Composite Structures 292 (2022) 115673

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Composite Structures

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/compstruct

Viscoelastic-acoustic response o new polymeric matrix composite shells

considering cavity resonances using a new approach: Layered
viscoelastic model
A. Tarkashvand a, *, K. Daneshjou a, *, A. Golmohammadi a, Z. Daneshjoo b
a
School o Mechanical Engineering, Iran University o Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran, Iran
b
Faculty o Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Here, or the rst time, acoustic scattering and noise reduction o the sandwich cylinders made o a new type o
Layered viscoelastic material model polymeric matrix composites which porosity changes gradually in the thickness direction are examined. The
Functionally graded porous polymer porosity distribution and relaxation time are important characteristics o these materials. In the new approach as
Viscoelastic-acoustic response
known the layered viscoelastic model, it is assumed that the core is composed o an innite number o visco-
3-D-theory o elasticity
Havriliak-Negami viscoelastic model
elastic layers and the mechanical properties o layers are dierent rom vicinity layers. Considering the requency
dependency, the Havriliak–Negam model that can predict the viscoelastic behavior o each layer is used to
describe the rheological response. According to the role o rotary inertia and shear deormation, the governing
equations o layers are obtained using the 3-D theory o elasticity. The transer matrix method is applied that
consists o a matrix o global transer, which is composed as the product o the matrices o local transer by
employing the stress and displacement components continuity at the interaces o vicinity layers. For evaluation
o the present study, results are compared with other researchers’ results. Eventually, the infuences o the
polymeric matrix, pore distribution, porosity coecient, and power index on vibroacoustic behavior are
investigated.

1. Introduction Wang et al. [17]. In this investigation, Love theory is applied or equa-
tions ormulation, and the approach o Rayleigh-Ritz is used to achieve
One type o oam material is a porous material, according to its natural requencies. As a result, they mentioned that or dierent
lightweight, these materials have a special potential or use in the boundary conditions and by an increment o wavenumber in the
aerospace, automotive, civil, and other industries [1-4]. Besides, due to circumerential direction, the requencies tend to be the same. Then,
the high ability in energy absorption, these types o materials are useul Wang et al. [18] presented the vibration and thermal treatment o the
or structures under dynamic loading [5-8]. By merging porous mate- FGP shell. In their study, they considered dierent types o thermal load
rials with unctionally graded materials, a novel type o materials will be and distribution and utilized a modied power-law ormulation to
obtained that pores gradually distributed in structure and known as determine the characteristics o the shell. Also, the dynamic instability
unctionally graded porous (FGP) materials. For perormance improve- o an FGP arch reinorced with grapheme platelets (GPLs) was investi-
ment in structures, FGP material can be suitable because the local gated by Zhao et al. [19]. The relation between density and modulus o
density can be varied. Today, many studies have been done on these elasticity o material under the scheme o Gaussian Random Field was
materials in various elds [9-15]. Wang and Wu [16] studied the ree obtained. The theory o Euler-Bernoulli was used or deriving the
vibration o the FGP cylinder under various boundary conditions using equations and the Galerkin approach was applied to derive the equation
sinusoidal shear deormation theory (SSDT) and the Rayleigh-Ritz o Mathieu-Hill. Numerical results were shown that symmetrically non-
approach. Eventually, the infuence o various eatures is investigated uniorm porosity distribution can be improved resistance against dy-
or a dierent distribution o porosity. Next, the vibrational treatment o namic instability. More, a three-dimensional (3-D) solution or buckling
metal oam cylinders with various distributions was investigated by and vibration o the dierent structures made o FG porous materials

* Corresponding authors.
E-mail addresses: [email protected] (A. Tarkashvand), [email protected] (K. Daneshjou).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2022.115673
Received 25 October 2021; Received in revised orm 1 January 2022; Accepted 24 April 2022
Available online 1 May 2022
0263-8223/© 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A. Tarkashvand et al. Composite Structures 292 (2022) 115673

applying IGA was presented by Cuong-Le et al. [20]. The Haar wavelet- o low-requency. In two-dimensional space, the eects o dynamic
based numerical technique or investigating the vibrational behavior o viscoelastic properties on diraction o sound by a sphere that sub-
FGP cylinder o nite length with elastic and classic boundary condi- merged in a viscous fuid were investigated by Hasheminejad et al. [41].
tions was presented by Golmohammadi et al. [21]. The governing Also, Hasheminejad et al. [42] in ber suspensions, investigated the
equations were achieved by applying the rst-order shear deormation problem o sound scattering. In a similar context, They [42] proposed an
theory (FSDT). The results indicated symmetric, sti, and sot non- analytical solution or sound plane waves scattering in a steel rod that
symmetric porosity distributions can increase the requency parame- coated with viscoelastic materials; eccentrically. Abid et al. [43]
ters due to the increase o stiness and cross-section inertia in these investigated the acoustic properties o viscoelastic materials in
distributions. In a similar study, Guan et al. [22] perormed a general improving sound transmission loss. Koutsawa et al. [44] presented a
vibration examination or FGP structure elements o revolution based on multi-dimensional model or the description o the lossy treatment o a
the Rayleigh-Ritz technique. Finally, it was shown that the proposed sandwich structure with a viscoelastic core. They demonstrated that
model has stability, accuracy, and excellent convergence characteristics. heterogeneity o material generating negative stiness treatment caused
Subsequent, an approach or extraction o characteristics o thermal a considerable increase in modal damping. Then a nite element
vibration o an FGP stepped cylindrical shell by utilizing characteristic approach based on the theory o layer-wise to study sound transmission
orthogonal polynomials was presented [23]. In addition, three distri- through dual-wall composite panels that have viscoelastic core was
butions or temperature, including linear, nonlinear, and uniorm, were introduced by Larbi et al. [45]. This approach was based on FSDT or the
taken into account. More, the eects o key parameters such as the index core and the Kirchho-Love considerations or the layers.
o the power-law, volume raction, and temperature variation were Acoustic scattering and noise reduction (NR) are key parameters o
investigated on treatments o thermal vibration. Then, the ree vibration the design in dierent industries, such as aerospace, automotive, and
response o FGP cylindrical panel using various theories o shell marine, that have been considered by researchers in recent decades.
including rst order and third-order shear deormation theories was Williams et al. [46] studied the scattering o acoustic rom a cylinder
suggested by Keleshteri et al. [24]. Also, the method o Generalized made o solid aluminum placed on the interace o fattened sand.
Dierential Quadrature was applied to discretize the nonlinear dynamic Experimental results were presented or scattering rom a cylinder in
equations. They studied the infuence o porosity distribution on the various scattering angles, also, analyses were perormed based on the
nonlinear requencies. Keshtegar et al. [25] investigated the vibration axial symmetry o the cylinder. They compared the 3-D FE analysis to
and the wave propagation o a porous beam that was embedded using both the axially symmetric calculations and the experiment. The inter-
nano-composite piezo-electric layers. Dierent distributions were action between the cylindrical particle and acoustical Gaussian beam
considered or reinorcements, and micro-mechanic model was used to was studied by Zhang et al. [47]. According to an approach based on the
estimate to Young modulus and Poisson ratio. Results showed that by nite series, the beam is expanded, and the beam’s coecient is ach-
increasing the coecient o porosity, decreasing in requency and wave ieved as a cylindrical unction. Karimi et al. [48] proposed an eective
velocity can be observed. Kumar et al. [26] studied the eects o ormulation based on boundary elements to solve the problem o 3-D
porosity distributions on transient analysis and nonlinear vibration o acoustic scattering with multi-directional periodicity. Furthermore,
porous unctionally graded skew (PFGS) plates. The governing equa- Gunderson et al. [49] investigated the ar-eld sound scattering or a
tions o the PFGS plate were derived by applying the virtual work nite length and submerged elastic sphere or ull range angels o
principle. Then using a direct iterative approach and Newmark’s inte- scattering. Resonance and intererence structure in requency response
gration method, nonlinear mathematical relations were solved. Finally, is determined and then discussed. Sastry and MunJjal [50] proposed a
the eect o porosity parameters and distributions on the nonlinear transer matrix solution to examine the response o a multi-layered
requency was examined. Pham et al. [27] studied the ree vibration o elastic cylinder o innite length that submerged in a fuid and sur-
unctionally graded porous non-uniorm annular-nanoplates lying on rounding another fuid, under a given excitation o two-dimensional (2-
Winkler oundation based on rst-order shear deormation theory and D) pressure. It was shown this transer matrix can be applied eectively
smoothed nite element approach. They were applied Hamilton’s to calculate the coecient o scattering and noise reduction o
principle to derive the governing equations. Moreover, the infuences o mentioned structure in the case o a plane wave with an oblique inci-
material properties and geometry parameters on the ree vibration o dence angle. Leon et al. [51] investigated scattering o acoustic rom an
plates were completely evaluated. A semi-analytical method to investi- innite isotropic elastic cylinder excited by acoustic wave with an
gate the poromechanical elds in a cylinder that subjected to asym- oblique angle. Also, acoustic scattering rom a cylinder that was lled
metric loading was developed by Nguyen-Sy et al. [28]. They with water was examined by Espana et al. [52]. They employed two
approximated the heterogeneous cylinder as a multilayer structure in modeling approaches to evaluate measurements including the 2-D/3-D
which each layer assumed to be homogeneous and compared the ob- nite element method and an analytical solution. more, Rhee and
tained results o the poromechanical eld with another literature that Park [53] proposed an innovative ormalism rom Rayleigh normal
had been studied the homogeneous and the heterogeneous cases. modes or exact resonances isolation, or acoustic wave scattering rom
Viscoelastic materials will exhibit both viscous and elastic behavior elastic or embedded fuid bodies. By applying this ormalism, both the
through simultaneous dissipation and storage o mechanical energy. phase and magnitude o isolated resonances can be achieved correctly
Ability to recover, creep, energy absorption, and undergo stress relax- while the classical method can give the only magnitude. Honarvar and
ation are some o the properties o the viscoelastic material [29]. Sinclair [54] ormulated the scattering problem o a plane acoustic wave
Thereore, the structures made by novel materials such as viscoelastic with oblique incidence angle rom a solid elastic clad rod o innite
polymers can be utilized in dierent technology applications including length. The results showed the ability o acoustic resonance scattering
marine, aerospace, power generation, and petrochemical. In industrial or the nondestructive application o clad rods. The concept o achieving
applications, these materials are commonly used as coating or core o the inherent background to a multilayered type elastic cylinder was
the shell. Accordingly, the examination o acoustic characteristics o applied by Joo et al. [55]. The inherent background appears itsel in the
structure made by these materials has been paid attention in recent scattering o sound by the liquid structures. For the liquid system, the
years. In many studies, vibrational and dynamical characteristics o modal acceleration and the unction o S-scattering were obtained by
laminated structures made o these materials have been investigated considering outgoing and incoming waves. Rajabi and Hasheminejad
[30-39]. [56] adopted the approach o the unction o wave expansion to examine
Various papers have emphasized sound-structure interaction. Ayres 3-D scattering o the time-harmonic plane progressive sound eld with
et al. [40] perormed a wave scattering analysis or a viscoelastic coated oblique incidence angle upon a multi-layered type cylindrical shell with
hollow cylinder and determined the resonance mode shapes in the range the imperection o interlaminar bounding. Venås et al. [57] studied the

2
A. Tarkashvand et al. Composite Structures 292 (2022) 115673

perormance o isogeometric analysis combined with the innite components, and the fuid–structure interaction are described in Section
element method or acoustic scattering problems. Shabban et al. [58] 2. Next, in Section 3, rstly mechanical properties o the FGPP core are
presented the potential o boundary element approaches or solving calculated by Havriliak-Negami viscoelastic model. Then, the displace-
problems o 3-D time-harmonic Helmholtz acoustic scattering in the ment and stress elds based on the 3-D theory o elasticity are obtained
ramework o the isogeometric analysis. by using the new approach as known LVM. In addition, in this Section,
Functionally graded porous polymeric (FGPP) matrix composites as governing equations or fuid–structure interaction are archived. In
vital components are extensively utilized in dierent engineering ap- Section 4, ater veriying the proposed method, the eects o mechanical
plications that are simultaneously infuenced by various loads such as parameters o the FGPP core on the viscoelastic-acoustic behavior o the
acoustic loading. But as it is clear rom the aorementioned introduction, structure are interpreted. Finally, in Section 5 the conclusions and the
acoustic scattering and noise reduction o these structures by consid- ndings o the present work are summarized.
ering viscoelastic properties have not been investigated. Thereore, the
main purpose o this study is to ll this study gap by presenting a new 2. System description
layered viscoelastic material (LVM) method. Here, it is assumed that the
core is made o a new type o polymeric matrix composites which the Consider a sandwich shell structure with an innite length that is
porosity changes gradually through the thickness direction. In this made o two isotropic-type cylindrical shells and an FGPP core. This
model, it is considered that the structure is made o FGPP composed o structure can be exhibited in the orthogonal cylindrical coordinate
an innite number o viscoelastic layers, while the material properties system as shown in Fig. 1. The FGPP core is surrounded by the internal
(Young’s modulus and density) o each layer are dierent rom its and external cylinders and it is assumed that in the direction o thick-
neighboring layers. Furthermore, mechanical properties such as stimu- ness, viscoelastic characteristics o the FGPP core are changed. Also,
lated requency depended on Young’s modulus and shear modulus are various distributions are considered or porosity and in porous mate-
considered. For the description o the viscoelastic behavior o each layer, rials, modulus o elasticity and density are changed gradually and
the Havriliak–Negami mathematical model is implemented. According continually by a specied unction in direction o thickness. The
to the infuential roles o rotations and shear waves, or each viscoelastic isotropic shells are made o aluminum and the inner radius and outer
layer, the governing equations are obtained using the 3-D theory o radius or the internal and external shells are r1 , r2 , and r3 , r4 , respec-
elasticity. By considering a perect bonding between the vicinity layers, tively. Also, the thickness o the internal shell, FGPP core, and external
the solution technique o transer matrix is employed to obtain the co- shell are indicated by h1 , h2 , and h3 , respectively. In this problem, an
ecients o transmission and modal scattering. This technique consists oblique plane wave is incident to the structure and transmits through it.
o a system global transer matrix that can be demonstrated as the In addition, the structure is located in a uniorm airfow (V velocity) o
product o matrices o individual transer by assuming the stress and the external fuid medium in the z-direction. The density and sound
displacement components continuity at the vicinity layers interaces. speed wave in the internal and external fuids are ρ1 , c1 , and ρ3 , c3 ,
Then, due to the interaction between the structure and the fuid, the respectively.
dynamic equations o the structure are coupled with the internal and
external fuid.
The present work is systematized as ollows. The problem, the system

Fig. 1. Schematic o the sandwich shell with an FGPP core.

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A. Tarkashvand et al. Composite Structures 292 (2022) 115673

3. Theory The curve o loss actor discloses a peak at ω0 . The Young’s modulus
(E) is calculated the same as that o the shear modulus:
3.1. Havriliak-Negami viscoelastic model
E* = E’ (ω)(1 + iJ (ω) ), (4)
Viscoelastic materials have various eatures and one o them is that
where.
their eatures are aected by dierent parameters such as requency,
dynamic strain rate, temperature, aging, static pre-load, time infuences E’ (ω) = 2G’ (ω)(1 + υ), (5)
such as relaxation and creep, and other irreversible infuences. These
types o materials can be utilized in various unique phases or states over 3.2. The material gradient o the FGPP core
a wide range o requencies. Generally, these phases are introduced as
the glassy, transition, rubbery, and fow phases. The viscoelastic poly- The orm and size o the pores are designed according to the required
mers, according to the region that they are utilized and the special properties o FGPP materials. The parameters o density, modulus o
application, behave variously. In the rst phase (glassy region) the elasticity, and Poisson’s ratio o these types o materials, depending on
polymeric chains are crystalline and rigidly arranged in nature, pro- the distribution o porosity and excitation requency are variable. The
cessing glass-like treatment. distribution o the pore in the radial direction is midline-symmetrical.
The second phase is also known as the region o transition because in The type o pores distribution is dened by parameter m in Eq. (6).
this region the material transorms rom the glassy region to the region For low values o m, the size o the midline pores is large, and the sizes o
o rubbery. In this region, the material has a lower stiness level. So, the the pores close to the inner and outer suraces are small. As the value o
treatment modeling o this type o material is very complex. m increases, the type o pore distribution changes rom symmetric to
In recent years, dierent models have been suggested to characterize uniorm. These types have been shown in Fig. 2 the shear modulus G(z),
the treatment o this type o materials by researchers such as Davidson- density ρ(z), and the modulus o elasticity E(z) parameters change in the
Cole, Cole-Cole, and Havriliak-Negami models. The Havriliak-Negami radial direction. The ollowing equations can be used or the calculation
model is based on a relaxation time distribution that consists o the o mechanical properties in the desired radius o the FGPP core:
Davidson-Cole asymmetry model [59] and the extended Cole-Cole [  π]
model [60], as represented by Havriliak and Negami [61]. E(z) = E* 1  N0 cos V (6a)
Accordingly, in this study, the model o Havrilial-Negami is used to m
describe the vibroacoustic treatment o viscoelastic materials assuming [  π]
that the temperature is held constant. Besides, the complex shear G(z) = G* 1  N0 cos V (6b)
m
modulus is a requency-dependent parameter. Thus, this parameter is [  π]
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
represented as G* = G’ + iG’’ . Here, i = 1; G’ and G’’ are storage and ρ(z) = ρ* 1  Nm cos V (6c)
m
loss moduli, respectively.
These moduli at high requency (G∞ ) have higher limiting values and Where
limiting values at low requency (G0 ). In usual, these values are known  s
as unrelaxed and relaxed moduli, respectively. As a result, the glassy and r4  r 1
V=  (7)
rubbery regions are the treatment consequence o the polymer at high h2 2
and low requencies, respectively.
Between these two limiting values, there is a transition that occurs Where r is an arbitrary location in the radial direction. N0 represents the
over a requencies range centered at ω0 . The model o Havriliak-Negami porosity coecient. The volume raction exponent s is a positive number
can be resolved into two components that model the loss and storage (0 ≤ s < ∞). Moreover, Nm is a density-dependent coecient and can
components [62]. For this model the real and imaginary parts o the be obtained as ollows:
modulus are as ollows: N0 = 1  Emin E* , (0 < N0 < 1) (8a)
cos(ξγ)
G (ω) = G∞ + (G0  G∞ )  (1a)
′
  2ξ , Nm = 1  ρmin ρ* (8b)
1 + 2ωα T α cos απ2 + ω2α T 2α

In this study, the infuence o Poisson’s ratio (ν) on deormation is

sin(ξγ) less than others, so this property has been assumed to be constant. For an
G′′ (ω) = (G∞  G0 )    2ξ , (1b) FGPP structure, the relationship between E(z) and ρ(z) is as below:
α 2α
1 + 2ω T cos απ2 + ω2α T
α
 
Emin ρmin 2
where. = (9)
E * ρ*
 
 ωα T α sinαπ 
  According to Eq. (9), will have:
γ = tan1 α
2 
, (2) ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
1 + ω T cos 2 
α απ 
 Nm = 1  1  N0 (10)

here T is the time o relaxation, ω is the angular requency (ω = 2π ), ξ 3.3. Governing equations o LVM model
is a parameter governing the relaxation asymmetry (0 < ξ ≤ 1), and α is
a parameter governing the relaxation width (0 < α ≤ 1). I α = 1,ξ = 1, As shown in Fig. 3, the FGPP core can be supposed as a compound o
the equation is reduced to the time o single relaxation; i 0 < ξ < 1 and g layers made o isotropic viscoelastic material [63,64]. In cylindrical
α = 1, the equation is reduced to the equation o Davidson-Cole; and i coordinates, the governing equation o motion can be achieved using the
0 < α < 1 and ξ = 1, the equation is reduced to the equation o Cole- 3-D theory o elasticity or a structure that is viscoelastic and homoge-
Cole [62]. For viscoelastic polymer, the loss actor can be calculated neous. The governing equation o motion in vector orm or the j-th layer
as ollows: is dened as [65]:

G′′ (ω)     ∂2 u⌈j⌉

J (ω ) = , (3) μ⌈j⌉ ∇2 u⌈j⌉ + λ⌈j⌉ + μ⌈j⌉ ∇ ∇Â⋅u⌈j⌉ = ρ⌈j⌉ , (11)
G′ (ω) ∂t2

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A. Tarkashvand et al. Composite Structures 292 (2022) 115673

Fig. 2. The midline-symmetrical distribution o the pore in the radial direction.

Fig. 3. LVM model or FGPP core.

o H⌈j⌉ and χ ⌈j⌉ , will satisy the equation o motion. By substitution o Eq.
2
1 ∂2 2
In the above relation, ∇2 = ∂∂r2 +1r ∂
∂r +r2 ∂θ2 +∂∂z2 is the operator o Lap-
lacian in 3-D coordinates, ∇ is the cylindrical gradient, μ ⌈j⌉
is the shear (12) into Eq. (11), the wave equation or j-th layer will be obtained [67]:
⌈j⌉ ⌈j⌉ ⌈j⌉
modulus, u⌈j⌉ = (ur , uθ , uz ) is the vector o the displacement eld, and 2 ⌈j⌉ ∂2 χ ⌈j⌉ 2 ⌈j⌉ λ⌈j⌉ + 2μ⌈j⌉
Ï»1 ∇2 χ ⌈j⌉ = , Ï»1 = , (14a)
λ⌈j⌉ is the Lame’s elastic constant. For Eq. (11), the most convenient ∂t 2 ρ⌈j⌉
solution can be written in terms o potential unctions o dilatational
scalar (χ ⌈j⌉ ) and equivoluminal vector (H⌈j⌉ (Hr , Hθ , Hz )) [65]. 2 ⌈j⌉ ∂2 H⌈j⌉ 2 ⌈j⌉ μ⌈j⌉
Ï»2 ∇2 H⌈j⌉ = , Ï»2 = ⌈j⌉ , (14b)
∂t2 ρ
u⌈j⌉ = ∇χ ⌈j⌉ + ∇ × H⌈j⌉ , (12)
⌈j⌉ ⌈j⌉
Also, H⌈j⌉ should satisy the ollowing relation [66]: where Ï»1 is the velocity o the dilation wave and Ï»2 is the equi-
voluminal wave velocity which travels in an elastic and innite body o
∇Â⋅H⌈j⌉ = 0, (13) the j-th layer material characteristics. For two corrected Eqs. (14), the
It will be illustrated that the introduced displacement vector in terms considered solutions will be in the ollowing orms [67]:

5
A. Tarkashvand et al. Composite Structures 292 (2022) 115673

∑∞
χ ⌈j⌉ (r, θ, z, t) = f (r)⌈j⌉ cos(nθ)ei(ωtkz z) , (15a) conditions, must be expanded. This procedure is known as the method o
n=0
transer matrix and it has been known as a benecial tool to arrange such
∑∞ expressions [63,64,68,69]. According to the LVM model, the FGPP core
Hr⌈j⌉ (r, θ, z, t) = gr (r)⌈j⌉ sin(nθ)ei(ωtkz z) , (15b)
n=0 is considered as a composition o g viscoelastic isotropic layers which
∑∞ are entirely bonded at their interaces (Fig. 1). Thereore, a local transer
Hθ⌈j⌉ (r, θ, z, t) = n=0
gθ (r)⌈j⌉ cos(nθ)ei(ωtkz z) , (15c) matrix is attained by consideration o displacements and stresses o
∑∞ inner and outer suraces o the j-th layer:
Hz⌈j⌉ (r, θ, z, t) = gz (r)⌈j⌉ sin(nθ)ei(ωtkz z) , (15d) ⃒
n=0
M⌈j⌉ ⌈j⌉ ⌈j⌉ ⃒
n = Dn Xn r=r⌈j⌉ , (19)
The axial wavenumber, circumerential order, and angular re-
quency are indicated by kz , n, and ω; respectively. (r)⌈j⌉ and gr,θ,z (r)⌈j⌉ where.
are unknown coecients in the orm o modied Bessel unctions. By T
n = [Ur,n , Uθ,n , Uz,n , σ rr,n , σ rθ,n , σ rz,n ] ,
M⌈j⌉ ⌈j⌉ ⌈j⌉ ⌈j⌉ ⌈j⌉ ⌈j⌉ ⌈j⌉
(20a)
applying Eqs. (15) into Eqs.(14), unctions o g(r)⌈j⌉ and  (r)⌈j⌉ are ob-
tained or each layer. The radial components or these unctions are T
expressed in Appendix A. Moreover, by substituting Eqs. (15) into Eq. X⌈j⌉ ⌈j⌉ ⌈j⌉ ⌈j⌉ ⌈j⌉ ⌈j⌉ ⌈j⌉
n = [X1,n , X2,n , X3,n , X4,n , X5,n , X6,n ] , (20b)
(12), at each point in r, θ, z directions, the displacement eld within the
The components o the coecient matrix D⌈j⌉
n are given in Appendix
j-th layer middle is obtained by:
B and C. For the internal radius o the j-th layer, Eq. (19) can be
∂χ ⌈j⌉ 1 ∂H ⌈j⌉ ∂H ⌈j⌉ ∑∞ expressed as ollow:
ur (r, θ, z, t)⌈j⌉ = + z
 θ = ur (r)⌈j⌉ cos(nθ)ei(ωtkz z) , ⃒
∂r r ∂θ ∂z n=0
M⌈j1⌉ = D⌈j1⌉ X⌈j1⌉ ⃒ ⌈j1⌉ , (21)
n n n
(16a) r=r

⌈j⌉
where.
1 ∂χ ⌈j⌉ ∂H ⌈j⌉ ∂H ∑∞
uθ (r, θ, z, t)⌈j⌉ = + r  z = uθ (r)⌈j⌉ sin(nθ)ei(ωtkz z) , [ ]T
r ∂θ ∂z ∂r n=0 ⌈j1⌉
, σ⌈j1⌉ ⌈j1⌉
(22a)
M⌈j1⌉ rr,n , σ rθ,n , σ rz,n
⌈j1⌉ ⌈j1⌉ ⌈j1⌉
n = Ur,n , Uθ,n , Uz,n ,
(16b)
T
∂χ ⌈j⌉ Hθ⌈j⌉ ∂H ⌈j⌉ 1 ∂H ⌈j⌉ X⌈j1⌉
n
⌈j1⌉
= [X1,n ⌈j1⌉
, X2,n ⌈j1⌉
, X3,n ⌈j1⌉
, X4,n ⌈j1⌉
, X5,n ⌈j1⌉
, X6,n ] , (22b)
uz (r, θ, z, t)⌈j⌉ = + + θ  r
∂z r ∂r r ∂θ Points o ⌈j 1⌉ and ⌈j⌉ are on the same layer, so:
∑∞
= n=0
uz (r)⌈j⌉ cos(nθ)ei(ωtkz z) , (16c)
X⌈j⌉ ⌈j1⌉
n = Xn , (23)
In Appendix B, ur (r)⌈j⌉ , uθ (r)⌈j⌉ and uz (r)⌈j⌉ expressions are repre-
Here, the local transer matrix, or the j-th layer can be achieved by
sented. For j-th layer, the stress equations are determined by using the
eliminating X⌈j⌉
n rom Eqs. (19) and (21).
displacement eld (Eq. (16)) into the stress-displacement relations.
( )  ⌈j1⌉ 1 ⌈j1⌉
⌈j⌉
∂u⌈j⌉ M⌈j⌉ ⌈j⌉
n = Dn Dn Mn , (24)
⌈j⌉ ⌈j⌉ ∂ur ∂u⌈j⌉ u⌈j⌉ z ∂u⌈j⌉
σ rr (r, θ, z, t) = λ + θ
+ r
+ + 2μ⌈j⌉ r
∂r r ∂θ r ∂r ∂r  ⌈j1⌉ 1
∑∞ where or the j-th layer, S[j] ⌈j⌉
n = Dn Dn is the local transer matrix
= n=0
⌈j⌉
σrr (r) cos(nθ)e i(ωtkz z)
, (17a) that relates the variables o the eld on the internal surace to those on
( ) the external surace. This matrix can be used to join between vicinal
∂u⌈j⌉ u⌈j⌉ 1 ∂u⌈j⌉ layers and makes a relationship between the eld variables o the in-
τrθ (r, θ, z, t)⌈j⌉ = μ⌈j⌉ θ
 θ + r
∂r r r ∂θ ternal ace and external ace o the FGPP core [56]. Then, in the whole o
∑∞ g layers, by considering continuity conditions, the transer matrix o
= τrθ (r)⌈j⌉ sin(nθ)ei(ωtkz z) , (17b)
n=0 TFG,n is obtained in 6 × 6 dimensions as:
( )
∂u⌈j⌉ ∂u⌈j⌉ ∑∞ Tcore,n = Sgn Sg1 g2 1
n Sn ⋯Sn , (25)
τrz (r, θ, z, t)⌈j⌉ = μ⌈j⌉ r
+ z = τrz (r)⌈j⌉ cos(nθ)ei(ωtkz z) , (17c)
∂z ∂r n=0
Thereore.
where. M⌈r3⌉
= Tcore,n Mn⌈r2 ⌉ , (26)
n
⌈j⌉
E Here, M⌈r 2⌉
and M⌈r 3⌉
are given as:
μ⌈j⌉ = , (18a) n n
2(1 + υ⌈j⌉ ) [ ]T
M⌈r
n
3⌉
θ , uz , σ rr , τrθ , τrz
= ur⌈r3 ⌉ , u⌈r3⌉ ⌈r3 ⌉ ⌈r3 ⌉ ⌈r3 ⌉ ⌈r3 ⌉
, (27a)
E⌈j⌉ υ⌈j⌉
λ⌈j⌉ = , (18b)
(1  2υ⌈j⌉ )(1 + υ⌈j⌉ ) [ ]T
M⌈r z , σ rr , τrθ , τrz
= ur⌈r2 ⌉ , uθ 2 , u⌈r (27b)
2⌉ ⌈r ⌉ 2⌉ ⌈r2 ⌉ ⌈r2 ⌉ ⌈r2 ⌉
n ,
Here, σ rr (r)⌈j⌉ ,τrz (r)⌈j⌉ and τrθ (r)⌈j⌉ are corresponding the radial, axial,
Ater implementation o the procedure is or all layers, by the
and circumerential stress components; respectively and their expan-
boundary conditions at external and internal core layers, a global
sions are represented in Appendix C.
transer matrix is achieved. Also, or the outer shell, the matrix can be
expressed as:
3.4. Extraction o the global transer matrix
M⌈r
n
3⌉
= Bn⌈r3 ⌉ Y⌈r
n ,
3⌉
(28a)
Next, or each layer o the FGPP core, the relationships displacement
and stress are mentioned in Eqs. (16) and (17) and represent boundary

6
A. Tarkashvand et al. Composite Structures 292 (2022) 115673

M⌈r
n
4⌉
= B⌈r
n Yn ,
4⌉ ⌈r4 ⌉
(28b) The incidence pressure (P1I,n ) related to the incidence wave in cylin-
drical harmonics is extended as ollows [71-74,78,79]:
Where M⌈r n
4⌉
is:
∑∞  
[ ]T P1I,n (r, θ, z, t) = P0 ∊n (  i)n Jn kr,1 r cos(nθ)ei(ωtkz,1 z) ,
(29)
n=0
(39)
M⌈r r , uθ , uz , σ rr , τrθ , τrz
= u⌈r
4⌉ 4⌉ ⌈r4 ⌉ ⌈r4 ⌉ ⌈r4 ⌉ ⌈r4 ⌉ ⌈r4 ⌉
n , √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
n = 0, 1, 2⋯ i = 1
Using Eq. (28b), Yn vector can be calculated, and by substituting this
vector in Eq. (28a), the main equation o vibration can be obtained: ω, P0 and n are the angular requency, the amplitude o the wave, and
the number o circumerential modes; respectively. Also, ∊n is the actor
M⌈r
n
4⌉
= Te,n M⌈r
n ,
3⌉
(30) o Neumann (∊n = 1 i n = 0, ∊n = 2 i n ∕ = 0) and Jn is nth order the
Where. unction o rst kind Bessel. The refected sound pressure rom the
external surace o the structure is dened as:
 ⌈r ⌉ 1
Te,n = B⌈r
n
3⌉
Bn 2 , (31) ∑∞  
P1R,n (r, θ, z, t) = Pr n=0
∊n (  i)n Hn2 kr,1 r cos(nθ)ei(ωtkz,1 z) , (40)
Eventually, the transer matrix or the inner shell can be presented
as: H2n and Pr are the nth order unction o second kind Hankel and the un-
M⌈r Q⌈r (32a) known amplitude o refected wave; respectively. Based on this
n Zn ,
2⌉ 2 ⌉ ⌈r2 ⌉
n =
consideration, in the mean o inner non-resonant, the transmitted sound
pressure is determined as ollows:
M⌈r
n
1⌉
= Q⌈r
n Zn ,
1 ⌉ ⌈r1 ⌉
(32b)
∑∞  
The harmonic response o displacement and stresses at any point on a P3T,n (r, θ, z, t) = Pt n=0
∊n (  i)n Hn1 kr,3 r cos(nθ)ei(ωtkz,3 z) , (41)
ace perpendicular to radial direction can be obtained by substitution o
where, H1n and Pt are the nth order unction o rst kind Hankel and
Zn rom Eq. (32b) into Eq. (32a):
the unknown amplitude o transmitted wave; respectively. In Eq. (41), kr
M⌈r
n
2⌉
= Ti,n M⌈r
n ,
1⌉
(33) and kz are the radial and axial numbers o the wave which are deter-
mined by substituting Eqs. (39)-(40) into Eqs. (37) and (38). Thereore,
where.
kr,1 and kz,1 are radial and axial numbers o waves in the exterior fuid
Ti,n = Q⌈r 2⌉
 ⌈r1 ⌉ 1
Qn , (34a) that are dened by:
n

[ ] kr,1 = k1 cos(ψ ), (42a)

M⌈r
n
1⌉
r,n , uθ,n , uz,n , σ rr,n , τrθ,n , τrz,n ,
= u⌈r 1⌉ ⌈r1 ⌉ ⌈r1 ⌉ ⌈r1 ⌉ ⌈r1 ⌉ ⌈r1 ⌉
(34b)
kz,1 = k1 sin(ψ ), (42b)
By combining Eqs. (26), (30) and (33), the relationship between
inner (r = r1 ) and outer (r = r4 ) boundary condition o the FGPP core Where.
can be ound as ollows:  
ω 1
k1 = , (43a)
M⌈r
n
4⌉
= Te,n Tcore,n Ti,n Mn⌈r1 ⌉ , (35) c1 1 + M sin(ψ )

Ater rearrangement, the mentioned equation can be obtained as V

ollows: M= , (43b)
c1

M⌈r
1,n = Wn M3,n ,
4⌉ ⌈r1 ⌉
(36) M is introduced as Mach number o eternal media. Furthermore, the
entire waves have identical dependence in the axial direction. Hence,
3.5. Vibro-acoustic solution the axial wavenumber kz,3 in the interior fuid is given as:

kz,1 = kz,3 = kz , (44)

The external acoustic pressure in the external space structure is the
  Also, the radial wave number kr,3 is dened as:
summation o the refected wave P1R,n and the incidence wave (P1I,n ).
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
Thereore, the wave equation in the external fuid can be expressed in kr,3 = k2z,3  k2r,3 , (45a)
the system o cylindrical coordinates as ollows [67,70-77]:
   12
c1 ∇2 P1I,n (r, θ, z, t) + P1R,n (r, θ, z, t)

 (c3 )2 cos2 (ψ ) 

 2   kr,3 = k3 1  c1 , (45b)
∂  1 + M sin(ψ ) 
= + V∇ P1I,n (r, θ, z, t) + P1R,n (r, θ, z, t)  r=r4 ,
∂t
(37)
ω
2 ∂2 2 2
is the 3-D operator o Laplacian and ∇ is
+1r ∂∂r +r12 ∂∂θ2 +∂∂z2 k3 = , (45c)
∇ = ∂r 2 c3
the operator o a gradient. By considering that the inner space to be
  At the interace o structure and fuid, the boundary condition in
anechoic, there is only a transmitted wave P3T,n into the cavity in such terms o inertia orce relating to the vibrating structure and pressure
a condition. The acoustic wave equations in the inner cavity can be gradient in the acoustic domain is specied at the coupling boundary.
represented as [71-74,78,79]: Thereore, the relation between pressure and radial displacement in the
⃒ inner and external suraces can be determined as [80,81]:
∂2 P3T,n (r, θ, z, t) ⃒⃒
c23 ∇2 P3T,n (r, θ, z, t) = ⃒ , (38)
∂t2 ⃒
r=r1

7
A. Tarkashvand et al. Composite Structures 292 (2022) 115673

⃒
∂(P3T,n (r, θ, z, t)) ∂2 ur,n (r, θ, z, t) ⃒⃒  2    
= ρ 3 ⃒ , (46a) Ln,77 =
kr,1 2
Hn1 r4 kr,1  Hn+1 r4 kr,1 , (50a)
∂r ∂t2 ⃒
2(ω  V × kz,1 )2 ρ1
r=r1

  ⃒
∂ P1I,n (r, θ, z, t) + P1R,n (r, θ, z, t)  2 ⃒ kr,3  1    
∂ ⃒ Ln,88 = 1
Hn1 r1 kr,3  Hn+1 r1 kr,3 , (50b)
= ρ1 + V∇ ur,n (r, θ, z, t) ⃒⃒ , 2ω2 ρ3
∂r ∂t ⃒
r=r4  
(46b) F n,41 = P0 ∊n (i)n kr,1 Jn r4 kr,1 , (50c)

The above equations are obtained by utilizing linearized momentum P0 ∊n (i)n kr,1     
equations, that is imposed at the fuid–structure interace and exhibit F n,71 = Jn1 r4 kr,1  Jn+1 r4 kr,1 , (50d)
2ρ1 (ω  kz,1 V)2
that the normal velocity o shell and fuid are equal in acoustic media.
Besides, the boundary conditions or a hollow cylinder are dened as:
3.6. Acoustic scattering and noise reduction
(1) On the shell outer surace (r = r4 )
Commonly, the sound transmission loss (TL) means the reduction
σ rr,n (r, θ, z, t) + P1I,n (r, θ, z, t) + P1R,n (r, θ, z, t) = 0, (47a) that accumulated in waveorm energy intensity while wave propagation
is outward rom the source, or it propagates across a given area or
τrθ,n (r, θ, z, t) = 0, (47b) determined type o structure. It represents the ratio between the inci-
dence and acoustic power. The equation to calculate the TL or a non-
τrz,n (r, θ, z, t) = 0, (47c) resonant interior can be obtained by [72-74,80-84]:
 
(2) on the shell inner surace.(r = r1 ) 1
TL(ψ ) = 10log10 , (51)
G
σ rr,n (r, θ, z, t) + P3T,n (r, θ, z, t) = 0, (48a)
Where.
τrθ,n (r, θ, z, t) = 0, (48b)
W T (ψ )
G (ψ ) = , (52)
τrz,n (r, θ, z, t) = 0, (48c) W I (ψ )

Furthermore, at the two layers’ interaces which are completely where WT and WI are the transmitted sound power and incident sound
bonded, the interacial continuity condition is the continuity o normal power per unit length o the sandwich cylindrical shell, respectively.
and shear components o stress, and components o displacement. The eld o scattered pressure is generally examined in the ar-eld
In the ollowing, the equations o boundary conditions (Eqs. (47) and or a range o requencies at a xed angle. The obtained spectrum o
(48)) should be applied into the Eq. (36) and this is the rst phase in the normalized ar-eld amplitude that is called the unction o orm is
solution process to solve the vibroacoustic problem o the sandwich achieved as ollows:
cylindrical shell. Next, a linear equation system is acquired that has ⃒ ⃒
2 ⃒∑ ∞ ⃒
consisted o eight equations and eight unknown f∞  =
⃒
⃒ ε b cos(nθ)
⃒
⃒ (53)
05 ⃒ n n
( u⌈r (π k0,y rout ) ⃒
r,n , uθ,n , uz,n , ur,n , uθ,n , uz,n , Pr and Pt ) as ollows:
1⌉ ⌈r ⌉
1 ⌈r1 ⌉ ⌈r4 ⌉ 4⌈r ⌉⌈r4 ⌉ n=0

  I θ = 180 (monostatic backscattering case),cos(nθ) = (1)n ,

◦

 
 





 accordingly, the orm unction o scattering becomes.

 
 ⃒ ⃒
 
  
 2 ⃒∑ ∞ ⃒
  
 ⃒ n⃒
W Wn,12 Wn,13 1 0 0 0 1
 
Wn,14 Hn r1 kr,3   u⌈r
 r,n
1⌉ 

 f∞  = ⃒ εn bn (1) ⃒ (54)
 n,11
   





 (π k0,y rout )05 ⃒ n=0 ⃒
 Wn,21 Wn,22 Wn,23 0 1 0 0 Wn,24 Hn1 r1 kr,3  
 uθ,n
⌈r1 ⌉



   
W Wn,32 Wn,33 0 0 1 0 1

Wn,34 Hn r1 kr,3  

 u⌈r 1⌉


 It should be noted that the scattering orm unction has been ach-
 n,31 z,n 
 2
  1
  



 ieved or the case o an internal cavity resonance.
 Wn,41 Wn,42 Wn,43 0 0 0 Hn r4 kr,1 Wn,44 Hn r1 kr,3  ur,n4 ⌉
 ⌈r

W   In this study, or a resonant interior, the procedure o noise reduction
 n,51 Wn,52 Wn,53 0 0 0 0 Wn,54 Hn1 r1 kr,3 
 uθ,n4
⌈r ⌉ 

 is carried out using the sound pressure mean square on the internal and
 1
   

 Wn,61 Wn,62 Wn,63 0 0 0 0 Wn,64 Hn r1 kr,3   
 external cylinder suraces as ollows:
  u⌈r 4⌉ 
 0 0 0 1 0 0 Ln,77 0  z,n 

  
 ∫ ∫∫
  Pr
 

 2
 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ln,88   P = P2 (r, θ, z, t)ds = rP2 (r, θ, z, t)dθdz) (55)
 
 Pt



 



 S S

 


 






 Here, S is the related surace and P is the external or internal
  pressure o sound on the surace o the body. The noise reduction can be

 0
 obtained as ollows:

 



0  
 2

0 
 Pout





 NR = 10log10 2
(56)

  Pin
F n,41 
= ,

 0  
 


 0 

 4. Numerical results

 


 


 F n,71 


 
 4.1. Parameters and validation o results
0
(49) Due to the lack o researches in the eld o the vibroacoustic response
where. o the shells lined with the FGPP, to validate the LVM model, the ob-
tained results in this paper are compared with those o researchers that
investigated the NR and TL o isotropic shells (Sastry and Munjal [50],

8
A. Tarkashvand et al. Composite Structures 292 (2022) 115673

Fig. 4. Comparison between LVM model and Sastry [50] results.

Fig. 5. Comparison between LVM model and Ghinet et al. [85] results.

Table 1
Material properties used in this study.
Material properties Shells Fluids

Inner (AL) Core Outer (AL) Outer medium (Water) Cavity (Air)

kg 2760 2760 1025 1.29

Density ( 3 )
m
Young’s Modulus (GPa) 72 72 – –
Poisson’s ratio 0.3 0.3 – –
Sound speed (ms) – – 1500 340
Inner radius (m) 0.3675 0.398 – –
Outer radius (m) 0.368 0.4 – –
Thickness (mm) 05 300 2 – –

9
A. Tarkashvand et al. Composite Structures 292 (2022) 115673

Fig. 6. Eect o dierent types o polymeric matrices on sound wave transmission.

obtained by Sastry and Munjal [50] or the innite cylindrical shell
Table 2
excited by a plane sound wave as shown in Fig. 4 The good agreement in
Properties o polymeric matrices.
the Figure reveals the validation o the problem-solving procedure.
Polymer G0 G∞ τ (s) α β Density Finally, in Fig. 5 another comparison is carried out with that work
(MPa) (GPa) (gcm3 )
published by Ghinet et al. [85]. As can be observed, excellent conormity
2 1.558 3.573 1.574e- 0.5332 0.0269 1.092 is obtained. However, a minor discrepancy can be seen in this compar-
6 ison, because in Re [85], the eld o displacement has been dened
7 2.002 2.129 1.468e- 0.6378 0.0296 1.084
4
using the Mindlin theory. It must be mentioned that the Mindlin theory
12 1.634 2.156 7.127e- 0.4998 0.0460 1.087 is based on a linear displacement variation through the thickness di-
8 rection. Thereore, shear stress and strain are not properly considered in
the direction o shell thickness. Besides, in this direction, normal stress is
completely neglected.
Ghinet et al. [85]). To carry those comparisons, it is necessary to make
In this study, to investigate the eects o dierent parameters on
some changes in the developed code so that the structure under study is
noise reduction and acoustic scattering, the external and internal fuids
closer to an isotropic structure:
are considered water and air, respectively with a resonant interior. Also,
(I) The value o the porosity coecient (N0 ) must be equal to zero.
to observe the eect o dierent parameters on the sound transmission,
(II) The value o relaxation time in the Haveriliak-Negami model is
or the external and internal media, the air is considered in the absence
considered to be zero (eliminating the part o viscous).
o cavity resonances. The values o parameters used in this study are
As the rst case o comparison, the results are evaluated with those
presented in Table 1. It should be noted that the incident angle o the
sound wave is selected as 45◦ in the present study.

4.2. Eect o the polymeric matrix

Fig. 6 shows the eect o dierent types o polymeric matrices on

sound wave transmission. For this purpose, three polymeric matrices 2,
7, and 12 are considered which the properties are listed in Table 2 [62].
In this analysis, m = 1 and N0 = 05 and s = 1 are considered. As can be
seen rom Fig. 6, Polymer 7 is improved the TL o the sandwich shell
compared to other polymers. This can be attributed to the mechanical
properties o polymer 7, which provides a more appropriate loss actor
coecient. The variations o the loss actor coecients are shown in
Fig. 7. The variations o G’ and G’’ show that polymer 7 has the highest
stiness (See Fig. 8). Another important and eective parameter in
damping acoustic waves is relaxation time, which or Polymer 7 is less
than other polymeric matrices.
Fig. 9 exhibits the backscattered orm unction amplitude changes
or the three polymers 2, 7, and 12. The backscattered orm unction
amplitude specications are highly dependent on the acoustic wave-
length so that its value tends to be sot values or k0 r4 = 0 and rigid
values or k0 r4 = 1. Any polymeric matrix that provides more stiness
Fig. 7. Variations o the loss actor coecients or the three polymers 2, 7, should lead the curved dips to higher requencies due to increased
and 12. stiness. Due to changes in G and G′′ , polymers 2 and 12 have less
′

10
A. Tarkashvand et al. Composite Structures 292 (2022) 115673

Fig. 8. Variations o G ’and G’’ or the three polymers 2, 7, and 12.

Fig. 9. The backscattered orm unction amplitude changes or the three polymers 2, 7, and 12.

Fig. 10. The NR changes or the three polymers 2, 7, and 12.

11
A. Tarkashvand et al. Composite Structures 292 (2022) 115673

stiness and resonance occurs at low requencies. can be attributed to the decrease in stiness and density o the FGPP
The NR changes relative to the polymer change are shown in Fig. 10. core. This process can be seen in Fig. 12.
The loss actor is the main eective parameter in NR. As the loss actor Fig. 13 shows the eect o the power index s on the acoustic scat-
variation curve shows, polymer 7 has the highest value at low re- tering o a thick-walled sandwich shell with an FGPP core. Increasing the
quencies. Thereore, at low requencies, it amplies the NR or the amount o power index causes the structure to move rom sti to sot
sandwich shell with polymer 7. However, as the requency increases, the (decrease in stiness and density). This causes the resonance points to
loss actor o polymer 7 decreases, which reduces the noise reduction o shit to the lower requencies.
the sandwich structure compared to polymers 2 and 12. Noise reduction changes or a sandwich shell with an FGPP core are
shown in Fig. 14. This Figure indicates that by increasing the power
4.3. Eect o power index index, noise reduction decreases. Since the stiness and density decrease
with increasing power index.
Fig. 11 examines the eect o the power index s on the sound
transmission o a sandwich shell with an FGPP core. For this purpose, 4.4. Eect o type o porosity distribution
polymer 2 and three dierent values o 1, 2, and 3 or s are considered.
Also, The value o m = 1, N0 = 05, and ψ 0 = 45 are assumed. It can be The changes in sound transmission o a sandwich shell with an FGPP
◦

seen in the Figure that with increasing the value o s, sound transmission core relative to the distribution o the pores are shown in Fig. 15. For this
loss decreases across the whole requency range. This decrease in the TL analysis, dierent types o distributions 1, 2, and 3 have been

Fig. 11. The eect o the power index s on the sound transmission o a sandwich shell with an FGPP core.

Fig. 12. The variations o (a) shear modulus and (b) density o the FGPP core in the thickness direction.

12
A. Tarkashvand et al. Composite Structures 292 (2022) 115673

Fig. 13. The eect o the power index s on the acoustic scattering o a thick-walled sandwich shell with an FGPP core.

Fig. 14. The eect o the power index s on Noise reduction changes or a sandwich shell with an FGPP core.

Fig. 15. The eect o type o porosity distribution on the sound transmission o a sandwich shell with an FGPP core.

13
A. Tarkashvand et al. Composite Structures 292 (2022) 115673

m reduces the sound transmission loss across the whole requency range.
It also decreases the natural requency resulting rom the interaction
between the structure and the fuid.
Fig. 17 shows the eect o pores distribution (m) on sound scattering.
As mentioned in the previous section, increasing m reduces the density
and modulus o elasticity, and this leads to a reduction in the stiness o
the structure. This phenomenon is ully observed in Fig. 17 because the
resonant requencies shit to the lower requencies.
In Fig. 18 the eects o pores distribution on noise reduction o a
sandwich structure with an FGPP core are shown. Although by
increasing the stiness and density, noise reduction and energy losses
will be increased in a structure. This can be easily seen in the Figure.

4.5. Eect o porosity coefcient

The eect o porosity coecient (N0 ) on the acoustic vibration

behavior o the sandwich shell with an FGPP core is analyzed. First, it is
Fig. 16. The variations o density or dierent types o porosity. necessary to investigate the porosity coecient eect on the mechanical
properties o the FGPP core. Fig. 19 shows the eect o the porosity
considered. The type o distribution (m) is symmetrical so that the inner coecient on density and shear modulus in the direction o thickness.
and outer layers have smaller pores and towards the middle radius the This Figure shows that by increasing the porosity coecient, the shear
size o the pores becomes larger. m = 1 indicates that a larger percentage modulus and density decrease in the thickness direction, leading to a
o the cross-section is composed o small pores. To see the eects o pore decrease in the structure’s stiness. To investigate the eect o porosity
distribution, it must rst be examined what eect it has on the stiness on the vibroacoustic behavior o sandwich structures, three dierent
and density o the structure. In Fig. 16 it can be seen that increasing m values o 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 have been considered or the porosity coe-
reduces the stiness and density o the FGPP core. Thereore, increasing cient. Fig. 20 exhibits the eect o the porosity coecient on the sound
transmission o the sandwich shell. As can be seen rom the Figure,

Fig. 17. The eect o type o porosity distribution on the acoustic scattering o a thick-walled sandwich shell with an FGPP core.

Fig. 18. The eect o type o porosity distribution on Noise reduction changes or a sandwich shell with an FGPP core.

14
A. Tarkashvand et al. Composite Structures 292 (2022) 115673

increasing the porosity coecient decreases the TL o the structure in

the areas o mass control and stiness control, because by increasing the
porosity coecient, the stiness and density o the structure decrease. It
should be noted that the increment o the porosity coecient will reduce
the natural requency o the structure-fuid transaction (rst dip).
Because the stiness o the structure has decreased. Another point that
must be considered is the changes in the ring and critical requencies
(second and third dips). Increasing the porosity o the FGPP core in-
creases the ring requency and decreases the critical requency. These
changes in requency dips can be attributed to the changes in the
modulus o elasticity and density o the structure.
Fig. 21 demonstrates the eect o the porosity coecient on acoustic
scattering. The Figure shows that by increasing the porosity coecient,
the requency dips occurred at lower requencies. This phenomenon can
be attributed to the reduction o the stiness o the structure due to
increasing the porosity coecient.
The eect o the porosity coecient on noise reduction o the FGPP
core sandwich structure is shown in Fig. 22. In this Figure, it can be seen
that at low requencies (stiness control region), the NR is higher or
structures with lower porosity coecients, because an FGPP core with
less porosity creates more stiness. But at higher requencies (higher
than the ring requency) due to the higher porosity coecient, the
percentage o the material decreases and causes noise to be lost in the
porous environment. As a result, by increasing the porosity, the reduc-
tion o noise is improved at high requencies.

4.6. Eect o the polymer matrix, s, m and N0 on the acoustic pressure

feld

In Fig. 23 the variations in the real part o the sound pressure in the
surrounding outside the center o the cylinder concerning the changes in
the polymer matrix, power index (s), the porosity coecient (N0 ), and
the type o porosity distribution (m) at z = 0 and θ = 0 and 180◦ are
◦

presented. It should be noted that the refection o waves varies ac-

cording to the boundary conditions. When the wave incidences the ree
(fexible) boundary conditions, the wave will be refected in the same
shape (in-phase). Thereore, the amplitudes o the refected wave
combine with the incident wave, and a wave with a larger amplitude
will be ormed. However, or rigid boundary conditions, the wave will
be refected with an out-phase. In addition, Due to the rigidity and
stiness o the structure, the sound wave will be refected with a larger
Fig. 19. The eect o porosity coecient on (a) density and (b) shear modulus out-phase. In other words, the amplitude o the refected wave decreases
in the thickness direction o the sandwich shell with an FGPP core.
rom the amplitude o the incident wave, and a wave with a smaller

Fig. 20. The eect o porosity coecient on the sound transmission o a sandwich shell with an FGPP core.
15
A. Tarkashvand et al. Composite Structures 292 (2022) 115673

Fig. 21. The eect o porosity coecient on the acoustic scattering o a thick-walled sandwich shell with an FGPP core.

Fig. 22. The eect o porosity coecient on Noise reduction changes or a sandwich shell with an FGPP core.

amplitude will be created. Here, when the acoustic wave incidents to the sound pressure at 180◦ occurs or structures with high m. Porosity is a
structure, part o the acoustic wave will be refected, and part o it criterion or the determination o the amount o hollow space within a
penetrates the structure. As mentioned in the above analysis, the amount material. This criterion shows the ratio o the volume o the hollow
o sound transmission through the structure or materials with higher space to the total volume, and its values change between 0 and 1. As this
stiness and density is less .The acoustic pressure eld due to the exci- value increases, the hollow space inside the material increases. So, the
tation o a sound plane wave can be seen in Fig. 24. density and stiness o the structure decrease. This causes the refected
As Fig. 23 shows, changes in the polymer matrix have a signicant wave rom the high porosity structure to be emitted with a smaller phase
eect on the sound pressure o the surrounding fuid. Given that Poly- dierence than the refected wave rom the material with a lower
mer 2 has higher stiness and density than Polymer 7, the refected porosity coecient. Thereore, the amplitude o sound pressure in-
sound wave is emitted with a larger out-phase, and thereore the sound creases at 180◦ with increasing porosity.
pressure resultant has a smaller amplitude. Also, according to that s = 1 Ater the incidence o the sound wave to the structure at 180◦ , it will
provides a material with greater stiness and density, it creates a re- be directed to the sides (θ = 90 and 270◦ ) and combined at θ = 0 . The
◦ ◦

fected sound wave with a larger amplitude than s = 2. Considering the wave amplitude also increases by increasing the distance rom the cyl-
phase dierence between the incident and refected sound wave, it has a inder surace, (see the contour). Because the amplitude o the refected
smaller sound pressure amplitude than s = 2. A change in the value o m acoustic wave is greater or the stier material, the acoustic pressure or
causes a change in the arrangement o the pores in the radial direction. a structure made o material with a higher density and stiness appears
Increasing the value o m causes a lower percentage o material and a with a larger amplitude. This can be seen clearly in Fig. 23 or the
larger size o the pores. Thereore, increasing m reduces the density and polymer matrix, s, m, and porosity variations.
stiness o the structure. For this reason, increment in the amplitude o

16
A. Tarkashvand et al. Composite Structures 292 (2022) 115673

Fig. 23. The variations in the real part o the sound pressure in the surrounding outside the center o the cylinder with respect to the changes in the (a) polymer
matrix, (b) power index (s), (c) the type o porosity distribution (m), (d) the porosity coecient (N0 ) at z = 0 and θ = 0 and 180◦ .
◦

17
A. Tarkashvand et al. Composite Structures 292 (2022) 115673

and the isotopic shells. Finally, the eects o mechanical parameters o

the FGPP core such as polymer matrix, porosity coecient, type o
porosity distribution, and power-law index on the vibroacoustic
behavior o the structure were examined and the ollowing results were
achieved:

1. The results showed that the proposed approach can well model the
dynamic response o viscoelastic materials with inhomogeneous
structures whose mechanical properties change continuously rom
one surace to another linearly or nonlinearly.
2. Loss actor and relaxation time are the important properties o
unctionally graded porous polymers. The results demonstrated that
the polymer with the highest loss actor and relaxation time has the
highest eciency in passive control o sound transmission and noise
reduction. Meanwhile, compared to other polymers, polymer 7 has
the best perormance. More, in the backscattering orm-unction o
polymers 2 and 12 was observed a letward shit in the resonance
modes, at the requency range, which is because o a decrease in the
Fig. 24. Acoustic pressure eld due to the excitation o a sound plane wave.
stiness.
3. The results exhibited that any actor that changes the properties such
5. Summary and discussion as density and stiness o unctionally graded porous polymers has a
signicant eect on changing the vibroacoustic behavior o the
In this paper, by applying a new approach as known the layered structure. Increasing parameters such as power-law index, the type o
viscoelastic model based on the 3-D theory o elasticity, the vibroa- porosity distribution, and the porosity coecient reduced the sti-
coustic behavior o sandwich cylindrical structures was analyzed. This ness and density o the structure. Thereore, those reduced the sound
structure was made o unctionally graded porous polymers. In this transmission loss and noise reduction. Also, the increase in the value
approach, it was considered that the FGPP core contains an innite o parameters led to a decrease in the total stiness o the sandwich
number o viscoelastic layers in which the layers are ully connected. cylindrical shell and a letward shit in the resonance requencies.
The Havriliak–Negami model was employed to describe the viscoelastic
dynamics o each layer. Due to the eect o rotary inertia and shear Declaration of Competing Interest
deormation, the displacement and stress elds o each layer were ob-
tained rom the 3-D theory o elasticity. Next, a local transer matrix was The authors declare that they have no known competing nancial
ormed to relate the boundary conditions o the inner and outer suraces interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to infuence
o each layer. Subsequent, by considering the stress and displacement the work reported in this paper.
continuity conditions at the interace layers, a global transer matrix was
constructed to relate the boundary conditions between the FGPP core

Appendix A

The radial components (r) and gr, θ, z (r) are dened as ollows [75]:
f (r) = An In (γr) + Bn Kn (A1)

gz (r) = Cn In (βr) + Dn Kn (βr) (A2)

2g1 (r) = 2En In+1 (βr) + 2Fn Kn+1 (βr) (A3)

2g2 (r) = 2H n In1 (βr) + 2Q n Kn1 (βr) (A4)

In the above relations, In and Kn are the rst and second kinds o modied Bessel’s unction, respectively.
⃒ ⃒ ⃒ ⃒
⃒ ω2 ⃒ ⃒ ω2 ⃒
⃒ 2⃒ ⃒ 2⃒
γ2 = ⃒ 2
 k z ⃒ , β 2
= ⃒ 2
 kz ⃒ (A5)
⃒(Ï»1 ) ⃒ ⃒(Ï»2 ) ⃒

Here, there are six unknown parameters o An , Bn , Cn , Dn , En and Fn , and g1 (r), g2 (r) are expressed as [65,86]:
gr (r)  gθ (r) = 2g1 (r) (A6)

gr (r) + gθ (r) = 2g2 (r) (A7)

The gauge invariance eature [65,86-90] has been applied or the elimination o the constants o integration that enter Eqs. (15). It may be
demonstrated that every three potentials including gz (r), gr (r) gθ (r) and gr (r) + gθ (r), without losing the solution generality, can be set equal to zero. I
gr (r) + gθ (r) = 0, can be ound that gr (r) = gθ (r) = g1 (r), thereore H n = Q n = 0.

Appendix B

The unctions ur,n (r), uθ,n (r) and uz,n (r) are the components o displacement in radial, circumerential, and axial directions, respectively, and are
dened as ollows:

18
A. Tarkashvand et al. Composite Structures 292 (2022) 115673

′ ′
n n
ur,n (r) = γI n (γr)An + γKn (γr)Bn + In (βr)Cn + Kn (βr)Dn  ik1z In+1 (βr)En
r r (B1)
ik1z βKn+1 (βr)Fn ,

n n ′ ′
uθ,n (r) =  In (γr)An  Kn (γr)Bn  βI n (βr)Cn  βK n (βr)Dn  ik1z In+1 (βr)En
r r (B2)
ik1z Kn+1 (βr)Fn ,
 
′ n+1
uz,n (r) = ik1z In (βr)An  ik1z Kn+1 (βr)Bn  βIn+1 (βr) + In+1 (βr) En
r
  (B3)
′ n+1
 βK n+1 (βr) + Kn+1 (βr) Fn ,
r

Appendix C

The unctions σ rr,n (r), τrθ,n (r) and τrz,n are the components o stress in radial, circumerential, and axial directions, respectively, and are dened as
ollows:
     
n 2 λ ′
σrr,n (r) = λ  + k1z 2 In (γr) + (λ + 2μ)γ 2 In′′ (γr) + γI n (γr) An
r r
     
n 2 ′′ λ ′
+ λ  + k1z 2 Kn (γr) + (λ + 2μ)γ 2 K n (γr) + γK n (γr) Bn
r r
   n 
n 2 ′ (c1)
+ 2μ βI n (βr)  2μ 2 In (βr) Cn
r r
   n 
n 2 ′  
+ 2μ βK n (βr)  2μ 2 Kn (βr) Dn +  i2μk1z βIn+1 (βr) En
′

r r
 
+  i2μk1z βKn+1 (βr) Fn ,
′

{ n ′ n } { n ′ n }

τrθ,n (r) =  2μ γI n (γr) + 2μ 2 In (γr) An +  2μ γK n (γr) + 2μ 2 Kn (γr) Bn
r r r r
 n2 μ ′ 
+ μ In (βr)  μβ In (βr) +
2 ′′
βI n (βr) Cn
r r
 n2  μ ′ 
′′
+ μ Kn (βr)  μβ2 K n (βr) + βK n (βr) Dn
r r
    (C2)
n+1
+ iμk1z In+1 (βr)  iμk1z βIn+1 (βr) En
′

r
 
n+1
+iμk1z Kn+1 (βr)
r
iμk1z βKn+1 (βr)Fn ,
′

 n ′ 
   
τrz,n (r) =  i2μk1z γIn (γr) An +  i2μk1z γK n (γr) Bn +  iμk1z
′ ′
βIn (βr) Cn
r
 n ′ 
+  iμk1z βKn (βr) Dn
r
     
n+1 n+1 2 ′′ (C3)
+ μ 2
μ μ
′
 k 1z In+1 (βr)  βI n+1 (βr)  β I n+1 (βr) En
r2 r
   
n+1 n+1
+μ 2
Kn+1 (βr)  μ
′
 k1z βKn+1 (βr)
r2 r
μβ2 Kn+1
′′
(βr)Fn ,

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