INFORMATION & COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPARTMENT

ICS 102 - Introduction to Computing

LAB#08 2-D Arrays

Objectives:

To gain experience with:

 Declaring, creating and accessing 2D-arrays
 Manipulating 2D-arrays.
 Rugged 2D-arrays.
1. Brief Review of 2-D Arrays

Why 2D-arrays?

A 2D-array is used to store information that would otherwise require several 1D-arrays to store. For
example, assume you have a table of student grades in 5 quizes as follows
ID quiz1 quiz2 quiz3 quiz4 quiz5 This table can be stored as:
1. five 1D arrays, each represents a
900000 50.5 40.0 60.0 0.0 55.0 column,
920000 70.0 60.0 75.0 90.0 66.5 2. six 1D arrays, each represents a row,
930520 65.0 70.0 65.0 80.0 78.0 3. or one 2D array, in which the position
of each element is determined by its
940000 80.0 90.0 95.0 85.0 100.0
row and column
953478 40.0 30.0 50.0 55.0 45.0
972893 60.0 50.0 39.0 70.0 55.9

The third solution (having a single entity representing 2D array) is more general and convenient for
programmers dealing with data that are naturally organized in tables.

Java 2D-array:

In Java, a table may be conceptually implemented as a 2D array. Each slot of the array is a variable
that can hold a value and works like any variable. As with one-dimensional arrays, every slot in a 2D
array is of the same type. The type can be a primitive type or an object reference type.

Note:

 Rows are numbered from 0 to N-1, where N is the number of rows

 Columns are numbered from 0 to M-1, where M is the number of columns.
 A 2D array with N rows and M columns will have N times M number of slots.
 However, it is possible for a 2D array to have different number of slots in each row.
 The length of a 2D array is the number of rows in the array.

2. Declaring 2D-arrays:

A 2D-array is an object, and a 2D-array object reference is declared as follows

type[ ][ ] arrayName;

Declaring and creating 2D Array object Example1:

int[][] grades;
Page 1 of 10
The declaration declares a reference variable grades that is expected to hold a reference (i.e., the
starting address) to a 2D-array of type int; the value of grades is null.

A 2D array object is created using the new operator as follows:

grades = new int[3][5];

creates an array object of 3 rows and 5 columns, and puts the reference in grades. All the elements of
the array are initialized to zero. Of course, you can combine the declaration and the array instantiation
in one statement as follows

int[][] grades = new int[3][5];

You can also achieve the same thing by using an initializer-list as follows:

int[][] grades = { {0,0,0,0,0}, {0,0,0,0,0}, {0,0,0,0,0} };

Using the initializer-list, you can initialize the array elements to any values you want as in the
following example:

int[][] myArray = { {8,1,2,2,9}, {1,9,4,0,3}, {0,3,0,0,7} };

creates 2D array of 3 rows and 5 columns and initializes the elements to specified values.

Declaring and creating 2D Array object Example2:

double[][] array = new double[4][]; // declares a 2D array with 4 rows, the number of
// elements in each row may be the same or it may
// be different
Same number of row elements Different numberof row elements
array[0] = new double[6]; array[0] = new double[2];
array[1] = new double[6]; array[1] = new double[4];
array[2] = new double[6]; array[2] = new double[7];
array[3] = new double[6]; array[3] = new double[5];

Implementation of 2D Array

A two dimensional array is implemented (realized in the memory) as an array of one-dimensional

arrays:

Declaring and creating 2D Array object Example 3:

double[][] quiz; double[][] quiz = new double[6][];
quiz = new double[6][]; for(int k = 0; k < quiz.length; k++)
quiz[0] = new double[7]; quiz[k] = new double[7];
quiz[1] = new double[7];
quiz[2] = new double[7];
quiz[3] = new double[7];
quiz[4] = new double[7];
quiz[5] = new double[7];

Page 2 of 10
It is obvious from the above declarations that each row of a 2-D array, quiz[i] is an independent 1-D
array.

Declaring rugged 2D-arrays

Because each row in a 2-D array is an independent 1-D array, it follows that the rows of a 2-D array
do not need to be of the same size. For example, if in the declaration of Example 3, we change the
declaration of rows 0 and 4 as follows:
quiz[0] = new double[3];
quiz[4] = new double[5];

Then we have the following rugged array.

3. Accessing individual elements

An individual element of a 2-D array can be accessed by specifying the index of row and column. For
example

grades[2][4] = 95;

assigns the value 95 to the element in the third row and fifth column. The indexed (subscripted)
variable can be used wherever an ordinary variable can be used.

Example 1

The following program fragment prints out the elements of a 2D array row-wise:
int[][] grades={{20, 30, 40, 35},{10, 50, 55, 45},{60, 70, 40, 65}};

for(int i=0; i<3; i++){

Page 3 of 10
 for(int j=0; j<4; j++)
System.out.print(grades[i][j]+”\t”);
System.out.println();
}

the output is:

20 30 40 35
10 50 55 45
60 70 40 65

Individual Rows of a 2D-array can be Replaced

You can change any row in the array as in the following example, it creates a new 1D array then
assign its reference to the first reference in the 2D array:

int[] x = {1, 9, 4} ; // declare and inititializes x

myArray[0] = x ; // assign to myArray

Notice that the following assignment is wrong:

myArray[0] = {1, 9, 4} ; //Wrong

An initializer list can only be used to initialize an array, not to assign values to it during a run of a
program.

3. 2D array manipulation

Example: Each of 4 students has taken 3 quizzes

double[][] quiz = {{2.0, 1.5, 1.7}, {0.5, 1.0, 0.0}, {2.0, 2.0, 2.0}, {1.2, 0.7, 1.0}};
0 1 2
0 2.0 1.5 1.7
1 0.5 1.0 0.0
2 2.0 2.0 2.0
3 1.2 0.7 1.0

3.1 To manipulate a single row, fix the row index and use a single column loop
Example: Find the total quiz score for student with row index 3
int c, r;
double sum = 0;
for(c = 0; c < quiz[3].length; c++)
sum += quiz[3][c];

System.out.printf(“Total quiz score for student#3 = %.2f\n”, sum);

3.2 To manipulate a single column, fix the column index and use a single row loop
Example: Find the average of quiz#0

int c, r;
double sum = 0;
for(r = 0; r < quiz.length; r++)
sum += quiz[r][0];

Page 4 of 10
 System.out.printf(“Quiz#0 average = %.2f\n”, sum / 4);

3.3 To manipulate each row, use nested loops in which the row loop is the outer loop
Example: Find the total quiz score for each student
int c, r;
double sum;
for(r = 0; r < quiz.length; r++){
sum = 0;
for(c = 0; c < quiz[0].length; c++){
sum += quiz[r][c];
}
System.out.printf(“Total quiz score for student#%d = %.2f\n”, r, sum);
}

Example: Read the quiz array row-wise:

int c, r;
double [][] quiz = new double[4][3];
for( r = 0; r < quiz.length; r++ ){
for(c = 0; c < quiz[0].length; c++){
quiz[r][c] = scanner.nextDouble();
}
}

Suppose the input is:

5.0 2.0
3.0
4.0 1.0 3.5 2.5
1.5 6.0 5.5 7.0
8.0

The array quiz is initialized as:

0 1 2
0 5.0 2.0 3.0
1 4.0 1.0 3.5
2 2.5 1.5 6.0
3 5.5 7.0 8.0

Page 5 of 10
3.4 To manipulate each column, use nested loops in which the column loop is the outer loop
Example 01: Find the average of each quiz
int c, r;
double sum;
for( c = 0; c < quiz[0].length; c++ ){
sum = 0;
for( r = 0; r < quiz.length; r++ ){
sum += quiz[r][c];
}
System.out.printf(“Quiz#%d average = %.2f\n”, c, sum / 4);
}

Example 02: Read the quiz array column-wise:

int c, r;
double[][] quiz = new double[4][3];
for(c = 0; c < quiz[0].length; c++){
for(r = 0; r < quiz.length; r++){
quiz[r][c] = scanner.nextDouble();
}
}

Suppose the input is:

5.0 2.0
3.0
4.0 1.0 3.5 2.5
1.5 6.0 5.5 7.0
8.0
The array quiz is initialized as:

0 1 2
0 5.0 1.0 6.0
1 2.0 3.5 5.5
2 3.0 2.5 7.0
3 4.0 1.5 8.0

Example 03: Initialize a ragged 2D array column-wise:

double[][] x = new double[5][];
x[0] = new double[2];
x[1] = new double[4];
x[2] = new double[1];
x[3] = new double[3];
x[4] = new double[2];
int c = 0,r = 0, count = 0, k = 0;
for(c = 0; c < 4; c++){ // 4 is the max number of columns
System.out.printf("Column %d: ",k++);
for(r= 0; r < x.length; r++){
if(c < x[r].length){
x[r][c] = count++;
System.out.print(x[r][c]+ " ");
}
}
System.out.println();
}
Page 6 of 10
The array x is initialized as:
0 1 2 3

0 0 5

1 1 6 9 11

2 2

3 3 7 10

4 4 8

Note: There are problems that can be solved by manipulating a 2D-array either row-wise or
column-wise:
Examples:
 Find a maximum or minimum element.
 Find the sum or product of all elements in the array

int c, r;
double sum = 0;
for( r = 0; r < quiz.length; r++ ){
for(c = 0; c < quiz[0].length; c++){
sum += quiz[r][c];
}
}
System.out.printf(“Sum of all quiz grades = %.2f\n”, sum);

or:

int c, r;
double sum = 0;
for(c = 0; c < quiz[0].length; c++){
for(r = 0; r < quiz.length; r++){
sum += quiz[r][c];
}
}
System.out.printf(“Sum of all quiz grades = %.2f\n”, sum);

Page 7 of 10
Laboratory Tasks
1.Write a Java program that prompts for and reads a 3*4 integer array row-wise. It then computes and
displays the sum of the even integers in the array. Use appropriate loops in your solution.

2. Write a Java program that initializes a 4*4 takes a 2D int array to appropriate values using an
initializer list. The program then prompts for and reads a search value. It then searches the 2D-array
row-wise for the search value. If the search is not successful, the following message should be
displayed: “Search value not found in the 2D-array”; otherwise the row-index and column-index of
the found element is displayed. Use appropriate loops in your solution.

3. The correct answers to a 5 question true/false test are: T T F F T. Write a Java program that
initializes a 1D char array with the correct answers, and a 2D char array of size 6 * 5 with the
following 6 student answers:
T F T T T
T T T T T
T T F F T
F T F F F
F F F F F
T T F T F
The program then computes and stores the grades of the six students in a 1D int array. Theprogram
finally displays the grades of the six students.
Assuming that each question is worth 5 points, the output is:

4. Write a Java program to find a matrix C that is a product of two matrices A and B. The program
should:
 Prompt for and read numRows1 and numColums1 of the matrix A
 Prompt for and read numRows2 and numColums2 of the matrix B
 Display an error message and terminate if numColumns1 ≠ numRows2
 Otherwise it prompts for and read each matrix row-wise
 It performs the matrix multiplication and displays the result row-wise.

Hint:
 Use three nested loops
 Each element cij of matrix C is obtained by:

cij= ∑n−1 aik ∗bkj ∀i,j

k=0
Where n is the number of columns of matrix A

Page 8 of 10
 Example1:

Example2:

Example3:

Example4:

5. Each line of a text-file grades.txt contains a student ID and his grades in 5 quizzes:

9001230 80.0 90.0 70.5 100.0 60.0

9001232 98.0 85.0 100.0 99.0 89.0
9001234 90.0 72.0 0.0 78.0 98.0
9001236 85.0 72.5 95.0 75.0 64.5
9001238 67.0 11.0 28.0 89.5 85.0

Given that the number of students is 5, write a Java program that reads the data from grades.txt into an integer
1D-array of student IDs and the corresponding quiz grades in a parallel 2D-array of type double. The program
then creates the three 1D arrays mentioned below and displays the arrays on the screen in the format shown
below:
 an array containing the average of each student.
Page 9 of 10
  an array containing the maximum quiz grade for each student.
 an array containing the average of each quiz.

Program output:
ID Quiz Average Max Quiz Grade
9001230 80.1 100.0
9001232 94.2 100.0
9001234 67.6 98.0
9001236 78.4 95.0
9001238 56.1 89.5

Quiz Averages:
QZ1 QZ2 QZ3 QZ4 QZ5
84.0 66.1 58.7 88.3 79.3

Page 10 of 10