B.

tech 1st year

Section-A

Basic questions from c-program

1. Define and explain the different classifications of computers based on their size, speed, and
purpose. Provide examples for each category.

Based on Size:

Microcomputers: Small-scale computers like desktops, laptops, and smartphones. Examples:

MacBook, Dell laptop.

Minicomputers: Medium-sized computers used by small businesses and organizations for data
processing. Examples: PDP-8.

Mainframes: Large-scale computers used by large organizations for bulk data processing. Examples:
IBM Z series.

Supercomputers: High-performance computers used for scientific computations, simulations, and

weather forecasting. Examples: Cray supercomputers.

Based on Speed:

Supercomputers: Process trillions of operations per second (FLOPS).

Mainframes and Minicomputers: Handle large datasets but are slower compared to supercomputers.

Microcomputers: Common desktop or laptop PCs, slower than minicomputers or supercomputers.

Based on Purpose:

General-purpose computers: Used for multiple tasks, such as desktops and laptops.

Special-purpose computers: Designed for specific tasks like gaming consoles, ATM machines, etc.

2. List and describe at least three input devices and three output devices. Explain how each device
functions and provide examples of their applications in everyday computing.

Input Devices:

1. Keyboard: Used to input text and commands. Example: Typing on a laptop.

2. Mouse: Used for pointing, clicking, and dragging items on the screen. Example: Navigation in
operating systems.

3. Scanner: Converts physical documents into digital format. Example: Scanning documents in an
office.

Output Devices:

1. Monitor: Displays visual output from the computer. Example: Viewing web pages, images, videos.

2. Printer: Produces physical copies of digital documents. Example: Printing reports, photographs.

3. Speakers: Output audio signals. Example: Listening to music, notifications, or movies.

3. Discuss the importance of algorithms in problem-solving. Illustrate the steps involved in solving
a numerical problem using flowcharts and pseudocode, and provide an example of each.
Importance of Algorithms:

Algorithms provide a systematic approach to solving problems, ensuring that solutions are accurate
and efficient. They help in avoiding errors and inconsistencies.

Example of Flowchart and Pseudocode to Find the Largest of Two Numbers:

Flowchart:

Input two numbers.

Compare them using a decision box.

Output the larger number.

Pseudocode:

Start

Input A, B

If A > B then

Output A is larger

Else

Output B is larger

End

types. Include examples to demonstrate how to declare variables and use formatted input/output

4. Describe the basic structure of a C program. Explain the significance of literals, constants, and
data functions.

Basic Structure:

1. Preprocessor Directives: Libraries like #include<stdio.h> are included before the main function.

2. Main Function: Every C program must have a main() function where execution begins.

3. Variable Declarations: Variables must be declared before they are used.

4. Statements: Executable code that performs actions.

5. Return Statement: Ends the program and returns a value (optional).

Literals, Constants, and Data Types:

Literals: Fixed values in the code. Example: 10 (integer), "Hello" (string).

Constants: Declared using const. Example: const float PI = 3.14;.

Data Types: Define the type of variable. Example: int, float, char.

int age = 25;

char grade = 'A';

printf("Age: %d, Grade: %c", age, grade);

5. Explain the different types of operators in C programming (arithmetic, relational, logical, etc.).
Provide examples of each type and demonstrate how operator precedence affects the evaluation
of arithmetic expressions.

Arithmetic Operators:

+, -, *, /, %: Used for mathematical calculations.

Example:

int a = 5, b = 3;

int result = a + b; // result = 8

Relational Operators:

>, <, >=, <=, ==, !=: Used for comparison.

Example:

if (a > b) printf("A is greater");

Logical Operators:

&&, ||, !: Used to combine or negate conditions.

Example:

if (a > b && b > 0) printf("Conditions met");

Operator Precedence:

Operator precedence determines the order in which operations are performed. For example,
multiplication has higher precedence than addition:

int result = 5 + 3 * 2; // result = 11, because multiplication is done first.

6. What are the main classifications of computers, and how do they differ in terms of applications
and functionality?

Microcomputers: Used for personal tasks, office work, and entertainment.

Minicomputers: Used in small businesses for applications like inventory management.

Mainframes: Handle large-scale data processing, used by governments and large companies for tasks
like payroll and banking.

Supercomputers: Perform intensive computations for scientific research, weather forecasting, and AI
simulations.

7. Explain the binary number system and its importance in computer memory and data processing.
Provide examples of binary-to-decimal conversions.

Binary System: A system using only two digits, 0 and 1. Computers use binary because digital circuits
only have two states: ON (1) and OFF (0).

Example of Binary-to-Decimal Conversion:

Convert binary 1101 to decimal:

1 \times 2^3 + 1 \times 2^2 + 0 \times 2^1 + 1 \times 2^0 = 13

8. Describe the roles of an assembler, compiler, interpreter, loader, and linker in the context of
programming languages and program execution.

Assembler: Converts assembly language code to machine code.

Compiler: Translates high-level programming code into machine code in one go.

Interpreter: Executes high-level programming code line-by-line.

Loader: Loads programs into memory for execution.

Linker: Combines object files and libraries to create an executable file.

9. In the C programming language, what are the main data types, and how are literals and
variables defined? Provide an example of variable declaration and assignment in C.

Main Data Types:

int: Used for integers (whole numbers).

float: Used for decimal numbers (floating-point values).

char: Used for single characters.

double: Used for double-precision floating-point numbers.

Literals: Fixed values directly written in the code.

Example:

int num = 10; (integer literal)

float price = 19.99; (floating-point literal)

char grade = 'A'; (character literal)

Variable Declaration and Assignment:

Declaration: Specifies the data type.

Assignment: Initializes the variable with a value.

Example:

int age = 25; // Declaring and initializing an integer variable

float salary = 50000.50; // Declaring and initializing a float variable

10. What are the different types of operators in C? Give examples of how arithmetic, relational,
and logical operators can be used in expressions and explain operator precedence.

Arithmetic Operators:

+, -, *, /, %: Perform mathematical operations.

Example:

int sum = 10 + 5; // Addition

int product = 10 * 5; // Multiplication

int remainder = 10 % 3; // Modulus (remainder)

Relational Operators:

==, !=, >, <, >=, <=: Used to compare two values.

Example:

if (a > b) {

printf("A is greater than B");

Logical Operators:

&&, ||, !: Used to combine conditions or negate a condition.

Example:

if (a > b && b > 0) {

printf("Both conditions are true");

Operator Precedence: Determines the order in which operators are evaluated. For example,
multiplication (*) has higher precedence than addition (+), so it is evaluated first in an expression like
5 + 3 * 2, which results in 11.

11. What is a graphical user interface (GUI), and how does it differ from a command-line interface
(CLI)?

GUI (Graphical User Interface):

A user-friendly interface that uses graphical elements like windows, buttons, and icons.

Examples: Windows OS, macOS.

Advantage: Easier for non-technical users.

Disadvantage: May require more system resources.

CLI (Command-Line Interface):

A text-based interface where users type commands to interact with the computer.

Examples: Linux terminal, Windows Command Prompt.

Advantage: Faster for experienced users, uses fewer system resources.

Disadvantage: Steeper learning curve.

12. Define an algorithm and explain its significance in problem-solving.

Algorithm: A step-by-step procedure or set of rules designed to perform a specific task or solve a
problem.

Significance:

Provides a systematic approach to solving problems.

Ensures that problems are solved efficiently and correctly.

Helps in improving the performance of solutions.

13. How does pseudocode differ from actual programming code?

Pseudocode:

Informal and human-readable description of an algorithm.

Focuses on the logic and steps, not the syntax of a specific programming language.

Example:

Start

If A > B

Print A

Else

Print B

End

Programming Code:

Written in a specific programming language (like C, Python).

Follows the syntax and rules of that language.

Example in C:

int a = 10, b = 20;

if (a > b) {

printf("%d", a);

} else {

printf("%d", b);

14. Briefly differentiate between a compiler and an interpreter.

Compiler:

Translates the entire program's code into machine code (binary) at once.

The resulting machine code is executed by the computer.

Example: C, C++.

Advantage: Faster execution once compiled.

Disadvantage: Errors are shown only after the entire program is compiled.

Interpreter:

Translates and executes the program line-by-line.

Examples: Python, JavaScript.

Advantage: Easier to debug (as errors are shown during execution).

Disadvantage: Slower execution since it translates code during runtime.

15. What are the main components of the basic structure of a C program?

Preprocessor Directives:

Include external libraries (#include<stdio.h>).

Example: #include <stdio.h>

Main Function:

Entry point of the program where execution begins.

Example:

int main()

printf("Hello, world!");

return 0;

Statements:

Perform operations and logic in the program.

Example: Variable declarations, loops, conditionals.

16. How can you read an integer value from the user in C programming?

Using scanf:

scanf function is used to read input from the user.

Example to read an integer:

int num;

printf("Enter a number: ");

scanf("%d", &num);
printf("You entered: %d", num);

17. What is formatted input/output in C? Provide an example.

Formatted Input/Output:

Input: scanf reads data with a specified format.

Output: printf displays data with a specified format.

Example:

int a;

printf("Enter an integer: ");

scanf("%d", &a);

printf("You entered: %d", a);

18. Why is operator precedence important in expressions?

Operator Precedence: Determines the order in which operations are performed in an expression.

Importance: Ensures the correct result by evaluating operators in the right order.

Example:

int result = 5 + 3 * 2; // result = 11, as multiplication has higher precedence than addition.

19. Describe the syntax of a simple if statement in C programming.

Syntax:

if (condition) {

// Code to execute if condition is true

Example:

int a = 10, b = 20;

if (a > b) {

printf("A is greater");

Certainly! Let's continue with the detailed explanations for the remaining questions:

20. What is the primary use of a switch statement in C programming?

Switch Statement:

It allows a program to choose between multiple paths of execution based on the value of an
expression. It is useful when there are many conditions to check for.

Syntax:
switch (variable) {

case value1:

// Code to execute if variable equals value1

break;

case value2:

// Code to execute if variable equals value2

break;

default:

// Code to execute if variable doesn't match any case

Example:

int day = 3;

switch (day) {

case 1: printf("Sunday"); break;

case 2: printf("Monday"); break;

case 3: printf("Tuesday"); break;

default: printf("Invalid day");

21. What is a computer? Draw the block diagram of a computer and explain its essential parts.

Definition: A computer is an electronic device that processes data, performs calculations, stores and
retrieves data, and executes programs.

Block Diagram of a Computer:

Input Unit: Accepts data from input devices like keyboard, mouse.

CPU (Central Processing Unit):

Control Unit (CU): Manages the execution of instructions and the flow of data within the CPU.

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Performs arithmetic and logical operations.

Registers: Temporary storage locations for data processing.

Memory Unit:

Primary Memory (RAM, ROM): Stores data temporarily during processing.

Secondary Memory: Long-term storage like hard drives, SSDs.

Output Unit: Sends processed data to output devices like monitors, printers.
22. Define the classification of computers. Classify the computers based on their size, functionality,
and data handling.

Based on Size:

Microcomputers: Personal computers (e.g., desktops, laptops).

Minicomputers: Used by small businesses for data processing.

Mainframes: Used by large enterprises for bulk processing.

Supercomputers: High-performance computers used in scientific research and simulations.

Based on Functionality:

Analog Computers: Handle continuous data.

Digital Computers: Handle discrete data (most common).

Hybrid Computers: Combine features of both analog and digital computers.

Based on Data Handling:

Batch Processing: Processes data in batches (e.g., payroll systems).

Online Processing: Processes data in real-time (e.g., online banking systems).

23. Develop an algorithm and flowchart to find the area of a right-angled triangle.

Algorithm:

1. Start.

2. Input base and height of the triangle.

3. Compute the area using the formula: .

4. Output the area.

5. End

Flowchart:

1. Start (Oval)

2. Input base and height (Parallelogram)

3. Calculate area (Rectangle)

4. Output area (Parallelogram)

5. End (Oval)

24. What is C-Tokens? Explain each with proper examples.

C-Tokens: The smallest units of a C program.

Keywords: Reserved words with special meaning in C. Example: int, if, return.

Identifiers: Names for variables, functions, etc. Example: x, totalSum.

Constants: Fixed values. Example: 10, 3.14, 'A'.

Operators: Symbols representing operations. Example: +, -, *.

Punctuators: Symbols that separate statements or define program structure. Example: ;, {}, ().

Strings: Sequences of characters enclosed in double quotes. Example: "Hello, World!".

25. What are the different types of operators present in the C program? Write a program that
demonstrates the use of conditional operators or ternary operators.

Types of Operators in C:

Arithmetic Operators: +, -, *, /, %.

Relational Operators: ==, !=, <, >.

Logical Operators: &&, ||, !.

Bitwise Operators: &, |, ^.

Assignment Operators: =, +=, -=.

Ternary (Conditional) Operator: (condition) ? expr1 : expr2;.

Example of Ternary Operator:

int a = 10, b = 20;

int max = (a > b) ? a : b; // If a > b, max = a; otherwise max = b

printf("Maximum: %d", max);

26. Define decision making? What are the decision-making capabilities of C language?

Decision Making: The ability of a program to make choices based on conditions (e.g., if conditions
are true or false).

Decision-Making Statements in C:

if: Executes a block of code if the condition is true.

if-else: Executes one block of code if true, another if false.

switch: Allows multi-way branching based on the value of a variable.

27. Write a program representing the nested if-else statement for finding the largest of three
numbers.

#include<stdio.h>

int main() {

int a = 5, b = 10, c = 8;

if (a > b) {

if (a > c) {
 printf("A is largest");

} else {

printf("C is largest");

} else {

if (b > c) {

printf("B is largest");

} else {

printf("C is largest");

return 0;

28. What is a switch statement? Write a program using a switch that represents the average of
three subjects. According to the average mark, it assigns outstanding from (90 to 100), excellent
(80 to 90), and first-class (70 to 80).

#include<stdio.h>

int main() {

int marks1, marks2, marks3, average;

printf("Enter marks for 3 subjects: ");

scanf("%d %d %d", &marks1, &marks2, &marks3);

average = (marks1 + marks2 + marks3) / 3;

switch (average / 10) {

case 10:

case 9:

printf("Outstanding");

break;

case 8:

printf("Excellent");

break;

case 7:

printf("First Class");
 break;

default:

printf("Needs Improvement");

return 0;

29. What are the loops in C? Represent an example of while and for loop.

While Loop:

Repeats code while a condition is true.

Example:

int i = 1;

while (i <= 5) {

printf("%d ", i);

i++;

For Loop:

Used for repeating a block of code a fixed number of times.

Example:

for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++)

printf("%d ", i);

30. Write the program to print the following output using for loop.

1 1

12 22

123 333

1234 4444

12345 55555

Program:
#include<stdio.h>

int main() {

for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {

// Print increasing numbers

for (int j = 1; j <= i; j++) {

printf("%d", j);

// Print decreasing numbers

for (int k = 1; k <= i; k++)

printf("%d", i);

printf("\n");

return 0;

Explanation:

The outer loop controls the number of rows, while the inner loops print the increasing and constant
numbers for each row.

31. Explain the different types of decision-making statements in C, such as if, if-else, and switch.
Provide examples to illustrate their use cases.

if Statement:

Executes a block of code if the condition is true.

Example:

if (x > y) {

printf("X is greater");

if-else Statement:

Executes one block of code if the condition is true and another if it’s false.

Example:
if (x > y) {

printf("X is greater");

} else {

printf("Y is greater");

switch Statement:

Allows multiple conditions to be checked against a variable's value.

Example:

switch (day) {

case 1: printf("Monday"); break;

case 2: printf("Tuesday"); break;

default: printf("Invalid day");

32. How does the ?: (conditional) operator work in C? Compare its use with the if-else statement
and give an example.

Ternary (Conditional) Operator:

A shorthand for an if-else statement that evaluates a condition and returns one of two values.

Syntax:

(condition) ? expr1 : expr2;

Comparison with if-else:

The ternary operator is more concise but can be less readable for complex conditions.

Example:

int result = (x > y) ? x : y; // If x > y, result = x; else result = y

Equivalent if-else:

int result;

if (x > y) {

result = x;

} else {

result = y;

33. What are the differences between the while, do-while, and for loops? In what situations would
you use each type of loop?
while loop:

Condition is checked before the loop starts. If the condition is false initially, the loop may not
execute.

Use when the number of iterations is not known beforehand.

Example:

int i = 0;

while (i < 5) {

printf("%d ", i);

i++;

do-while loop:

The loop runs at least once, even if the condition is false, because the condition is checked after each
iteration.

Use when you want the loop to execute at least once.

Example:

int i = 0;

do {

printf("%d ", i);

i++;

} while (i < 5);

for loop:

Ideal for looping a specific number of times.

Use when you know the number of iterations in advance.

Example:

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {

printf("%d ", i);

34. Describe the break and continue statements in loops. How do they affect the flow of control,
and when might they be useful? Provide examples for each.

break Statement:

Exits the loop immediately, regardless of the condition.

Useful when you want to exit the loop based on a certain condition.
Example:

for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {

if (i == 5) {

break; // Exit the loop when i is 5

printf("%d ", i);

continue Statement:

Skips the remaining code in the current iteration and proceeds with the next iteration of the loop.

Useful when you want to skip specific conditions within a loop but continue the rest of the iterations.

Example:

for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {

if (i == 5) {

continue; // Skip the current iteration when i is 5

printf("%d ", i);

35. What is a one-dimensional array in C? Explain the process of declaring, initializing, and
accessing elements within a one-dimensional array, along with a code example.

One-dimensional Array: A collection of elements of the same type stored in contiguous memory
locations.

Declaration:

int arr[5]; // Declares an array of 5 integers

Initialization:

int arr[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}; // Initializes the array with values

Accessing Elements:

printf("%d", arr[2]); // Accesses the 3rd element (index starts at 0)

Complete Example:

#include<stdio.h>

int main() {

int arr[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)

 {

printf("%d ", arr[i]); // Prints each element in the array

return 0;

36. Write a program that reads 10 integers into a one-dimensional array.

Program:

#include<stdio.h>

int main() {

int arr[10];

printf("Enter 10 integers: ");

for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {

scanf("%d", &arr[i]); // Read integers into the array

printf("You entered: ");

for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {

printf("%d ", arr[i]); // Print the array elements

return 0;

37. Using a for loop, print the output like this:

1 1

12 22

123 333

1234 4444

12345 55555

Program:
#include<stdio.h>

int main() {

for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {

// Print increasing numbers

for (int j = 1; j <= i; j++) {

printf("%d", j);

// Print the number 'i' repeated i times

for (int k = 1; k <= i; k++) {

printf("%d", i);

printf("\n");

return 0;

38. Explain the different types of decision-making statements in C, specifically the simple if, if-else,
nested if-else statements. Provide a code example for each type, illustrating how they control and
program flow.

Simple if Statement:

The if statement executes a block of code if the condition is true.

Example:

int a = 10;

if (a > 5) {

printf("A is greater than 5");

if-else Statement:

It allows two branches of execution: one if the condition is true, and another if it is false.

Example:

int a = 5;

if (a > 5)
{

printf("A is greater than 5");

} else {

printf("A is not greater than 5");

Nested if-else Statement:

It involves placing if-else statements inside each other. Useful when multiple conditions need to be
checked.

Example:

int a = 5, b = 10;

if (a > b) {

printf("A is greater");

} else {

if (b > 5) {

printf("B is greater than 5");

} else {

printf("B is less than or equal to 5");

39. Describe the switch statement and the conditional (?:) operator in C. Discuss when to use each
and provide examples demonstrating their usage in decision-making scenarios.

Switch Statement:

The switch statement is used when you need to execute one of many possible blocks of code based
on the value of a single expression. It's an alternative to multiple if-else statements when dealing
with many conditions.

Syntax:

switch (expression) {

case value1:

// Code

break;

case value2:

// Code
 break;

default:

// Code if no match

Example:

int day = 2;

switch (day) {

case 1: printf("Monday"); break;

case 2: printf("Tuesday"); break;

case 3: printf("Wednesday"); break;

default: printf("Invalid day");

Conditional (?:) Operator:

The conditional operator is a shorthand for an if-else statement. It evaluates a condition and returns
one of two expressions based on the result.

Syntax:

condition ? expr1 : expr2;

Example:

int a = 5, b = 10;

int max = (a > b) ? a : b; // If a > b, max = a; otherwise max = b

printf("Max: %d", max);

40. Discuss the three types of loops in C: while, do-while, and for loops. Provide a comparative
analysis of their syntax and usage. Include examples that demonstrate the use of break and
continue statements within these loops.

while Loop:

The condition is checked before the loop body executes. The loop may not execute at all if the
condition is false initially.

Example:

int i = 0;

while (i < 5) {

printf("%d ", i);

i++;
}

do-while Loop:

The loop is executed at least once before the condition is checked. It’s useful when you want the
loop to execute at least once regardless of the condition.

Example:

int i = 0;

do {

printf("%d ", i);

i++;

} while (i < 5);

for Loop:

Typically used when the number of iterations is known ahead of time.

Example:

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {

printf("%d ", i);

Using break and continue:

break: Exits the loop immediately.

continue: Skips the rest of the current iteration and proceeds with the next iteration.

Example of break and continue:

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {

if (i == 3) break; // Exit the loop when i is 3

printf("%d ", i);

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {

if (i == 3) continue; // Skip the current iteration when i is 3

printf("%d ", i);

41. Write a program to read 10 integers into a one-dimensional array.

Program:

#include<stdio.h>
int main() {

int arr[10];

printf("Enter 10 integers: ");

for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {

scanf("%d", &arr[i]); // Read integers into the array

printf("You entered: ");

for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {

printf("%d ", arr[i]); // Print the array elements

return 0;

42. Explain the significance of input and output devices in a computer system. List out different
input-output devices.

Significance of Input and Output Devices:

Input devices allow users to send data to the computer.

Output devices display or provide the processed data to the user.

These devices are essential for human-computer interaction.

Examples of Input Devices:

Keyboard: For typing data.

Mouse: For navigation and selection.

Microphone: For voice input.

Examples of Output Devices:

Monitor: Displays visual output.

Printer: Produces hard copies.

Speakers: Outputs sound.

43. Describe the role of virtual memory in a computer system and how it enhances performance.

Virtual Memory:

Virtual memory is a memory management technique that creates the illusion of a larger memory
space by using disk storage. It allows programs to use more memory than physically available by
swapping data between RAM and the hard disk.
Role:

Enables efficient use of RAM.

Allows running of larger programs on machines with limited physical memory.

Prevents system crashes by allocating memory to programs dynamically.

Enhancement of Performance:

Increases the capacity for running multiple programs simultaneously.

Reduces the likelihood of running out of memory during multitasking.

44. Explain the functions of an operating system in managing hardware resources and providing a
user interface.

Functions of an Operating System:

Process Management: Handles execution of processes, multitasking, and scheduling.

Memory Management: Allocates and deallocates memory for programs.

Device Management: Manages input/output devices like printers, hard drives.

File System Management: Organizes files and directories on storage devices.

User Interface: Provides a way for users to interact with the system (CLI or GUI).

45. Describe the various types of computer memory and their uses.

Primary Memory:

RAM (Random Access Memory): Temporary, fast storage used by the CPU for currently running
programs.

ROM (Read-Only Memory): Permanent storage that stores firmware and essential system
instructions.

Secondary Memory:

Used for long-term data storage. Examples: Hard Disk, SSD.

Cache Memory:

High-speed memory located near the CPU to store frequently accessed data.

Virtual Memory:

Space on the hard disk used as an extension of RAM when physical memory is full.

46. Explain the difference between system software and application software, providing two
examples of each.

System Software:

Software designed to manage and control hardware and provide a platform for running application
software.

Examples:
Operating System (e.g., Windows, Linux).

Device Drivers (e.g., printer driver).

Application Software:

Software designed to perform specific tasks for the user.

Examples:

Microsoft Word (word processing).

Google Chrome (web browsing).

47. Explain how flowcharts can be used to represent algorithms, including key symbols and their
meanings.

Flowcharts:

Flowcharts visually represent algorithms using specific symbols to illustrate steps.

Oval: Start/End of the process.

Rectangle: Process or action to be performed.

Diamond: Decision-making (Yes/

Not yet! Let's continue:

48. Write a C program to find the maximum of three numbers and explain each step.

Program:

#include<stdio.h>

int main() {

int a, b, c;

printf("Enter three numbers: ");

scanf("%d %d %d", &a, &b, &c);

if (a > b && a > c) {

printf("The largest number is: %d", a);

} else if (b > c) {

printf("The largest number is: %d", b);

} else {

printf("The largest number is: %d", c);

return 0;

}
Explanation:

The program asks the user to input three numbers.

Then, using if conditions, it compares the values of a, b, and c.

The largest value is printed as output.

49. Explain the basic structure of a C program in detail.

The basic structure of a C program consists of the following components:

1. Preprocessor Directives:

These are used to include external libraries.

Example: #include <stdio.h>

2. Global Declarations:

Variables and functions that can be accessed throughout the program.

Example: int num

3. Main Function:

The starting point of a C program where execution begins.

Example:

int main()

// Code

return 0;

4. Statements/Functions:

These perform tasks like variable declarations, calculations, or user input/output.

Example:

int sum = a + b;

50. Explain the character set and tokens in C, including how tokens are classified. Provide examples
of each type of token.

Character Set:

The character set in C consists of alphabets (A-Z, a-z), digits (0-9), special characters (e.g., +, -), and
whitespace.

C Tokens:

Tokens are the smallest building blocks of a program in C.

Keywords: Reserved words with predefined meanings.

Example: int, if, return.

Identifiers: Names used for variables, functions, arrays, etc.

Example: totalSum, num.

Constants: Fixed values.

Example: 10, 3.14, 'A'.

Operators: Symbols that represent operations.

Example: +, -, *, /.

Punctuators: Special symbols that mark the structure of a program.

Example: {}, ;, ().

51. Explain the concept of type conversions in C expressions. Discuss implicit and explicit conversions
with examples.

Type Conversion:

Converting one data type to another is known as type conversion in C. There are two types:

Implicit Conversion (Type Casting by the compiler):

This happens automatically when a smaller data type is converted to a larger one.

Example:

int a = 5;

float b = a; // Implicit conversion from int to float

Explicit Conversion (Type Casting by the programmer):

The programmer manually specifies the type conversion using casting.

Example:

float a = 5.5;

int b = (int)a; // Explicit conversion from float to int

52. Describe the structure of the switch statement. Write a C program that displays the name of
the day based on a given number (1 for Sunday, 2 for Monday, etc.).

Structure of the switch statement:

The switch statement evaluates an expression and executes the corresponding block of code based
on the value.

Syntax:

switch (expression) {

case value1:
 // Code block

break;

case value2:

// Code block

break;

default:

// Code block

Example:

#include<stdio.h>

int main() {

int day;

printf("Enter day (1-7): ");

scanf("%d", &day);

switch(day) {

case 1: printf("Sunday"); break;

case 2: printf("Monday"); break;

case 3: printf("Tuesday"); break;

case 4: printf("Wednesday"); break;

case 5: printf("Thursday"); break;

case 6: printf("Friday"); break;

case 7: printf("Saturday"); break;

default: printf("Invalid day");

return 0;

53. Explain the Ternary Operator ?: and give an example of its usage.

Ternary Operator:

It’s a shorthand for the if-else statement, used to evaluate a condition and return one of two values.

Syntax:

condition ? expr1 : expr2;

Example:

int a = 10, b = 20;

int max = (a > b) ? a : b; // If a > b, max = a; otherwise max = b

printf("Max: %d", max);

54. Describe the importance of data types and constants in C programming. Explain different types
of data types and constants in C programming with examples.

Importance of Data Types:

Data types specify the kind of data that can be stored in a variable, and they determine the memory
size required to store that data. Choosing the correct data type is crucial for efficient memory use
and ensuring the correct operations on data.

Types of Data Types:

i.Primitive Types:

int: Stores integers.

float: Stores floating-point numbers.

char: Stores a single character.

ii.Derived Types:

Arrays, pointers, functions.

Importance of Constants:

Constants are values that cannot be modified during program execution. Using constants improves
program readability and reliability. Example:

const int MAX = 100; // Declaring a constant

55. Explain the various types of operators in C programming. What is the significance of operators
in programming with examples?

Types of Operators:

Arithmetic Operators: +, -, *, /, %.

Relational Operators: ==, !=, >, <.

Logical Operators: &&, ||, !.

Bitwise Operators: &, |, ^, ~.

Assignment Operators: =, +=, -=.

Conditional (Ternary) Operator: ? :.

Significance: Operators are fundamental in performing calculations, comparisons, and logical

operations, allowing you to control the flow and behavior of the program.
56. Write a C program that demonstrates the use of while, do-while, and for loops to print the first
N integer numbers. Discuss how the program evaluates the conditions.

Program:

#include<stdio.h>

int main() {

int n = 5;

// Using while loop

int i = 1;

while (i <= n) {

printf("%d ", i);

i++;

printf("\n");

// Using do-while loop

i = 1;

do {

printf("%d ", i);

i++;

} while (i <= n);

printf("\n");

// Using for loop

for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {

printf("%d ", i);

return 0;

57. Write a C program that accepts a student's score and categorizes it into grades (e.g., O=90%
and above, E=80% and above, A=70% and above, B=60% and above, C=50% and above, F=below
50% (Fail)) based on specified ranges. Discuss the logic used in the if-else statements to determine
the grade.

Program:

#include<stdio.h>
int main() {

int score;

printf("Enter the student's score: ");

scanf("%d", &score);

if (score >= 90) {

printf("Grade: O\n");

} else if (score >= 80) {

printf("Grade: E\n");

} else if (score >= 70) {

printf("Grade: A\n");

} else if (score >= 60) {

printf("Grade: B\n");

} else if (score >= 50) {

printf("Grade: C\n");

} else {

printf("Grade: F (Fail)\n");

return 0;