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Basic Engineering Mathematics
Why is knowledge of mathematics important in engineering?

A career in any engineering or scientific field will concerned with release, control and utilisation of nuclear
require both basic and advanced mathematics. Without energy and nuclear waste disposal.
mathematics to determine principles, calculate dimen-
Petroleum engineers require mathematics to devise
sions and limits, explore variations, prove concepts, and
methods to improve oil and gas well production and
so on, there would be no mobile telephones, televisions,
determine the need for new or modified tool designs;
stereo systems, video games, microwave ovens, comput-
they oversee drilling and offer technical advice to
ers or virtually anything electronic. There would be no
achieve economical and satisfactory progress.
bridges, tunnels, roads, skyscrapers, automobiles, ships,
planes, rockets or most things mechanical. There would Industrial engineers require mathematics to design,
be no metals beyond the common ones, such as iron and develop, test and evaluate integrated systems for man-
copper, no plastics, no synthetics. In fact, society would aging industrial production processes, including human
most certainly be less advanced without the use of math- work factors, quality control, inventory control, logis-
ematics throughout the centuries and into the future. tics and material flow, cost analysis and production
Electrical engineers require mathematics to design, coordination.
develop, test, or supervise the manufacturing and instal- Environmental engineers require mathematics to
lation of electrical equipment, components or systems design, plan, or perform engineering duties in the
for commercial, industrial, military or scientific use. prevention, control and remediation of environmental
Mechanical engineers require mathematics to perform health hazards, using various engineering disciplines;
engineering duties in planning and designing tools, their work may include waste treatment, site remedia-
engines, machines and other mechanically functioning tion or pollution control technology.
equipment; they oversee installation, operation, mainte-
nance and repair of such equipment as centralised heat, Civil engineers require mathematics in all levels in
gas, water and steam systems. civil engineering – structural engineering, hydraulics
and geotechnical engineering are all fields that employ
Aerospace engineers require mathematics to perform mathematical tools such as differential equations, tensor
a variety of engineering work in designing, construct- analysis, field theory, numerical methods and operations
ing and testing aircraft, missiles, and spacecraft; they research.
conduct basic and applied research to evaluate adapt-
ability of materials and equipment to aircraft design and Knowledge of mathematics is therefore needed by each
manufacture and recommend improvements in testing of the engineering disciplines listed above.
equipment and techniques. It is intended that this text – Basic Engineering Mathe-
Nuclear engineers require mathematics to conduct matics – will provide a step by step approach to learning
research on nuclear engineering problems or apply all the early, fundamental mathematics needed for your
principles and theory of nuclear science to problems future engineering studies.
Now in its seventh edition, Basic Engineering Math- John Bird, BSc (Hons), CEng, CMath, CSci, FIMA,
ematics is an established textbook that has helped FIET, FCollT, is the former Head of Applied Electron-
thousands of students to succeed in their exams. Math- ics in the Faculty of Technology at Highbury College,
ematical theories are explained in a straightforward Portsmouth, UK. More recently, he has combined free-
manner, being supported by practical engineering exam- lance lecturing at the University of Portsmouth with
ples and applications in order to ensure that readers can examiner responsibilities for Advanced Mathematics
relate theory to practice. The extensive and thorough with City and Guilds, and examining for the Interna-
topic coverage makes this an ideal text for introduc- tional Baccalaureate Organisation. He is the author of
tory level engineering courses. This title is supported by some 130 textbooks on engineering and mathemati-
a companion website with resources for both students cal subjects with worldwide sales of over one million
and lecturers, including lists of essential formulae, mul- copies. He is a chartered engineer, a chartered math-
tiple choice tests, and full solutions for all 1,600 further ematician, a chartered scientist and a Fellow of three
questions. professional institutions, and is currently lecturing at the
Defence School of Marine and Air Engineering in the
Defence College of Technical Training at HMS Sultan,
Gosport, Hampshire, UK.
To Sue
Basic Engineering Mathematics
Seventh Edition
John Bird
Seventh edition published 2017
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2017 John Bird
The right of John Bird to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of
the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical,
or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification
and explanation without intent to infringe.
First edition published by Newnes 1999

Sixth edition published by Routledge 2014
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Bird, J. O., author.
Title: Basic engineering mathematics / John Bird.
Description: 7th ed. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York,
NY : Routledge, 2017. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016055537| ISBN 9781138673700 (pbk. : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781315561776 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Engineering mathematics.
Classification: LCC TA330 .B513 2017 | DDC 620.001/51–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016055537
ISBN: 978-1-138-67370-0 (pbk)

ISBN: 978-1-315-56177-6 (ebk)
Typeset in Times by
Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Stockport, Cheshire
Visit the companion website: www.routledge.com/cw/bird

Contents
Preface xi 6.3 Direct proportion 46

6.4 Inverse proportion 50
Acknowledgements xiii
1 Basic arithmetic 1 7 Powers, roots and laws of indices 52
1.1 Introduction 1 7.1 Introduction 52
1.2 Revision of addition and subtraction 2 7.2 Powers and roots 52
1.3 Revision of multiplication and division 3 7.3 Laws of indices 54
1.4 Highest common factors and lowest
common multiples 5 8 Units, prefixes and engineering notation 59
1.5 Order of operation and brackets 7 8.1 Introduction 59
8.2 SI units 59
2 Fractions 9
8.3 Common prefixes 60
2.1 Introduction 9
8.4 Standard form 63
2.2 Adding and subtracting fractions 10
8.5 Engineering notation 65
2.3 Multiplication and division of fractions 12
8.6 Metric conversions 67
2.4 Order of operation with fractions 14
8.7 Metric - US/Imperial conversions 70
Revision Test 1 16
Revision Test 3 75
3 Decimals 17
3.1 Introduction 17 9 Basic algebra 76
3.2 Converting decimals to fractions and vice 9.1 Introduction 76
versa 17 9.2 Basic operations 77
3.3 Significant figures and decimal places 19 9.3 Laws of indices 80
3.4 Adding and subtracting decimal
numbers 20 10 Further algebra 84
3.5 Multiplying and dividing decimal 10.1 Introduction 84
numbers 21 10.2 Brackets 84
10.3 Factorisation 86
4 Using a calculator 23 10.4 Laws of precedence 87
4.1 Introduction 23
4.2 Adding, subtracting, multiplying and 11 Solving simple equations 90
dividing 23 11.1 Introduction 90
4.3 Further calculator functions 25 11.2 Solving equations 90
4.4 Evaluation of formulae 29 11.3 Practical problems involving simple
equations 94
5 Percentages 35
5.1 Introduction 35
Revision Test 4 99
5.2 Percentage calculations 36
5.3 Further percentage calculations 37
5.4 More percentage calculations 39 Multiple choice questions Test 1 100
Revision Test 2 42 12 Transposing formulae 102

12.1 Introduction 102
6 Ratio and proportion 43 12.2 Transposing formulae 102
6.1 Introduction 43 12.3 Further transposing of formulae 104
6.2 Ratios 44 12.4 More difficult transposing of formulae 107
viii Contents
13 Solving simultaneous equations 111 18 Graphs reducing non-linear laws to linear form 175
13.1 Introduction 111 18.1 Introduction 175
13.2 Solving simultaneous equations in two 18.2 Determination of law 175
unknowns 111 18.3 Revision of laws of logarithms 178
13.3 Further solving of simultaneous equations 113 18.4 Determination of laws involving
13.4 Solving more difficult simultaneous logarithms 179
equations 115
19 Graphical solution of equations 184
13.5 Practical problems involving simultaneous
19.1 Graphical solution of simultaneous
equations 117
equations 184
13.6 Solving simultaneous equations in three
19.2 Graphical solution of quadratic equations 186
unknowns 121
19.3 Graphical solution of linear and quadratic
equations simultaneously 190
Revision Test 5 123 19.4 Graphical solution of cubic equations 190
20 Graphs with logarithmic scales 193
14 Solving quadratic equations 124 20.1 Logarithmic scales and logarithmic graph
14.1 Introduction 124 paper 193
14.2 Solution of quadratic equations by 20.2 Graphs of the form y = axn 194
factorisation 125
20.3 Graphs of the form y = abx 197
14.3 Solution of quadratic equations by
‘completing the square’ 127 20.4 Graphs of the form y = aekx 198
14.4 Solution of quadratic equations by
formula 129 Revision Test 7 201
14.5 Practical problems involving quadratic
equations 130 21 Angles and triangles 203
14.6 Solution of linear and quadratic equations 21.1 Introduction 203
simultaneously 133 21.2 Angular measurement 203
21.3 Triangles 209
15 Logarithms 134 21.4 Congruent triangles 213
15.1 Introduction to logarithms 134 21.5 Similar triangles 215
15.2 Laws of logarithms 136 21.6 Construction of triangles 217
15.3 Indicial equations 139
22 Introduction to trigonometry 220
15.4 Graphs of logarithmic functions 140
16 Exponential functions 141 22.2 The theorem of Pythagoras 220
16.1 Introduction to exponential functions 141 22.3 Sines, cosines and tangents 223
16.2 The power series for ex 142 22.4 Evaluating trigonometric ratios of acute
16.3 Graphs of exponential functions 144 angles 225
16.4 Napierian logarithms 146 22.5 Solving right-angled triangles 227
16.5 Laws of growth and decay 149 22.6 Angles of elevation and depression 231
Revision Test 8 234

Revision Test 6 153
23 Trigonometric waveforms 236
Multiple choice questions Test 2 154 23.1 Graphs of trigonometric functions 236
23.2 Angles of any magnitude 237
17 Straight line graphs 156 23.3 The production of sine and cosine waves 240
17.1 Introduction to graphs 156 23.4 Terminology involved with sine and
17.2 Axes, scales and co-ordinates 156 cosine waves 240
17.3 Straight line graphs 158 23.5 Sinusoidal form: A sin(ωt ± α) 243
17.4 Gradients, intercepts and equations 24 Non-right-angled triangles and some practical
of graphs 161 applications 246
17.5 Practical problems involving straight 24.1 The sine and cosine rules 246
line graphs 168 24.2 Area of any triangle 247
Contents ix
24.3 Worked problems on the solution of Revision Test 11 315

triangles and their areas 247
24.4 Further worked problems on the solution
30 Vectors 317
of triangles and their areas 249
24.5 Practical situations involving
30.2 Scalars and vectors 317
trigonometry 250
30.3 Drawing a vector 318
24.6 Further practical situations involving
30.4 Addition of vectors by drawing 319
trigonometry 252
30.5 Resolving vectors into horizontal and
25 Cartesian and polar co-ordinates 255 vertical components 321
25.1 Introduction 255 30.6 Addition of vectors by calculation 322
25.2 Changing from Cartesian to polar 30.7 Vector subtraction 326
co-ordinates 255 30.8 Relative velocity 327
25.3 Changing from polar to Cartesian 30.9 i, j and k notation 328
co-ordinates 257
25.4 Use of Pol/Rec functions on
31 Methods of adding alternating waveforms 330
calculators 258
31.1 Combining two periodic functions 330
31.2 Plotting periodic functions 331
Revision Test 9 260
31.3 Determining resultant phasors by
drawing 332
Multiple choice questions Test 3 261 31.4 Determining resultant phasors by the sine
and cosine rules 334
26 Areas of common shapes 266 31.5 Determining resultant phasors by
26.1 Introduction 266 horizontal and vertical components 335
26.2 Common shapes 266
26.3 Areas of common shapes 269 Revision Test 12 338
26.4 Areas of similar shapes 276
27 The circle and its properties 278 Multiple choice questions Test 4 340
27.2 Properties of circles 278
27.3 Radians and degrees 280 32 Presentation of statistical data 343
27.4 Arc length and area of circles and 32.1 Some statistical terminology 344
sectors 281 32.2 Presentation of ungrouped data 345
27.5 The equation of a circle 285 32.3 Presentation of grouped data 348
Revision Test 10 287 33 Mean, median, mode and standard deviation 355
33.1 Measures of central tendency 355
33.2 Mean, median and mode for discrete
28 Volumes and surface areas of common solids 289
data 356
33.3 Mean, median and mode for grouped
28.2 Volumes and surface areas of common
data 357
shapes 289
33.4 Standard deviation 358
28.3 Summary of volumes and surface areas of
common solids 296 33.5 Quartiles, deciles and percentiles 360
28.4 More complex volumes and surface
areas 296 34 Probability 362
28.5 Volumes and surface areas of frusta of 34.1 Introduction to probability 363
pyramids and cones 302 34.2 Laws of probability 364
28.6 Volumes of similar shapes 306
29 Irregular areas and volumes and mean values 307 Revision Test 13 369
29.1 Areas of irregular figures 307
29.2 Volumes of irregular solids 310 Multiple choice questions Test 5 370
29.3 Mean or average values of waveforms 311
x Contents
35 Introduction to differentiation 372 37.3 Arithmetic progressions 405

35.1 Introduction to calculus 372 37.4 Geometric progressions 408
35.2 Functional notation 372
38 Binary, octal and hexadecimal numbers 412
35.3 The gradient of a curve 373
35.4 Differentiation from first principles 374
38.2 Binary numbers 413
35.5 Differentiation of y = ax n by the
38.3 Octal numbers 416
general rule 375
38.4 Hexadecimal numbers 419
35.6 Differentiation of sine and cosine
functions 378 39 Inequalities 423
35.7 Differentiation of eax and ln ax 380 39.1 Introduction to inequalities 423
35.8 Summary of standard derivatives 381 39.2 Simple inequalities 424
35.9 Successive differentiation 382 39.3 Inequalities involving a modulus 424
35.10 Rates of change 382 39.4 Inequalities involving
35.11 Differentiation of a product 384 quotients 425
35.12 Differentiation of a quotient 385 39.5 Inequalities involving square
35.13 Function of a function 386 functions 426
39.6 Quadratic inequalities 427
36 Standard integration 388
36.1 The process of integration 388
Revision Test 15 430
36.2 The general solution of integrals of the
form ax n 389
36.3 Standard integrals 389 Multiple choice questions Test 7 431
36.4 Definite integrals 392
36.5 The area under a curve 394 List of formulae 432
Answers to Practice Exercises 436

Revision Test 14 399
Answers to multiple choice questions 455
Multiple choice questions Test 6 401 Index 456
37 Number sequences 403

37.1 Simple sequences 403
37.2 The nth term of a series 404
Preface
Basic Engineering Mathematics, 7 th Edition intro- procedures. However, these are kept to a minimum, for
duces and then consolidates basic mathematical princi- problem solving is extensively used to establish and
ples and promotes awareness of mathematical concepts exemplify the theory. It is intended that readers will gain
for students needing a broad base for further voca- real understanding through seeing problems solved and
tional studies. In this seventh edition, new material has then solving similar problems themselves.
been added on metric conversions, metric to imperial This textbook contains over 800 worked problems,
conversions, numbering systems, comparing numerical followed by some 1,600 further problems (all with
methods, further differentiation methods, together with answers – at the end of the book). The further prob-
other minor modifications. lems are contained within 168 Practise Exercises; each
The text covers: Practise Exercise follows on directly from the relevant
section of work. Fully worked solutions to all 1,600
(i) Basic mathematics for a wide range of introduc- problems have been made freely available to all via
tory/access/foundation mathematics courses the website – see page xii. 425 line diagrams enhance
(ii) ‘Mathematics for Engineering Technicians’ for the understanding of the theory. Where at all possible
BTEC First NQF Level 2; chapters 1 to 12, 16 to the problems mirror potential practical situations found
18, 21, 22, 24, and 26 to 28 are needed for this in engineering and science.
module. At regular intervals throughout the text are 15 Revision
(iii) The mandatory ‘Mathematics for Technicians’ Tests to check understanding. For example, Revision
for BTEC National Certificate and National Test 1 covers material contained in chapters 1 and 2,
Diploma in Engineering, NQF Level 3; chapters Revision Test 2 covers the material contained in chap-
7 to 10, 14 to 17, 19, 21 to 24, 26 to 28, 32, 33, 35 ters 3 to 5, and so on. These Revision Tests do not have
and 36 are needed for this module. In addition, answers given since it is envisaged that lecturers/instruc-
chapters 1 to 6, 11 and 12 are helpful revision tors could set the Tests for students to attempt as part of
for this module. their course structure. Lecturers/instructors may obtain
(iv) GCSE revision, and for similar mathematics solutions to the Revision Tests online – see page xii.
courses in English-speaking countries world- At the end of the book a list of relevant formulae con-
wide. tained within the text is included for convenience of
reference.
Basic Engineering Mathematics, 7 t h Edition provides a ‘Learning by Example’ is at the heart of Basic Engi-
lead into Engineering Mathematics, 8 t h Edition. neering Mathematics, 7 t h Edition.
Each topic considered in the text is presented in a way
that assumes in the reader little previous knowledge of JOHN BIRD
that topic. Royal Naval Defence College of Marine and Air
Engineering, HMS Sultan,
Theory is introduced in each chapter by an out- formerly of University of Portsmouth
line of essential theory, definitions, formulae, laws and and Highbury College, Portsmouth
xii Preface
Free Web downloads at For instructors/lecturers

www.routledge.com/cw/bird
For students 1. Full solutions to the 1,600 questions con-
tained in the 168 Practice Exercises
1. Full solutions to the 1,600 questions con-
tained in the 168 Practice Exercises 2. Full solutions and marking scheme to each of
the 15 Revision Tests
2. Download multiple choice questions and
answer sheet 3. Revision Tests – available to run off to be
given to students
3. List of essential formulae
4. Download multiple choice questions and
4. Famous engineers/scientists – From time answer sheet
to time in the text, 18 famous mathemati-
cians/engineers are referred to and empha- 5. List of essential formulae
sised with an asterisk∗ . Background infor- 6. Illustrations – all 425 available on Power-
mation on each of these is available via the Point
website. Mathematicians/engineers involved 7. Famous engineers/scientists – 18 are men-
are: Boyle, Celsius, Charles, Descartes, tioned in the text, as listed previously.
Faraday, Henry, Hertz, Hooke, Kirchhoff,
Leibniz, Morland, Napier, Newton, Ohm,
Pascal, Pythagoras, Simpson and Young.
Acknowledgements
The publisher wishes to thank CASIO Electronic Co. The publisher also wishes to thank the AA Media Ltd
Ltd, London for permission to reproduce the image of for permission to reproduce the map of Portsmouth on
the Casio fx-991ES calculator on page 24. page 157.
Chapter 1
Basic arithmetic
Why it is important to understand: Basic arithmetic
Being numerate, i.e. having an ability to add, subtract, multiply and divide whole numbers with some
confidence, goes a long way towards helping you become competent at mathematics. Of course electronic
calculators are a marvellous aid to the quite complicated calculations often required in engineering;
however, having a feel for numbers ‘in our head’ can be invaluable when estimating. Do not spend too
much time on this chapter because we deal with the calculator later; however, try to have some idea
how to do quick calculations in the absence of a calculator. You will feel more confident in dealing with
numbers and calculations if you can do this.
At the end of this chapter you should be able to:
• understand positive and negative integers

• add and subtract integers
• multiply and divide two integers
• multiply numbers up to 12 × 12 by rote
• determine the highest common factor from a set of numbers
• determine the lowest common multiple from a set of numbers
• appreciate the order of operation when evaluating expressions
• understand the use of brackets in expressions
• evaluate expressions containing +, −, ×, ÷ and brackets
Examples of integers include . . . − 5, −4, −3, −2, −1,

1.1 Introduction 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, . . .
Arithmetic operators
Whole numbers
The four basic arithmetic operators are add (+), subtract
Whole Numbers are simply the numbers 0, 1, 2, 3,
(−), multiply (×) and divide (÷).
4, 5, . . .
It is assumed that adding, subtracting, multiplying and
Counting numbers dividing reasonably small numbers can be achieved
Counting Numbers are whole numbers, but without the
without a calculator. However, if revision of this area
zero, i.e. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, . . . is needed then some worked problems are included in
Natural numbers the following sections.
Natural Numbers can mean either counting numbers or When unlike signs occur together in a calculation, the
whole numbers. overall sign is negative. For example,
Integers
Integers are like whole numbers, but they also include 3 + (−4) = 3 + −4 = 3 − 4 = −1
negative numbers.
Basic Engineering Mathematics. 978-1-138-67370-0, © 2017 John Bird. Published by Taylor & Francis. All rights reserved.
2 Basic Engineering Mathematics
and (ii) Place 3 in the units column.

(+5) × (−2) = −10 (iii) 2 − 6 is not possible; therefore change one hun-
Like signs together give an overall positive sign. For dred into ten tens (leaving 5 in the hundreds
example, column). In the tens column, this gives us
12 − 6 = 6
3 − (−4) = 3 − −4 = 3 + 4 = 7
(iv) Place the 6 in the tens column.
and
(v) 5 − 3 = 2
(−6) × (−4) = +24
(vi) Place the 2 in the hundreds column.
Prime numbers
A prime number can be divided, without a remainder, Hence, 632 − 369 = 263
only by itself and by 1. For example, 17 can be divided
only by 17 and by 1. Other examples of prime numbers Problem 3. Add 27, −74, 81 and −19
are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 19 and 23.
This problem is written as 27 − 74 + 81 − 19.
Adding the positive integers: 27
1.2 Revision of addition and 81
subtraction
Sum of positive integers is 108
You can probably already add two or more numbers
together and subtract one number from another. How- Adding the negative integers: 74
ever, if you need revision then the following worked 19
problems should be helpful. Sum of negative integers is 93
Problem 1. Determine 735 + 167 Taking the sum of the negative integers
from the sum of the positive integers gives 108
HTU −93
7 35
+1 67 15
Thus, 27 − 74 + 81 − 19 = 15
9 02
1 1 Problem 4. Subtract −74 from 377
(i) 5 + 7 = 12. Place 2 in units (U) column. Carry 1 This problem is written as 377 − −74. Like signs
in the tens (T) column. together give an overall positive sign, hence
(ii) 3 + 6 + 1 (carried) = 10. Place the 0 in the tens 377 − −74 = 377 + 74 377
column. Carry the 1 in the hundreds (H) column. + 74
(iii) 7 + 1 + 1 (carried) = 9. Place the 9 in the hun- 451
dreds column. Thus, 377 − −74 = 451
Hence, 735 + 167 = 902
Problem 5. Subtract 243 from 126
Problem 2. Determine 632 − 369
The problem is 126 − 243. When the second number is
HTU larger than the first, take the smaller number from the
6 32 larger and make the result negative. Thus,
−3 69
126 − 243 = −(243 − 126) 243
2 63 −126
117
(i) 2 − 9 is not possible; therefore change one ten
into ten units (leaving 2 in the tens column). In
Thus, 126 − 243 = −117
the units column, this gives us 12 − 9 = 3
Basic arithmetic 3
Problem 6. Subtract 318 from −269 110
The problem is −269 − 318. The sum of the negative B

integers is
269 12
+318
d
587
A
Thus, −269 − 318 = −587
60
Now try the following Practice Exercise
Practice Exercise 1 Further problems on

addition and subtraction (answers on 50 38
page 436) 120
In Problems 1−15, determine the values of the
Figure 1.1
expressions given, without using a calculator.
1. 67 kg − 82 kg + 34 kg
2. 73 m − 57 m 1.3 Revision of multiplication and

3. 851 mm − 372 mm division
4. 124 − 273 + 481 − 398 You can probably already multiply two numbers
together and divide one number by another. However, if
5. £927 − £114 + £182 − £183 − £247 you need a revision then the following worked problems
should be helpful.
6. 647 − 872
7. 2417 − 487 + 2424− 1778 − 4712 Problem 7. Determine 86 × 7
8. −38419 − 2177 + 2440− 799 + 2834 HTU

86
9. £2715 − £18250 + £11471 − £1509 + × 7
£113274 6 02
10. 47 + (−74) − (−23) 4
11. 813 − (−674) (i) 7 × 6 = 42. Place the 2 in the units (U) column
and ‘carry’ the 4 into the tens (T) column.
12. 3151 − (−2763)
(ii) 7 × 8 = 56; 56 + 4 (carried) = 60. Place the 0 in
13. 4872 g − 4683 g the tens column and the 6 in the hundreds (H)
column.
14. −23148 − 47724
Hence, 86 × 7 = 602
15. $53774 − $38441 A good grasp of multiplication tables is needed when
multiplying such numbers; a reminder of the multipli-
16. Calculate the diameter d and dimensions A cation table up to 12 × 12 is shown below. Confidence
and B for the template shown in Fig. 1.1. All with handling numbers will be greatly improved if this
dimensions are in millimetres. table is memorised.
Multiplication table
× 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72
7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 84
8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 80 88 96
9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81 90 99 108
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 110 121 132
12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120 132 144
Hence, 764 × 38 = 29032

Problem 8. Determine 764 × 38
Again, knowing multiplication tables is rather important
764 when multiplying such numbers.
It is appreciated, of course, that such a multiplication
× 38
can, and probably will, be performed using a calculator.
6 112 However, there are times when a calculator may not be
2 2 920 available and it is then useful to be able to calculate the
2 9 032 ‘long way’.
(i) 8 × 4 = 32. Place the 2 in the units column and Problem 9. Multiply 178 by −46
carry 3 into the tens column.
(ii) 8 × 6 = 48; 48 + 3 (carried) = 51. Place the 1 in When the numbers have different signs, the result will
the tens column and carry the 5 into the hundreds be negative. (With this in mind, the problem can now
column. be solved by multiplying 178 by 46.) Following the
procedure of Problem 8 gives
(iii) 8 × 7 = 56; 56 + 5 (carried) = 61. Place 1 in the 178
hundreds column and 6 in the thousands column. × 46
(iv) Place 0 in the units column under the 2 1068
(v) 3 × 4 = 12. Place the 2 in the tens column and 7120
carry 1 into the hundreds column. 8188
(vi) 3 × 6 = 18; 18 + 1 (carried) = 19. Place the 9 in
the hundreds column and carry the 1 into the
Thus, 178 × 46 = 8188 and 178 × (−46) = −8188
thousands column.
(vii) 3 × 7 = 21; 21 + 1 (carried) = 22. Place 2 in the
Problem 10. Determine 1834 ÷ 7
thousands column and 2 in the ten thousands
column.
262
(viii) 6112 + 22920 = 29032 7 1834
Basic arithmetic 5
(i) 7 into 18 goes 2, remainder 4. Place the 2 above Now try the following Practice Exercise
the 8 of 1834 and carry the 4 remainder to the
next digit on the right, making it 43 Practice Exercise 2 Further problems on
(ii) 7 into 43 goes 6, remainder 1. Place the 6 above multiplication and division (answers on
page 436)
the 3 of 1834 and carry the 1 remainder to the
next digit on the right, making it 14 Determine the values of the expressions given in
Problems 1 to 9, without using a calculator.
(iii)7 into 14 goes 2, remainder 0. Place 2 above the
4 of 1834 1. (a) 78 × 6 (b) 124 × 7
1834 2. (a) £261 × 7 (b) £462 × 9
Hence, 1834 ÷ 7 = 1834/7 = = 262
7
The method shown is called short division. 3. (a) 783 kg × 11 (b) 73 kg × 8
4. (a) 27 mm × 13 (b) 77 mm × 12
Problem 11. Determine 5796 ÷ 12 5. (a) 448 × 23 (b) 143 × (−31)

6. (a) 288 m ÷ 6 (b) 979 m ÷ 11
1813 896
483 7. (a) (b)
12 5796 7 16
48 21424
99 8. (a) (b) 15900 ÷ − 15
96 13
36 88737
36 9. (a) (b) 46858 ÷ 14
11
00
10. A screw has a mass of 15 grams. Calculate,
(i) 12 into 5 won’t go. 12 into 57 goes 4; place 4 in kilograms, the mass of 1200 such screws
above the 7 of 5796 (1 kg = 1000 g).
11. Holes are drilled 35.7 mm apart in a metal
(ii) 4 × 12 = 48; place the 48 below the 57 of 5796
plate. If a row of 26 holes is drilled, deter-
(iii) 57 − 48 = 9 mine the distance, in centimetres, between
the centres of the first and last holes.
(iv) Bring down the 9 of 5796 to give 99
12. A builder needs to clear a site of bricks and
(v) 12 into 99 goes 8; place 8 above the 9 of 5796 top soil. The total weight to be removed is 696
tonnes. Trucks can carry a maximum load of
(vi) 8 × 12 = 96; place 96 below the 99 24 tonnes. Determine the number of truck
loads needed to clear the site.
(vii) 99 − 96 = 3
(viii) Bring down the 6 of 5796 to give 36
(ix) 12 into 36 goes 3 exactly. 1.4 Highest common factors and

lowest common multiples
(x) Place the 3 above the final 6
When two or more numbers are multiplied together, the
(xi) 3 × 12 = 36; Place the 36 below the 36
individual numbers are called factors. Thus, a factor is a
(xii) 36 − 36 = 0 number which divides into another number exactly. The
highest common factor (HCF) is the largest number
5796 which divides into two or more numbers exactly.
Hence, 5796 ÷ 12 = 5796/12 = = 483
12 For example, consider the numbers 12 and 15
The method shown is called long division. The factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 12 (i.e. all the
numbers that divide into 12).
The factors of 15 are 1, 3, 5 and 15 (i.e. all the numbers The factors which are common to each of the numbers
that divide into 15). are 3 in column 2 and 5 in column 3. Hence, the HCF
1 and 3 are the only common factors; i.e. numbers is 3 × 5 = 15
which are factors of both 12 and 15
Hence, the HCF of 12 and 15 is 3 since 3 is the highest Problem 14. Determine the LCM of the numbers
number which divides into both 12 and 15 12, 42 and 90
A multiple is a number which contains another number
an exact number of times. The smallest number which The LCM is obtained by finding the lowest factors of
is exactly divisible by each of two or more numbers is each of the numbers, as shown in Problems 12 and 13
called the lowest common multiple (LCM). above, and then selecting the largest group of any of the
For example, the multiples of 12 are 12, 24, 36, 48, factors present. Thus,
60, 72, . . . and the multiples of 15 are 15, 30, 45,
12 = 2 × 2 × 3
60, 75, . . .
60 is a common multiple (i.e. a multiple of both 12 and 42 = 2 × 3 ×7
15) and there are no lower common multiples.
Hence, the LCM of 12 and 15 is 60 since 60 is the 90 = 2 × 3×3 × 5
lowest number that both 12 and 15 divide into.
Here are some further problems involving the determi- The largest group of any of the factors present is shown
nation of HCFs and LCMs. by the broken lines and is 2 × 2 in 12, 3 × 3 in 90, 5 in
90 and 7 in 42
Hence, the LCM is 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 7 = 1260 and
Problem 12. Determine the HCF of the numbers
is the smallest number which 12, 42 and 90 will all
12, 30 and 42
divide into exactly.
Probably the simplest way of determining an HCF is to
Problem 15. Determine the LCM of the numbers
express each number in terms of its lowest factors. This
150, 210, 735 and 1365
is achieved by repeatedly dividing by the prime numbers
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, . . . (where possible) in turn. Thus,
Using the method shown in Problem 14 above:
12 = 2 × 2 × 3 150 = 2 × 3 × 5 × 5
30 = 2 ×3×5 210 = 2 × 3 × 5 × 7
42 = 2 ×3×7 735 = 3 ×5 × 7×7
The factors which are common to each of the numbers
1365 = 3 ×5 × 7 × 13
are 2 in column 1 and 3 in column 3, shown by the
broken lines. Hence, the HCF is 2 × 3; i.e. 6. That is, Hence, the LCM is 2 × 3 × 5 × 5 × 7 × 7 × 13
6 is the largest number which will divide into 12, 30 = 95550
and 42.
Now try the following Practice Exercise
Problem 13. Determine the HCF of the numbers
30, 105, 210 and 1155 Practice Exercise 3 Further problems on
highest common factors and lowest
Using the method shown in Problem 12: common multiples (answers on page 436)
Find (a) the HCF and (b) the LCM of the following
30 = 2 × 3 × 5 groups of numbers.
105 = 3×5×7 1. 8, 12 2. 60, 72
210 = 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 3. 50, 70 4. 270, 900
1155 = 3 × 5 × 7 × 11 5. 6, 10, 14 6. 12, 30, 45

Basic arithmetic 7
1.5.2 Brackets and operators

7. 10, 15, 70, 105 8. 90, 105, 300
The basic laws governing the use of brackets and
9. 196, 210, 462, 910 10. 196, 350, 770 operators are shown by the following examples.
(a) 2 + 3 = 3 + 2; i.e. the order of numbers when
adding does not matter.
1.5 Order of operation and brackets (b) 2 × 3 = 3 × 2; i.e. the order of numbers when
multiplying does not matter.
1.5.1 Order of operation
(c) 2 + (3 + 4) = (2 + 3) + 4; i.e. the use of brackets
Sometimes addition, subtraction, multiplication, divi- when adding does not affect the result.
sion, powers and brackets may all be involved in a
calculation. For example, (d) 2 × (3 × 4) = (2 × 3) × 4; i.e. the use of brackets
when multiplying does not affect the result.
5 − 3 × 4 + 24 ÷ (3 + 5) − 3 2
(e) 2 × (3 + 4) = 2(3 + 4) = 2 × 3 + 2 × 4; i.e. a
This is an extreme example but will demonstrate the number placed outside of a bracket indicates
order that is necessary when evaluating. that the whole contents of the bracket must be
When we read, we read from left to right. However, multiplied by that number.
with mathematics there is a definite order of precedence (f ) (2 + 3)(4 + 5) = (5)(9) = 5 × 9 = 45; i.e. adja-
which we need to adhere to. The order is as follows: cent brackets indicate multiplication.
Brackets (g) 2[3 + (4 × 5)] = 2[3 + 20] = 2 × 23 = 46; i.e.
Order (or pOwer) when an expression contains inner and outer
Division brackets, the inner brackets are removed
Multiplication first.
Addition
Subtraction Here are some further problems in which BODMAS
needs to be used.
Notice that the first letters of each word spell BOD-
MAS, a handy aide-mémoire. Order means pOwer. For
example, 42 = 4 × 4 = 16 Problem 16. Find the value of 6 + 4 ÷ (5 − 3)
5 − 3 × 4 + 24 ÷ (3 + 5) − 3 2 is evaluated as
follows: The order of precedence of operations is remembered
by the word BODMAS. Thus,
5 − 3 × 4 + 24 ÷ (3 + 5) − 3 2
6 + 4 ÷ (5 − 3) = 6 + 4 ÷ 2 (Brackets)
= 5 − 3 × 4 + 24 ÷ 8 − 3 2 (Bracket is removed and
= 6+2 (Division)
3 + 5 replaced with 8)
=8 (Addition)
= 5 − 3 × 4 + 24 ÷ 8 − 9 (Order means pOwer; in
this case, 32 = 3 × 3 = 9)
Problem 17. Determine the value of
= 5−3×4+3−9 (Division: 24 ÷ 8 = 3) 13 − 2 × 3 + 14 ÷ (2 + 5)
= 5 − 12 + 3 − 9 (Multiplication: − 3 × 4 = −12)
= 8 − 12 − 9 (Addition: 5 + 3 = 8)
13 − 2 × 3 + 14 ÷ (2 + 5) = 13 − 2 × 3 + 14 ÷ 7 (B)
= −13 (Subtraction: 8 − 12 − 9 = −13)
= 13 − 2 × 3 + 2 (D)
In practice, it does not matter if multiplication is per- = 13 − 6 + 2 (M)
formed before division or if subtraction is performed
= 15 − 6 (A)
before addition. What is important is that the pro-
cess of multiplication and division must be completed =9 (S)
before addition and subtraction.
15 5 + 14 − 1
Problem 18. Evaluate = +
3 6+8−9+1
16 ÷(2 + 6) + 18[3 + (4 × 6) − 21]
18
= 5+
16 ÷ (2 + 6) + 18[3 + (4 × 6) − 21] 6
= 16 ÷ (2 + 6) + 18[3 + 24 − 21] (B: inner bracket = 5+3= 8
is determined first)
= 16 ÷ 8 + 18 × 6 (B) Now try the following Practice Exercise
= 2 + 18 × 6 (D)
Practice Exercise 4 Further problems on
= 2 + 108 (M)
order of precedence and brackets (answers
= 110 (A) on page 436)
Note that a number outside of a bracket multiplies all Evaluate the following expressions.
that is inside the brackets. In this case,
1. 14 + 3 × 15
18[3 + 24 − 21] = 18[6], which means 18 × 6 = 108 2. 17 − 12 ÷ 4
3. 86 + 24 ÷ (14 − 2)
Problem 19. Find the value of
(144 ÷ 4) 4. 7(23 − 18) ÷ (12 − 5)
23 − 4(2 × 7) +
(14 − 8) 5. 63 − 8(14 ÷ 2) + 26
(144 ÷ 4) 36 40
23 − 4(2 × 7) + = 23 − 4 × 14 + (B) 6. − 42 ÷ 6 + (3 × 7)
(14 − 8) 6 5
= 23 − 4 × 14 + 6 (D) (50 − 14)
7. + 7(16 − 7) − 7
= 23 − 56 + 6 (M) 3
= 29 − 56 (A) (7 − 3)(1 − 6)
8.
4(11 − 6) ÷ (3 − 8)
= −27 (S)
(3 + 9 × 6) ÷ 3 − 2 ÷ 2
9.
3 × 6 + (4 − 9) − 32 + 5
Problem 20. Evaluate

3 + 52 − 32 + 23 4 × 32 + 24 ÷ 5 + 9 × 3
15 ÷ 3 + 2 × 7 − 1 10. +
+ √ 2 × 32 − 15 ÷ 3
1 + (4 × 6) ÷ (3 × 4) 3 × 4 + 8 − 32 + 1
2 + 27 ÷ 3 + 12 ÷ 2 − 3 2

3+ 52 − 32 + 23 15 ÷ 3 + 2 × 7 − 1 5 + (13 − 2 × 5) − 4
+ √ √
1 + (4 × 6) ÷ (3 × 4) 3 × 4 + 8 − 32 + 1 1+ 25 + 3 × 2 − 8 ÷ 2
11. −
3+4+8 15 ÷ 3 + 2 × 7 − 1 3 × 4 − 32 + 42 + 1
= +
1 + 24 ÷ 12 3×2+8−9+1
3+4+8 5+2×7−1 (4 × 2 + 7 × 2) ÷ 11
= + √
1+2 3×2+8−9+1 9 + 12 ÷ 2 − 23
For fully worked solutions to each of the problems in Practice Exercises 1 to 4 in this chapter,
go to the website:
www.routledge.com/cw/bird
Chapter 2
Fractions
Why it is important to understand: Fractions
Engineers use fractions all the time, examples including stress to strain ratios in mechanical engineering,
chemical concentration ratios and reaction rates, and ratios in electrical equations to solve for current
and voltage. Fractions are also used everywhere in science, from radioactive decay rates to statistical
analysis. Calculators are able to handle calculations with fractions. However, there will be times when
a quick calculation involving addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of fractions is needed.
Again, do not spend too much time on this chapter because we deal with the calculator later; however, try
to have some idea how to do quick calculations in the absence of a calculator. You will feel more confident
to deal with fractions and calculations if you can do this.
At the end of this chapter you should be able to:
• understand the terminology numerator, denominator, proper and improper fractions and mixed numbers
• add and subtract fractions
• multiply and divide two fractions
• appreciate the order of operation when evaluating expressions involving fractions
A mixed number is a combination of a whole number

2.1 Introduction 1
and a fraction. 2 is an example of a mixed number. In
2
A mark of 9 out of 14 in an examination may be writ- 5 1
fact, = 2
9 9 2 2
ten as or 9/14. is an example of a fraction. The There are a number of everyday examples in which
14 14
number above the line, i.e. 9, is called the numera- fractions are readily referred to. For example, three
tor. The number below the line, i.e. 14, is called the people equally sharing a bar of chocolate would have
denominator. 1 1
each. A supermarket advertises off a six-pack of
When the value of the numerator is less than the 3 5
value of the denominator, the fraction is called a beer; if the beer normally costs £2 then it will now
3
9 cost £1.60. of the employees of a company are
proper fraction. is an example of a proper 4
14 women; if the company has 48 employees, then 36 are
fraction.
women.
When the value of the numerator is greater than the value
Calculators are able to handle calculations with frac-
of the denominator, the fraction is called an improper
5 tions. However, to understand a little more about frac-
fraction. is an example of an improper fraction. tions we will in this chapter show how to add, subtract,
2
Basic Engineering Mathematics. 978-1-138-67370-0, © 2017 John Bird. Published by Taylor & Francis. All rights reserved.
multiply and divide with fractions without the use of a 72

The fraction of girls is
calculator. 180
Dividing both the numerator and denominator by the
lowest prime number, i.e. 2, gives
Problem 1. Change the following improper
fractions into mixed numbers: 72 36
=
9 13 28 180 90
(a) (b) (c)
2 4 5 Dividing both the numerator and denominator again by
2 gives
9 9
(a) means 9 halves and = 9 ÷ 2, and 9 ÷ 2 = 4 72 36 18
2 2 = =
and 1 half, i.e. 180 90 45
9 1 2 will not divide into both 18 and 45, so dividing both the
=4 numerator and denominator by the next prime number,
2 2
i.e. 3, gives
13 13
(b) means 13 quarters and = 13 ÷ 4, and 72 36 18 6
4 4 = = =
13 ÷ 4 = 3 and 1 quarter, i.e. 180 90 45 15
13 1 Dividing both the numerator and denominator again by
=3 3 gives
4 4
28 28 72 36 18 6 2
(c) means 28 fifths and = 28 ÷ 5, and 28 ÷ 5 = = = = =
5 5 180 90 45 15 5
5 and 3 fifths, i.e. 72 2
So = in its simplest form.
28 3 180 5
=5 2
5 5 Thus, of the students are girls.
5
Problem 2. Change the following mixed numbers
into improper fractions:
2.2 Adding and subtracting fractions
3 7 3
(a) 5 (b) 1 (c) 2
4 9 7 When the denominators of two (or more) fractions to
be added are the same, the fractions can be added ‘on
3 3 sight’.
(a) 5 means 5 + . 5 contains 5 × 4 = 20 quarters.
4 4
3 2 5 7 3 1 4
Thus, 5 contains 20 + 3 = 23 quarters, i.e. For example, + = and + =
4 9 9 9 8 8 8
3 23 In the latter example, dividing both the 4 and the 8 by
5 =
4 4 4 1
4 gives = , which is the simplified answer. This is
3 8 2
The quick way to change 5 into an improper called cancelling.
4
4 × 5 + 3 23 Addition and subtraction of fractions is demonstrated in
fraction is = the following worked examples.
4 4
7 9 × 1 + 7 16
(b) 1 = = 1 1
9 9 9 Problem 4. Simplify +
3 2
3 7 × 2 + 3 17
(c) 2 = =
7 7 7 (i) Make the denominators the same for each frac-
Problem 3. In a school there are 180 students of tion. The lowest number that both denominators
which 72 are girls. Express this as a fraction in its divide into is called the lowest common multiple
simplest form or LCM (see Chapter 1, page 6). In this example,
the LCM of 3 and 2 is 6
Fractions 11
(ii) 3 divides into 6 twice. Multiplying both numera- 2 1 2 1

4+ − 1 − which is the same as 3 + − which
1 3 6 3 6
tor and denominator of by 2 gives 4 1 3 1
3 is the same as 3 + − = 3 + = 3 +
6 6 6 2
1 2 2 1 1
= = Thus, 4 − 1 = 3
3 6 3 6 2
(iii) 2 divides into 6, 3 times. Multiplying both numer- 1 3

1 Problem 7. Evaluate 7 − 5
ator and denominator of by 3 gives 8 7
2

1 3 1 3 1 3
1 3 7 −5 = 7+ − 5+ = 7+ −5−
= = 8 7 8 7 8 7
2 6
1 3 7×1−8×3
(iv) Hence, = 2+ − = 2+
8 7 56
7 − 24 −17 17
1 1 2 3 5 = 2+ = 2+ = 2−
+ = + = + = 56 56 56
3 2 6 6 6
112 17 112 − 17 95 39
= − = = =1
56 56 56 56 56
3 7
Problem 5. Simplify − Problem 8. Determine the value of
4 16
5 1 2
4 −3 +1
(i) Make the denominators the same for each frac- 8 4 5
tion. The lowest common multiple (LCM) of 4

and 16 is 16 5 1 2 5 1 2
4 − 3 + 1 = (4 − 3 + 1) + − +
(ii) 4 divides into 16, 4 times. Multiplying both 8 4 5 8 4 5
3
numerator and denominator of by 4 gives 5 × 5 − 10 × 1 + 8 × 2
4 = 2+
40
25 − 10 + 16
3 12 = 2+
= = 40
4 16
31 31
= 2+ =2
7 40 40
(iii) already has a denominator of 16
16
(iv) Hence,
3 7 12 7 5 Now try the following Practice Exercise
− = − =
4 16 16 16 16
Practice Exercise 5 Introduction to
fractions (answers on page 436)
− =
15
1. Change the improper fraction into a
7
mixed number.
2 1 37
Problem 6. Simplify 4 − 1 2. Change the improper fraction into a
3 6 5
mixed number.

2 1 2 1 4
4 − 1 is the same as 4 − 1 which is the 3. Change the mixed number 2 into an
3 6 3 6 9
2 1 improper fraction.
same as 4 + − 1+ which is the same as
3 6
2 4 2×4 8
For example, × = =
7 3 7 3 × 7 21
4. Change the mixed number 8 into an
8
improper fraction. 2
Problem 9. Simplify 7 ×
5. A box contains 165 paper clips. 60 clips 5
are removed from the box. Express this as
a fraction in its simplest form. 2 7 2 7 × 2 14 4
7× = × = = =2
6. Order the following fractions from the small- 5 1 5 1×5 5 5
est to the largest.
3 14
4 5 3 1 3 Problem 10. Find the value of ×
, , , , 7 15
9 8 7 2 5
7. A training college has 375 students of which Dividing numerator and denominator by 3 gives
120 are girls. Express this as a fraction in its
simplest form. 3 14 1 14 1 × 14
× = × =
7 15 7 5 7×5
Evaluate, in fraction form, the expressions given in
Dividing numerator and denominator by 7 gives
Problems 8 to 20.
1 × 14 1 × 2 2
1 2 5 4 = =
8. + 9. − 7×5 1×5 5
3 5 6 15
This process of dividing both the numerator and denom-
1 2 7 1
10. + 11. − inator of a fraction by the same factor(s) is called
2 5 16 4 cancelling.
2 3 2 1 2
12. + 13. − + 3 4
7 11 9 7 3 Problem 11. Simplify ×
5 9
2 1 7 2 5
14. 3 −2 15. − +
5 3 27 3 9 3 4 1 4
× = × by cancelling
3 3 5 2 5 9 5 3
16. 5 +3 17. 4 − 3
13 4 8 5 4
=
15
3 2 1 4 5
18. 10 − 8 19. 3 − 4 + 1
7 3 4 5 6 3 1 3
Problem 12. Evaluate 1 × 2 × 3
3 2 1 5 3 7
20. 5 − 1 − 3
4 5 2
Mixed numbers must be expressed as improper frac-
tions before multiplication can be performed. Thus,

3 1 3 5 3 6 1 21 3
2.3 Multiplication and division of 1 ×2 ×3 = + × + × +
5 3 7 5 5 3 3 7 7
fractions
8 7 24 8 × 1 × 8 64
= × × = =
5 3 7 5×1×1 5
2.3.1 Multiplication
4
To multiply two or more fractions together, the numera- = 12
5
tors are first multiplied to give a single number and this
becomes the new numerator of the combined fraction. 1 2 3
The denominators are then multiplied together to give Problem 13. Simplify 3 × 1 × 2
5 3 4
the new denominator of the combined fraction.
Fractions 13
The mixed numbers need to be changed to improper Now try the following Practice Exercise
fractions before multiplication can be performed.
1 2 3 16 5 11 Practice Exercise 6 Multiplying and
3 ×1 ×2 = × × dividing fractions (answers on page 436)
5 3 4 5 3 4
4 1 11 Evaluate the following.
= × × by cancelling
1 3 1 2 4 4
4 × 1 × 11 44 2 1. × 2. 5 ×
= = = 14 5 7 9
1×3×1 3 3
3 8 3 5
3. × 4. ×
4 11 4 9
2.3.2 Division 17 15 3 7 2
5. × 6. × ×1
The simple rule for division is change the division 35 68 5 9 7
sign into a multiplication sign and invert the second 13 7 4 1 3 5
fraction. 7. ×4 ×3 8. × ×1
17 11 39 4 11 39
2 3 2 4 8 2 4 3 45
For example, ÷ = × = 9. ÷ 10. ÷
3 4 3 3 9 9 27 8 64
3 8 3 5 3 4
Problem 14. Simplify ÷ 11. ÷ 12. ÷1
7 21 8 32 4 5
1 2 1 5
3 8 3 21 3 3 13. 2 ×1 14. 1 ÷ 2
÷ = × = × by cancelling 4 3 3 9
7 21 7 8 1 8
4 7 3 2
3×3 9 1 15. 2 ÷ 16. 2 ÷ 3
= = =1 5 10 4 3
1×8 8 8
1 3 1 1 3 2
17. × ×1 18. 3 × 1 ÷
3 1 9 4 3 4 5 5
Problem 15. Find the value of 5 ÷ 7
5 3
1
19. A ship’s crew numbers 105, of which are
The mixed numbers must be expressed as improper 7
1
fractions. Thus, women. Of the men, are officers. How
6
many male officers are on board?
3 1 28 22 28 3 14 3 42
5 ÷7 = ÷ = × = × =
5 3 5 3 5 22 5 11 55 20. If a storage tank is holding 450 litres when
it is three-quarters full, how much will it
2 3 3 contain when it is two-thirds full?
Problem 16. Simplify 3 × 1 ÷ 2
3 4 4
21. Three people, P , Q and R, contribute to a
Mixed numbers must be expressed as improper fractions fund. P provides 3/5 of the total, Q pro-
before multiplication and division can be performed: vides 2/3 of the remainder and R provides
£8. Determine (a) the total of the fund and
2 3 3 11 7 11 11 7 4 (b) the contributions of P and Q.
3 ×1 ÷2 = × ÷ = × ×
3 4 4 3 4 4 3 4 11
1×7×1 22. A tank contains 24,000 litres of oil. Initially,
= by cancelling 7 3
3×1×1 of the contents are removed, then of
10 5
7 1 the remainder is removed. How much oil is
= =2 left in the tank?
3 3
2.4 Order of operation with Problem 19. Simplify

fractions 1 2 3 5 2
2 − + ÷ ×
2 5 4 8 3
As stated in Chapter 1, sometimes addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division, powers and brackets can all be
involved in a calculation. A definite order of precedence 1 2 3 5 2
2 − + ÷ ×
must be adhered to. The order is: 2 5 4 8 3

Brackets 5 2×4 3×5 5 2
= − + ÷ × (B)
Order (or pOwer) 2 5×4 4×5 8 3

5 8 15 5 2
Division = − + ÷ × (B)
2 20 20 8 3
Multiplication
5 23 5 1
Addition = − ÷ × by cancelling (B)
2 20 4 3
Subtraction 5 23 5
= − ÷ (B)
This is demonstrated in the following worked problems. 2 20 12
5 23 12
= − × (D)
7 3 4 2 20 5
Problem 17. Simplify − ×
20 8 5 5 23 3
= − × by cancelling
2 5 5
7 3 4 7 3×1 5 69
− × = − by cancelling = − (M)
20 8 5 20 2 × 5 2 25
7 3 5 × 25 69 × 2
= − (M) = − (S)
20 10 2 × 25 25 × 2
7 6 125 138
= − = − (S)
20 20 50 50
1 13
= (S) =−
20 50
1 1 5 9 Problem 20. Evaluate

Problem 18. Simplify −2 × +
4 5 8 10 1 1 3 1 4 1
of 5 − 3 +3 ÷ −
3 2 4 5 5 2
1 1 5 9 1 11 5 9
−2 × + = − × +
4 5 8 10 4 5 8 10

1 11 1 9 1 1 3 1 4 1
= − × + by cancelling of 5 −3 +3 ÷ −
4 1 8 10 3 2 4 5 5 2
1 11 9 1 3 1 4 1
= − + (M) = of 1 + 3 ÷ − (B)
4 8 10 3 4 5 5 2
1 × 10 11 × 5 9×4 1 7 16 4 1
= − + = × + ÷ − (O)
4 × 10 8×5 10 × 4 3 4 5 5 2
(since the LCM of 4, 8 and 10 is 40) (Note that the ‘of ’ is replaced with a
10 55 36 multiplication sign.)
= − +
40 40 40
10 − 55 + 36 1 7 16 5 1
= (A/S) = × + × − (D)
40 3 4 5 4 2
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Title: Willow the king

The story of a cricket match
Author: J. C. Snaith
Illustrator: Lucien Davis
Release date: February 29, 2024 [eBook #73075]
Language: English
Original publication: New York and Melbourne: Ward, Locke &

Co. Limited, 1899
Credits: D A Alexander, David E. Brown, and the Online

Distributed Proofreading Team at
https://www.pgdp.net (This book was produced from
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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WILLOW THE

KING ***
WILLOW THE KING
WILLOW THE KING
The Story of a Cricket

Match
BY
J. C. SNAITH
AUTHOR OF “FIERCEHEART, THE SOLDIER,” “MISTRESS DOROTHY MARVIN,”
ETC., ETC.
ILLUSTRATED BY LUCIEN DAVIS, R.I.
LONDON
WARD, LOCK AND CO. LIMITED
NEW YORK AND MELBOURNE
TO MY COLLEAGUES OF THE
NOTTINGHAM FOREST
AMATEUR CRICKET CLUB
CONTENTS
PAGE
CHAPTER I
The Night Before 9
CHAPTER II
Coming Events 19
CHAPTER III
Little Clumpton v. Hickory 34
CHAPTER IV
An Impossible Incident 47
CHAPTER V
The Cussedness of Cricket 64
CHAPTER VI
Of a Young Person in Brown Holland 81
CHAPTER VII
Conversational 97
CHAPTER VIII
A Cricket Lunch 106
CHAPTER IX
Record Breaking 128
CHAPTER X
The End of the Day 142
CHAPTER XI
Cupid puts his Pads on 155
CHAPTER XII
My First County Match 171
CHAPTER XIII
A Case of Heredity 199
CHAPTER XIV
In which I am more Sinned against than Sinning 213
CHAPTER XV
Facing the Music 230
CHAPTER XVI
A Telegram from Stoddart 248
CHAPTER XVII
A Few Consequences
of its 262
CHAPTER XVIII
I receive Instruction in a Heart-breaking Science 272
CHAPTER XIX
A Case for M.C.C. 285
CHAPTER XX
A Case for Another Eminent Authority 298
CHAPTER I
The Night Before
IT was the eve of Little Clumpton versus Hickory. To those who are
unfamiliar with these haunts of ancient peace this may seem a
chronicle of the infinitely little. The Utopians, however, dwelling
there remote, were quite aware that Waterloo, nay, even the Battle
of Omdurman, was a picnic in comparison with Little Clumpton
versus Hickory. Therefore let the nations heed.
Half our team were sitting in my billiard-room discussing the
prospects of the morrow. Opinion really was unanimous for once:
Little Clumpton must not lose.
“Lose!” said the Optimist grandly, “is it England, or is it Hickory?”
“Only Hickory,” said the Pessimist, “and the Trenthams.”
“It can be W. G. and Jackson, if they like to bring ’em,” said the
Optimist; “and then they’ll finish sick. They’ll simply flop before
Charlie’s ribsters, and Billy’s slows.”
“H’m!” said the Pessimist.
“Think so?” said the Worry.
“Certain,” said the Optimist. “Before now we’ve had ’em out for fifty.”
“Yes,” said the Pessimist, “and before now we’ve had ’em out for
three hundred and fifty.”
“But,” said the Humourist, “I hadn’t developed my head-ball then.”
The Humourist would find it as difficult to exist without his “head-
ball,” as Attewell without his gentle maiden.
“Well, I suppose it all depends upon the weather,” said the Worry,
with his usual inconsequence. “How’s the glass?”
“Quite well, thank you,” said the Humourist, brandishing a huge
whisky and Apollinaris.
“Going down,” said the Treasurer, with great gloominess. The
Treasurer had been elected to his dignity because it was feared that
he was Scotch on his mother’s side.
Here the Captain came into the conversation. He took his corn-cob
slowly from his mouth, pressed the tobacco down with that air of
simple majesty that is the hall-mark of the great, and then began to
smoke again in a very solemn manner. This, for the Captain, was a
speech. And as it is only the fool who can speak without giving
himself away, this was as it should be. His words were fit though
few. Hence the tradition, that though he didn’t say much his ideas
were very beautiful. The Secretary regularly sat in a listening
attitude behind his chair, so that if by any chance the great man did
commit an utterance, he could jot it down upon his cuff. And it was
an open secret that every time the Secretary changed his shirt he
entered the Captain’s requests for a milk and soda or a pipe-light in
the archives of the Club.
The Captain was the gentlest of men. There was a suavity in his
coffee-coloured face and his pale blue eye that grew positively weird
in one who was good for another fifty every time he had the screen
moved. Though he had developed a peculiar habit of playing for the
Gentlemen at Lord’s, he had a charity that covered a multitude of
umpires, and when l.b.w. did not attempt to demonstrate to the
pavilion by the laws of Sir Isaac Newton that the ball had not pitched
straight by the vulgarest fraction of an inch. His mien had the wholly
classic calm of those who have their biographies in Wisden. His
language in its robustest passages was as fragile as Mrs. Meynell’s
prose. If a small boy danced behind the bowler’s arm, it was claimed
for the Captain that he actually employed “please” and “thank
you.”[A] Even in the throes of a run out his talk retained its purity to
a remarkable degree. His strongest expletive was a pained
expression. His beverage seldom rose beyond a milk and soda. Life
with him was a very chaste affair.
The Secretary was of another kidney. He always got up a bit before
the lark, since his rule of life was to get a start of the rest of nature.
He was eminently fitted for great place. Had he been other than
Secretary to the Little Clumpton Cricket Club he must have been
Secretary for Foreign Affairs, and dictated carefully chosen insults to
the French and other dwellers in outer darkness. Nevertheless, he
was all things to all men. He could be as persuasive as tobacco, he
could unloose the wrath of Jove. If you came to him at the eleventh
hour and said: “Beastly sorry, Lawson, but can’t possibly play to-
morrow,” you could rely on his well of English being defiled. On the
other hand, if he came to you and said: “I say, old man, Jordan’s lost
his jolly aunt; Boulter’s split his blighted thumb, and I really can’t
take no, you know, shall want your batting awful bad, you know,” his
accent was a song. He was the only man who could subdue the best
bowler when the slips weren’t snapping ’em. He was the only man
who dared address the Captain on the field. He had the courage to
explain to the fair sex, “what those strange things in white coats
with mufflers round their waists are standing there for?” He could
suggest to the intelligent foreigner that the criquette is a sport, not a
religious exercise; and he was such a fine tactician that he always
fielded point. Merryweather, known familiarly as “Jessop,” because of
his audacity, was the one person who ventured to tell the Secretary
that he couldn’t play to-morrow, “as I’m going golfing.” And even he,
lion-hearted as he was, presently gave up that pastime for less
violent amusements. “Billiards gone to grass,” the Secretary
considered an insufficient phrase, but the Secretary’s views on golf
are not going to be printed.
Lawson’s was not the highest form of cricket. His bowling was a jest;
his batting was a comic interlude. Yet his Captain was wont to say,
“Give me Lawson at a pinch, and I’ll give you Grace and Ranjitsinhji.”
For his force of character was such that when the bowling was used
up he would go on with lobs and take a wicket; when a rot set in,
before going in to stop it, he would tell them to send him a cup of
tea at five; whilst he was such a master in the art of playing for a
draw that light-minded persons called him “Notts.” True, his style
was not the style of Gunn and Shrewsbury, nor were his methods
conspicuously pretty, but none the less he was the source of several
letters to the M.C.C. As an instance of his powers, last year but one,
against I. Zingari, he stayed two hours for seven, brought down the
rain and saved the match. There was not a breath of vanity about
him, and in appearance he looked quite a simple ordinary soul. But if
it was an absolute necessity that Little Clumpton should win the
toss, the Captain generally sent Lawson out to spin; and if the other
side, in the innocence of their hearts, thought they knew a trick that
Little Clumpton didn’t, the Secretary usually held it right to
encourage them in that opinion.
Now though there was not a man present who would have admitted
for a moment that he had the faintest fear of Hickory, there was no
overriding the hard fact that the Captain had twice withdrawn his
pipe from his mouth in the space of twenty minutes. The Secretary
had noted this grim portent as he noted everything, and sat tugging
his moustache with one hand, whilst with the other he worked out
the Theory of the Toss (invented by himself) to five places of
decimals. Indeed, such an air of gloom presently settled on us all
that the Pessimist declared that we had got already a bad attack of
the Trenthams. Perhaps we had. Never previously had we faced
more than two members of this redoubtable family at a time, but
report said that to-morrow we must suffer the full brotherhood of
four. Their deeds that season had been more terrible than ever. A.
H., of Middlesex, had helped himself to 146 against Surrey at the
Oval the previous week, and was going out with Stoddart in the
autumn. H. C. was reputed to be the best bowler either ’Varsity had
seen since Sammy Woods, an opinion poor Oxford had subscribed to
in July at Lord’s; Captain George, although he liked to call himself a
veteran, had an average of 72·3 for the Royal Artillery; whilst T. S.
M., the Harrow Captain, had enjoyed the Eton match very much
indeed, and rather thought he should enjoy the match with Little
Clumpton too. As if this was not enough, the General Nuisance
presently sauntered in, exactly an hour behind his time as usual.
And to the consternation of us all the General Nuisance wore his
most expansive simper.
“He’s only heard that the Trenthams are coming,” said the Worry. By
trying to reassure us he sought to reassure himself.
“Confound you! are you going to dislocate your face?” said the
Secretary, aiming a cushion and a string of unprintable expressions
at the General Nuisance. “What’s up now? Is Charlie crocked? Is Billy
drinking? Good Lord! I hope there’s nothing gone wrong with the
bowling!”
“Not yet,” said the General Nuisance sweetly; “but there will be, I’ll
give you my word.”
“We shall have to try that muck o’ yours then,” said the Pessimist.
“Unfortunately I’m not playing to-morrow; I’m going fishing,” said
the General Nuisance affably.
“Eh? What?”
It was the voice of the Secretary from behind the Captain’s chair. It
was a psychological moment. Each man present had that nightmare
of a feeling that afflicts you in the long-field when A. H. Trentham
lifts one to you steeples high, curling some fifteen ways at once,
which all the time you are hopelessly misjudging and that you know
you are bound to drop. However, I had the presence of mind to
distract the General Nuisance with a drink, while the Captain laid a
soothing hand on the Secretary’s knee, and appealed to his moral
nature. Brandy and soda, one grieves to say, inflamed rather than
appeased the personal appearance of the General Nuisance. His
simper became a grin.
“Pipe up,” said that heroical man, the Treasurer, preparing for the
worst; “out with it.”
“You will be very brave?” said the General Nuisance.
“Comfort, you blackguard,” said the Secretary, “Why do you grin?
Speak or die!”
When the General Nuisance grinned, homicidal tendencies soiled
minds of the most virgin whiteness.
The Captain took his pipe out and tapped it on his boot. It was a
command that even the revolutionary spirit of the General Nuisance
dared not disregard. It had the authority of an Act of Parliament.
“Well, brethren,” said the General Nuisance, “they are bringing
Carteret and Elphinstone, that’s all.”
“And the Trenthams, too?” said I.
“And the Trenthams, too,” said he.
“It’s a good job we’re a good team,” said the Humourist.
It is true that the Secretary sat behind the Captain’s chair, but in the
course of three minutes he contrived to emit such a quantity of
language of a free and painful character, that to relieve the tension
the Humourist kindly propounded this conundrum. Why is Bobby
Abel batting like Lawson’s small talk? Because to look at ’em you’d
wonder how they could. This, I regret to say, is quite in the
Humourist’s early manner, ere art had chastened nature. It lacks the
polished pathos of those slow-drawn agonies at which the world
grew pale. But as the Humourist strutted in his title because he took
himself quite seriously, do not let us forget that this offspring of his
wit was born in an hour of mental stress.
CHAPTER II
Coming Events
AT six next morning my man found me in pyjamas, flourishing a bat
up and down a chalk line on the bedroom carpet.
“Are you quite sure it’s perfectly straight, William?”
“Quite straight, sir; but mind the wardrobe door, sir!”
“I think I’ll try that blind hit of Gunn’s between point and cover.”
“All right, sir; if you’ll just wait while I move the water-jug. Your left
leg a little more across—just a little; and how’s the late cut this
morning, sir?”
“Never healthier in its life. Here you are. Look out!”
Crash! Plop! The glass in the wardrobe door had met the fate of its
predecessors. The aggravating thing about the wardrobe door is that
if you have it of glass you must inevitably break it; yet should you
have a plain panel you can’t see what angle your bat’s at and where
your feet are.
“I was hoping all the time that you’d smash it, sir,” said William in a
confidential tone. “It’s a strange thing, sir, but every time you smash
the wardrobe door you never get less than 50. If you remember,
when you got that 82 last year against the Free Foresters you
smashed it the morning of the match. Then that 61 against M.C.C.
(O’Halloran and Roche an’ all), same thing occurred, if you recollect.
And it’s my belief that you’ve smashed it worse this morning, sir,
than you’ve ever done before. It might be the century to-day, sir.”
“I wonder if the water-jug or washhand-stand would help it,” said I
reflectively; “because, William, if you really think they would——”
“Somehow,” said William hastily, “I haven’t quite the same faith in
that there water-jug. I remember once you cracked it right across
the spout and got ‘run out 3’ on that particular mornin’. Captain
Cooper called you, and then sent you back, if you remember, sir,
when you was halfway down the pitch.”
“I remember,” I groaned. “Those are the tragedies of which our little
life is made!”
“And the washhand-stand ain’t no good at all, sir. Why, when you
knocked the leg off it in giving Mold the wood, you bagged a brace
at Pigeon Hill that day on what they called a wicket, but what was
really a hornamental lake.”
“Spare me the horrible details, William,” I said. A cold sensation was
creeping down my spine.
Having tubbed and shaved I felt so fit as I walked down to have a
look at the ground before breakfast that I had to restrain myself
from jumping five-barred gates. It was a perfect morning, flushed
with summer. The birds on the boughs were welcoming the young
sun; the mists were running before him; the dew on the trees was
dancing to him; whilst the drenched meadows and the cool haze
receding to the hills promised ninety in the shade to follow. Evidently
Nature, like a downright good sportsman, was going to let us have a
real cricketers’ day for a true cricketing occasion. Such fragrance
made the blood leap. Every muscle seemed electric. To snuff the chill
airs was to feel as fit and full of devil as a racehorse. By Jove, I felt
like getting ’em! There were clean off-drives in the eager brooks,
clipping cuts for four in the sparkling grass, sweet leg glances in the
singing hedgerows, inimitable hooks and behind-the-wicket strokes
in the cheerful field noises and the bird-thrilled branches; and when
the sun burst out more fully in premonition of what was to be his
magnificent display at Little Clumpton versus Hickory later in the
day, I said to an unresponsive cow, “How do you like that, H. C.?”
for I had just lifted the best bowler at either ’Varsity since Sammy
Woods, clean out of the ground for six. And having begun to this
tune, of course I went on getting ’em. I continued cutting, driving,
and leg hitting at such a pace, that by the time I had made the half-
mile to the ground that morning, a mere five minutes’ walk, I was
rapidly approaching my century. They may talk of Jessop, but I think
this gives a long start to any performances of his, although it is
possible that he may have had to meet bowling rather more “upon
the spot.” I was in great form though.
I found the ground-man standing beside the wicket, looking at it
lovingly. He had his head on one side, as he gazed with an air as of
Michael Angelo surveying his masterpiece.
“Mornin’ to you, sir!”
“Mornin’ Wiggles. How’s the wicket?”
“This ain’t no wicket, sir. It’s a bloomin’ billiard-table wot Dawson’s a’
inviting of Roberts to come and play on. And Lord, sir, have you seed
the side that Hickory’s a-bringing—a bloomin’ county team. There’s
them there Trenthams, all the boiling of ’em, and Carteret and
Elphinstone of Kent. They do say as how Francis Ford and Fry’s a-
coming, too, as Hickory’s a bit weak in batting like, seeing as how
Billy Thumbs the cobbler’s short o’ practice. Well, sir, I on’y hopes
they comes, and Ranjy with ’em, because, if you come to think on it,
Hickory ain’t got no side at all. And such a piece of concrete wot’s
awaiting ’em! ’Tween you and me, sir, I think if I was a bowler I
should take to batting for to-day.”
“We had better win the toss then,” I said gloomily.
“That’s a very good idea, sir, for I’m thinking whoever gets in on
this, somebody’ll be so tired afore six-thirty.”
Looking at that wicket and brooding on the awful array of batsmen
Hickory was bringing, and what the result must be if they only got in
first, I was tempted of the devil. The turf was soft with dew. I had
merely to press my heel once into that billiard-table to nip some of
their prospective centuries in the bud. And who shall say whether
human frailty had prevailed against the wiles of evil had it not
remembered that Hickory were not obliged to go in first.
I went home to breakfast trying to restrain my excess of “fitness.”
For cricket is cussedness incarnate. You rise in the morning like a
giant refreshed: your blood is jumping, the ball looks as big as a
balloon, and you have a go at one you ought to let alone, and spoon
it up to cover. Excess of “fitness” gets more wickets than Lohmann
ever took.
I was in the middle of the Sportsman and my fourth egg when
William appeared with a countenance of tragedy.
“I can’t find it, sir; it’s clean gone!” he said.
“Not the bat with the wrapping at the bottom?” I gasped, turning
pale.
“No, sir; worse than that,” he said.
“Speak!” I cried; “what is it?”
“Your cap,” he said. “The one you made the 82, the 61, and 67 not
out in.”
“What, the Authentics! It must be found, or I don’t go in to-day.
Couldn’t get a run without that cap.”
The sweat stood on my brow.
“It’s my belief, sir,” said William darkly, “that this here’s a bit O’
Hickory. They knows how, like W. G., its always one particular cap
you gets your runs in, and they’ve had it took according.”
This was very nice of William. His tact was charming. But the idea of
my facing Hickory without my lucky cap was as monstrous as the
captain going out to toss without his George II. shilling.
“William,” I said, “if you have to take the carpets up and have the
chimneys swept, that cap must be found.”
William returned disconsolately to his search, whilst I fell into a train
of dismal speculation. Falling to the Sportsman in despair my eye fell
on a few items of a cheerful and peculiar interest:—
“Kent v. Notts.—Rev. E. J. H. Elphinstone, c Jones, b
Attewell, 172; J. P. Carteret, b Dixon, 103.
“This brilliant pair of amateurs completely collared the
Notts attack at Canterbury yesterday, and in the course of
two hours and a quarter helped themselves to 254 for the
second wicket.
“Middlesex v. Yorkshire.—A. H. Trentham, run out, 97.

“Yesterday, at Lord’s, that delightful batsman, A. H.
Trentham, reduced the resourceful Yorkshire bowling to
something that bore a family resemblance to common
piffle. To the great disappointment of the enthusiastic
company[B] he had the misfortune to be beautifully
thrown out by F. S. Jackson when within three of the
coveted three figures. Among his strokes were seventeen
fours, including a couple of remarkable drives off Rhodes
into the pavilion seats. Had he topped the century
yesterday it would have been his fifth this season in
county cricket. As it is, he is still second in the first-class
averages; and we certainly think that the Old Country is to
be congratulated on having A. H. Trentham to represent
her in the forthcoming test games in Australia. His
absolute confidence and his fine forcing method, it is not
premature to say, will be seen to singular advantage on
the fast and true colonial grounds.”
Reader (loquitur): “Damn his fine forcing method! I wonder why

Wiggles hadn’t the sense to water that wicket. Anyway, I wish Jacker
had let him have his fling. They’re always worse when they’ve been
run out.”
“Household Brigade v. Royal Artillery.—Captain Trentham, c

Wolseley, b Kitchener, 150.
“Playing for C.U.L.V.C. v. N. F. Druce’s XI. yesterday, H. C.
Trentham, the crack Cambridge bowler, took nine wickets
for eight runs. His performance included the ‘hat trick.’
The ball with which he bowled Prince Ranjitsinhji knocked
one bail a distance of fifty-nine yards five and half inches.
We believe we are correct in saying that this is a world’s
record, providing that ‘up country in Australia,’ that home
of the cricket miracle, is unable to furnish anything to beat
it.
“Harrow Wanderers v. Gentlemen of Cheshire.—T. S. M.

Trentham, not out, 205.”
“We have it from a reliable source,” says the Athletic
News, “that the authorities at Old Trafford are making
strenuous efforts to induce Mr. T. S. M. Trentham, this
year’s captain at Harrow, and the youngest member of the
famous brotherhood whose name he bears, to qualify for
Lancashire. As doubtless our readers are aware, the
authorities at Old Trafford have always been justly
celebrated for their generous appreciation and
encouragement of the cricketing talent of other counties,
and in the case of young Mr. Trentham there is something
peculiarly appropriate in the benevolence of their present
attitude, as it is rumoured that Mr. Trentham once had an
aunt who lived near Bootle.”
I could read no more. The Sportsman dropped from my unheeding

hands, and I had just begun to whistle the opening bars of the
“Dead March,” when two brown boots and the lower parts of a pair
of grey flannel trousers wriggled from the lawn through the open
window. They were surmounted two seconds later by a straw hat, a
straw-coloured moustache, and an aquiline nose, which I identified
as belonging to the General Nuisance. He had an exquisitely neat
brown paper parcel under his arm, and a smile of fifty candle-power
illuminating his classic features. I was horrified to see it.
“You’re early this morning,” I said resignedly. “It wants a quarter to
eight yet. Have some breakfast?”
“Tha-anks,” he drawled, “but I’ve had my milk. I’ve called round to
bring you yours.”
As he spoke he removed the string from the parcel in the most
leisurely manner and disclosed a pile of carefully folded newspapers
with names pencilled on the corners. Having discovered mine, he
handed it to me with that air of benevolent condescension that head
masters wear on speech day.
“How nice of you!” I said. However, I’m afraid this irony was so
delicate that he didn’t feel it.
“My dear fellow, not at all,” he said. “There’s one for everybody. I’m
delivering ’em to the whole team, don’t you know.”
Needless to say, he had presented me with an immaculate copy of
the Sportsman. I picked up my own discarded sheet from under the
table.
“Awf’ly obliged, old chap, but I’ve got one, thank you,” I said,
pleasantly.
“That’s lucky,” said he, “you can give one to your friends. Rather
pretty reading, isn’t it? Awf’ly decent set, Trenthams, Elphinstone,
etcetera.”
“Git!” I said, gazing round for a boot-jack or a poker, or something
equally likely to debase his physical beauty.
“Ta-ta then, see you later!”
To my infinite joy he appeared to be taking the hint. But he had only
just conducted his infernal smile to the right side of the window,
when he jerked it back again, and said:—
“Oh, I forgot! I say, Dimsdale, I ought to tell you this. I rather think
Billy was drunk last night. His eyes are as red as a ferret’s this
morning, and his housekeeper told me in confidence that when she
got up this morning and went to call him she found master’s
umbrella in bed and master sleeping in the umbrella-stand.”
“No, don’t say that,” I gasped, with a sinking at the heart. Alas! we’d
only got two bowlers, and Billy was the one on whom we depended
most.
“Fact!” said the General Nuisance cheerfully; “wouldn’t trouble you
with it if I thought it wasn’t true. Lawson drove up with the Doctor
as I came away. I implored our gentle secretary not to mourn, since
a few Seidlitzs and a stomach-pump can do a lot in a very little time.
I don’t know if you’ve noticed it, but it is generally slow bowlers who
resort to intemperance, because as they’ve only got to lose their
perfect length to embitter the lives of others, their possibilities
become quite unbearable on a big occasion. At the M.C.C. match
Lawson sat beside him at lunch both days counting his liqueurs. Poor
old Lawson! I felt it my duty to assure him just now that it really
took very little to make Billy lose his length. I also took the liberty of
reminding him of what happened when he lost it once before,
against Emeriti,—
5 overs. 0 maidens. 51 runs. 0 wickets.
and Emeriti had got quite an ordinary side.”
Just as the muffineer arrived at the head of the General Nuisance,
the General Nuisance was mean enough to duck. This act enabled
the muffineer to crash through the plate-glass window.
“Timed that to a ‘T,’” said he. “Can see absolutely anything this
morning. Certain to book fifty if I once get in, which I take to be a
strong enough reason why an inscrutable Providence will cause us to
lose the toss and keep me in the field all day.”
“Hope you will be there,” said I savagely, “and I’d like to see you
taking long-field on both ends. And I hope you’ll drop a catch in
front of the ladies’ tent. And I hope when you come racing round the
corner to make that magnificent one-hand dive to save the four, the
bally thing’ll jump and hit you in the teeth. And if you do go in to bat
I hope you’ll be bowled neck and heels first ball.”
Ignoring this peroration he again appeared to be at the point of
withdrawing his hateful presence. But too well did I know the
General Nuisance to anticipate such a consummation. He merely
seated himself on the sill in an attitude that would enable him to
cope with sudden emergencies, and then said:—
“Oh, by the way, the youngest Gunter girl; you know, the little one
with the green eyes and the freckles—just got engaged they say.”
“Who to?” I said fiercely. The General Nuisance certainly plumbed
the depths of human fiendishness, but in conversation he had a
command of topics that were irresistible.
“Who to?” I said.
“One of the Trenthams,” he smiled. “Ta-ta! See you ten-thirty.”
He was gone at last, and I had barely time to praise Heaven’s
clemency that this was even so, when William entered with the face
of an undertaker out of work.
“Clean gone, sir,” he said. “Abso-blooming-lutely! Looked high and
low, and Mrs. Jennings ain’t no notion.”
“Looked in the lining of the bag?”
“Everywhere,” said the miserable William.
“Well,” said I, “unless it’s found I don’t get a run to-day.”
“I can tell you, sir,” said William, “that I’d rather lose my perquisites
than that this should have ’appened at Little Clumpton v. Hickory.
But there’s the Winchester, and the Magdalen, and the M.C.C.
Couldn’t you get some in one of them, sir?”
“Daren’t risk it,” I said, “not at Little Clumpton v. Hickory. Yet, let me
see, hasn’t Mr. Thornhill one of the Authentics?”
“Why, Lor’ bless me, that he ’ave, sir!”
“Well, get your bike at once, give my compliments and kind regards
to Mr. Thornhill and tell him I’ve lost my Authentics and will he lend
me his. Explain that it’s Little Clumpton v. Hickory, and that I can
only get runs in the Authentics. It’s now eight-twenty, and it’s
eighteen miles to Mr. Thornhill’s place. Can you bring it to me by
eleven?”
“Well, sir, if I don’t, you’ll know I’ve burst a tyre.”
Within five minutes William was riding to Thornhill’s as if his life
depended on it, with the stable-boy to pace him.
CHAPTER III
LITTLE CLUMPTON v. HICKORY
I CAME down to the ground at a little after ten. The match was to
begin at eleven, sharp. The only sights of interest on my arrival were
the ground-man marking out the crease, and the Worry at the nets
in a brand-new outfit. The “pro” and three small boys were striving
to knock a shilling off his middle.
“You’re touching ’em pretty this morning, Daunton,” said I, out of
pure excellence of heart. I wished him to keep up his pecker.
“Think so?” he said nervously. “I’ve had an awful bad night, and I
believe there’s something the matter with my wrist. I wish I wasn’t
playing.”
The Worry’s life was a burden to him on match days. When he went
in to bat he issued from the pavilion with a wild eye and a haggard
mien, and a rooted idea that he was bound to be bowled first ball.
This he invariably played forward to, as the strain on his nervous
system was so severe that it was a physical impossibility for him to
wait and receive it in his crease. He counted every run he got, and,
if there was the faintest doubt about a snick, he would say, “I hope
you noticed that I touched that, umpire.”
The crowd was already beginning to assemble. Vehicles and
pedestrians were flocking in from twenty miles around. Hickory was
a neighbouring village, only seven miles distant, but the rivalry was
so keen that the local public-houses did no trade while the great
match was in progress. It always had been so, and always would be.
Even in the early forties Little Clumpton v. Hickory had become
historical. Alfred Mynn and Fuller Pilch had actually graced the
annual encounter in the Park. There was only one match a season;
two would have been more than human endurance could have
borne; and the Park, which generations of its noble owners had
been very proud to lend for this nation-shaking function, was the
only cricket-ground in the vicinity that could hope to accommodate
the rival partisans. It might have been that once on a time the
’Varsity match had been played on other turf than Lord’s; but the
Park was the only spot in England that had ever had the privilege of
witnessing Little Clumpton v. Hickory on its velvet sward. Let kings
depart and empires perish, but this always had been so and always
would be!
To appear at Little Clumpton v. Hickory was not the lot of common
men. Only the elect could hope to do so. To take wickets or make a
score at this encounter was to become a classic in one’s lifetime.
There were hoary veterans round about, whom the uninitiated might
take to be mouldering mediocrities, but no—“see t’ owd gaffer
theer? well, ’e wor a ’56 man; and t’ littlin theer across the rowad ’e
wor ’59”—which being interpreted means that 1856 and 1859 were
the dates of their distinction. Therefore do not let the young think,
as unhappily they do just now, that they must write a book to
become immortal. Why will not a few thousands of these seekers
after fame, these budding novelists and early poets, take to cricket?
For is it not more honourable, and certainly more glorious, to make a
century at Little Clumpton v. Hickory, and make half a shire shout
your praise, than to translate Omar Kháyyám and become a
nuisance to posterity?
Presently I beheld a sight that nearly brought the tears into my eyes.
The Optimist and the Pessimist were coming arm-in-arm across the
grass. The lion lay down with the lamb at Little Clumpton v. Hickory.
The Secretary walked alone with looks and words for none. He was
so positively dangerous that the General Nuisance forbore to ask him
what bowling we had got.
Having changed, I was sallying forth from the pavilion in the
possession of bat and ball for the purpose of “having a knock” when
a sudden palpitation made the crowd vibrate.
“’Ere’s Hickory! Good owd Hickory!”
A solid English-throated cheer announced that the enemy were in
sight. A thrill ran through me as I gazed in the direction of their
coming, for certainly the appearance of such a celebrated side was
something to be seen. It was. A four-in-hand came bumping along
the stretch of uneven meadow at a clipping pace. And to my
indignant horror and bewilderment I saw that the reins were
commanded by a person that wore nice white cuffs and a brown
holland blouse. Conceive the cream of English cricket with their legs
tucked up on the top of that rocking, creaking, jumping, jolting
coach at the mercy of a person in a brown holland blouse! It was a
thing that required to be very clearly seen before it could be
accepted. In agony of mind I rubbed my eyes and looked more
intently at the furiously on-coming vehicle. Never a doubt its pace
was reckless, criminally reckless, considering the priceless freight it
bore.
“What do you think of that?” I cried, turning in my distress to the
man beside me. He happened to be the Ancient, so-called, because
of his thoughtful air and his supernatural wisdom. “Just look at the
confounded thing, I’m certain that girl’ll have it over. Gad! did you
see her dodge that ditch by about three inches? Those men must be
perfect fools! Why doesn’t that idiot beside her lend a hand? But
some of these women are steep enough for anything. That girl
ought to be talked to.”
“Well, suppose you do the talking,” said the Ancient, with his most
reflective air. Then, as the drag lurched into our midst, wheels and
harness grunting, the glossy animals in a lather; and they were
drawn up with a sure hand in front of the pavilion while a cheering
and gaping throng pressed about the wheels to impede the great
men in their descent, the Ancient pensively continued, “Tell you
what, my boy, I should rather like the chance of talking to that
young person.”
To do her justice, she was certainly a source of comfort to the eye.
When she yielded the reins and stood up on the footboard she had
that air of simple resolution that is the source of England’s pride.
She was so tall and trim and strong, there was such a decision in her
curves that her brown holland with white cuffs and collar, her Zingari
tie, and hat-band of the same red and yellow brilliance round a
straw, with heavy coils of hair of a proper country fawn-colour
beneath, lent her that look of candid capability that nature generally
reserves for cricketers of the highest order. I never gave the cracks
from Hickory a second thought. Everything about her was so clean,
so cool, so absolute, that before she had left the box I had quite
convinced myself that whoever she might be she was a young
person whose habit was to do things.
“Catch!” she cried, and threw down the Hickory score-book.
She then superintended the unlading of the coach roof of its pile of
brown and battered cricket bags, whilst the crowd pressed nearer to
the wheels and evinced the liveliest concern as to “which is A. H.?
And who’s the tall chap? And who’s the Parson? And don’t he look a
funny little cuss? And who’s the very tall chap? ’Im wi’ the big ’ead?
H. C. o’ course. And who’s the lamp-post? And that theer fleshy
bloke who’d got three boys to carry his bag, a fourth to carry his
hat, and a fifth his newspaper, must be Carteret, because it said in
the Daily Chronicle that he was the fattest short-slip in England and
took life easily.” Of such are fame’s penalties!
The young person in brown holland having made it her business to
see that the bags were bundled down with the necessary degree of
violence, said: “I think you men had better go and change
immediately. I’ll have a look at the wicket.”
She swung down from the step before any of the men below could
lend a hand, and, while the whole eleven moved towards the
pavilion with their luggage, the young person in brown holland made
her way through the throng with the confidence of a duchess at a
charity bazaar, and strode across the grass without the least
suspicion of the Meredithian “swim.” And it was quite a coincidence
that the Ancient and myself should choose a spot as near the wicket
as the unwritten laws allowed, for the purpose of having a little
practice.
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Basic Engineering Mathematics 7th Edition John Bird

Bird s basic engineering mathematics 8th Edition John O

Bird s engineering mathematics 9th Edition John Bird

Bird s Higher Engineering Mathematics 9th Edition John

Bird’s Comprehensive Engineering Mathematics Second

Engineering science Seventh Edition William Bolton

Precalculus real mathematics real people Seventh Edition

Mathematics Pocket Book for Engineers and Scientists 5th

Why is knowledge of mathematics important in engineering?

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

© 2017 John Bird

First edition published by Newnes 1999

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

ISBN: 978-1-138-67370-0 (pbk)

Visit the companion website: www.routledge.com/cw/bird

Preface xi 6.3 Direct proportion 46

Revision Test 2 42 12 Transposing formulae 102

Revision Test 8 234

24.3 Worked problems on the solution of Revision Test 11 315

35 Introduction to differentiation 372 37.3 Arithmetic progressions 405

Answers to Practice Exercises 436

Multiple choice questions Test 6 401 Index 456

37 Number sequences 403

Free Web downloads at For instructors/lecturers

At the end of this chapter you should be able to:

• understand positive and negative integers

Examples of integers include . . . − 5, −4, −3, −2, −1,

and (ii) Place 3 in the units column.

Problem 6. Subtract 318 from −269 110

The problem is −269 − 318. The sum of the negative B

Practice Exercise 1 Further problems on

2. 73 m − 57 m 1.3 Revision of multiplication and

7. 2417 − 487 + 2424− 1778 − 4712 Problem 7. Determine 86 × 7

8. −38419 − 2177 + 2440− 799 + 2834 HTU

Hence, 764 × 38 = 29032

Problem 11. Determine 5796 ÷ 12 5. (a) 448 × 23 (b) 143 × (−31)

(viii) Bring down the 6 of 5796 to give 36

(ix) 12 into 36 goes 3 exactly. 1.4 Highest common factors and

210 = 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 3. 50, 70 4. 270, 900

1155 = 3 × 5 × 7 × 11 5. 6, 10, 14 6. 12, 30, 45

1.5.2 Brackets and operators

At the end of this chapter you should be able to:

A mixed number is a combination of a whole number

multiply and divide with fractions without the use of a 72

(ii) 3 divides into 6 twice. Multiplying both numera- 2 1 2 1

(iii) 2 divides into 6, 3 times. Multiplying both numer- 1 3

2.4 Order of operation with Problem 19. Simplify

1 1 5 9 Problem 20. Evaluate

Title: Willow the king

Illustrator: Lucien Davis

Release date: February 29, 2024 [eBook #73075]

Original publication: New York and Melbourne: Ward, Locke &

Credits: D A Alexander, David E. Brown, and the Online

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WILLOW THE

The Story of a Cricket

ILLUSTRATED BY LUCIEN DAVIS, R.I.