DATA COMMUNICATION &

COMPUTER NETWORK
DCC-22414

UNIT-IV
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES & NETWORK
DEVICES

Mr. Naresh A. Kamble

27-04-2022
 POINTS TO BE COVERED
• NETWORK TOPOLOGIES

• NETWORK CONNECTING DEVICES

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 INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION

Network topology refers to layout of a network and

how different nodes in a network and how they
communicate.

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 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
• NETWORK TOPOLOGIES

• SELECTION CRITERIA

• CLASSIFICATION OF TOPOLOGIES

• TYPES OF TOPOLOGIES

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 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
• SELECTION CRITERIA

• Current Hardware.

• Size of the Network.

• Budget Limitation.

• Need for Reliability.

• Bandwidth Capacity.

• Scalability and Ease installation.

• Ease of Troubleshooting.
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 CLASSSIFICATION OF TOPOLOGIES

PHYSICAL TOPOLOGY LOGICAL TOPOLOGY

TOKEN BASED
BUS TOPOLOGY RING TOPOLOGY
TOPOLOGY

MESH
TREE TOPOLOGY
TOPOLOGY
SHARED MEDIA
TOPOLOGY

HYBRID
STAR TOPOLOGY
TOPOLOGY

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 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
• PHYSICAL TOPOLOGY

• Physical topology mentions the physical design of a network

including the devices, locations and cable installation.

• It describe the placement of network nodes and the physical

connections between them.

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 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
• LOGICAL TOPOLOGY

• Logical topology refers to the nature of the paths the signals

follow from node to node.

• It is also called as signal topology.

• The two common types of logical topologies are broadcast

and token passing.
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 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
• BUS TOPOLOGY

• Bus topology is a network setup where each computer and

network device is connected to a single cable or backbone.

• Alternatively it is referred to as line topology.

• All the data that travels over the network is transmitted

through a common transmission medium known as the bus or
the backbone of the network.

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 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
• BUS TOPOLOGY IS ACTIVE OR PASSIVE?

• Bus is a passive network.

• The bus topology is usually used when a network installation

is small, simple or temporary.

• In bus network, the cable is just one or more wires, with no

active electronics to amplify the signal or pass it along from
computer to computer.

• This makes the bus a passive network.

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A bus topology connecting three stations

BACKBONE
 SCENARIO 1

STATION A STATION B STATION C

172.168.1.1 172.168.1.2 178.168.1.3

SIP DIP DATA

172.168.1.1 172.168.1.2 PAYLOAD
 SCENARIO 2

STATION A STATION B STATION C

172.168.1.1 172.168.1.2 178.168.1.3

SIP DIP DATA

172.168.1.1 172.168.1.3 PAYLOAD
 SCENARIO 3

STATION A STATION B STATION C

172.168.1.1 172.168.1.2 178.168.1.3

SIP DIP DATA

172.168.1.1 172.168.1.3 PAYLOAD

172.168.1.3 172.168.1.2 PAYLOAD

 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
• ADVANTAGES OF BUS TOPOLOGY

• It works well when you have a small network.

• It's the easiest network topology for connecting computers or

peripherals in a linear fashion.

• It requires less cable length than a star topology.

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 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
• DISADVANTAGES OF BUS TOPOLOGY
• It can be difficult to identify the problems if the whole network
goes down.

• It can be hard to troubleshoot individual device issues.

• Bus topology is not great for large networks.

• Terminators are required for both ends of the main cable.

• Additional devices slow the network down.

• If a main cable is damaged, the network fails or splits into two.

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 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
• MESH TOPOLOGY

• In this type of topology, a host is connected to one or multiple hosts.

• This topology has hosts in point-to-point connection with every other host
or may also have hosts which are in point-to-point connection to few hosts
only.

• A mesh topology is a network setup where each computer and network

device is interconnected with one another.

• This topology setup allows for most transmissions to be distributed even if

one of the connections goes down.

• It is a topology commonly used for wireless networks.

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A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
• FULL MESH TOPOLOGY

• All hosts have a point-to-point connection to every other host in the

network. Thus for every new host n(n-1)/2 connections are required. It
provides the most reliable network structure among all network
topologies.

• PARTIAL MESH TOPOLOGY

• Not all hosts have point-to-point connection to every other host. Hosts
connect to each other in some arbitrarily fashion. This topology exists
where we need to provide reliability to some hosts out of all.
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 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
• ADVANTAGES OF MESH TOPOLOGY

• Manages high amounts of traffic, because multiple devices

can transmit data simultaneously.

• A failure of one device does not cause a break in the network

or transmission of data.

• Adding additional devices does not disrupt data transmission

between other devices.

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 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
• DISADVANTAGES OF MESH TOPOLOGY
• The cost to implement is higher than other network topologies,
making it a less desirable option.

• Building and maintaining the topology is difficult and time

consuming.

• The chance of redundant connections is high, which adds to the

high costs and potential for reduced efficiency.
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 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
• STAR TOPOLOGY

• The star topology is one of the most common network setups.

• In this configuration, every node connects to a central

network device, like a hub, switch, or computer.

• The central network device acts as a server and the peripheral

devices act as clients.

• The image shows how this network setup gets its name, as it
is shaped like a star.

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A star topology connecting four stations
STATION A STATION B STATION C
172.168.1.1 172.168.1.2 178.168.1.3

SIP DIP DATA HUB

172.168.1.1 172.168.1.3 PAYLOAD
STATION A STATION B STATION C
172.168.1.1 172.168.1.2 178.168.1.3

SIP DIP DATA SWITCH

172.168.1.1 172.168.1.3 PAYLOAD
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
• ADVANTAGES OF STAR TOPOLOGY

• Centralized management of the network, through the use of

the central computer, hub, or switch.

• Easy to add another computer to the network.

• If one computer on the network fails, the rest of the network

continues to function normally.

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 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
• DISADVANTAGES OF STAR TOPOLOGY
• May have a higher cost to implement, especially when using a
switch or router as the central network device.

• The central network device determines the performance and

number of nodes the network can handle.

• If the central computer, hub, or switch fails, the entire network goes
down and all computers are disconnected from the network.

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 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
• RING TOPOLOGY

• A ring topology is a network configuration where device connections

create a circular data path.

• Each networked device is connected to two others, like points on a circle.

• Together, devices in a ring topology are referred to as a ring network.

• In a ring network, packets of data travel from one device to the next until
they reach their destination.

• Most ring topologies allow packets to travel only in one direction, called a
unidirectional ring network.

• Others permit data to move in either direction, called bidirectional.

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A ring topology connecting six stations
 SIP DIP DATA
STATION A
172.168.1.1 172.168.1.4 PAYLOAD 172.168.1.1

ORIGINAL SIGNAL

STATION D
STATION B
172.168.1.4
172.168.1.2

ORIGINAL SIGNAL
REPEATER
DISTORTED SIGNAL
Regenerate
the signals

STATION C
172.168.1.3
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
• ADVANTAGES OF RING TOPOLOGY

• All data flows in one direction, reducing the chance of packet

collisions.

• A network server is not needed to control network

connectivity between each workstation.

• Data can transfer between workstations at high speeds.

• Additional workstations can be added without impacting

performance of the network.

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 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
• DISADVANTAGES OF RING TOPOLOGY
• All data being transferred over the network must pass through each
workstation on the network, which can make it slower than a star
topology.

• The entire network will be impacted if one workstation shuts down.

• The hardware needed to connect each workstation to the network

is more expensive than Ethernet cards and hubs/switches.

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 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
• TREE TOPOLOGY

• A tree topology is a special type of structure where many connected

elements are arranged like the branches of a tree.

• For example, tree topologies are frequently used to organize the

computers in a corporate network, or the information in a database.

• In a tree topology, there can be only one connection between any two
connected nodes.

• Because any two nodes can have only one mutual connection, tree
topologies create a natural parent and child hierarchy.

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 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
• ADVANTAGES OF TREE TOPOLOGY

• It is a combination of bus and star topology.

• It provides high scalability, as leaf nodes can add more nodes in the
hierarchical chain.

• Other nodes in a network are not affected, if one of their nodes get
damaged.

• It provides easy maintenance and fault identification.

• Supported by several hardware and software vendors.

• Point-to-point wiring for individual segments.

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 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
• DISADVANTAGES OF TREE TOPOLOGY

• Large cabling is required as compared to star and bus

topology.

• On the failure of a hub, the entire network fails.

• Tree network is very difficult to configure than other network

topologies.

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 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
• HYBRID TOPOLOGY

• A hybrid topology is a type of network topology that uses two or more

differing network topologies.

• These topologies can include a mix of bus topology, mesh topology, ring
topology, star topology, and tree topology.

• The choice to use a hybrid topology over a standard topology depends on

the needs of a business, school, or the users.

• The number of computers, their location, and desired network

performance are all factors in the decision.

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 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
• STAR-RING NETWORK

• A star-ring hybrid topology is a combination of the star

topology and ring topology.

• Two or more star topologies are connected together through

a ring topology.

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STAR-RING NETWORK
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
• STAR-BUS NETWORK

• A star-bus hybrid topology is a combination of the star

topology and bus topology.

• Two or more star topologies are connected together through

a bus topology.

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STAR-BUS NETWORK
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
• ADVANTAGES OF HYBRID TOPOLOGY

• This type of topology combines the benefits of different types of

topologies in one topology.

• It is extremely flexible.

• It is very reliable.

• It is easily scalable as Hybrid networks are built in a fashion which enables

for easy integration of new hardware components.

• Error detecting and trouble shooting is easy.

• Handles large volume of traffic.

• It is used for create large network.

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 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
• DISADVANTAGES OF HYBRID TOPOLOGY

• It is a type of network expensive.

• Design of a hybrid network is very complex.

• There is change hardware in order to connect topology with another

topology.

• Usually hybrid architectures are usually larger in scales so they requires a

lot of cables in installation process.

• Hubs which are used to connect two distinct networks, are very costly.
And hubs are different from usual hubs as they need to be intelligent
enough to work with different architectures.

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Installation is a difficult process.
 NETWORK CONNECTING DEVICES
• HUB

• SWITCH

• ROUTER

• BRIDGE

• REPEATER

• GATEWAY

• MODEM

• WIRELESS INFRASTRUCTURE COMPONENTS

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 NETWORK CONNECTING DEVICES
• Connecting devices are divided into five different categories based on the
layer in which they operate in a network.

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 NETWORK CONNECTING DEVICES
• HUB

• A hub is used as a central point of connection among media

segments.

• Cables from network devices plug in to the ports on the hub.

• Types of HUBS

• ACTIVE HUB

• PASSIVE HUB
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 NETWORK CONNECTING DEVICES
• ACTIVE HUB

• They regenerate or amplify the signal before they are retransmitted

• PASSIVE HUB

• It is just a connector.

• It connects the wires coming from different branches.

• The signal pass through a passive hub without regeneration or

amplification.

• Connect several networking cables together

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 NETWORK CONNECTING DEVICES
• SWITCH

• A switch is a device which provides bridging functionality with greater

efficiency.

• It acts as a multiport bridge to connect devices or segments in a LAN.

• It has a buffer for each link to which it is connected.

• When it receives packet, it stores the packet in the buffer of the receiving
link & checks the address to find the outgoing link.

• If the outgoing switch is free, the switch sends the frame to that particular
link.

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 NETWORK CONNECTING DEVICES
• There are 2 types of SWITCH

• STORE & FORWARD SWITCH

• A switch is a device which provides bridging functionality with greater

efficiency.

• CUT THROUGH SWITCH

• It forwards the packet to the output buffer as soon as the destination

address is received.

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 NETWORK CONNECTING DEVICES
• ROUTER

• Router are devices that connect two or more networks.

• The software in a router are the operating system & the routing
protocol.

• They use logical & physical addressing to connect two or more

logically separate networks.

• Data is grouped into packets or blocks of data.

• Each packet has a physical device address and logical network

address.
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 NETWORK CONNECTING DEVICES
• The network address allows routers to calculate the optimal path to
a workstation or computer.

• Route discovery is the process of finding the possible routes

through the internetwork & then building routing tables to store
that information.

• Two methods of route discovery are used

• DISTANCE VECTOR ROUTING

• LINK STATE ROUTING

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 NETWORK CONNECTING DEVICES
• BRIDGE

• A bridge operates in physical layer as well as in data link layer.

• It can regenerate the signal that is receives & as a data link layer
device.

• It can check physical (MAC) address of source & destination

contained in the frame.

• Bridge has filtering capacity which differentiates it with the

repeater.

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 NETWORK CONNECTING DEVICES
• There are two types of bridges

• 1. Transparent bridge 2. Routing bridge

• Transparent bridge is a bridge in which the stations are not at all

aware of the existence of the bridge

• It keeps a table of addresses in memory to determine where to

send data.

• The duties of transparent bridge are

– Filtering Frames

– Forwarding Frames

– Blocking
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 NETWORK CONNECTING DEVICES
• 2. Routing bridge

• In source routing a sending station defines the bridge that should

be visited by the frames.

• The addresses of these bridges are included in the frame.

• So a frame contains
– Source address

– Destination address

– Bridge address

• Source routing bridges are used to avoid a problem called looping.

•27-04-2022
These bridges were designed for the token ring LANs
 NETWORK CONNECTING DEVICES
• REPEATERS

• A repeater is a device that operates only at the PHYSICAL layer .

• A repeater can be used to increase the length of the network by

eliminating the effect of attenuation on the signal.

• It connects two segments of the same network, overcoming the distance

limitations of the transmission media.

• A repeater forwards every frame; it has no filtering capability .

• A repeater is a regenerator, not an amplifier.

• Repeaters can connect segments that have the same access method.
(CSMA/CD, Token Passing, Polling, etc.)
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 NETWORK CONNECTING DEVICES
• GATEWAY

• Gateway (computer program), a link between two computer programs allowing

them to share information and bypass certain protocols on a host computer.

• The most common gateway is the internet gateway, which connects a home or
enterprise network to the internet.

• An internet gateway also often acts as a security node, variously filling one or more
security roles, such as proxy server, firewall or network address translation (NAT)
server.

• Software-defined WAN (SD-WAN) and virtual WAN systems serve as gateways

between an enterprise network and two or more wide area networks (WANs).

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 NETWORK CONNECTING DEVICES
• MODEM

• A modem (modulator-demodulator) is a network hardware device that

modulates one or more carrier wave signals to encode digital information
for transmission and demodulates signals to decode the transmitted
information.

• The goal is to produce a signal that can be transmitted easily and decoded
to reproduce the original digital data.

• A common type of modem is one that turns the digital data of a

computer into modulated electrical signal for transmission over
telephone lines and demodulated by another modem at the receiver side
to recover the digital data
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 NETWORK CONNECTING DEVICES
• WIRELESS INFRASTRUCTURE COMPONENTS

• ANTENNAS

• WIRELESS NICs

• ACCESS POINTS (APs)

• WIRELESS ROUTERS

• WIRELESSS MODEMS

• WIRELESS REPEATERS

• WIRELESS HUBS

• WIRELESS BRIDGE

• WIRELESS GATEWAY
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