional and non-functional requirement of an online booking
transportation system for students on campus for easy transportation. The aim is to develop and
launch an online platform for school transportation booking to improve efficiency and bridge
communication gaps in the current manual system.
FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS

1. User Registration and Authentication:

Users should have the ability to create accounts with unique matriculation number and
passwords.
The system should verify user credentials securely to ensure authentication.
2. Booking Management:
The system should display available options with relevant details like fare, duration, and
availability.
Users should be able to select a service and proceed with the booking process.
3. Route Planning:
The system should allow users to input their starting point and destination addresses.
It should then calculate the best route options based on factors like distance, traffic
conditions, and user preferences
4. Payment Processing:
The system should support cash payment method to avoid the problem of bad networks
and delay from banks when sending the money.
5. Notifications:
Users should receive notifications via email, SMS, or push notifications on the platform
regarding booking confirmation, updates on transportation status, and payment receipts.
Notifications should be timely and informative, providing users with relevant information
about their bookings.
6. Cancellation:
Users should have the option to cancel bookings within a specified timeframe.
The system should handle cancellation requests securely.
7. User Feedback and Reviews:
The system should allow users to provide feedback and reviews about the transportation
services they have used.
Feedback and reviews should be visible to other users to help them make informed
decisions when booking transportation services.
8. Admin Panel:
 An admin panel should be available for authorized administrators to manage users,
transportation services, bookings, payments, and resolve disputes.
Admins should have access to analytics and reporting tools to monitor system
performance and user activity.

3.6.2 NON-FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS

1. Performance:
The system should be capable of handling a large number of concurrent users and
transactions without experiencing performance degradation.
Response times for search queries and booking requests processing should be fast and
consistent.
2. Reliability:
The system should be highly reliable and available 7am – 6pm, with minimal downtime
for maintenance or upgrades.
Backup and disaster recovery mechanisms should be in place to prevent data loss and
ensure continuity of service.
3. Security:
The system should employ robust security measures to protect user data, including
encryption of sensitive information during transmission and storage.
Access controls should be implemented to prevent unauthorized access to user
accounts and administrative functions.
4. Usability:
The user interface should be intuitive and easy to navigate, with clear instructions and
visual cues to guide users through the booking process.
Accessibility features should be available to accommodate users with disabilities or
special needs.

5. Scalability:
The system should be designed to scale horizontally and vertically to accommodate
increases in the number of users, transactions, and data volume.
Load balancing and resource provisioning should be implemented to distribute workload
efficiently across servers and resources.
1. Compatibility:
The system should be compatible with different devices (e.g., desktops, laptops,
smartphones, tablets) and web browsers to ensure a consistent user experience across
platforms.
Responsive design techniques should be used to optimize the user interface for different
screen sizes and resolutions.
2. Performance Monitoring:
The system should have built-in monitoring tools to track key performance metrics such
as response times, throughput, and error rates.
Performance data should be analyzed regularly to identify areas for optimization and
improvement, with proactive measures taken to address performance bottlenecks.
3.7 SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE
3.7.1 USECASE DIAGRAM
A use case diagram is a visual representation in Unified Modeling Language (UML) that
illustrates the interactions between actors (users or external systems) and a system,
showcasing various use cases or functionalities the system provides. It provides a high-level
overview of how users interact with a system, emphasizing the system's behavior and the
different scenarios in which it is utilized. Use case diagrams help in understanding system
requirements, identifying actors and their roles, and establishing clear communication between
stakeholders during the early stages of software development. below is the use case of the
system

Fig 3.7.1a use case of an online school transportation booking system

3.7.2 Sequence diagram
A sequence diagram is a type of interaction diagram in UML (Unified Modeling Language) that
depicts the interactions and messages exchanged between objects or components within a
system over time. It illustrates the sequence of events and the flow of control between different
entities involved in a particular scenario or use case. Sequence diagrams are commonly used to
visualize the dynamic behavior of systems, such as the order of method calls, the timing of
message exchanges, and the collaboration between objects during runtime. Below is the
sequence diagram of the system.
 Fig 3.7.2 sequence diagram of an online school transportation booking system

3.7.3 Class diagram

A class diagram is a type of static structure diagram in UML (Unified Modeling Language) that
represents the structure and relationships of classes and their members within a system. It
illustrates the classes, attributes, operations, and relationships between classes in a software
application or system. Class diagrams provide a high-level overview of the system's
architecture, showing the static structure of the classes and how they collaborate to fulfill the
system's functionalities. They are widely used in software engineering to design, analyze, and
communicate the structure of object-oriented systems, aiding in understanding, documenting,
and designing software applications. Below is the class diagram of the system.
 Fig 3.7.3 class diagram of an online school transportation booking system

3.7.4 flowchart diagram

A flowchart diagram is a graphical representation of a process or workflow, typically used to
illustrate the steps involved in completing a task or achieving a specific outcome. Flowcharts
use various symbols, such as rectangles, diamonds, circles, and arrows, to depict different
types of actions, decisions, inputs, and outputs within the process. They provide a visual
overview of the sequence of actions and decision points within a system or procedure, helping
to identify potential bottlenecks, errors, or inefficiencies. The diagram shows how the system
works from log in page.
fig 3.7.4 flowchart of the system
 CHAPTER 4: IMPLEMENTATION

4.1 Introduction

This chapter delves into the intricate processes involved in developing, testing, and launching
an online booking platform tailored for school transportation services. It systematically presents
the methodologies, technologies, and tools employed in the system's development, alongside
rigorous testing phases and outcomes derived from its deployment. The chapter aims to provide
a detailed account of these phases, reflecting on encountered challenges, devised solutions,
and tangible outcomes measured against initial objectives.

4.2 System Implementation

This section underscores the process of implementing the online booking platform from
conceptual designs to a fully functional system, ensuring adherence to major objectives and
requirements.

The system encompasses several key modules: a user-friendly home page, a dashboard for
lecturers, and an admin dashboard. Each module serves specific purposes to ensure seamless
operation and user satisfaction.

4.3 Home Page

The home page serves as the platform's first point of interaction with users. Designed for
immediate engagement, it features clear calls to action and introduces core functionalities,
emphasizing a streamlined approach to booking transportation services. Figures showcasing
the layout and key features aid user understanding, ensuring a smooth experience for users of
all technical backgrounds. The visually appealing design and strategically placed calls to action
encourage exploration of the platform's capabilities, setting the stage for a productive user
experience.
 Fig 4.3 Home Page of Vehicle Booking System

4.4 Role Selection and Login Interface

Upon initial engagement, users are directed to the Role Selection and Login Interface, where
they can identify their specific role within the platform ecosystem. Implementation of a role-
based access control system enhances security and integrity, ensuring that users only access
features relevant to their designated roles. The interface is designed for simplicity and clarity,
facilitating a smooth transition into the platform while reinforcing security measures.

Expanding on the implementation and testing of the online booking platform for school
transportation services, it's essential to delve deeper into the concept of implicit deny within the
role-based access control (RBAC) system.

In the RBAC system, implicit deny refers to the default stance where access is denied to any
resource unless explicitly granted by the system administrator. This principle adds an additional
layer of security by ensuring that users only have access to resources and functionalities that
are explicitly assigned to their role. Implicit deny acts as a safeguard against unauthorized
access attempts, reinforcing the integrity of the system's access control mechanisms.

During the implementation phase of the platform, implicit deny was incorporated into the access
control logic to enforce strict adherence to access privileges. This meant that users, such as
students, administrators, could only access features and data relevant to their roles. For
example, a student would only have access to functionalities related to booking transportation
services, while an administrator would have broader permissions to manage user accounts and
system settings.
 Fig 4.4 Login Panel of Vehicle Booking System

4.5 Admin Dashboard

The Admin Panel for the Vehicle Booking System in PHP with Source Code is designed to
provide the administrator with full control and management capabilities over the entire system.
Here's an expanded overview of the features and functionalities that the Admin Panel offers:

4.5.1 User Management:

The admin can manage customer/user records directly through the Admin Panel.
Users can be added manually by filling up required forms, providing details such as name,
contact number, and setting up login credentials.
Additionally, the admin can manage drivers for the system by adding their details, including
name, contact information, and login credentials.
 Fig 4.5.1 Admin User Management Dashboard

4.5.2 Vehicle Management:

The Admin Panel includes a section dedicated to managing vehicles.

Admin can add new vehicles by providing detailed information such as the vehicle’s name,
registration number, total number of seats, driver, vehicle category, photo, and status.
The status of each vehicle indicates its availability, allowing users to view available vehicles for
booking.

Fig 4.5.2 Admin Vehicle Management Dashboard

4.5.3 Booking Management:

Admin receives all booking requests made by users.

Bookings are initially set to pending status and need to be verified and managed by the
administrator.
The Admin Panel provides options to approve or decline booking requests.
Once approved, the vehicle’s status changes to booked, indicating its reservation.
Admin can view all booking records, manage them by approving or declining, and change the
booking status accordingly.

Fig 4.5.3 Admin Booking Management Dashboard

4.5.4 Feedback Management:

The admin can manage feedback submitted by users through the system.
Feedback records can be viewed, edited, and published as testimonials.
Testimonials feature the name of the user and their feedback, providing transparency and
credibility to the system.

Fig 4.5.4 Admin Feedback Management Dashboard

4.5.5 Password Reset Management:

Admin can view the password reset status of each system user from the Admin Panel.
This section allows the admin to monitor and manage password reset requests for user
accounts.

4.5.6 Gallery Section:

The Admin Panel includes a gallery section that displays all available vehicles with their photos,
names, and statuses.
This feature enhances user experience by providing visual representations of the available
vehicles for booking.
4.5.7 Dashboard:

The Admin Panel features a clean and intuitive dashboard with various color combinations for a
better user experience.
The dashboard provides quick access to essential functionalities and information, allowing the
admin to efficiently manage the system.

Overall, the Admin Panel serves as a centralized hub for system administration, enabling the
administrator to oversee user management, vehicle management, booking management,
feedback management, and other essential tasks with ease and efficiency.

4.6 Vehicle Booking

4.6.1 User Registration/Login:

Before making a booking, users need to register an account or log in if they already have one.
Registration requires users to provide their details such as name, contact number, and set up
login credentials.
Once registered, users can log in using their credentials to access the booking functionalities.
 Fig 4.6.1 User Registration Panel

4.6.2 Viewing Available Vehicles:

Users can browse through the available vehicles for booking.
The system displays detailed information about each vehicle, including its name, registration
number, total number of seats, driver, category, photo, and availability status.
Users can filter and search for specific vehicles based on their preferences, such as vehicle
type or availability.

4.6.3 Making a Booking:

To make a booking, users select their desired vehicle from the available options.
They provide details such as the date and time of the booking, as well as any additional
preferences or requirements.
Once the booking request is submitted, it is sent to the administrator for approval.
 Fig 4.6.3 Screen of Available Vehicles

4.6.4 Managing Bookings:

The administrator receives the booking request and verifies its details.
Upon approval, the vehicle's status changes to "booked," indicating its reservation.
Users can view the status of their bookings and any updates made by the administrator.
If needed, users can cancel their bookings within a specified timeframe before the scheduled
date.

Fig 4.6.4 User Booking Management Screen

4.6.5 Password Reset:

Users can request password resets if they forget their login credentials.
The administrator can manage password reset requests and facilitate the process for users to
regain access to their accounts.
Overall, the vehicle booking process within the system is designed to be user-friendly,
transparent, and efficient, offering users a seamless experience from browsing available
vehicles to making reservations and providing feedback. The system ensures that users have
access to all necessary information and functionalities to book vehicles online with ease.

4.6.6 Feedback Submission

This allows users to express their opinions and suggestions regarding their experience with the
platform. This feature allows users to provide valuable insights on various aspects of the
system, including usability, functionality, and overall satisfaction. Users can submit feedback
conveniently through the system interface, enabling them to communicate their thoughts in a
structured manner. Administrators can then review and analyze the feedback received, gaining
valuable insights into user preferences and areas for improvement. By actively soliciting and
addressing user feedback, the system can continuously evolve to better meet the needs and
expectations of its users, enhancing overall user satisfaction and driving continuous
improvement efforts.

Fig 4.6.6 User Feedback Submission Screen

4.7 Software Testing

Software testing is a crucial phase in the development process of the Vehicle Booking System
to ensure its reliability, functionality, and security. The testing process involves verifying that all
features and functionalities work as expected and that the system behaves correctly under
various conditions. Here's an overview of the software testing process for the Vehicle Booking
System:

4.7.1 Functional Testing:

Functional testing involves verifying that all features and functionalities of the system work
according to the specified requirements.
Test cases are designed to test each functionality, including user registration, vehicle booking,
booking management, feedback submission, and password reset.
Functional testing ensures that users can perform all intended actions without encountering
errors or unexpected behavior.
4.7.2 Integration Testing:
Integration testing focuses on testing the interactions between different modules and
components of the system.
Test cases are designed to verify that data is exchanged correctly between modules, and that
the system behaves as expected when different components are integrated.
Integration testing ensures that the system works seamlessly as a whole and that all modules
interact properly with each other.

4.7.3 User Interface Testing:

User interface testing involves verifying that the user interface is intuitive, easy to use, and
visually appealing.
Test cases are designed to test navigation, layout, responsiveness, and overall user
experience.
User interface testing ensures that users can interact with the system efficiently and without
confusion.

4.7.4 Performance Testing:

Performance testing involves testing the system's performance under various load conditions.
Test cases are designed to measure response times, throughput, and resource usage under
different levels of load.
Performance testing ensures that the system can handle a large number of simultaneous users
without experiencing slowdowns or crashes.

4.7.5 Security Testing:

Security testing involves identifying and mitigating potential security vulnerabilities in the
system.
Test cases are designed to test for common security issues such as SQL injection, cross-site
scripting (XSS), and authentication bypass.
Security testing ensures that the system is secure and protects user data from unauthorized
access or manipulation.

4.7.6 Unit Testing:

Unit testing is performed to test individual units or components of the system in isolation to
ensure they function correctly. Each unit is tested independently to verify that it produces the
expected output given certain inputs. Here are some examples of unit tests for the Vehicle
Booking System:

4.7.7 Student Register Test Case

 S/N Test Case Results

1 The component successfully Pass

renders upon receiving the
specified assets

2 The initial states of all fields Pass

are devoid of any content

3 Inputting data into all fields Pass

triggers updates in their
respective state variables

4 The email entered must not Pass

be an already registered

5 The password entered must Pass

meet standard security
requirements

6 Throughout the registration Pass

process, the forms are
displayed while awaiting input

4.7.8 Admin and Client login Test Case

S/N Test Case Results

1 The component successfully Pass

renders upon receiving the
specified assets

2 The initial states of the email Pass

and password fields are
devoid of any content

3 Inputting data into the email Pass

and password fields triggers
updates in their respective
state variables

4 The password entered must Pass

match the password on the
database
 5 Throughout the login process, Pass
the forms are displayed while
awaiting input

4.7.9 Book Vehicle Test Case

S/N Test Case Result

1 Ensure that a new user can Pass

register successfully by
providing all required details
such as name, contact
number, and login
credentials.

2 Verify that an administrator Pass

can add a new driver with
accurate information
including name, contact
details, and login credentials.

3 Confirm that the administrator Pass

can successfully add a new
vehicle with complete details
including name, registration
number, seating capacity,
driver assignment, vehicle
category, photo, and
availability status.

4 Test whether a user can Pass

book a vehicle by selecting
the desired vehicle from the
available options and
providing valid booking
details.

5 Ensure that when a user Pass

submits a booking request,
the admin receives it
promptly and can approve or
decline it accordingly.
6 Verify that when the admin Pass
approves a booking request,
the status of the booked
vehicle changes from
available to booked.

7 Test whether users can Pass

submit feedback to the
system administrator,
ensuring that the feedback is
successfully recorded and
accessible.

SQL implementation
 Vehicle Booking Database

4.8 Student Waiting Time

4.8.1 Methodology:
The implementation of the vehicle booking system has notably reduced student waiting time, as
evidenced by a comprehensive methodology and analysis.

Initially, data was collected regarding the average wait times experienced by students prior to
the system's introduction.

This data served as a baseline for comparison. Following the system's deployment, the waiting
times of students were monitored and recorded over a specified period. Through this
observation, it became apparent that students now had the ability to book vehicles in advance,
allowing for efficient planning of transportation needs.

4.8.2 Results and Analysis

Moreover, the system facilitated real-time updates on vehicle availability, enabling students to
promptly secure transportation without prolonged waiting periods. Analysis of the collected data
revealed a significant reduction in average waiting times compared to pre-system levels.

Specifically, the introduction of the vehicle booking system led to a noticeable decrease in wait
times, enhancing overall efficiency and satisfaction among students utilizing transportation
services.
4.9 User Feedback

4.9.1 Methodology:
To gather user feedback on the vehicle booking system, a structured approach was adopted to
solicit opinions and insights from both students utilizing the service and administrators
overseeing its operation. Firstly, feedback forms were distributed to users, allowing them to
express their thoughts on various aspects of the system, including usability, reliability, and
overall satisfaction. Additionally, interviews were conducted with a sample of users to delve
deeper into their experiences and uncover any specific pain points or areas for improvement.
Furthermore, an online feedback submission mechanism was incorporated into the system
itself, enabling users to provide instantaneous feedback directly within the platform. This multi-
faceted methodology ensured a comprehensive collection of user feedback, providing valuable
insights for further system refinement.

4.9.2 Results and Analysis:

The analysis of user feedback yielded valuable insights into the effectiveness and user
satisfaction of the vehicle booking system. Overall, the response from users was
overwhelmingly positive, with a majority expressing appreciation for the convenience and
efficiency afforded by the system. Users highlighted the ease of booking vehicles, real-time
availability updates, and improved accessibility as significant advantages. Additionally, users
praised the system's user-friendly interface and intuitive navigation, contributing to a seamless
booking experience. However, certain areas for improvement were also identified, including
occasional system glitches and the need for additional features such as trip tracking and driver
feedback mechanisms. By analyzing this feedback, administrators gained valuable insights into
user preferences and pain points, informing future enhancements and optimizations to further
enhance the system's effectiveness and user satisfaction.

CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY
5.1 INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, we will summarize the entire project and make recommendations as to how the
Transportation booking system can be further improved and developed. Likewise we shall give
a conclusion on the whole system.

5.2 SUMMARY
As stated in the previous chapters of this project, The design and implementing of this topic is a
tough and challenging project considering the fact that such a system has a broad subject and it
deals with more than one way to work on it. We were therefore able to com e about developing
and designing a transportation system capable of allowing customers to have easy access to
booking.

5.3 RECOMMENDATION
Putting into consideration that the objectives of this project have been met, there are limitations
to the perfect actualization of this project, notably the absence of a functional payment
processing solution. Furthermore the system should be able to track location of drivers and
students. Continuous research and development efforts are also recommended to optimize
functionality over time.

5.4 CONCLUSION
The purpose of this project is to enhance the transportation booking service in Babcock
University, and also to help students have seamless and stress-free movement around the
school.

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