Chapter 8

Basic Hardware Knowledge

Introduction to Computer Hardware

Computer hardware refers to the physical components of a computer system. These components work
together to process and manage data, run applications, and perform tasks. Understanding these
components and their roles helps in troubleshooting, upgrading, and optimizing a computer system.

Overview of Computer Hardware Components

1. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
o Description: Often called the brain of the computer, the CPU executes instructions and
performs calculations.
o Components: Includes the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) and the Control Unit (CU).
o Role: Processes data and instructions from software to perform tasks and run
applications.
2. Motherboard
o Description: The main circuit board that houses the CPU, RAM, and other essential
components.
o Components: Includes sockets for the CPU, RAM slots, expansion slots, and connectors
for various peripherals.
o Role: Connects and allows communication between all hardware components of the
computer.
3. Random Access Memory (RAM)
o Description: Volatile memory that temporarily stores data and instructions that the CPU
needs while performing tasks.
o Role: Provides fast access to data and instructions for the CPU, facilitating quick
processing and multitasking.
4. Read-Only Memory (ROM)
o Description: Non-volatile memory that contains firmware or software that is
permanently programmed into the computer.
o Role: Stores essential startup instructions and system firmware, such as the BIOS/UEFI.
5. Hard Disk Drive (HDD) / Solid State Drive (SSD)
o Description: Storage devices for permanently storing data and programs.
o HDD: Uses spinning disks and read/write heads to access data.
o SSD: Uses flash memory for faster data access without moving parts.
o Role: Stores the operating system, applications, and user data.
6. Power Supply Unit (PSU)
o Description: Converts electrical power from an outlet into a form that the computer
components can use.
o Role: Supplies power to all internal components, including the motherboard, CPU, and
storage devices.
7. Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)
o Description: Also known as a video card, it processes and renders graphics and visual
output.
 o Role: Enhances visual performance for gaming, video editing, and graphics-intensive
applications.
8. Cooling System
o Description: Includes fans, heatsinks, and liquid cooling solutions.
o Role: Prevents overheating of components such as the CPU and GPU, maintaining
optimal performance and longevity.
9. Input Devices
o Description: Devices used to input data into the computer.
o Examples: Keyboard, mouse, scanner.
o Role: Allow users to interact with the computer and provide data and commands.
10. Output Devices
o Description: Devices that output data from the computer to the user.
o Examples: Monitor, printer, speakers.
o Role: Display or produce the results of the computer’s processes.
11. Networking Components
o Description: Hardware used to connect and communicate with other computers and
networks.
o Examples: Network Interface Card (NIC), routers, modems.
o Role: Facilitate communication and data exchange between computers and networks.
12. Peripheral Devices
o Description: External devices connected to the computer to expand its functionality.
o Examples: External hard drives, webcams, USB flash drives.
o Role: Provide additional features and capabilities, such as extra storage or enhanced
input/output options.

Role of Hardware in Computer Systems

1. Data Processing:
o The CPU processes data and executes instructions. RAM provides the necessary space
for data and instructions that the CPU needs in real-time, ensuring efficient processing.
2. Storage:
o HDDs and SSDs store operating systems, applications, and user data. This storage is
essential for long-term data retention and retrieval.
3. Communication:
o The motherboard connects all components, enabling communication between the CPU,
memory, and storage devices. Networking components facilitate data exchange with
other computers and networks.
4. User Interaction:
o Input devices allow users to provide data and commands, while output devices present
the results. This interaction is crucial for the usability of the computer system.
5. Power Management:
o The PSU ensures that all components receive the appropriate power to function
correctly. Proper power management is vital for stability and preventing damage.
6. Cooling:
o The cooling system maintains optimal operating temperatures for hardware components,
preventing overheating and potential damage.
7. Expansion and Flexibility:
 o Expansion slots on the motherboard and peripheral ports allow for the addition of extra
hardware components, such as GPUs or additional storage, enhancing the system's
capabilities.

1. Types of Input Devices

1. Keyboard
 Description: A device with keys for typing letters, numbers, and commands.
 Usage: Used for inputting text, executing commands, and navigating the computer.
 Types: QWERTY, ergonomic, gaming keyboards.
2. Mouse
 Description: A pointing device used to interact with the computer's graphical user interface
(GUI).
 Usage: Used for selecting items, navigating, and executing commands.
 Types: Optical, laser, wireless, gaming mice.
3. Pen (Stylus)
 Description: A tool used for precise input on touch-sensitive screens or tablets.
 Usage: Ideal for drawing, writing, and interacting with touchscreen devices.
 Types: Active (requires power) and passive (does not require power).
4. Touch Screen
 Description: A display that allows users to interact directly by touching the screen.
 Usage: Common in smartphones, tablets, and some monitors for direct input.
5. Scanners
 Description: Devices that convert physical documents or images into digital formats.
 Usage: Used for digitizing photos, documents, and other physical media.
 Types: Flatbed scanners, sheet-fed scanners, handheld scanners.
2. Types of Output Devices
1. Monitor
 Description: A display screen used to show visual output from the computer.
 Usage: Displays the graphical user interface, videos, images, and text.
 Types: LCD, LED, OLED, CRT.
2. Printer
 Description: A device that produces physical copies of digital documents and images.
 Usage: Used for printing text documents, photos, and other media.
 Types: Inkjet, laser, dot-matrix.
3. Speakers
 Description: Output devices that produce sound from the computer.
 Usage: Used for listening to music, sounds, and audio from applications.
 Types: Built-in (in monitors or laptops), external (standalone speakers).
4. Projector
 Description: A device that projects visual output onto a larger screen or surface.
 Usage: Used for presentations, watching movies, and displaying information to larger
audiences.
 Types: LCD projectors, DLP projectors, LED projectors.
3. Types of Storage Devices
1. Hard Disk Drive (HDD)
 Description: A storage device with spinning disks and read/write heads.
 Usage: Provides large storage capacity for operating systems, applications, and files.
2. Solid State Drive (SSD)
 Description: A storage device that uses flash memory for faster data access.
  Usage: Offers faster performance compared to HDDs and is used for storing operating systems
and applications.
3. CD-ROM
 Description: Compact Disc Read-Only Memory, a type of optical disc used for storing data.
 Usage: Primarily used for distributing software, music, and other data.
4. DVD-ROM
 Description: Digital Versatile Disc Read-Only Memory, a higher-capacity optical disc.
 Usage: Used for storing larger amounts of data, including video and software.
5. USB Storage
 Description: External storage devices that connect via USB ports.
 Usage: Includes USB flash drives and external SSDs/HDDs for portable and additional storage.
4. Operating a Computer and Its Peripherals
1. Booting the Computer:
 Power On: Press the power button on the computer.
 Startup Process: The computer performs a POST (Power-On Self-Test) and loads the operating
system from the storage device.
 Login: Enter user credentials to access the desktop environment.
2. Common Start-Up Errors and Remedies:
 No Power: Check power connections, ensure the power supply is working, and verify the power
button is functional.
 No Display: Check monitor connections, ensure the monitor is powered on, and verify the
graphics card is properly seated.
 Operating System Not Loading: Check for loose cables, perform a system repair using
recovery tools, or reinstall the operating system if necessary.
3. Connecting Peripherals:
1. Keyboard and Mouse:
 Wired: Plug the USB connectors into available USB ports on the computer.
 Wireless: Connect the USB receiver to the computer and ensure the keyboard/mouse has power
and is paired.
2. Monitor:
 Cable Connection: Connect the monitor to the computer using HDMI, DisplayPort, VGA, or
DVI cables.
 Power Connection: Connect the monitor to a power outlet and turn it on.
3. Power Cables and UPS:
 Power Cable: Connect the power cable from the computer to a power outlet or surge protector.
 UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply): Connect the computer’s power cable to the UPS and
plug the UPS into the wall outlet.
5. Demonstrating Procedure for Installing and Setting Up a New Computer
1. Unbox the Computer:
 Carefully remove the computer and all peripherals from their packaging.
2. Connect the Monitor:
 Plug the monitor cable into the appropriate port on the computer and connect the monitor to a
power source.
 Turn on the monitor.
3. Connect the Keyboard and Mouse:
 Plug the USB connectors into the computer’s USB ports. For wireless devices, connect the USB
receiver and ensure they are powered on and paired.
4. Connect the Printer and Scanner:
  Printer: Connect the printer to the computer using a USB cable or set it up wirelessly. Install
the printer driver from the manufacturer's website or CD.
 Scanner: Connect the scanner to the computer using a USB cable or set it up wirelessly. Install
the scanner driver and software.
5. Connect Power Cables and UPS:
 Connect the power cable to the computer and plug it into the UPS or directly into the power
outlet.
 Ensure the UPS is plugged into the wall and turned on.
6. Power On the Computer:
 Press the power button on the computer to turn it on.
7. Install Operating System and Drivers:
 Follow the on-screen instructions to set up the operating system if it's a new installation.
 Install drivers for the printer, scanner, and any other peripherals as needed.
8. Configure Settings:
 Set up user accounts, adjust display settings, and configure other preferences.
9. Test All Peripherals:
 Ensure that the keyboard, mouse, monitor, printer, and scanner are all functioning correctly.

Demonstrate Keyboard layout and functions of different keys. Demonstrate

Proper shut down of PC and explain precautions to avoid an improper shut
down identifying the different hardware parts in the PC.
1. Keyboard Layout and Functions

Keyboard Layout

QWERTY Layout: Most common layout with keys arranged as follows:

Key Functions

 Alphanumeric Keys: Letters (A-Z) and numbers (0-9). Used for typing text and numbers.
 Function Keys: F1 through F12 at the top of the keyboard. They perform different functions depending
on the software (e.g., F1 for Help).
 Escape Key (Esc): Exits or cancels operations.
 Tab Key: Moves the cursor to the next tab stop.
 Caps Lock: Toggles uppercase typing.
 Shift Key: Used for typing capital letters and other alternate characters.
 Control Key (Ctrl): Used in combination with other keys for shortcuts (e.g., Ctrl + C for copy).
 Alt Key: Used for alternate commands or shortcuts (e.g., Alt + F4 to close a window).
 Enter Key: Executes commands or inputs data (e.g., submit a form).
 Backspace Key: Deletes the character to the left of the cursor.
 Delete Key: Deletes the character to the right of the cursor.
 Arrow Keys: Navigate the cursor up, down, left, or right.
 Spacebar: Inserts a space character.
 Print Screen (PrtScn): Takes a screenshot.
 Home and End: Moves the cursor to the beginning or end of a line.
 Page Up and Page Down: Scrolls up or down a page.
 Num Lock: Toggles the numeric keypad on and off.
 Insert Key: Toggles between insert and overwrite mode in text editing.

2. Proper Shutdown of a PC

Steps to Properly Shut Down a PC

1. Save Your Work: Ensure that all files and documents are saved.
2. Close Applications: Exit all open programs and applications.
3. Open the Start Menu:
o Windows: Click on the Start button or press the Windows key.
o macOS: Click on the Apple menu in the top-left corner.
4. Select Shutdown Option:
o Windows: Click on "Power" and then select "Shut Down".
o macOS: Click on "Shut Down..." and confirm.
5. Wait for the Computer to Power Off: Ensure all lights and sounds indicate the computer has
fully shut down before unplugging or turning off the power.

Precautions to Avoid Improper Shutdown

1. Avoid Forceful Shutdowns: Don’t use the power button to force a shutdown unless absolutely
necessary, as it may cause data loss or corruption.
2. Close Programs Properly: Always close applications and save work before shutting down to avoid loss
of data.
3. Update Software: Ensure all software updates and installations are complete before shutting down.
4. Check for Background Processes: Make sure no critical processes are running in the background.
5. Unplug External Devices: Safely eject external storage devices to prevent data corruption.
3. Identifying Different Hardware Parts in a PC

Basic Hardware Components

1. Central Processing Unit (CPU): The brain of the computer where most calculations take place.
It’s usually located on the motherboard and covered by a heat sink and fan.
2. Motherboard: The main circuit board connecting all components. It includes slots for the CPU,
RAM, storage devices, and expansion cards.
3. Random Access Memory (RAM): Temporary storage used by the CPU to hold data that’s
currently being used or processed. It’s installed in slots on the motherboard.
4. Hard Drive / Solid State Drive (HDD/SSD): Permanent storage devices where the operating
system, programs, and files are stored. HDDs use spinning disks, while SSDs use flash memory.
5. Power Supply Unit (PSU): Converts electrical power from an outlet into a usable form for the
computer. It connects to the motherboard and other components.
6. Graphics Processing Unit (GPU): Also known as a video card, it handles rendering images
and video. It can be integrated into the motherboard or installed as a separate card.
7. Cooling System: Includes fans and heatsinks to keep the CPU and GPU from overheating.
8. Optical Drive: A device for reading and writing CDs, DVDs, or Blu-ray discs. Not all modern
PCs have them.
9. Case / Chassis: The enclosure that houses and protects all internal components of the computer.
10. Input and Output Ports: Include USB ports, audio jacks, HDMI ports, and more for
connecting peripherals and external devices.
11. Network Interface Card (NIC): Provides network connectivity (wired or wireless) for the
computer.
 Explain types of Central Processing Unit (Processors, RAM, and ROM).

1. Single-Core CPUs

 What It Is: A CPU with just one core.

 How It Works: It can only handle one task at a time.
 Use: Basic computing tasks, older computers.

2. Multi-Core CPUs

 Dual-Core:
o What It Is: A CPU with two cores.
o How It Works: Can handle two tasks at once, improving multitasking.
 Quad-Core:
o What It Is: A CPU with four cores.
o How It Works: Can handle four tasks at once, making it better for more demanding
applications.
 Hexa-Core:
o What It Is: A CPU with six cores.
o How It Works: Handles six tasks simultaneously, great for gaming and complex
applications.
 Octa-Core:
o What It Is: A CPU with eight cores.
o How It Works: Handles eight tasks at once, excellent for high-performance needs and
multitasking.
 Demonstrate procedure for installation / replacement / maintenance
procedures for hard disk and other peripherals
1. Hard Disk Installation/Replacement
Tools Required:
 Screwdriver (usually Phillips head)
 Anti-static wrist strap (optional, but recommended)
 Replacement hard disk (HDD or SSD)
Installation/Replacement Procedure:
1. Power Down and Unplug:
  Turn off your computer and unplug it from the power source.
2. Open the Computer Case:
 Remove the screws or fasteners securing the side panel of the computer case. Slide or lift off the panel
to access the internal components.
3. Ground Yourself:
 Wear an anti-static wrist strap or touch a grounded metal object to discharge any static electricity.
4. Locate the Hard Disk:
 Find the existing hard disk, typically mounted in a drive bay or bracket.
5. Disconnect Cables:
 Unplug the data (SATA or IDE) and power cables from the old hard disk. Note the cable connections for
reference.
6. Remove the Old Hard Disk:
 Unscrew or unclip the hard disk from its mounting bracket or drive bay. Carefully remove it.
7. Install the New Hard Disk:
 Place the new hard disk into the drive bay or mounting bracket.
 Secure it with screws or clips.
 Connect the data and power cables to the new hard disk, matching the connections you noted earlier.
8. Close the Case:
 Reattach the side panel of the computer case and secure it with screws or fasteners.
9. Power On:
 Plug the computer back in and power it on. Enter the BIOS/UEFI settings if necessary to ensure the new
hard disk is recognized.
 Format the new hard disk if it is a fresh installation. Install or configure the operating system as
needed.
2. Maintenance Procedures for Hard Disk
1. Regular Backups:
 Periodically back up important data to an external drive or cloud storage to prevent data loss.
2. Disk Cleanup:
 Use built-in tools to remove temporary files and free up disk space. In Windows, use "Disk Cleanup"; on
macOS, use "Manage Storage."
3. Check for Errors:
 Use disk checking utilities to identify and fix file system errors. In Windows, use "Check Disk" (chkdsk);
on macOS, use "Disk Utility."
4. Defragmentation (HDD only):
 Regularly defragment the hard disk to optimize performance. In Windows, use "Defragment and
Optimize Drives." Note that SSDs do not require defragmentation.
5. Monitor Health:
 Use tools to monitor the health and performance of the hard disk. Tools like CrystalDiskInfo for
Windows or DriveDx for macOS can help.
3. Installation/Replacement of Other Peripherals
Mouse and Keyboard:
Wired Mouse/Keyboard:
 Procedure: Simply plug the USB connector into an available USB port on your computer. The operating
system will usually recognize and install the necessary drivers automatically.
Wireless Mouse/Keyboard:
 Procedure:
o Insert the USB receiver into an available USB port.
o Turn on the mouse/keyboard using the power switch.
o If necessary, pair the device with the receiver according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
 Printer:
Wired Printer:
 Procedure:
o Connect the printer to the computer using a USB cable.
o Install the printer’s drivers from the manufacturer’s CD or download them from the
manufacturer’s website.
Wireless Printer:
 Procedure:
o Connect the printer to your wireless network following the manufacturer's instructions.
o Install the printer’s drivers on your computer.
o Add the printer via the operating system’s settings (e.g., Windows Printer Settings or macOS
Printers & Scanners).
Monitor:
Procedure:
 Connect the Monitor: Plug the monitor cable (HDMI, DisplayPort, VGA, etc.) into the corresponding
port on the computer.
 Power On: Connect the monitor to a power source and turn it on.
 Adjust Settings: Configure the display settings in your operating system if needed, such as resolution
and orientation.
External Drives:
Procedure:
 Connect the Drive: Plug the external drive into an available USB port.
 Install Drivers: If necessary, install any required drivers from the manufacturer.
 Access the Drive: Use it as you would any internal drive, moving or backing up files as needed.
Summary
 Hard Disk: Follow the steps for proper installation and replacement, and perform regular maintenance
to keep it in good working condition.
 Peripherals: Installation is typically straightforward, involving plugging in cables or connecting
wirelessly. Ensure drivers are installed and configured correctly.

Explain the need for keeping a backup of all data on ships?

Keeping backups of all data on ships is critical for various reasons:
1. Operational Continuity: Ship operations depend heavily on data, including navigation systems, cargo
information, weather forecasts, and communication logs. If this data is lost due to system failure, cyber threats, or
accidents, it could disrupt the ship's operations, leading to delays or even accidents at sea.
2. Safety and Emergency Preparedness: In case of emergencies or unforeseen circumstances, having backups of
crucial data such as emergency protocols, safety procedures, and communication logs ensures that the crew can
access vital information promptly, enhancing their ability to respond effectively to emergencies.
3. Compliance and Documentation: Ships are subject to various regulations and compliance standards. Keeping
backups of important documents, certificates, and compliance records ensures that the ship can provide necessary
documentation during inspections or audits, avoiding penalties or operational halts due to non-compliance.
4. Navigational and Route Planning: Navigation systems, charts, and route planning data are vital for safe and
efficient travel at sea. Backing up this information ensures that even if primary systems fail, alternate systems or
data can be used to navigate safely.
5. Financial and Legal Protection: Loss of data can lead to financial implications such as delays in cargo delivery,
contractual disputes, or legal issues. Having backups safeguards against data loss, minimizing the risk of financial
losses and legal liabilities.
6. Remote Troubleshooting and Maintenance: In situations where technical issues arise while the ship is at sea,
having backup data allows for remote troubleshooting and assistance from shore-based technical teams, potentially
resolving issues without the need for the ship to return to port.
 7. Historical Data and Analysis: Keeping backups enables the collection and retention of historical data, which is
valuable for analyzing performance, identifying trends, and making informed decisions for future voyages and
operational improvements. In essence, maintaining backups of all data on ships is crucial for the safety of crew and
cargo, regulatory compliance, operational efficiency, and overall risk management in the maritime industry. It
ensures that essential information is preserved and accessible, contributing to the safe and efficient functioning of
the vessel.
Explain the need of recovery keeping of all data on ships? Data recovery is
vital in ships for several reasons:
1. Operational Continuity: In the maritime industry, uninterrupted operations are crucial. Data recovery ensures
that in the event of a system failure or data loss, essential information required for navigation, communication,
logistics, and safety can be recovered swiftly. This minimizes downtime and keeps the ship's operations running
smoothly.
2. Safety and Emergency Response: Data recovery plays a pivotal role in emergency situations. In case of
accidents, malfunctions, or crises at sea, retrieving critical data related to emergency protocols, navigation charts,
communication logs, and safety procedures is essential. This data can aid in prompt decision-making and effective
response, potentially preventing or mitigating hazardous situations.
3. Regulatory Compliance: Ships must adhere to strict maritime regulations. Data recovery ensures that
important documents, certificates, compliance records, and navigational logs required for regulatory compliance can
be restored. This is crucial during inspections or audits to demonstrate compliance with industry standards and legal
requirements.
4. Risk Mitigation: Maritime operations face various risks, including cyber threats, equipment failures, and
natural disasters. Data recovery mechanisms act as a safety net, reducing the impact of these risks by enabling the
restoration of critical data, thereby mitigating potential disruptions to operations.
5. Business Continuity and Reputation: Maintaining data recovery capabilities helps uphold business continuity.
Timely and reliable services are essential in the shipping industry, and the ability to recover crucial data swiftly
safeguards against disruptions that could damage the company's reputation and relationships with customers and
partners.
6. Financial Protection: Data loss can lead to financial implications, including delays in deliveries, contractual
disputes, and potential legal consequences. Effective data recovery mechanisms minimize financial risks by ensuring
that lost or corrupted data can be retrieved, averting significant financial losses.
In summary, data recovery in ships is integral for ensuring operational continuity, safety, regulatory compliance,
risk mitigation, business continuity, and financial protection. It serves as a safeguard against data loss, enabling ships
to maintain their functionality, safety standards, and compliance with regulations, ultimately contributing to the
efficiency and reliability of maritime operations.
What are Peripherals?
We all know what a computer is. A computer is a gadget that allows you to deal with data. The
data might take the shape of numbers, text, photos, videos, or sounds. Data is another term for
computer information. Computers are capable of processing massive volumes of data in a
relatively short period of time. They also store and show information.

What is a peripheral device?

A peripheral device is a device that either enters information into a computer system or receives
information from the computer system. The normal workflow of a computer system is the
following.

It receives data and commands from the user, processes the data according to the given commands,
presents the processed data to the user, and stores or prints the processed data if the user gives a
command to save or print.

Except for the components that process the given data, all other components of a computer system
are known as peripheral devices.

In simple words, if a hardware component is not part of the core components and is used either to
put information into the computer system or to get information from the computer system, then it is
a peripheral device. The core components of a computer system are the components that control
the computer system and process the data.
Types of peripheral devices

Peripheral devices are classified into three types. These types are input devices, output devices, and
input/output devices.

An input device inserts data or commands into the computer system. A keyboard, mouse, scanner, barcode
reader, digital pen, webcam, microphone are some examples of input devices.

An output device receives the processed data from the computer system and presents that data to the user.
A monitor, printer, speaker, headphone, and projector are some examples of output devices.

An input/output device can perform both input and output functions. A hard drive, USB drive, memory
card, tape drive, and NIC are some examples of input/output devices.

Examples of peripheral devices

So far we have discussed what a peripheral device is and how many types of peripheral device are. Now,
let's discuss some most common peripheral devices and their functions.

Keyboard

A keyboard is the most common and important input device. It allows the user to enter letters, numbers,
and symbols. When a user presses a key on a keyboard, the keyboard sends a unique signal to the
computer. The processing unit of the computer receives the signal and translates the signal to know which
key is pressed.

Mouse

A mouse is another important input device. It uses point-and-click technology to interact with the system.
Most mice have two buttons and a scroll wheel between them. To track motion, a ball was used in older
mice. Modern mice use laser light to track motion.

Webcam
A webcam is a popular input device. It captures live videos and photos. Usually, it is inbuilt on laptops and
tablets. Mostly, it is used for video calls and live presentations.

Scanner

A scanner is another popular input device. It is used to scan documents. Normally, it is used to save and
use a soft copy of the document.

Monitor

A monitor is one of the most important output devices. It receives output from the processing unit and
displays that output. The output displayed on the monitor is temporary. Because of this, the output
displayed on the monitor is called the soft copy of the output. To make it permanent, you have to store it on
other output devices.
Printer

A printer is another important output device. It prints the given output. After printing, the output is
permanently stored on the paper. Because of this, the output printed on the paper is called the hard copy of
the output. There are mainly three types of printers: dot-matrix, inkjet, and laser. A dot printer uses pins
and an ink-coated ribbon for printing. An inkjet printer uses liquid ink for printing while a laser printer uses
a laser toner for printing.

Speaker

A speaker is a popular output device. It plays the audio output signals. Laptops and tablets have inbuilt
speakers. On desktop computers, they can be attached via ports.

Hard disk

A hard disk is the most important input/output device. It provides both input and output functionalities.
When a computer reads data from the hard disk, the hard disk provides input functionality. When the
computer stores data on the hard disk, the hard disk provides output functionality.

USB drive
USB drives are another popular input/output device. They are compact and small. They are mostly used to
transfer data between computers that are not connected. When you transfer data from a computer to the
USB drive, the USB drive provides output functionality. When you transfer data from a USB drive to the
computer, the USB drive provides input functionality.

NIC

NIC stands for the network interface card. A NIC is an input/output device. A computer uses a NIC to
connect the network. When the computer sends data to the network, it uses the output function of the NIC.
When the computer receives data from the network, it uses the input function of the NIC.

Booting in Operating System

What is Booting?

Booting is the process of starting up your computer and loading the operating system so you can start using
it. Booting is the process of starting a computer. It can be initiated by hardware such as a button press or by a
software command. After it is switched on, a CPU has no software in its main memory, so some processes must
load software into memory before execution. This may be done by hardware or firmware in the CPU or by a
separate processor in the computer system.

Steps to Boot a Computer:

1. Power On the Computer:

o Find the Power Button: This is usually located on the front or side of your computer case
or on the laptop's keyboard.
o Press the Power Button: This turns on the computer and starts the booting process.
2. Initial Screen:
o BIOS/UEFI Screen: For a few seconds, you might see a screen with the computer's brand
logo or information about the hardware. This is the BIOS or UEFI, which helps the
computer recognize and set up its components.
 3. Loading the Operating System:
o Operating System Screen: After the initial screen, your computer will start loading the
operating system (like Windows, macOS, or Linux). You might see a loading bar or
spinning icon while this happens.
o Sign-In Screen: Once the operating system has loaded, you’ll see the login screen where
you enter your username and password.
4. Ready to Use:
o Desktop Appears: After you log in, you’ll see the desktop or main screen of your operating
system. Now you can start using your computer, open programs, and access files.

Common Issues and Fixes

 No Power: Check if the power cable is connected properly and if the power outlet is working.
 No Display: Ensure the monitor is plugged in and turned on, and check the video cable connection.
 Boot Errors: If you see error messages, restart your computer or check the connections to make
sure everything is properly connected.

Common start-up errors and their remedies.

Common start-up errors can prevent your computer from booting up properly. Here’s a guide to some
typical start-up issues and their remedies:

1. No Power
Symptoms:

 Computer doesn’t turn on when you press the power button.

 No lights, sounds, or fans spinning.

Possible Causes and Remedies:

 Power Cable Connection: Ensure the power cable is securely connected to both the computer and the
power outlet.
 Power Supply Unit (PSU): Check if the power supply unit is functioning. Try a different power outlet or
cable.
 Internal Connections: Open the case and check if internal cables are connected properly, especially the 24-
pin motherboard connector and the 4/8-pin CPU connector.

2. No Display
Symptoms:

 Monitor remains blank or displays “No Signal.”

 You can hear the computer running, but nothing appears on the screen.

Possible Causes and Remedies:

 Monitor Connection: Check that the monitor cable is securely connected to both the monitor and the
computer.
 Power to Monitor: Ensure the monitor is plugged in and turned on.
  Graphics Card: If you have a dedicated graphics card, ensure it is properly seated in the slot. Check if the
graphics card’s power connectors are plugged in.
 Test with Another Monitor: Connect a different monitor to see if the issue is with the monitor or the
computer.

3. Boot Device Not Found

Symptoms:

 Error message indicating that no bootable device is found.

 Computer may display “No Boot Device Found” or similar messages.

Possible Causes and Remedies:

 Check Boot Order: Enter the BIOS/UEFI setup (usually by pressing F2, F12, Delete, or Esc during startup)
and verify that the hard drive or SSD is set as the primary boot device.
 Check Connections: Ensure that the hard drive or SSD cables are securely connected to both the drive and
the motherboard.
 Drive Failure: If the drive is not detected, it might be faulty. Try connecting it to another computer to see if
it is recognized.

4. Operating System Not Found

Symptoms:

 Error message indicating that the operating system is missing or cannot be found.

Possible Causes and Remedies:

 Corrupted Boot Files: Use a recovery tool or installation media to repair boot files.
 Boot Order: Ensure the correct drive is selected as the boot device in BIOS/UEFI.
 Reinstall OS: If the OS files are irreparably damaged, you may need to reinstall the operating system.

5. Blue Screen of Death (BSOD)

Symptoms:

 A blue screen with an error message and code appears, and the computer may restart automatically.

Possible Causes and Remedies:

 Driver Issues: Update or roll back recent driver updates. Boot into Safe Mode if necessary to uninstall
problematic drivers.
 Hardware Problems: Check for hardware issues, such as faulty RAM or overheating components. Run
hardware diagnostics if available.
 System Updates: Install any pending operating system updates or patches that might resolve the issue.

6. Beeping Sounds
Symptoms:

 The computer emits a series of beeps when powered on, without a display.
Possible Causes and Remedies:

 BIOS Beep Codes: Beep codes indicate specific issues. Refer to your motherboard’s manual for the meaning
of the beeps.
 Reseat Components: Ensure that RAM, graphics cards, and other internal components are properly seated.
 Check RAM: Remove and reseat RAM modules. Try booting with one stick of RAM at a time if you have
multiple sticks.

7. Boot Loop
Symptoms:

 The computer repeatedly restarts itself during the boot process.

Possible Causes and Remedies:

 Safe Mode: Boot into Safe Mode to troubleshoot issues. You may need to disable recently installed
software or drivers.
 Check for Hardware Issues: Loose or faulty hardware components can cause boot loops. Verify all internal
connections and test hardware components.
 Reset BIOS/UEFI Settings: Reset BIOS/UEFI settings to default. This can resolve issues caused by incorrect
configuration.

8. Operating System Errors

Symptoms:

 Error messages related to the operating system during or after the boot process.

Possible Causes and Remedies:

 System File Corruption: Use built-in system repair tools like “sfc /scannow” or “chkdsk” to repair corrupted
system files.
 Software Conflicts: Uninstall recently added software that may be causing conflicts.
 Restore to Previous State: Use System Restore to revert the system to a point before the errors started
occurring.

Summary

 No Power: Check cables and power supply.

 No Display: Check monitor connections and graphics card.
 Boot Device Not Found: Check boot order and drive connections.
 Operating System Not Found: Repair or reinstall the operating system.
 BSOD: Update drivers, check hardware, and apply system updates.
 Beeping Sounds: Refer to beep codes and check component connections.
 Boot Loop: Boot into Safe Mode and check hardware.
 Operating System Errors: Repair system files and resolve software conflicts.
 Setting up a computer
 So you have a new computer and you're ready to set it up. This may seem like an overwhelming
and complicated task, but it's actually a lot easier than you might think! Most computers are set up
in a similar way, so it doesn't matter what brand of computer you have.
 If you're setting up a new computer that's still in the box, you'll probably find a how-to guide that
includes step-by-step details. Even if it didn't include instructions, you can still set up the computer
in a few easy steps. We'll take you through the different steps needed to set up a typical computer.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RnM3u99xIf4&t=6s

Connecting peripherals – keyboard, mouse, monitor, power cables,

UPS to the computer and checking all connections
https://edu.gcfglobal.org/en/computerbasics/getting-started-with-your-first-
computer/1/

Demonstrate procedure for the installation of setting up a new

computer along with other peripherals (keyboard, scanner, printer)
https://edu.gcfglobal.org/en/basic-computer-skills/how-to-set-up-a-new-
printer/1/