Report Phase 1 Raji

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

About two decades back, steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) were
considered a new technology for the construction industry. However today this
technology has found wider acceptance among the construction industry. And its now
well established that one of the important properties of steel fibre reinforced concrete
is its superior resistance to cracking and crack propagation. The fibre composite
pronounced post – cracking ductility which is unheard of in ordinary concrete. The
transformation from a brittle to a ductile type of material would increase substantially
the energy absorption characteristics of the fibre composite and its ability to withstand
repeatedly applied, shock or impact loading.

1.2 STEEL FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE

SFRC is a concrete mix that contains discontinuous, discrete steel fibers that
are randomly dispersed and uniformly distributed. The quality and quantity of steel
fibers influence the mechanical properties of concrete. Intended for reinforcing
concrete are defined as short, discrete lengths of steel having an aspect ratio in the
range of 20-100, with any cross section and that are sufficiently small to be randomly
dispersed in an unhardened concrete mixture using usual mixing procedures.

Use of SFRC is increasingly popular in the U.S. and other countries, as it tends
to improve mechanical properties and structural performance relative to
conventionally reinforced concrete (with the same steel volume fraction). The addition
of steel fibers to a reinforced concrete beam is known to improve shear and flexural
behaviour. The improved behaviour of SFRC members is associated with the post
cracking tensile strength of SFRC; thus, the use of SFRC helps in reducing the degree
and width of cracking. Along with these advantages, one of the most useful
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applications of SFRC is to relieve steel congestion by reducing the amount of shear or


confining transverse reinforcement without sacrificing structural performance.

1.3 HISTORY OF SFRC


SFRC was introduced commercially into the European market in the second
half of the 1970’s. No standards or recommendations were available at that time
which was a major obstacle for the acceptance of this new technology. Initially steel
fibres were mostly used as a substitute for secondary reinforcement or for crack
control in less critical parts of the construction. Today steel fibres are widely used as
the main and unique reinforcing for industrial floor slabs, shotcrete and prefabricated
concrete products. They are also considered for structural purposes in reinforcement
of slabs on piles, full replacement of the standard reinforcing cage for tunnel
segments, concrete cellars, foundation slabs and shear reinforcement in prestressed
elements.

1.4 I-BEAM
An I-beam is only the most efficient shape in one direction of bending: up and
down looking at the profile as an I. If the beam is bent side to side, it functions as an H
where it is less efficient. The most efficient shape for both directions in 2D is a box (a
square shell) however the most efficient shape for bending in any direction is a
cylindrical shell or tube. But, for unidirectional bending, the I or wide flange beam is
superior. Efficiency means that for the same cross sectional area (volume of beam per
length) subjected to the same loading conditions, the beam deflects less.
In I-beam the web resists shear forces, while the flanges resist most of the
bending moment experienced by the beam. Beam theory shows that the I-shaped
section is a very efficient form for carrying both bending and shear loads in the plane
of the web.
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1.5 ADVANTAGES OF USING STEEL FIBRE


 Creates more ductile concrete with reduced cracking.
 Reduces the effect of shrinkage curling.
 More economical than conventional steel solution.
 Fast installation thereby reducing schedule time.
 Easy materials handling.
 Supported by large manufacturers.
 Very durable.
 Does not interfere with guidewire signals.
 Does not cause concrete delaminations.
 Can replace wire mesh in most elevated slabs

1.6 OBJECTIVES
The main objectives of this project is to study the flexure and shear behaviour
of reinforced concrete I-beam using steel fibre.

 To study the compressive strength of concrete cubes at 7 and 28 days.


 To study the tensile strength of cylinders at 28 days.
 To study the flexural behavior of plain concrete beam at 28 days.
 To study the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams.
 To study the crack pattern and deflection.
 To study the stress strain relation of the beams.
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 GENERAL
Concrete is a most versatile construction material because it is designed to
withstand the harsh environments. Engineers are continually pushing the limits to
improve its performance with the help of innovative chemical admixtures and
supplementary materials. These materials are majority by products from other
processes.
Many researchers are studied the possible use of Steel fiber to enhance the
tensile strength of the concrete. In this chapter, the work carried out by various
investigators in India and abroad on the use of steel fiber for producing concrete and
mortar are reviewed and presented.

2.2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Husain M. Husain, et al. (2006) studied shear behaviour of hybrid reinforced


concrete I beams experimentally and theoretically. Three beams were tested in this
study and only concrete type of the web was varied, while the concrete type of
compression and tension flanges and the longitudinal reinforcement were kept
unchanged. Upper and lower flange has normal strength concrete and the web has
normal strength concrete, steel fibre reinforced concrete, and high strength concrete.
All the specimen were tested by using the UTM and loaded with two point loads.
They concluded that the ultimate shear strengths are increased (15%) and (25%) for
tested beams with SFRC and HSC in the web respectively. The increase in strength
was due to the presence of steel fibers, the fibers are spanning the micro-cracks, and
controlling crack propagation and the rate of widening of cracks, which ultimately
leads to higher, load carrying capacity. The reserve shear strength is increased (6%)
and (10%) for the tested beams with SFRC and HSC in the web respectively. Crack
arrest mechanism of steel fibers, and high compressive strength of concrete improve
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the tensile response, limit the crack propagation, improve the reserve strength and
alter the failure mode. So, more safety would be obtained. Presence of SFRC in web
reduces the damage of concrete and this leads to prevent or limit the occurrence of
horizontal cracks at ends and prevent bond slip in longitudinal reinforcement. The
cracks inclination observed in beams that had NSC or HSC in the webs was steeper
than that observed in beam with SFRC in the web. This means, the diagonal cracks in
SFRC in web will extend to a longer distance than in other webs. Therefore, the
diagonal cracks will be passing through two adjacent stirrups in SFRC beams and will
not split a beam into two parts between stirrups. As a result, the section becomes more
effective to resist shear stresses.

Ganesan.N, et al. (2007) described the experimental results of ten SFRHPC


exterior beam-column joints under cyclic loading. Volume fraction of the fibres used
in this study varied from 0 to 1% with an increment of 0.25%. Joints were tested under
positive cyclic loading, and the results were evaluated with respect to strength,
ductility and stiffness degradation. Test results indicated that the provision of
SFRHPC in beam-column joints enhances the strength, ductility and stiffness, and is
one of the possible alternative solutions for reducing the congestion of transverse
reinforcement in beam column joints. Addition of fibres to the beam-column joints
decreased the rate of stiffness degradation appreciably when compared to the joints
without fibres. Hence, the technique of inclusion of steel fibres in beam column joints
appears to be a useful solution in the case of joints subjected to repeated or cyclic
loading. During testing it has been noted that addition of fibres could improve the
dimensional stability and integrity of the joints. Load carrying capacity of the joints
also increased with the increasing fibre content.

Pant Avinash, S. et al. (2009) studied the SFRC beams under bending, shear
and torsion without web reinforcement. The variable parameter is longitudinal steel at
bottom only. The top reinforcement, aspect ratio and volume fraction of steel fibres
were kept as constant for all types of beam. They studied three beams with different
bottom reinforcement and the dimension of the beam was 100x150x1700mm. For top
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reinforcement 2 bars of 6mm diameter mild steel for all beams and for bottom
reinforcement 2 bars of 8mm, 10mm and 12mm diameter HYSD steel were provided.
The test set up is capable to test the beam specimen up to 2.5m length. The beam,
supported on simple supports at 0.1m from both the ends and was subjected to
combined action of torsion bending- shear, using the set of trusses attached to the
beam in opposite direction. One of the trusses attached at distance 0.4m from left
support and the load was applied at distance 0.35m from the axis of the beam using a
hydraulic jack against one of the loading frames. The load was applied through a 20
kN capacity proving ring. They concluded that the ultimate torsional strength of
rectangular beams without web reinforcement depends upon the properties of the
concrete and independent of the longitudinal reinforcement The ultimate torsional
strength depends upon the web reinforcement and it increases with decrease in the
spacing of stirrups. Also they noted the failure pattern of all beams are torsional shear
failure and cracks were formed about 450 to the axis of the beam.

Kang. T. H.-K. and Kim. W (2010) studied the effect of steel fibers on the
shear strength of a lightweight concrete beam and they studied the variables such as
shear span-to-depth ratio and steel fiber volume fraction. The addition of steel fibers
with volume fractions of 0.5% to 0.75% increased the shear strength by roughly about
25% to 45%. It was also found that the shear-to-depth ratio adversely affected the
shear strength. Several steel fiber-reinforced concrete beams were evaluated using the
re-assessed data of the shear strength. The shear strength of the steel fiber-reinforced
normal weight concrete beam is slightly larger than that of the SFRLC beam.
However, for design models, the lightweight concrete modification factor of 0.75 is
conservatively applicable to the steel fiber-reinforced beam. The addition of steel
fibers with volume fraction of 0.5% to 0.75% improves the resistance to structural
damage and ultimate shear strength in SFRLC by roughly about 25% to 45%.

Vengatachalapathy.V and Ilangovan.R. (2010) studied the behaviour and


ultimate strength of steel fibre reinforced concrete deep beams with and without
opening. Cross section dimension and span of beams were kept constant for all types
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of beam. The dimension of the beam is 750x350x75mm. The percentage of the steel
fibre was varied from 0 to 1%. They used 3 different types of beams with opening in
tension and in compression and without opening. 2 bars of 16mm diameter was used
as main reinforcement. The bars were anchored by welding to 6mm thick steel plate at
both ends. The influence of fibre content in the concrete deep beam has been studied
by measuring the deflection of the deep beams and by observing the crack patterns.
The deep beam were tested in a 60T capacity Universal Testing Machine. All the
beams were tested upto failure under three point loading system. Finally they
concluded that Web openings may be provided in the compression zone of the beams
and fiber content of 0.75% by volume may be added to improve the strength of the
structure. The opening in the tension zone weaken the beam. Fiber content of 0.75%
by volume of the beam improves the ultimate load and the first crack load of the
beam. Additional of steel fibers increase the tensile strength of concrete matrix and
also increase in the flexural rigidity of the beam.

Falah A. Almottiri (2011) studied the structural behaviour of steel fiber


reinforced fly ash concrete under compression and flexure and stated that the steel
fibers improves the structural properties, especially the flexural tensile strength of
concrete. Increasing the percentages of fly ash upto 30% and steel fibers upto 1.5% in
concrete which enhanced the flexural tensile strength as well as the compressive
strength. Finally, he concluded that the fiber reinforced fly ash concrete is
recommended as an alternative to fiber reinforced plain concrete. Steel fiber
reinforced concrete is very effective in resisting flexural tensile stresses as compared
to compressive stresses. The workability of concrete will also get enhanced by the
addition of fly ash, which is required especially in higher percentages of steel fibers.
The addition of different percentages of steel fibers in fly ash concrete enhanced the
flexural tensile stresses up to 87%, but reduced the compressive stresses to 23 %.
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Mukesh Shukla. (2011) studied the behaviour of reinforced concrete beams


with steel fibres under flexural loading. In this paper the author used beams, of size
120mm x 240mm x 1900mm which containing steel fibre in two different volume
fraction that was one percent and two percent. Aspect ratio of steel fibre were kept as
constant. He studied 3 RC beams and 3 SFRC beams. In the beam 3 Nos of 10mm
diameter used as main reinforcement, for hanger bars 2 Nos of 6mm diameter was
used and for resisting shear6mm diameter stirrups at 150mm centre to centre was
adopted. Straight steel round type fibre and M20 grade of concrete were used. He
conducted two point loading on RC and SFRC beams and concluded that significant
increase in first crack load over RC beams and also that SFRC beams showed better
stiffness characteristics than RC beams. The performance of the SFRC beam at
service load was good when compared to RC beam.

Peng Zhang, et al. (2012) studied the effect of longitudinal reinforcement


ratio, dosage of steel fiber and the beam height on flexural behaviour of steel fiber
reinforced high-strength (SFRHS) concrete beams, a parametric experimental study
has been conducted. Four longitudinal reinforcement ratios, 4 steel fiber volume
dosages and 4 different beam heights were studied. Results revealed that the load
carrying capacity and the measured deflection of the SFRHS beams were much larger
and the breaking of the compression zone was not too serious compared with the
reinforced concrete beam. It was observed that the ultimate flexural capacity of the
beams were increased considerable amount by increasing the dosage of steel fiber.
Besides, the longitudinal reinforcement ratio has great effect on the ultimate flexural
capacity of steel fiber reinforced high-strength concrete beams and the ultimate
flexural capacity was increasing gradually with the increase of the longitudinal
reinforcement ratio. Furthermore, the effect of the height of the reinforced concrete
beam on the ultimate flexural capacity of the SFRHS beam was significant and there
was a tendency of increase in the ultimate flexural load capacity with the increase of
the height of the reinforced concrete beam.
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Shende, A.M. et al. (2012) studied the compressive strength, flexural strength
and split tensile strength of SFRC containing fibers of 0%, 1%, 2% and 3% of its
volume fraction and 50, 60 and 67 aspect ratio were used. It was observed that
compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength were on higher side
for 3% fibres as compared to that other ratio. All the strength properties were
observed to be on higher side for aspect ratio of 50 as compared to those for aspect
ratio 60 and 67. It was observed that compressive strength increased from 11 to 24%
and flexural strength increased from 12 to 49% and split tensile strength increased
from 3 to 41% with addition of steel fibres.

Tibea Ciprian, et al. (2012) studied the advantage of using mixed long and
short steel fibers over long steel fibers in ultra high performance concrete (UHPC)
beams subjected to shear. They studied two fiber mixes that were beams reinforced
with long steel fibers and beams reinforced with hybrid fibers (50% long steel fibers +
50% short steel fibers) for three different fiber percentages by volume (1.5%, 2.0%
and 2.55%). From the result it was observed that the hybrid steel fibers had more
advantageous regarding the ultimate force applied and deformations, compared to
beams reinforced with only long steel fibers. They concluded that the ultimate force
value was decreasing with the decreasing of fiber percentage by volume.

2.3 NEED FOR THE STUDY


From the above literature review, it is found that the researchers studied the
behaviour of I-beam containing high strength and high performance concrete with
different cross section. In this project an attempt is made on reinforced concrete I-
beam with same cross section using steel fibre.
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CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY
3.1 GENERAL

This chapter briefly explains the methodology which is adopted in this


experimental work. It has been discussed in the chapter 2 on literature review about
use of steel fibre and their effect on strength parameters of concrete. The following
methodology has been adopted to achieve objective of this study.

3.2 PHASE I METHODOLOGY

In the first phase, preliminary tests were conducted on OPC53 grade cement,
fine aggregate and coarse aggregate for finding the properties by using these
properties the mix ratio for M35 grade of concrete was calculated as per IS method.
The specimens of cubes (150mm x 150mm x 150mm), cylinders (150mm x 300mm)
and concrete beams (100mm x 100mm x 500mm) were cast by varying the volume
fraction of steel fibre from 0 to 2.5% with an increment of 0.5% and cured it. Then
compression test at 7 and 28 days and split tensile test and flexure test at 28 days were
found. Compared the strength with control specimen, the optimum result was found
out. The methodology flow chart for phase I is shown in figure 3.1.

3.3 PHASE II METHODOLOGY

In the second phase, the reinforced concrete I beams are designed and cast
based on the optimum result. The test will be carried on beams under two point
loading to find its flexure and shear behaviour and also to find its ductility, crack
pattern, deflection and stress strain behaviour of beam. The methodology flow chart
for phase II is shown in figure 3.2.
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Literature Review

Collection of Materials

Finding material
Properties

Calculating Mix Ratio

Casting and Curing of


specimens

Compression Test

Split Tensile Test

Flexure Test on

Results and Discussion

Figure 3.1 Phase I Methodology


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Casting of Reinforced
Concrete I beams

Curing of Reinforced
Concrete I beams

Testing under Flexure


and Shear

Results and Discussion

Conclusion

Figure 3.2 Phase II Methodology


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CHAPTER 4
MATERIALS USED

4.1 CEMENT
Cement is well known building material and has occupied an indispensable
place in construction works. Cement having adhesive and cohesive properties, which
provides a binding medium. It is obtained by burning together, in a definite
proportion, a mixture of naturally occurring argillaceous and calcareous material by
fusion at high temperature. The product obtained by burning, cooled and ground to the
required fineness is known as cement.
The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has classified OPC in three different
grades. The classification is mainly based on the compressive strength of cement-sand
mortar cubes of face area 50 cm2 composed of 1 part of cement and 3 parts of standard
sand by weight with a water-cement ratio arrived by a specified procedure. The grades
are (1) 33 grade (2) 43 grade (3) 53 grade. The grade number indicates the minimum
compressive strength of cement sand mortar in N/mm2 at 28th days, as tested by
above mentioned procedure. In this project, Chettinad 53 grade Ordinary Portland
Cement is used.

4.2 FINE AGGREGATE


Aggregate which is passed through 4.75 IS Sieve and retained on 75micron
(0.075mm) IS sieve is termed as fine aggregate. Fine aggregate is added to concrete to
assist workability and to bring uniformity in mixture. In this project, the natural river
sand which conforming IS 383-1970 is used as fine aggregate.

4.3 COARSE AGGREGATE


The coarse aggregate for the works should be river gravel or crushed stone. The
aggregate which passes through 75mm sieve and retain on 4.75mm are known as
coarse aggregate.
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It should be hard, dense, durable, clean and free from clay or loamy admixtures
or quarry refuse or vegetable matter. The pieces of aggregates should be cubical or
rounded shaped and should have granular or crystalline or smooth (but not glossy) non
powdery surfaces. Aggregates should be properly screened and if necessary washed
clean before use. Coarse aggregates containing flat, elongated or flaky pieces or mica
should be rejected. The grading of coarse aggregates should be as per specifications of
IS 383-1970. In this project, 20mm size of angular shaped coarse aggregate is used.

4.4 WATER
Water is an important ingredient of concrete as it strengthens cement gel, the
quantity and quality of water is required to be looked into very carefully.
Water is used for mixing and curing process and it should be clean and free
from injurious amount of oils, acids, alkalis, salts, sugar, organic materials or other
substances that may be deleterious to concrete or steel. Potable water is generally
considered satisfactory for mixing concrete. The suspended solid material in the water
shall not exceed 200mg/l. Mixing and curing with sea water shall not be permitted.
The pH value shall not be less than 6. Water used for curing should not produce any
objectionable strain or unsightly deposit on the concrete surface. In this project,
drinkable ground water from local source is used.

4.5 STEEL FIBER


Steel fiber can be defined as discrete, short lengths of steel having ratio of its
length to diameter (i.e. aspect ratio) in the range of 20 to 100 with any of the several
cross sections, and that are sufficiently small to be easily and randomly dispersed in
fresh concrete mix using conventional mixing procedure.
Steel fibers are filaments of wire, deformed and cut to lengths, for
reinforcement of concrete mortar and other composite materials. The crack-arrest and
crack control mechanism of steel fibre results in the improvement of all properties
associated with cracking, such as strength, ductility, energy absorption, and the
resistance to impact, fatigue and thermal loading.
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The aspect ratio is important indicator as to the ability of the steel fibre to
disperse in the concrete. In this project, crimped type steel fiber is used with an aspect
ratio of 25. The properties of steel fibre as per manufacturer’s catalogue are given in
Table 4.1.

Table 4.1 Properties of Steel fiber

Type Crimped
Length 12.5mm
Diameter 0.5mm
Aspect ratio 25
Specific gravity 7.85
Density in kg/m3 7850
Alkali resistance High
Corrosion resistance High
Water absorption Nil
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CHAPTER 5
PRELIMINARY TESTS
5.1 CEMENT
5.1.1 Fineness
A 100 gram of cement was taken and sieved in a standard IS 90µ continuously
for 15 minutes using sieve shaker. The weight of residue left on the sieve was noted.
The fineness of cement is shown in Table 5.1
Table 5.1 Fineness of cement
S. No Description Trial No.1 Trial No.2 Trial No.3
1 Weight of sample (gm) 100 100 100
2 Weight of material retained (gm) 3 3 3
3 Fineness of cement 3 3 3

Fineness of cement = (weight retained/weight taken) x 100


Fineness of cement = 3%
5.1.2 Consistency
A 400g of cement was taken and prepared paste with weighed quantity of water
(say 26%). The paste filled in the given mould and shaking well to remove air. A
standard plunger of 10mm diameter and 50mm long was attached to the Vicat’s
apparatus and bought down by quickly released to sink in to the paste by its own
weight. The depth of penetration of the plunger was noted.
The second trial was conducted by adding 28% of water and the depth of
penetration was noted. Similarly, number of trials was conducted, till the plunger
penetrate into a depth of 33mm to 35mm. The consistency of cement value is obtained
as 30%. The Table 5.2 shows the consistency of cement.
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Table 5.2 Consistency of Cement


Trial No. Weight of percentage Amount of Reading of
cement of Water water pointer from
(gm) (ml) bottom
1 400 22 104 37
2 400 24 112 34
3 400 36 120 15
4 400 28 124 11
5 400 30 125 6
Consistency of cement = 30%
5.1.3 Initial setting time
A cement paste was prepared with 0.85 times of water to standard consistency;
the time at which the water added with cement was noted. The Vicat’s mould was
filled with the cement paste and smoothened the surface. The needle was quickly
released and allowed to sink into the paste by its own weight. The procedure was
repeated until the 1mm square needle failed to pierce the paste for about 5-7mm
measured from bottom and the time was noted using stop watch. The difference
between the timing is the initial setting time. Table 5.3 shows the initial setting time of
cement.
5.1.4 Final setting time
Similar procedure of initial setting time was followed. The needle with annular
collar was inserted in the Vicat’s apparatus and time for penetration was noted for
every 30 minutes and the procedure was repeated until the needle fails to make an
impression on the cement paste. Table 5.4 shows the final setting time of cement.
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Table 5.3 Initial Setting Time of Cement


S.No Time in minutes Pointer reading from bottom
1 0 0
2 3 0
3 6 1
4 9 3
5 12 3
6 15 4
7 18 4
8 21 4
9 24 4
10 27 4
11 30 4
12 33 5
13 36 5.5
Initial setting time of cement = 36 minutes.

Table 5.4 Final Setting Time of Cement


S.No Time in minutes Pointer reading from bottom
1 30 5.5
2 60 7
3 90 10
4 120 15
5 150 20
6 180 25
7 210 29
8 240 33
9 270 34.5
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Final setting time of cement = 270 minutes.

5.1.5 Specific gravity

The empty weight of specific gravity bottle was noted as W1. The bottle filled
with distilled water and weight taken as W5. The specific gravity bottle was filled with
kerosene and weight noted as W4. Some of the kerosene was taken out and filled with
cement and the weight measured as W3. Weight of bottle with cement as W2 .Table
5.5 shows the specific gravity of cement.
Table 5.5 Specific Gravity of Cement
S.No Description Trial No.1 Trial No.2 Trial No.3
1 Weight of empty bottle (W1) gm 45 45 45
2 Weight of bottle + cement (W2) gm 65 65 65
Weight of bottle + kerosene +
3 141 141 141
cement (W3) gm
Weight of bottle + kerosene (W4)
4 129 129 129
gm
5 Weight of bottle + water (W5) gm 149.5 149.5 149.5
6 Specific gravity of cement 3.15 3.15 3.15

Specific gravity of kerosene, g = (W4-W1)/(W5-W1)


Specific gravity of cement = (W2- W1)/[((W2- W1)+(W3-W4)) x g].
Specific gravity of kerosene = 0.8
Specific gravity of cement = 3.15
5.2 FINE AGGREGATE
5.2.1 Sieve analysis
The sample was brought to an air-dry condition before weighing and sieving.
This was achieved either by drying at room temperature or heating at a temperature of
10000C to 11000C. The air-dry sample 3 kg was taken and sieved successively on the
appropriate sieves starting with the largest size sieve as stated in the Table 5.6.
Sieving was carried out on a machine not less than 10 minutes required for each test.
Table 5.6 shows the sieve analysis of fine aggregate.
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Table 5.6 Sieve Analysis of Fine Aggregate


Cumulative
Weight Percentage Cumulative
IS Sieve percentage
S.No retained of weight percentage
(mm) of weight
(g) retained of passing
retained
1 4.75 40 4.0 4.0 96

2 2.36 34 3.4 7.4 92.6

3 1.18 203 20.3 27.7 72.3

4 0.60 366.5 36.65 64.35 35.65

5 0.30 247 24.7 89.05 10.95

6 0.15 87.5 8.75 97.8 2.2

7 0.075 16.5 1.65 99.45 0.55

8 pan 5.5 0.55 100 0

Total cumulative % of weight retained 310.25


Fineness Modulus of Fine aggregate = Total percentage of cumulative/100
Fineness Modulus of Fine aggregate = 3.10
Fine aggregate conforming to zone II as per IS 383-1970.
5.2.2 Specific gravity
The pycnometer was dried thoroughly and weighed as W1. Fill two third part of
pycnometer with sand and was weighed as W2. The pycnometer was filled with water
up to the top without removing the sand. Then it was shaken well and stirred
thoroughly with the glass rod to remove the entrapped air. After the air was removed,
the pycnometer was completely filled with water up to the mark. Then outside of the
pycnometer was dried with a clean cloth and is weighed as W3. The pycnometer was
cleaned thoroughly. The pycnometer was completely filled with water up to top. Then
outside of the pycnometer was dried with a clean cloth and was weighed as W4. Table
5.7 shows the specific gravity for fine aggregate
21

Table 5.7 Specific Gravity of Fine Aggregate


S. No. Observations Trial No 1 Trial No 2 Trial No 3

1 Wt of empty container W1(gm) 451 451 451

2 Wt of container+sampleW2(gm) 1257 1096 1007

3 Wt of 1740 1642 1610


container+sample+waterW3(gm)
4 Wt of container+waterW4 (gm) 1246 1246 1246

5 Specific Gravity 2.6 2.53 2.69

Specific Gravity of Fine Aggregate = (W2-W1)/[(W2-W1)-(W3-W4)]


Specific Gravity of Fine Aggregate = 2.6
5.2.3 Moisture content
Weight of empty china dish was taken as W1. Take some quantity of sand in
china clay dish, and its weight was taken as W2. Then placed it in oven for 24 hours.
After 24 hours, the sample was again weighed and its weight was taken as W3. Table
5.8 shows the moisture content for fine aggregate.
Table 5.8 Moisture Content of Fine Aggregate
S. No. Observations Trial No 1 Trial No 2 Trial No 3

1 Weight of empty container W1(gm) 790 842 1026

2 Weight of container+sampleW2(gm) 2890 2942 3026

Weight of container+ dry sample


3 2836 2891 2978
W3(gm)
Percentage of moisture content of fine
4 2.6 2.4 2.5
aggregate

Percentage of Moisture Content of Fine Aggregate = [(W2-W3)/(W3-W1)]x100


Percentage of Moisture content of fine aggregate = 2.5%
22

5.2.4 Bulk Density


This test was carried out both loose as well as compacted states. Take a
cylinder and fill it with fine aggregate in three layers. Each layer should be tamped 25
times for compacted state. For loose state, there was no need for compaction.
Observations:
Dimensions of Mould
Diameter of mould = 0.15 m
Height of mould = 0.17 m
Volume of mould = 0.003002625 m3
Loose state
Wt of sample taken = 4.77 kg
Density = mass/volume
= 1589.3 kg/m3
Compacted state
Wt of sample taken = 4.846 kg
Density = 1600 kg/m3
5.2.5 Water absorption
Take 1000 g of fine aggregate (W1). The sample was filled with water and kept
for 24 hours. After 24 hours immersion, the sample was taken out and dried in air for
getting the saturated surface dry condition (SSD). Then, it was weighed (W2). Table
5.9 shows the observed reading of water absorption of Fine aggregate.
Table 5.9 Water Absorption of Fine aggregate
S. No. Observations Trial No 1 Trial No 2 Trial No 3

1 Weight of sample taken W1(gm) 1000 1000 1000


Weight of sample in SSD state
2 1009.8 1009 1008.2
W2(gm)

3 Water Absorption 0.98 0.9 0.82

Water absorption = {(W1-W2)/W1)} x 100


Water absorption = 0.9%
23

5.3 COARSE AGGREGATE


5.3.1 Sieve analysis
The sieve analysis procedure was similar to that of Fine aggregate. In this test,
2kg of sample was taken. Table 5.10 shows the observed reading of sieve analysis test
on coarse aggregate.
Table 5.10 Sieve Analysis of Coarse Aggregate
Sieve size Weight Percentage Percentage Cumulative percentage
(mm) retained of Weight Weight of of weight retained
(gm) retained passing
40 0 0 0 200

20 1032.5 103.25 103.25 96.75

12.5 895 89.5 192.75 7.25

10 51.5 5.15 197.9 2.1

4.75 21 2.1 200 0

Total Cumulative percentage of weighted retained 306.1

Fineness Modulus of coarse aggregate = 3.06


5.3.2 Specific gravity
The test procedure was same as that of specific gravity of fine aggregate. The
Table 5.11 shows the observed reading of specific gravity test on coarse aggregate.
Table 5.11 Specific Gravity of Coarse Aggregate
S. No Observations Trial No Trial No Trail No
1 2 3
1 Weight of empty container W1 (gm) 458 458 458

2 Weight of container +sample W2(gm) 938 937 1940

3 Weight of container + sample + water 1570 1561 1570


W3(gm)
4 Weight of container + water W4 (gm) 1260 1260 1260
5 Specific Gravity 2.85 2.81 2.91
24

Specific Gravity of Coarse Aggregate = (W2-W1)/[(W2-W1)-(W3-W4)]


Specific Gravity of Coarse Aggregate = 2.85

5.3.3 Moisture content


Weight of sample was taken as w1 and kept it in oven for 24 hours. After 24
hours, the sample was taken away and weighed as w2. The following observation
shows the recorded reading of moisture content of coarse aggregate. Table 5.12 shows
the observed reading of moisture content of coarse aggregate.
Table 5.12 Moisture Content of Coarse aggregate
S.No Observation Trial I Trial II Trial III
1. Weight of sample taken (W1) 3000 3000 3000
2. Weight of sample after dried 2992.65 2992 2991.6
process (W2)
3. Percentage of free moisture 0.245 0.26 0.28
content
Percentage of free moisture content ={(W1-W2)/W1)}x 100
Percentage of free moisture content of Coarse Aggregate
= 0.26%
5.3.4 Bulk Density
This test was carried out both loose as well as compacted states. Take a
cylinder and fill it with coarse aggregate in three layers. Each layer should be tamped
25 times for compacted state. For loose state, there was no need for compaction.
Observations:
Dimensions of Mould
Diameter of mould = 0.15 m
Height of mould = 0.17 m
Volume of mould = 0.003002625 m3
Loose state
Wt of sample taken = 4.362 kg
Density = mass/volume
= 1452 kg/m3
25

Compacted state
Wt of sample taken = 4.846 kg
Density = 1613 kg/m3

5.3.5 Water Absorption


The test procedure was same as that of water absorption of Fine aggregate. The
following observation shows the water absorption test for coarse aggregate. Table
5.13 shows the observed reading of water absorption on Coarse aggregate.
Table 5.13 Water Absorption of Coarse aggregate
S. No. Observations Trial No 1 Trial No 2 Trial No 3

1 Weight of sample taken W1(gm) 3000 3000 3000


Weight of sample in SSD state
2 3002.5 3003.15 3001.67
W2(gm)
Weight of oven – dried sample W3
3 2990.2 2989.4 2991.8
(gm)

4 Water Absorption 0.41 0.46 0.33

Water absorption of coarse aggregate = {(W2-W3/W3)} x 100


Water absorption of coarse aggregate = 0.4%
5.4 STEEL FIBER
Steel fibers are filaments of wire, deformed and cut to lengths, for
reinforcement of concrete, mortar and other composite materials. The properties of
Steel Fiber are shown in Table 5.17 as per JJ LAL Pvt Ltd., Chennai.
26

Table 5.14 Properties of Steel fiber

Type Crimped
Length 12.5mm
Diameter 0.5mm
Aspect ratio 25
Specific gravity 7.85
Density in kg/m3 7850
Alkali resistance High
Corrosion resistance High
Water absorption Nil
27

CHAPTER 6

MIX DESIGN

As per IS 10262:2009, mix design for M35 grade concrete is carried out.

6.1 STIPULATIONS FOR PROPOTIONING

1. Grade Designation : M35

2. Type of Cement : OPC 53 grade

3. Maximum nominal size of aggregate : 20mm

4. Minimum Cement content : 320kg/m3

5. Maximum w/c ratio : 0.45

6. Workability : 50mm (slump)

7. Exposure condition : Severe (for reinforced


concrete)

8. Method of concrete placing : Normal placing

9. Degree of Supervision : Good

10. Type of aggregate : Crushed Angular


aggregate

11. Maximum cement content : 450kg/m3

6.2 TEST DATA FOR MATERIALS

1. Specific gravity

(i) Cement : 3.15

(ii) Fine Aggregate : 2.6

(iii) Coarse Aggregate : 2.85

2. Water Absorption

(i) Fine Aggregate : 2.4%

(ii) Coarse Aggregate : 0.6%


28

3. Sieve Analysis

(i) Fine Aggregate : Conforming to zone II of IS 383: 1970

(ii) Coarse Aggregate : Aggregate conforming to IS 383: 1970

6.3 DESIGN

6.3.1 Target mean strength of concrete

Target mean strength (ft) = fck+ 1.65S

f’ck = Target average compressive strength at 28 days (N/ mm2)

fck = Characteristic compressive strength at 28 days (N/mm2)

s = Standard deviation = 5 N/mm2

ft = 35 + (1.65 X 5 )

= 43.25 N/mm2

6.3.2 Selection of water cement ratio

From Table 5 of IS 456: 2000, maximum w/c ratio is 0.45 for severe condition.

Hence OK.

6.3.3 Selection of water content

From Table 2 of IS 10262:2009,

For 20 mm nominal maximum size of aggregate

186 litres (for 20 mm to 50mm slump range)

Water content for 50mm slump=186 litres.

6.3.4 Calculation of cement content

W/ c ratio = 0.45

Cement content = 186/0.45

= 413 kg/m3 > 320kg/m3


29

6.3.5 Volume of fine aggregate and coarse aggregate

From Table 3 of IS 10262:2009, volume of Coarse aggregate (20 mm size),


Fine aggregate (Zone II) and for w/c ratio of 0.45 = 0.62

As the w/c ratio is lower by 0.05, the proportion of volume of Coarse aggregate
is increase by 0.01. Therefore, corrected proportion of volume of coarse aggregate for
the w/c ratio of 0.45 = 0.62

Therefore, volume of coarse aggregate = 0.62

Volume of fine aggregate = 1 – 0.62 = 0.38

6.2.6 Mix calculation

The mix calculation per unit volume of concrete shall be as follows :

Volume of concrete = 1 m3

Volume of cement = Mass of cement/Specific gravity of cement x1000


= 413/3.15 x 1000

= 0.131 m3

Similarly,

volume of water = 0.186 m3

Volume of all in aggregate = 1 - (0.131 + 0.186)

= 0.683 m3

Mass of Coarse aggregate = Volume of all in aggregate x Volume of Coarse


aggregate x Specific gravity of Coarse Aggregate
x 1000

= 0.683 x 0.62 x 2.8 x 1000

= 1185 kg/m3

Mass of Fine aggregate = Volume of all in aggregate x Volume of Fine


aggregate x Specific gravity of Fine Aggregate x
1000

= 0.683 x 0.38 x 2.6 x 1000

= 675 kg/m3
30

6.2.7 Mix ratio

CEMENT FINE COARSE WATER


AGGREGATE AGGREGATE
413 675 1185 186
1 1.63 2.86 0.45

The ratio becomes in terms of per cubic metre of concrete is

1 : 1.63 : 2.86 : 0.45


31

CHAPTER 7

TEST ON CONCRETE

7.1 GENERAL

Fresh concrete or plastic concrete is a freshly mixed material which can be


moulded into any shape. The relative quantities of cement, aggregates and water
mixed together, control the properties of concrete in the wet state as well as in the
hardened state. The following tests are conducted to evaluate the degree of
workability.

7.2 FRESH CONCRETE

7.2.1 Slump value

Slump test is used to determine the workability of fresh concrete and test was
conducted as per IS: 1199 - 1959. The slump test is used widely, primarily because of
the simplicity of the apparatus required and the test procedure. The slump test
indicates the behaviour of a compacted concrete under the action of gravitational
forces. The apparatus used for slump test are slump cone and tamping rod. The test
was carried out with a mould called slump cone, and filled in three equal layers of
fresh concrete, each layer being tamped 25 times with a standard tamping rod. The top
layer is struck off level and the mould lifted vertically without disturbing the concrete
cone. The slump measured should be recorded in mm of subsidence of the specimen
during the test. Any slump which collapses or shears off laterally, gives incorrect
result and if this occurs, the test should be repeated.

The internal surface of the mould was thoroughly cleaned and free from
superfluous moisture and adherence of any old set concrete before commencing the
test. The mould was filled in three layers, each layer being tamped 25 times with a
standard tamping rod and taking care was taken to distribute the strokes evenly over
the cross section. After top layer was rodded, the concrete struck off level with a
trowel and the mould was removed from the concrete immediately by raising it slowly
32

and carefully in a vertical direction. This allowed concrete to subside. This subsidence
is referred as slump of concrete. The difference in level between the height of the
mould and that of the highest point of the subsided concrete was measured. This
difference in height in mm was noted and it was taken as slump of concrete. The
obtained slump value for normal concrete is 50 mm. This indicates medium
workability. Fig 7.1 shows slump cone apparatus and slump.

Figure 7.1. Slump Cone Apparatus and slump

7.2.2 Compacting factor

The compacting factor test is designed primarily for using in the laboratory but
it can also be used in the field. It is more precise and sensitive than the slump test and
in particularly, it is useful for concrete mixes at low workability which are normally
used. Such dry concrete are in sensitive to slump test. Compacting factor of fresh
concrete is done as per IS: 1199 – 1959 to determine the workability of fresh concrete.
Fig 7.2 shows the apparatus used for finding the Compacting factor.

Compacting factor test works on the principle of determining the degree of


compaction achieved by a standard amount of work done by allowing the concrete to
fall through a standard height. The degree of compaction, called the compacting factor
33

is measured by the density ratio i.e., the ratio of the density actually achieved in the
test to density of same concrete fully compacted.

The sample of concrete was placed in the upper hopper up to the brim. The
trap-door was opened, that the concrete fell into the lower hopper and then the trap-
door of the lower hopper was opened and the concrete was allowed to fall into the
cylinder. (In the case of a dry-mix, it is likely that the concrete may not fall on
opening the trap-door In such a case, a slight poking by a rod may be required to set
the concrete in motion) The excess concrete remaining above the top level of the
cylinder was removed with the help of plane blades supplied with the apparatus.

The outside of the cylinder was cleaned and the concrete filled exactly up to the
top level of the cylinder. It was weighed and this weight is known as “weight of
partially compacted concrete”. The cylinder was emptied and then refilled with the
concrete from the same sample in 3 layers approximately. The layers rammed or
preferably vibrated so as to obtain full compaction and the top surface of the fully
compacted concrete carefully struck off level and weighed. This weight is known as
“weight of fully compacted concrete”.

Weight of partially Compacted concrete


Compacting factor =
Weight of fully Compacted concrete

Fig 7.2 Compaction Factor Test setup


34

The obtained compaction factor value for normal concrete is 0.765. This indicates it
gives medium workability.

7.3 HARDENED CONCRETE

7.3.1 General

One of the purposes of testing hardened concrete is to confirm that the concrete
used at site has developed the required strength. Testing of hardened concrete plays an
important role in controlling and confirming the quality of cement concrete works.
Systematic testing of raw materials, fresh and hardened concrete are inseparable part
of any quality control programme for concrete, which helps to achieve higher
efficiency of the material used and greater assurance of the performance of the
concrete with regard to both strength and durability. The test methods should be
simple, direct and convenient to apply. The specimen were cast and cured. The tests
for hardened concrete such as compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural
strength were conducted and the readings were noted. The number of specimens were
cast for testing mentioned in Table 7.1

Table 7.1 Description of Specimen

Sl.No Description No of specimens

Type of Size of specimen CSp Sp1 Sp2 Sp3 Sp4 Sp5


specimen

1 Cube 150mm x 150mm x 150mm 6 6 6 6 6 6

2 Cylinder Diameter 150mm Height 3 3 3 3 3 3


300mm

3 Prism 100mm x 100mm x 500mm 3 3 3 3 3 3


35

Where,

CSp - Control specimen

Sp1 - concrete with 0.5% steel fibre

Sp2 - concrete with 1% steel fibre

Sp3 - concrete with 1.5% steel fibre

Sp4 - concrete with 2% steel fibre

Sp5 - concrete with 2.5% steel fibre

7.3.2 Compressive Strength

The compressive strength test for cubes was conducted in compression testing
machine at the rate of 140 kg/cm2/min as per IS 516 : 1964 and the ultimate loads
were recorded.

The bearing surface of machine was wiped off clean and the surface of the
specimen was cleaned. The specimen was placed in machine and the axis of the
specimen was carefully aligned at the centre of loading frame. The load was applied
at a constant rate of 140 kg/cm2/min until the specimen fails and maximum load
applied was recorded. Fig 7.2 shows the experimental setup for compressive strength
test.

The compression strength was calculated using the formula and the results are
tabulated in Table 7.2 and Table 7.3

Compressive strength = P/A

Where,

P – Load in N

A – Area in mm2
36

Figure 7.3 Experimental setup for compressive strength test

Table 7.2 Compressive strength of concrete cubes at 7th day

Specimen Percentage of steel Compressive Strength (N/mm2)


description fiber
Specimens
1 2 3 Average
CSp 0 23.5 23.6 23.1 23.4

Sp1 0.5 24 27 26.5 25.83

Sp2 1 27.2 27.3 27.25 27.25

Sp3 1.5 27.9 28.4 28.3 28.2

Sp4 2 29.9 30.22 31 30.37

Sp5 2.5 30.11 29.13 29.07 29.43


37

Table 7.3 Compressive strength of concrete cubes at 28th day

Specimen Percentage of steel Compressive strength (N/mm2)


description fiber
Specimens
1 2 3 Average
CSp 0 37.4 39.2 38.8 38.46

Sp1 0.5 40.2 44.2 44 42.8

Sp2 1 43 44 43.6 43.53

Sp3 1.5 44.6 42.6 44.62 43.94

Sp4 2 47.4 47.83 45.26 46.83

Sp5 2.5 45.6 47.78 46.2 46.52

7.3.3 Split Tensile Strength

The split tensile strength test for cylinders was carried out as per IS 516 : 1964.
Specimen was kept horizontally between the loading surfaces of a universal testing
machine and the load was applied until failure of the cylinder. The failure load was
noted and strength was calculated using the following formula. Fig 7.3 shows the
experimental setup for split tensile strength test and Table 7.3 shows split tensile
strength of cylinder.

Split tensile strength, fcr (N/mm2) = 2P/πLD

Where,

P = Ultimate load (N)

L = Length of cylinder (mm)

D = Diameter of cylinder (mm)


38

Figure 7.4 Experimental setup for split-tensile strength test

Table 7.4 Split Tensile Strength of Cylinders

Specimen Percentage of steel Split tensile Strength (N/mm2)


description fiber
Specimens
1 2 3 Average
CSp 0 2.9 2.8 3.1 2.93

Sp1 0.5 3.4 3.16 3.3 3.29

Sp2 1 3.72 3.7 3.74 3.72

Sp3 1.5 3.8 4.2 4.09 4.01

Sp4 2 4.35 4.3 4.48 4.39

Sp5 2.5 4.32 4.3 4.24 4.32

7.3.4 Modulus of rupture

Modulus of rupture is the ability of a beam or slab to resist failure in bending.


It is measured by loading un-reinforced concrete beams with a span three times the
depth (usually 100 x 100 x 500 mm). The flexural strength is expressed as “Modulus
39

of Rupture” in N/mm2. Modulus of Rupture is about 12 to 20 percent of compressive


strength. However, the best correlation for specific materials is obtained by laboratory
tests. The specimens are subjected to external curing are tested after the 28 days.

The flexural strength test for beam was carried out as per IS 516 : 1964.
Specimen was kept horizontally between the loading surfaces of a universal testing
machine and the load was applied until failure of the cylinder. The failure load was
noted and shorter length from crack to support strength was measured. Then flexural
strength was calculated using the following formula. Fig 7.4 shows the experimental
setup for modulus of rupture. The results are tabulated in Table 7.5.

Figure 7.5 Experimental setup for modulus of rupture test

Flexural strength of the specimen is calculated by the following formula:

When a ≥ 133mm
௉௅
ܴ=
௕ௗమ
40

When 110 > a ≤ 133 mm


ଷ௉௔
ܴ=
௕ௗమ

Where,

R = Modulus of rupture in N/mm2

P = Maximum load in N

L = Span in m

a = Shorter length from crack to support in mm

b = Average width in m

d = Average depth in m

Table 7.5 Flexural Strength of Prism

Specimen Percentage of steel Flexural Strength (N/mm2)


description fiber
Specimens
1 2 3 Average
CSp 0 7.68 7.9 7.7 7.8

Sp1 0.5 10.8 10.3 9.63 10.25

Sp2 1 10.52 10.5 10.54 10.52

Sp3 1.5 11 11.2 10.4 10.81

Sp4 2 11.38 11.62 11.74 11.58

Sp5 2.5 11.4 11.2 11.69 11.43


41

CHAPTER 8

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

8.1 GENERAL

In this chapter, the test results of workability, compression strength, split


tensile strength and flexural strength obtained from the experimental study are given
in the form of graph and made discussion also.

8.2 WORKABILITY OF CONCRETE

Workability was measured in terms of slump. At every batch of mixing, the


concrete slump was measured and recorded. Fig 8.1 shows the variation of slump
value of concrete. From the graph it is observed that increase in fibre content in
concrete, reduces the workability. Due to increase in % of fibre in concrete, surface
area and volume of fibres are increased. Fibres are absorbed more cement paste,
increase the viscosity of mixture, it makes the slump loss.

60
50
50 45
41
Slump Value in mm

40 38 36
33
30

20

10

0
CSp Sp1 Sp2 Sp3 Sp4 Sp5
Description of Mix

Figure 8.1 Variation of slump value of concrete


42

8.3 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

Fig 8.2 shows the graphical representation of variation of compressive strength


of cubes at 7th and 28th day.

50 46.83 46.52
45 42.8 43.51 43.9
Compressive Strength (N/mm2)

40 38.46

35
30.37 29.43
30 27.25 28.1
25.8
25 23.4
7th day
20
28th day
15
10
5
0
CSp Sp1 Sp2 Sp3 Sp4 Sp5
Description of Mix

Figure 8.2 Variation of compressive strength of cubes at 7th and 28th day

The compressive strength of concrete mixes Sp1, Sp2, Sp3, Sp4 and Sp5 are
increased at 10.14%, 11.61%, 12.39%, 17.89% and 17.32% respectively when
compared with conventional concrete (CSp). It is also observed that the compressive
strength of Sp5 mix is decreased when compared with Sp4 mix. From the results, it is
observed that the compressive strength increases with increase in percentage of steel
fibre when compared with conventional concrete. At 28th day, the compressive
strength is obtained as 46.83N/mm2 for mix Sp4 which containing 2% of fibre content
which is higher than the other mixes and control concrete. Due to non uniform
distribution of steel fibre in concrete, the steel fibres are joined together that leads to
ball formation in concrete. So the interfacial bond between the fibres and cement
matrix were weak. This reduces the compressive strength of concrete.
43

8.4 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH


TRENGTH

The graphical representation of the variation of average split-tensile


split tensile strength at
28th day is shown in figure 8.3.

4.39 4.32
4.5 4.01
4 3.72
Split tensile strength (N/mm2)

3.29
3.5
2.93
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
CSp Sp1 Sp2 Sp3 Sp4 Sp5
Description of Mix

Figure 8.3 Variation of split tensile strength of cylinder at 28th day

The split tensile strength of concrete mixes Sp1, Sp2, Sp3, Sp4 and Sp5 are
increased at 10.9%, 21.23%, 26.93%, 33.2% and 32.17% respectively when compared
with conventional concrete (CSp). It is also observed that the compressive strength of
Sp5 mix is decreased when
hen compared with Sp4 mix. From the results, it is observed
that the split tensile strength increases with increase in percentage of steel fibre when
compared with conventional concrete. At 28th day, the split tensile strength is obtained
as 4.39N/mm2 for mix Sp4 which containing 2% of fibre content which is higher than
the other mixes and control concrete. It is also observed that during testing
testing, control
concrete specimen had broken into two half and steel fibre added concrete specimen
retained the geometric
ometric integrity.
44

8.5 FLEXURAL STRENGTH

The graphical representation of the variation


va of average flexural strength aat 28th
day is shown in figure 8.4.

11.58 11.23
12 10.25 10.52 10.81
Flexural Strength (N/mm2)

10
7.8
8

0
CSp Sp1 Sp2 Sp3 Sp4 Sp5
Description of Mix

Figure 8.4 Variation of flexural strength of prism at 28th day

The flexural strength of concrete mixes Sp1, Sp2, Sp3, Sp4 and Sp5 are
increased
sed at 23.9%, 25.85%, 27.84%, 33.64%
33.64% and 31.37% respectively when
compared with conventional concrete (CSp). It is also observed that the compressive
strength of Sp5 mix is decreased when compared with Sp4 mix. From
From the results, it is
observed that the flexural strength increases with increase in percentage of steel fibre
when compared with conventional concrete. At 28th day, the flexural strength is
obtained as 11.58N/mm2 for mix Sp4 which containing 2% of fibre content
content which is
higher than the other mixes and control concrete. The addition of fibers in concrete,
significantly enhanced the performance of beam in flexural strength.. During the test it
was visually observed that the steel fibre concrete specimen has greater
greater crack control.
When the percentage of steel fibre increased, deflection gets decreased.
45

8.6 CONCLUSION

The following conclusions are drawn from the phase I study:


The strength of the concrete increases with the increases the fiber content. The
optimum fiber dosage is found at Sp4 mix among various percentages in this project.
Further expansion of this project work in phase II, the reinforced concrete I beam with
2% of steel fibre will cast and study the flexural and shear behavior of concrete.
46

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