Nist university ECE B.TECH Basic electrical and electronic engineering "Dc Machines" presented by G.Uma Sankar G.Vasu@ ‘The DC machines are thus classified as, » DC Generators: these machines convert mechanical input power in to DC electrical power - DC Motors: these machines convert DC electrical power in to mechanical power * The construction of both the types of DC machines basically remains same PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF A DC MACHINE AS A GENERATOR > An electric generator is 3 machine that converts mechanical energy in to electrical energy > It operates on the principle based on the Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction > It states that, whenever magnetic flux is cut by a conductor, an e. induced which will cause a current to flow if the conductor circuit fis closed@® ‘The basic requirements for the dynamically induced EMF to exist are the following: 1 Asteady magnetic field = » Aconductor capable of carrying current » The conductor to move in the magnetic field Fagus. DC Genero >The direction of induce EMF (and hence current) is given by Flemings right hand rule > The working principle of a DC generator is illustrated in the Figure > It shows a steady magnetic field produced by the pole pieces of a magnet N and S > Asingle turn coil ABCD is placed in the field produced between the pole > The coll is rotated by means of prime mover > Thus as per faraday’s law, an EMF is induced in the coil > Such an EMF is basically alternating > This bidirectional induced EMF is made unidirectional using the commutator es@ Construction of a practical DC Machine As stated earlier, whether machine is DC generator or a DC motor the construction basically remains the same as shown in the Figure (a) and (b) >For the satisfactory operation of a DC generator, it should consist of a stator and rotor >The stator accommodates the yoke, the main field system and the brushes >The rotor has the armature and the commutator as its main parts@ The DC machines consist of the following essential parts: + Magnetic frame or Yoke ~ Pole Cores and Pole Shoes + Pole Coils or Field Coils » Armature Core » Armature Windings or Conductors » Commutator » Brushes and Bearings Yoke: The outer frame of a DC machine is called as yoke. It is made up of cast iron or steel. It not only provides mechanical strength to the whole assembly but also carries the magnetic flux produced by the field winding.@ Commutator: The function of Commutator is to facilitate collection of current from the armature conductors and converts the alternating current induced in the armature conductors into unidirectional current in the external load circuit Brushes: » Brushes are usually made from carbon or graphite > They rest on commutator segments and slide on the segments when the commutator rotates keeping the physical contact to collect or supply the current Bearings: > Bearings are used for smooth running of the machinePoles and pole shoes: > Poles are joined to the yoke with the help of bolts or welding > They carry field win ig and pole shoes are fastened to them Pole shoes serve two purposes; (i) they support field coils and spread out the flux in air gap uniformly Field winding: > They are usually made of copper Field coils are former wound and placed on each pole and are connected in series > They are wound in such a way that, when energized, they form alternate North and South polesD sense: > Armature core is the rotor of the machine. Itis cylindrical in shape with slots to carry armature winding Armature winding: >The armature core are provided with slots made of the same material as the core to which the armature winding made with several turns of copper wire distributed uniformly over the entire periphery of the core The construction of armature winding of DC motor can be of two types. Wave winding: the number of parallel paths formed between the armature terminals is two irrespective of the number of poles. (A=2) > Lap winding: Here the number of parallel paths is equal to the number of poles in the machine. (A=P) Commutator® EMF Equation of DC Generator Number of poles in the generator flux per pole in webers ‘otal number of armature conductors number of parallel paths formed by the armature winding between the armature terminals 2, for wave wound armature winding A= for lap wound armature winding peed of rotation of armature in RPM Eg = EMF induced across the armature terminals or EMF induced in any one parallel path of the armature winding Let® According to frndays ln of clecwomagnetic induction, average EMF induced in one conductors #0 of tums = 1] Here d9/=fux cut by the conductor in one revolution =P. sand dt= time taken by the conductor for one revolution =60/N(vee) Pex 60 ‘No.of conductors connected in series in one parallel path = 1A, ‘Average EMF generated in one condvetor= 78 Wrsee or volts MP genre 2S ‘The above equation represents the EMF equation of a DC generator. ‘Note: The above EMF is generated in the armature on open circuit. This means that no load is ‘connected tothe generator.@ Applications of DC Generators: Scparatcly excited DC generators: A separately excited DC generator requires an independent DC external source forthe field winding. Therefore, it is costly and is rarely wed. Its primary use in (2) laboratory and ‘commercial testing (b) sped regulation tests. DDC series generaion: A series generator has the tendency to supply constant lod current. Therefore several series generators can be connected in series to provide high voltage DC power transmission at constant wala used for series ar lighting an series incandescent ighting. ‘Used for ngenerative braking of DC locomotives. DC shut generators: A shunt DC generator essentially maintains a constant terminal vokage. “Therofore itis used for charging. huteics. Morcover shunt generators with field regulators are generally usd for ighting and power supply purposes. Compound DC generals: compounded generators ae used where the generator i require to supply load via transmission line Differentially compound generator: may be wsed for welding purpose ‘They are used to supply power to railway circuits, incandescent lamps, elevator motors, ee@ PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF DC MACHINE AS A MOTOR > A.machine that converts DC power into mechanical powers known as DC motor > ls operation is hase on the principle that when a current carrying conductors placed in & magnetic fed the conductor experiences a mechanical Fores >» The direction of this force is given by Fleming's lft hand rule and its magne is given by, F= BLL > Raically there sno constrictions difference between » DC motor and DC generator > The sameDC machine canbe run asa generator and DC motor Working of DC Motor > tna DC motor, both armature and the fed windings are connected ta DC sippy > Thame have current carrying armature conductors place ina sationary magnetic fckl >» Due to electromagnetic torque onthe armature conductors, the armature sans revolving > Ths elctrical energy is converted into mechanical energy in he armature > Commuttor is made segmented to achieve unidretional torque > Otherwise. the directionof force would ave reversed every time when he diection of movement of ‘conductors reversed the magnetic Heldice “eran ih ng momen» oe sou on as ni mesure yh ot Fre (Fmd prea dsace o aetna he eve Bo he ann enon = i ad " nC me ech comer rid pe by cco re Ft dtc ea fh sats oe Fg) Thar, {aalccobnasseers te ouingo wae ic ue Tae as oc ines an tal une aoe ee 1+ een ng of ah condi + = ber fara condone + Amber af pr pate urea eh coat =a/AN™ brag ie enya Wn? + ge Macperet in wh + Pe mar fps 1 Rerceon sah Cott P= BlomNow ima, = @ /a where ais the X-sectional area of fx path at radius r, clearly a= 2a? Tam Zn (lax (a/A) xix TEx Ste bAxine = EN Ta = 0.1592 0 1, (P/A) Nm ——— Orsince Z, P and A are fixed for a given machine Teoh Hence torque in « DC moter is directly proportional to flax per pole and armature current] ©) Fora shunt motor, lux 6s practically constant> Teale Atternativeexpresion for a, Be= S82 paz S08, a From Eau (5.4)..e get the expression of Ts as T,-01s9x80 . x Te. 955 x SNM