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 Interdisciplinary
advances in adaptive
and Intelligent assistant
Systems:
concepts, techniques,
applications, and Use

Gunther Kreuzberger, Ilmenau Technical University, Germany

Aran Lunzer, Hokkaido University, Japan

Roland Kaschek, Gymnasium Gerresheim, Germany

InformatIon ScIence reference

Hershey • New York
Director of Editorial Content: Kristin Klinger
Director of Book Publications: Julia Mosemann
Acquisitions Editor: Lindsay Johnston
Development Editor: Joel Gamon
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Cover Design: Lisa Tosheff

Published in the United States of America by

Information Science Reference (an imprint of IGI Global)
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Hershey PA 17033
Tel: 717-533-8845
Fax: 717-533-8661
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Copyright © 2011 by IGI Global. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,
without written permission from the publisher.
Product or company names used in this set are for identification purposes only. Inclusion of the
names of the products or companies does not indicate a claim of ownership by IGI Global of the
trademark or registered trademark.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Interdisciplinary advances in adaptive and intelligent assistant systems : concepts, techniques,

applications and use / Gunther Kreuzberger, Aran Lunzer and Roland Kaschek, editors.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Summary: “This book discusses how collaboration between humans and intelligent systems can
potentially improve access to and processing of complex information, contributing to the synthesis,
storage and integration of knowledge”--Provided by publisher.

ISBN 978-1-61520-851-7 (hardcover) -- ISBN 978-1-61520-852-4 (ebook) 1.

Intelligent control systems. 2. Expert systems (Computer science) I.
Kreuzberger, Gunther, 1968- II. Lunzer, Aran, 1965- III. Kaschek, Roland H.,
1955-
TJ217.5.I5453 2010
006.3--dc22

British Cataloguing in Publication Data

A Cataloguing in Publication record for this book is available from the British Library.

All work contributed to this book is new, previously-unpublished material. The views expressed in
this book are those of the authors, but not necessarily of the publisher.
Editorial Advisory Board

Klaus Peter Jantke, Fraunhofer IDMT, Germany

Paul Klimsa, Technische Universität Ilmenau, Germany
Masahiko Sato, Kyoto University, Japan
Nicolas Spyratos, Université Paris Sud, France
Yuzuru Tanaka, Hokkaido University, Japan

List of Reviewers

Wolfgang Broll, Technische Universität Ilmenau, Germany

Masahiko Itoh, University of Tokyo, Japan
Paul Klimsa, Technische Universität Ilmenau, Germany
Yutaka Miyazaki, Hokkaido University, Japan
Nicole Natho, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany
Yoshihiro Okada, Kyushu University, Japan
Olivier Pfeiffer, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany
Wolfgang Schweiger, Technische Universität Ilmenau, Germany
Yuzuru Tanaka, Hokkaido University, Japan
Hironori Washizaki, National Institute of Informatics, Japan
Christian Woelfert, Fraunhofer IDMT, Germany
Akihiro Yamamoto, Kyoto University, Japan
Masaharu Yoshioka, Hokkaido University, Japan
Table of Contents

Foreword ............................................................................................................ xii

Preface .............................................................................................................. xiv

Acknowledgment .......................................................................................... xxxiv

Section 1
Enabling Technologies

Chapter 1
Towards Next Generation Web: Knowledge Web ................................................ 1
Aylin Akaltun, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany
Patrick Maisch, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany
Bernhard Thalheim, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany

Chapter 2
BDD-Based Combinatorial Keyword Query Processing under a
Taxonomy Model ................................................................................................ 26
Shin-ichi Minato, Hokkaido University, Japan
Nicolas Spyratos, Université de Paris-Sud, France
Chapter 3
Spreadsheet-Based Orchestration for Describing and Automating Web
Information Access Processes ............................................................................. 40
Jun Fujima, Hokkaido University, Japan
Shohei Yoshihara, Hokkaido University, Japan
Yuzuru Tanaka, Hokkaido University, Japan

Chapter 4
A Component-Based 3D Geographic Simulation Framework and its Integration
with a Legacy GIS .............................................................................................. 63
Zhen-Sheng Guo, Hokkaido University, Japan
Yuzuru Tanaka, Hokkaido University, Japan

Section 2
Applications and Results

Chapter 5
A Web-Enabled, Mobile Intelligent Information Technology Architecture
for On-Demand and Mass Customized Markets ................................................. 83
M. Ghiassi, Santa Clara University, USA
C. Spera, Zipidy, Inc., USA

Chapter 6
Enhancing Video Viewing Experience.............................................................. 124
Akio Takashima, Tokyo University of Technology, Japan

Chapter 7
Utilisation of Expert Online Retrieval Tools: An Exploration of Barriers and
Added Values .................................................................................................... 153
Roberta Sturm, Saarland University, Germany
Christoph Igel, Saarland University, Germany

Chapter 8
Software Agents for Human Interaction in Social Networks............................ 177
Christian Erfurth, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
Volkmar Schau, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
Chapter 9
Your Personal, Virtual Librarian ....................................................................... 199
Alexander Krumpholz, CSIRO ICT Centre & Australian National
University, Australia
David Hawking, Funnelback, Australia
Tom Gedeon, Australian National University, Australia

Compilation of References ............................................................................. 235

About the Contributors .................................................................................. 252

Index ................................................................................................................. 259

Detailed Table of Contents

Foreword ............................................................................................................ xii

Preface .............................................................................................................. xiv

Acknowledgment .......................................................................................... xxxiv

Section 1
Enabling Technologies

Chapter 1
Towards Next Generation Web: Knowledge Web ................................................ 1
Aylin Akaltun, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany
Patrick Maisch, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany
Bernhard Thalheim, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany

This chapter discusses how to build a computerized web retrieval aid taking user
characteristics into account. The authors provide an approach that matches re-
trieved content against particular life cases, user models and contexts. For clarifi-
cation an example application is provided that deals with matching content against
information available regarding various kinds of users.
Chapter 2
BDD-Based Combinatorial Keyword Query Processing under a
Taxonomy Model ................................................................................................ 26
Shin-ichi Minato, Hokkaido University, Japan
Nicolas Spyratos, Université de Paris-Sud, France

The work introduced in this chapter stands as an enabling technology for letting
users express, in simple ways, their information interests as handled in a large
digital library organised by a rich, hierarchical taxonomy of terms. The key to the
technique is Binary Decision Diagrams. By automatically taking into account the
structure of the taxonomy of keywords used to tag the documents in the library, the
proposed system allows users to build subscriptions based on a free mix of highly
specific and more general terms, depending on the specificity of their interests.
With respect to the medical examples cited in the chapter provided by Krumpholz
et al., this chapter gives insight into how the expansion of simple queries given by
users can be handled without overwhelming the servers on which the repositories
are held.

Chapter 3
Spreadsheet-Based Orchestration for Describing and Automating Web
Information Access Processes ............................................................................. 40
Jun Fujima, Hokkaido University, Japan
Shohei Yoshihara, Hokkaido University, Japan
Yuzuru Tanaka, Hokkaido University, Japan

This chapter also deals with the challenge of providing users a simplified way to
access and make use of potentially rich information resources, in this case by sup-
porting the combination of resources offered by Web applications. For the kind
of ad hoc combinations of resources that users call on every day it is still difficult
without advanced programming skills to set up even the simple form of assistance
involved in automating data transfer, so as to save time and effort in subsequent
use of the same resource combination. The authors’ proposal is to enable the use
of a standard spreadsheet environment – Microsoft Excel – as a platform for such
automation, on the basis that a large body of computer users, though not consider-
ing themselves programmers, find the simple declarative semantics of spreadsheet
calculations to be unintimidating and useful. They demonstrate a basic range of
facilities that enable users to set up “orchestrations” of Web applications that not
only automate the data transfers between applications but also provide a way to
generate sets of related results to assist the user in making comparisons.
Chapter 4
A Component-Based 3D Geographic Simulation Framework and its Integration
with a Legacy GIS .............................................................................................. 63
Zhen-Sheng Guo, Hokkaido University, Japan
Yuzuru Tanaka, Hokkaido University, Japan

Similar to the prior chapter, this chapter is reporting work designed to enable users
who are not sophisticated programmers to build or configure their own specialised
information-access applications, in this case in the domain of Geographic Infor-
mation Systems. The form of assistance being demonstrated is that while the end
user performs only simple operations such as visually repositioning and/or recon-
necting knowledge-media components, these components assemble and transfer
rich data structures to drive complex simulation tools and display advanced 3D
simulation results. Building on the framework developed by the authors, two ap-
plication examples are explained in detail, demonstrating how straightforward it
is to replace the key simulation elements and thereby obtain, on the same three-
dimensional GIS substrate, the modelling of quite different phenomena.

Section 2
Applications and Results

Chapter 5
A Web-Enabled, Mobile Intelligent Information Technology Architecture
for On-Demand and Mass Customized Markets ................................................. 83
M. Ghiassi, Santa Clara University, USA
C. Spera, Zipidy, Inc., USA

In this chapter, the authors deal with the challenges of increasing product custom-
ization and customer requirements demanding new strategies for “Mass Customi-
sation”. The approach proposed here is based on the assumption of a customer-
centric production system involving many businesses each of which focuses on
its core competencies, resulting in products that are outcome of a collaborative
effort. In fact, the authors envision the idea of users assisted by IT applications,
namely distributed and specialized software agents, by proposing and applying a
taxonomy that accounts for some core functionalities of assisting entities and suf-
ficient roles in the value chain. Accordingly, the authors introduce an architecture
for the dynamic instantiation and interaction of the agents, and give examples of
their approach through a number of case studies.
Chapter 6
Enhancing Video Viewing Experience.............................................................. 124
Akio Takashima, Tokyo University of Technology, Japan

This chapter presents a system for producing customised presentations of videos,

in which some parts of the video are emphasised relative to others by appropriate
automatic use of the playback controls. The author’s view is that this can be seen as
an assistant-like functionality whereby the system recognises and reproduces the
user’s habitual behaviour, so that once the system has been appropriately trained
it will automatically show newly arrived videos in the way the user would prob-
ably have wanted to watch them anyway. The author shows that because his sys-
tem represents such “viewing styles” as knowledge objects that can be transported
from one user to another, and can be manipulated so as to produce various forms
of composition of alternative viewing styles, users are able to benefit from the use
of viewing styles defined by others – such as, in the recording of a football match,
a style that would be used by a football coach when demonstrating or analysing a
team’s tactics.

Chapter 7
Utilisation of Expert Online Retrieval Tools: An Exploration of Barriers and
Added Values .................................................................................................... 153
Roberta Sturm, Saarland University, Germany
Christoph Igel, Saarland University, Germany

An empirical study regarding the utilisation of a knowledge management system

(KMS) in the tertiary education sector is presented. From an evaluative perspec-
tive, the authors examine the impact of the KMS, i.e., its utilisation and potential
barriers preventing such utilisation, and present results from two studies. In a first,
exploratory study they identified typical behaviour patterns and search strategies,
looked for difficulties in use and attributed them to a set of personal and non-
personal barriers. A second, quasi-experimental study was conducted to determine
the impact of utilization barriers on usage patterns. The findings provided by the
authors clearly give empirical evidence that even untrained users can benefit from
assistance offered by training courses and KMS. These findings do not conflict
with but clarify (at least some of) the assumptions made by Akaltun et al., in their
chapter on the idea of a knowledge web, regarding limited user capabilities.

Chapter 8
Software Agents for Human Interaction in Social Networks............................ 177
Christian Erfurth, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
Volkmar Schau, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
In this chapter the authors look into possible improvements of human commu-
nication in the web utilising social virtual worlds by means of mobile software
agents. They provide interaction schemas applying to communication between hu-
mans and machines, between machines, and between humans through machines.
Thereby communication is supported by personalised agents acting as intelligent
messengers or even as humans’ substitutes within the virtual world. Humans can
focus on the interaction with friends, regardless of the social network to which
they belong.

Chapter 9
Your Personal, Virtual Librarian ....................................................................... 199
Alexander Krumpholz, CSIRO ICT Centre & Australian National University,
Australia
David Hawking, Funnelback, Australia
Tom Gedeon, Australian National University, Australia

This chapter deals with the application domain of literature retrieval. It focuses on
literature retrieval for computer scientists, and on medical literature retrieval for
clinicians or medical researchers. The authors describe existing search aid systems
and identify a number of search purposes that might warrant a specialised ap-
proach to literature search. They examine in detail the domain of medical literature
search, as a frequently occurring and important task in a problem area with a highly
standardised terminology. In addition to developing a context-aware perspective,
the authors call for a user-centric approach by using an ad hoc interpretation of
Web retrieval processes as a guiding metaphor for understanding search processes.
Pointing out that in Web search one is usually provided with a large number of re-
sult documents, thus creating a follow-on need to check these results for relevance,
the authors point to further potential for assisting search.

Compilation of References ............................................................................. 235

About the Contributors .................................................................................. 252

Index ................................................................................................................. 259

xii

Foreword

The PISA endeavour on “Perspectives of Intelligent Systems Assistance” was

launched in 2005 by a workshop under this title hosted by Roland H. Kaschek at
Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. The PISA brand, so to speak,
was introduced and the term PISA coined in preparation for the workshop. A consoli-
dation of the scientific discussion initiated within that workshop led to a first book
entitled “Intelligent Assistant Systems: Concepts, Techniques and Technologies”
which appeared in December 2006. That may be seen as the first PISA book. The
PISA idea and concepts have been around since at least that time.
To keep it short and easy to grasp, PISA is about the trend of transforming tools
into assistant systems. We speak in particular about computerized tools and, thus,
about computerised assistant systems.
A tool is something that does not do anything by itself unless a user is wielding
it appropriately. Tools are valuable for numerous simple tasks and in cases in which
a human knows precisely how to operate the tool. Those tools have their limitations
as soon as dynamics come into play. There are various sources of dynamics, such
as a changing world or human users with different wishes, desires, and needs.
The trend toward ubiquitous and pervasive computing is bringing with it a steadily
growing community of naive users of computerized systems. If those users are not
able to use properly the systems that are offered as tools, one of the many ways out
might be to transform those systems into assistants, releasing the users from decisions
they are unable to make properly for themselves. At least in the developed countries,
the trend toward an aging society gives similar reasons for such transformations.
When tools are no longer sufficient, we have to think about substitutes. A mod-
erate approach is to transform tools gradually into assistants bringing in only as
much flexibility and freedom as necessary. It is advisible to be careful in giving
autonomy to human-made artifacts - as we all know, at least, from science fiction:
one just has to think of Stanley Kubrick’s film “2001: A Space Odyssey”, made in
1968, in which the assistant computer HAL 9000 becomes a bit too independent.
 xiii

However dangerous, the independence of assistant systems is highly desirable.

In the case of human assistance, in the very end the most helpful assistants are
those who have own ideas, go their own ways, and - from time to time – surprise
us with unexpected outcomes. Mankind will surely go to an extreme, because more
independent and creative assistants, even if they are only computer programs, will
allow for unexpectedly valuable results, at least in a certain number of relevant cases.
Consequently, there is no chance to ban assistant systems, even if they may
sometimes turn out to be dangerous. The only way is to learn about the potentials
of intelligent assistant systems, about technologies of development and implementa-
tion, about strategies and process models of employment. That's what PISA is about.
At the reader's fingertips, the present publication is the second PISA book, hope-
fully a milestone in a growing series of fruitful publications.

Klaus Peter Jantke,

Fraunhofer IDMT Ilmenau & Erfurt

Klaus Peter Jantke born in Berlin, Germany, studied Mathematics at Humboldt University Berlin. He
graduated with an honours degree in Theoretical Computer Science and received both his doctorate
and his habilitation at Humboldt. Jantke won the Weierstrass Award for his diploma thesis and the
Humboldt Prize for his PhD. Klaus Jantke started his academic career as a full professor at Kuwait
University and simultaneously at Leipzig University of Technology, aged 35. Since then he has been
teaching at several German Universities such as Chemnitz, Cottbus, Darmstadt, Ilmenau, Leipzig,
and Saarbrücken. He sees himself as a logician in the school of Heinrich Scholz and Karl Schröter.
Jantke’s scientific interest ranges from universal algebra and algorithmic learning through digital
games to qualitative and quantitative research into the impact of media. Fraunhofer Society, Germany’s
largest research institution with currently 17,000 scientists and 60 institutes in operation, decided to
establish its own children’s media research center. In January 2008, Klaus Jantke was put in charge
of developing this research center in Erfurt, Germany,
xiv

Preface

This book is the second publication of the loosely organized PISA (Perspectives
of Intelligent Systems’ Assistance) project on assistant systems. In our first book
(Kaschek, 2006) we tried to set the stage for a general debate of assistance and
tried to push the development and use of assistant systems to the level of what was
possible back then. With this book we try to highlight the role of interdisciplinarity
and adaptivity. There is good reason for that. First, from our definition as given in
the preface of the earlier book, intelligent assistant systems inherently are adap-
tive; it turns out that this adaptivity is a key issue, that we try to explore in more
detail here. Second, and going beyond what we saw back in 2006, interdiscipli-
narity is very important too. Maybe not for each and every assistant system, but
certainly many instances of requiring computer-based assistance will have to take
into account a number of different disciplines at the same time. As is customary for
a preface we first introduce our subject, discuss some of the related work, and then
briefly summarise the chapters of this book.
As we did in 2006, we still feel that the most fundamental concept we have to
deal with is that of information. Our related view is one in which we take into ac-
count structural aspects of modern life and do not necessarily restrict ourselves to
the individual human using a computer. We consider an information society as a
society in which information is the overwhelmingly dominant item in production,
management, support and consumption. What we did not really understand at the
time of the first PISA book is that information is becoming key even in consump-
tion processes. That process is driven by the following causes: (1) many products or
services are complex, and using them appropriately is not necessarily a trivial task;
(2) providing the product or service meta-information required for a conscious choice
about whether and how to buy them (i.e., what business model to use for purchasing
or, more generally, for acquiring access or consumption rights), as well as how to
consume or use them, is expensive. One way of getting an edge over competitors
is to offer that information in computer-readable electronic format only; that way
it can be kept up to date much more easily and effectively. Also, that way the infor-
mation can be made much more meaningful to consumers, as it can be computer
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