Unit 4: AC Circuits Syllabus

Unit 4: AC Circuits

 Lecture 19: Single Phase AC Circuits

o Series R-L circuit, phasor diagram, impedance,

power factor, voltage, current and power
waveforms.
o Active, reactive and apparent power.
 A.C. Through RL Series Circuit
A pure resistance R and a pure inductive coil of
inductance L are connected in series.
Let V = rms value of the applied voltage,
I = rms value of the resultant current
VR = IR voltage drop across R
VL = I XL voltage drop across L
B

𝑽𝑳
V

𝑣 = 𝑉𝑚 sin ω𝑡 −−−− −(1)

𝑉ത = 𝑉𝑅 + 𝑉𝐿
𝝓
O A
𝑉2 = (𝐼𝑅 )2 + (𝐼𝑋𝐿 )2 𝑽𝑹 I
12/12/2024
 𝑉= 𝐼 2 (𝑅2 + 𝑋𝐿 2 )

𝑉
= 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑍 = (𝑅)2 + (𝑋𝐿 )2 𝑂ℎ𝑚
𝐼
The quantity (𝑅)2 + (𝑋𝐿 )2 is known as the impedance (Z) of the circuit.

𝑍= (𝑅)2 + (𝑋𝐿 )2

(𝑉𝐿 ) (𝐼. 𝑋𝐿 ) 𝑋𝐿 𝑋𝐿
tan 𝝓 = = = 𝝓 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
(𝑉𝑅 ) (𝐼. 𝑅) 𝑅 𝑅

(𝑉𝑅 ) (𝐼. 𝑅) 𝑅 𝑅
cos 𝝓 = = = 𝑃𝐹 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝝓 =
(𝑉) (𝐼. 𝑍) 𝑍 𝑍

𝑉𝑚
𝑣 = 𝑉𝑚 sin ω𝑡 𝑖 = 𝐼𝑚 sin ω𝑡 − 𝝓 𝐼𝑚 =
𝑍
 𝑍= (𝑅)2 + (𝑋𝐿 )2

𝑋𝐿
𝝓= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑅

Impedance Triangle 𝑉ത = 𝑉0

𝐼 ҧ = 𝐼 − 𝝓

O V
𝝓

𝝓
I
12/12/2024 5
Power in RL circuit
𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑝 = 𝑣. 𝑖
𝑝 = 𝑉𝑚 sin ω𝑡 . 𝐼𝑚 sin ω𝑡 − 𝝓
𝑝 = 𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 sin ω𝑡 . sin ω𝑡 − 𝝓
1 Thus the instantaneous power consists of two parts.
𝑝 = 𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 − cos(2ω𝑡 − 𝝓 ) 𝟏
2 1.A constant part = 𝑽𝒎 𝑰𝒎 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝓
𝟐
𝟏
2.A variable part = 𝑽 𝑰 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟐𝝎𝒕 − 𝝓 )
𝟐 𝒎 𝒎
which varies at twice the supply frequency.
1
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑃 = 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑉 𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 −
2 𝑚𝑚
1
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 cos(2ω𝑡 − 𝝓)
2
The average value of the varying
power component over a complete
cycle is zero. 1
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑃 = 𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝝓
2
𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝝓
2 2
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𝑃 = 𝑉. 𝐼. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝝓 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡
 Power Triangle
𝑃 = 𝑉. 𝐼. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝝓 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡
o
𝝓

𝑄 = 𝑉. 𝐼. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝝓 𝑉𝐴𝑅
𝑆 = 𝑉. 𝐼 𝑉𝐴

𝟏) 𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒐𝒓 𝑻𝒓𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒓 𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒐𝒓 𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑷 = 𝑽. 𝑰. 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝓 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕

𝟐) 𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑸 = 𝑽. 𝑰. 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝓 𝑽𝑨𝑹
𝟑) 𝑨𝒑𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑺 = 𝑽. 𝑰 𝑽𝑨

Remember that in an a.c. circuit, the product of r.m.s. volts and

r.m.s. amperes gives volt-amperes (VA) and not true power in
watts.
True power (W) = volt-amperes (VA) × power factor.

12/12/2024 7
 Complex notation of Impedance
𝑉ത =V 0 𝐼 ҧ = 𝐼 − 𝝓

𝑉ത (V  0 ) 𝑉
𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = = = 𝝓 = 𝒁𝝓 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿
𝐼 ҧ (𝐼 − 𝝓) 𝐼
Imaginary axis
Z
𝑋𝐿

φ
Real axis
R

12/12/2024 8
 Lecture 20:
o Series R-C circuit, phasor diagram, impedance, power
factor, Voltage, current and power waveforms. Active,
reactive and apparent power.
 A.C. Through RC Series Circuit

A pure resistance R and a pure Capacitor of

Capacitance C are connected in series.
Let V = rms value of the applied voltage,
I = rms value of the resultant current
VR = IR voltage drop across R
VC = I XC voltage drop across C

𝑽𝑹
𝑣 = 𝑉𝑚 sin ω𝑡 −−−− −(1) O A
𝝓 I

𝑽𝑪
𝑉ത = 𝑉𝑅 + 𝑉𝐶 V

𝑉 2 = (𝐼𝑅 )2 + (𝐼𝑋𝐶 )2 B
12/12/2024 10
 𝑉= 𝐼 2 (𝑅2 + 𝑋𝐶 2 )

𝑉
= 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑍 = (𝑅)2 + (𝑋𝐶 )2 𝑂ℎ𝑚
𝐼
The quantity (𝑅)2 + (𝑋𝐶 )2 is known as the impedance (Z) of the circuit.

𝑍= (𝑅)2 + (𝑋𝐶 )2

(𝑉𝐶 ) (𝐼. 𝑋𝐶 ) 𝑋𝐶 𝑋𝐶
tan 𝝓 = = = 𝝓 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
(𝑉𝑅 ) (𝐼. 𝑅) 𝑅 𝑅

(𝑉𝑅 ) (𝐼𝑅) 𝑅 𝑅
cos 𝝓 = = = 𝑃𝐹 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝝓 =
(𝑉) (𝐼. 𝑍) 𝑍 𝑍

current I leads the applied voltage V by an angle 𝝓.

𝑉𝑚
𝑣 = 𝑉𝑚 sin ω𝑡 𝑖 = 𝐼𝑚 sin ω𝑡 + 𝝓 𝐼𝑚 =
𝑍
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 𝑍= (𝑅)2 + (𝑋𝐶 )2

𝑋𝐶
𝝓 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑅
𝜑

Impedance Triangle
I

O
𝝓
V

12/12/2024 12
Power in RC circuit
𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑝 = 𝑣. 𝑖
𝑝 = 𝑉𝑚 sin ω𝑡 . 𝐼𝑚 sin ω𝑡 + 𝝓

𝑝 = 𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 sin ω𝑡 . sin ω𝑡 + 𝝓
1
𝑝= 𝑉 𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 − cos(2ω𝑡 + 𝝓 ) Thus the instantaneous power consists of two parts.
2 𝑚𝑚 𝟏
1.A constant part = 𝑽𝒎 𝑰𝒎 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝓
𝟐
𝟏
2.A variable part = 𝑽 𝑰 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟐𝝎𝒕 + 𝝓 )
𝟐 𝒎 𝒎
which varies at twice the supply frequency.
1
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑃 = 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑉 𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝝓 −
2 𝑚𝑚
1
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 cos(2ω𝑡 + 𝝓)
i 2
v The average value of the varying
𝑃
power component over a complete
cycle is zero. 1
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑃 = 𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝝓
2
𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝝓
2 2
12/12/2024 𝑃 = 𝑉. 𝐼. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝝓 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡 13
 Power Triangle

𝑆 = 𝑉. 𝐼 𝑉𝐴
𝑄 = 𝑉. 𝐼. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝝓 𝑉𝐴𝑅

𝝓
o
𝑃 = 𝑉. 𝐼. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝝓 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡

𝟏) 𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒐𝒓 𝑻𝒓𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒓 𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒐𝒓 𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑷 = 𝑽. 𝑰. 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝓 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕

𝟐) 𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑸 = 𝑽. 𝑰. 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝓 𝑽𝑨𝑹
𝟑) 𝑨𝒑𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑺 = 𝑽. 𝑰 𝑽𝑨

Remember that in an a.c. circuit, the product of r.m.s. volts and

r.m.s. amperes gives volt-amperes (VA) and not true power in
watts.
True power (W) = volt-amperes (VA) × power factor.

12/12/2024 14
 Complex Notation of Impedance
ഥ = 𝑽𝟎
𝑽 ത𝑰 = 𝑰𝝓

𝑉ത (𝑉0) 𝑉
𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = = =  − 𝝓 = 𝑍 − 𝝓 = 𝑅 − 𝑗𝑋𝐶
𝐼 ҧ (𝐼𝝓) 𝐼
Imaginary axis

Real axis
−𝝓 R

Inductive Circuit
𝑋𝐶
Z

𝑍ҧ = (𝑍 ± 𝝓) = (𝑅 ± 𝑗 𝑋)

12/12/2024
Capacitive Circuit
 Lecture 21:
o Numericals on R-L and R-C
circuits
Example 1
A 60 Hz sinusoidal voltage 𝒗 = 𝟏𝟒𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝎𝒕 is applied to a series R-L circuit. The values of the resistance and the
inductance are 3 Ω and 0.0106 H respectively.
(i) Compute the r.m.s. value of the current and its phase angle with respect to the voltage.
(ii) Write the expression for the instantaneous current in the circuit.
(iii) Compute the r.m.s. value and phase of voltages across the resistance and inductance.
(iv) Find the average power dissipated by the circuit.
(v) Calculate the p.f. of the circuit.
Solution:
𝑽𝒎 𝟏𝟒𝟏
𝑽= = = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝐕 ; R=3 Ω 𝑿𝑳 = 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝑳 = 4 Ω; Z= 𝑹𝟐 + 𝑿𝑳 𝟐 = 𝟓Ω
𝟐 𝟐

𝑽 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑋𝐿
(i) r.m.s. value of the current 𝑰 = = = 𝟐𝟎 𝑨 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝒑𝒉𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝝓 = tan−𝟏 = 𝟓𝟑. 𝟏𝟑°
𝒁 𝟓 R

(ii)the expression for the instantaneous current 𝑖 = 𝐼𝑚 sin ω𝑡 − 𝝓

𝑖 = (20 2 ) sin ω𝑡 − 𝟓𝟑. 𝟏𝟑 𝐴
(iii) Voltages across the resistance 𝑽𝑹 = 𝑰. 𝑹 = 𝟔𝟎𝑽 and Voltages across the inductance 𝑽𝑳 = 𝑰. 𝑋𝐿 =80V.

(iv) 𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒑𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒊𝒕 = 𝑷 = 𝑽𝑰𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝓 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎𝑾

(v) 𝒑. 𝒇. 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒊𝒕 = 𝒑𝒇 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝓 = 𝟎. 𝟔 𝒍𝒂𝒈

• A 60 Hz sinusoidal voltage 𝒗 = 𝟏𝟒𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝎𝒕 is applied
to a series R-L circuit. The values of the resistance and
the inductance are 3 Ω and 0.0106 H respectively.
• (i) Compute the r.m.s. value of the current and its
phase angle with respect to the voltage.
• (ii) Write the expression for the instantaneous current
in the circuit.
• (iii) Compute the r.m.s. value and phase of voltages
across the resistance and inductance.
• (iv) Find the average power dissipated by the circuit.
• (v) Calculate the p.f. of the circuit.
Example 2:

Solution:
𝟏
𝑽 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝐕 ; R=50 Ω 𝑿𝒄 = = 32 Ω;
𝟐𝝅𝒇𝑪

(a) Impedance Z= 𝑹𝟐 + 𝑿𝑪 𝟐 = 𝟓𝟗. 𝟒Ω

𝑽 𝟏𝟎𝟎
(b) r.m.s. value of the current 𝑰 = = = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟖𝟒 𝑨
𝒁 𝟓𝟗.𝟒

𝑋
(c) 𝒑𝒉𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝝓 = tan−𝟏 R𝑐 = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟑𝟔°

(b) 𝒑. 𝒇. 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒊𝒕 = 𝒑𝒇 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝓 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟒𝟐 𝒍𝒆𝒂𝒅

(e) Voltages across the resistance 𝑽𝑹 = 𝑰. 𝑹 = 𝟖𝟒. 𝟐 𝑽 and

𝒇 Voltages across the capacitor 𝑽𝑪 = 𝑰. 𝑋𝑐 =53.9 V.

• A pure resistance of 50 Ω is in series with a
pure capacitance of 100µF. The series
combination is connected across 100-V, 50-Hz
supply. Find (a) the impedance (b) current (c)
power factor (d) phase angle (e) voltage
across resistor (f) voltage across capacitor.
Draw the Phasor diagram.
 Lecture 22:
o Series R-L-C circuit, phasor diagrams,
impedance, power factor, Concept of series
resonance, Derivation of resonant frequency,
Numericals on simple R-L-C series circuit and
series resonance circuit.
Resistance, Inductance and Capacitance in Series

ഥ = 𝑽𝑹 + 𝑽 𝑳 + 𝑽𝑪
𝑽
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 (i) When XL > X𝑪

VL 𝑉 2 = (𝐼𝑅 )2 + (𝐼𝑋𝐿 − 𝐼𝑋𝐶 )2

( V L −V C )
𝑉= 𝐼 2 (𝑅2 + (𝑋𝐿 −𝑋𝐶 )2 )
V ( V L −V C )
𝑉
𝝓 = 𝑍= (𝑅)2 + (𝑋𝐿 −𝑋𝐶 )2
I 𝐼
O VR
𝑍= (𝑅 2 + 𝑋 2 )

𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑋 = 𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶
VC

𝑋
𝝓= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑅

12/12/2024 23
 (ii) When XC > X𝑳

𝑉 2 = (𝐼𝑅 )2 + (𝐼𝑋𝐶 − 𝐼𝑋𝐿 )2

VL
𝑉= 𝐼 2 (𝑅2 + (𝑋𝐶 −𝑋𝐿 )2 )

VR 𝑉
I = 𝑍= (𝑅)2 + (𝑋𝐶 −𝑋𝐿 )2
O 𝝓 𝐼

V 𝑍= (𝑅2 + 𝑋 2 )
( VC −V𝑳 ) ( VC −V𝑳 )
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑋 = 𝑋𝐶 − 𝑋𝐿

VC 𝑋
𝝓 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑅

12/12/2024 24
 (iii) When XL = X𝑪

VL
VL =VC XL=XC

𝑉 = 𝑉𝑅

𝝓=0 𝑽=𝐼𝑅

I 𝒁= 𝑅
O VR V
𝝓=0

VC

12/12/2024 25
Resonance in series R-L-C Circuit
Resonance is a condition in a series RLC circuit in which the
capacitive and inductive reactances are equal in magnitude;
thus, they cancel each other and result in a purely resistive
impedance.
XL=XC 𝝓=0
1
ω𝑟 𝐿 =
ω𝑟 𝐶

1 1
ω𝑟 2 = ω𝑟 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝐿𝐶 𝐿𝐶
1
𝑓𝑟 = 𝐻𝑧
When an R-L-C circuit is in resonance 2π 𝐿𝐶
1. net reactance of the circuit is zero i.e. (XL =XC) = 0. or X = 0.
2. circuit impedance is minimum i.e. Z = R.
3. circuit current is maximum and is given by Ir= V/Zr = V/R.
4. power dissipated is maximum
5. circuit power factor angle 𝝓 = 𝟎 Hence, power factor 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝓 = 𝟏
6. although VL = VC yet Vcoil is greater than VC because of its resistance.
12/12/2024 26
 Z 𝑋𝐿
I

X
R

o 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝐻𝑧
𝑓𝑟
𝑋𝐶

Capacitive Inductive
Resistive
12/12/2024 27
Suppose an alternating voltage of constant magnitude, but of varying frequency is
applied to an R-L-C circuit. The variations of resistance, inductive reactance XL
and capacitive reactance XC with frequency are shown in Fig.
(i) Resistance : It is independent of f, hence, it is represented by a straight line.
(ii) Inductive Reactance : It is given by XL = 𝝎 L = 2 πfL As seen, XL is directly
proportional
to f i.e. XL increases linearly with f. Hence, its graph is a straight line passing
through the origin.
(iii) Capacitive Reactance : It is given by XC = 1/ 𝝎 C = 1/2 π fC. Obviously, it is
inversely proportional to f. Its graph is a rectangular hyperbola which is drawn in
the fourth quadrant because XC is regarded negative. It is asymptotic to the
horizontal axis at high frequencies and to the vertical axis at low frequencies.
(iv) Net Reactance : It is given by X = XL ~ XC. Its graph is a hyperbola (not
rectangular) and crosses the X-axis at point which represents resonant frequency
fr.
(v) Circuit Impedance : It is given by 𝒁 = (𝑹)𝟐 + (𝑿𝑳 ~𝑿𝑪 )𝟐 . At low frequencies Z is
large because XC is large. Since XC > XL, the net circuit reactance X is capacitive
and the p.f. is leading At high frequencies, Z is again large (because XL is large)
12/12/2024 28
Example :
A coil of resistance 5 and inductance 120mH in series with a 100μF capacitor is
connected to a 300V, 50Hz supply. Calculate (a) the current flowing, (b) the phase
difference between the supply voltage and current, (c) the voltage across the coil and
(d) the voltage across the capacitor.
Solution:

𝟏
R = 5 Ω 𝑿𝑳 = 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝑳 = 37.7 Ω 𝑿𝒄 = = 31.83 Ω
𝟐𝝅𝒇𝑪

Since 𝑿𝑳 is greater than 𝑿𝒄 the circuit is inductive.

𝑿 = 𝑿𝑳 − 𝑿𝒄 = 𝟑𝟕. 𝟕 − 𝟑𝟏. 𝟖𝟑 = 𝟓. 𝟖𝟕 Ω
𝑍 = (𝑅2 + 𝑋 2 ) = 7.71Ω

𝑽 𝟑𝟎𝟎
Current 𝑰 = =
= 𝟑𝟖. 𝟗𝟏 𝑨
𝒁 𝟕.𝟕𝟏
−𝟏
𝑋
𝑷𝒉𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝝋 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 = 𝟒𝟗. 𝟓𝟖°
R
𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑍𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙 = (𝑅2 + 𝑿𝑳 2 ) = 38.03 Ω

Voltage across 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 𝑰. 𝑍𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 1480.0 V

𝑋
𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 𝝋𝐶𝑂𝐼𝐿 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−𝟏 𝐿 = 𝟖𝟐. 𝟒𝟓° 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑉𝐶 = 𝑰. 𝑋𝑐 = 1239.0 V
R
• A coil of resistance 5 and
inductance 120mH in series with a
100μF capacitor is connected to a
300V, 50Hz supply. Calculate (a) the
current flowing, (b) the phase
difference between the supply
voltage and current, (c) the voltage
across the coil and (d) the voltage
across the capacitor.
•S
 Lecture 23: Three Phase AC circuits
Concept of three-phase AC symmetrical
system, phase
sequence, balanced and unbalanced load.
Voltage,
current and power relations in three phase
balanced star
connected R-L load along with phasor
diagrams.
Concept of three-phase AC symmetrical system, phase sequence, balanced and
unbalanced load

Advantages of three phase system over single phase

system
•In the 3-phase system, a rotating magnetic field can
be produced in stationary windings, whereas this
cannot be possible in a single phase system.
•For the same rating, three phase machines (like
motors, generators etc.) are smaller and simpler in
construction as compared to single phase machines.
Therefore, the overall cost of a three phase machine
is less than that of a 1-phase machine.
Generation of Single Phase voltage
Generation of Three Phase
Voltage

VBm
vR =VRm sin (𝝎𝒕 ) VB 
2
vY = VYm sin (𝝎𝒕 – 1200
1200)
1200
VRm
vB = VBm sin (𝝎𝒕 - 2400 1200
VR 
) 2
VYm
VY 
2
Three phase star connected RL load
VB -VY
-VY
Ib
VRY
Φ

Φ VR

Iy Φ Ir

VY

𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆𝒔 𝑽𝑹𝒀 = 𝑽𝒀𝑩 = 𝑽𝑩𝑹 = 𝑽𝑳

𝑷𝒉𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆𝒔 𝑽𝑹 = 𝑽𝒀 = 𝑽𝑩 = 𝑽𝒑𝒉
Zph 𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑰𝑹 = 𝑰𝒀 = 𝑰𝑩 = 𝑰𝑳
𝑷𝒉𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑰𝒓 = 𝑰𝒚 = 𝑰𝒃 = 𝑰𝒑𝒉
𝑰𝑳 = 𝑰𝒑𝒉
Relation between Line and Phase
Voltage

VRY  OC  2OB  2 BC
OB
Cos 30  , OB  VR Cos 30
VR
VRY  2OB  2 VR Cos30  3 VR
VL  3 V ph
 Lecture 24:
Voltage, current and power relations in
three phase
balanced delta connected R-L load along
with phasor
diagrams.
Numericals to find phase voltage, phase
current, line
current and powers in star and delta
connected loads
Three Phase Delta Connected RL Load R1 Zph1 R2

Y1 Zph2 Y2

B1 Zph3 B2

Zph
Three Phase Delta connected RL Load
Vbr
Ibr

𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆𝒔 𝑽𝑹𝒀 = 𝑽𝒀𝑩 = 𝑽𝑩𝑹 = 𝑽𝑳 Φ

𝑷𝒉𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆𝒔 𝑽𝒓𝒚 = 𝑽𝒚𝒃 = 𝑽𝒃𝒓 = 𝑽𝒑𝒉
𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑰𝑹 = 𝑰𝒀 = 𝑰𝑩 = 𝑰𝑳
Vry
𝑷𝒉𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑰𝒓𝒚 = 𝑰𝒚𝒃 = 𝑰𝒃𝒓 = 𝑰𝒑𝒉 Φ
Iry

𝑽𝑳 = 𝑽𝒑𝒉 IR
Φ
Iyb
-Ibr

Vyb
Relation between Line and Phase Current

I R  OC  2OB  2 BC
OB
Cos 30  , OB  I RY Cos 30
I RY
I R  2OB  2 I RY Cos30  3 I RY
I L  3 I PH
Power Relations in Star and Delta connected
load
Star Delta

VL  3 V ph I L  Iph VL  V ph I L  3Iph
P  3V ph I ph Cos  P  3V ph I ph Cos 
VL IL
P 3 I L Cos  P  3VL Cos 
3 3
P  3 VL I L Cos  Watt P  3 VL I L Cos  Watt
Q  3 VL I L Sin  VAr Q  3 VL I L Sin  VAr
S  3 VL I L VA S  3 VL I L VA
Example 1:
A three-phase Star-connected load , each phase of which has a resistance of 50 Ω and an inductive reactance of 30
Ω. This load is fed from three phase supply voltage of 440 V with frequency of 50Hz. Calculate:
(a) phase voltage and line voltage;
(b) phase current and line current ;
(c) the total Active Power, Reactive Power and Apparent Power taken from the supply

Solution: 𝒁𝒑𝒉 = 𝟓𝟎 + 𝒋𝟑𝟎 Ω = 58.3∠30.96 Ω

𝑽𝑳
(a) 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 = 𝑽𝑳 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝑽 𝒑𝒉𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 = 𝑽𝒑𝒉 = = 𝟐𝟑𝟎. 𝟗𝟒 𝑽 ;
𝟑

𝑽𝒑𝒉 𝟐𝟑𝟎.𝟗𝟒
(b)𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑰𝑳 = 𝒑𝒉𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑰𝒑𝒉 = = = 𝟑. 𝟗𝟔𝟏 𝑨 ;
𝒁𝒑𝒉 𝟓𝟖.𝟑

(c) 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 = 𝑷 = 𝟑 𝑽𝑳 𝑰𝑳 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝝓 = 𝟐. 𝟑𝟓𝟑 𝐤𝐖

𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 = 𝑸 = 𝟑 𝑽𝑳𝑰𝑳 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝝓 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟏𝟏 𝒌𝑽𝑨𝑹

𝑨𝒑𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 = 𝑺 = 𝟑 𝑽𝑳𝑰𝑳 = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟒𝟒 𝒌𝑽𝑨

• A three-phase Star-connected load , each phase of which has a
resistance of 50 Ω and an inductive reactance of 30 Ω. This load
is fed from three phase supply voltage of 440 V with frequency of
50Hz. Calculate:

• (a) phase voltage and line voltage;

• (b) phase current and line current ;

• (c) the total Active Power, Reactive Power and Apparent Power
taken from the supply
Example 2:
A three-phase Delta -connected load , each phase of which has a resistance of 50 Ω and an inductive reactance of 30
Ω. This load is fed from three phase supply voltage of 440 V with frequency of 50Hz. Calculate:
(a) phase voltage and line voltage;
(b) phase current and line current ;
(c) the total Active Power, Reactive Power and Apparent Power taken from the supply

Solution: 𝒁𝒑𝒉 = 𝟓𝟎 + 𝒋𝟑𝟎 Ω = 58.3∠30.96 Ω

(a) 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 = 𝑽𝑳 = 𝒑𝒉𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 = 𝑽𝒑𝒉 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝑽
𝑽𝒑𝒉 𝟒𝟎𝟎
(b) 𝒑𝒉𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑰𝒑𝒉 = = = 𝟔. 𝟖𝟔𝟏 𝑨 ; 𝐋𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑰𝑳 = 𝟑 𝑰𝒑𝒉 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟖 𝑨
𝒁𝒑𝒉 𝟓𝟖.𝟑

(c) 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 = 𝑷 = 𝟑 𝑽𝑳 𝑰𝑳 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝝓 = 𝟕. 𝟎𝟓𝟖 𝐤𝐖

𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 = 𝑸 = 𝟑 𝑽𝑳𝑰𝑳 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝝓 = 𝟒. 𝟐𝟑𝟑 𝒌𝑽𝑨𝑹

𝑨𝒑𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 = 𝑺 = 𝟑 𝑽𝑳𝑰𝑳 = 𝟖. 𝟐𝟑𝟐 𝒌𝑽𝑨

 Model Questions
R-L, R-C and R-L-C series AC Circuit
1. If v=Vm sin ωt is applied across single phase circuit and current flowing through the circuit is i=Im sin(ωt-Ф). Derive
the expression for average power consumed in the circuit. Draw voltage, current and power waveforms.
2. If v=Vm sin ωt is applied across single phase circuit and current flowing through the circuit is i=Im sin(ωt+Φ).
Derive the expression for average power consumed in the circuit. Draw voltage, current and power waveforms.
3. What is Impedance? Draw Impedance Triangle for R-L and R-C Series circuit.
4. Explain concept of active, reactive and apparent power. Draw the power triangle for R-L series and R-C series circuit .
5. What is complex power? Explain its physical significance.
6. Draw the phasor diagram for following condition.
(a) XL > XC (b) XL < XC (c) XL = XC for R-L-C series circuit.

R-L-C Series Resonance

1. State the condition at which resonance occurs in series R-L-C circuit. Derive the expression for resonant frequency.
2. State any four characteristics of series resonance. Show the variation of XL, XC, Z and I against frequency.
 Polyphase AC Circuit

1. State the advantages of poly-phase ac system over single phase ac system.

2. Define the following terms :
(i)Symmetrical System (ii) Phase sequence (iii) balanced load
3. Derive the relation between line and phase values of currents and voltages for balanced
three phase star connected RL load.
4. Derive the relation between line and phase values of currents and voltages for balanced
three phase Delta connected RL load.
5. State the relations between line and phase values of voltages and currents in case of star
and delta connected three phase system.