Assignment No: 3

Title: SQL Queries – all types of Join, Sub-Query and View

Aim: Write at least10 SQL queries for suitable database application using SQL DML

statements. Prerequisites:

- Basic knowledge about databases.

Objective: Student will able to learn commands that make changes in relational database
and transaction management.

Outcome:

 Student gains the knowledge to implement subqueries using Joins.

Theory:

SQL Subquery

Subquery or Inner query or Nested query is a query in a query. SQL subquery is usually added in the
WHERE Clause of the SQL statement. Most of the time, a subquery is used when you know how to
search for a value using a SELECT statement, but do not know the exact value in the database.
Subqueries are an alternate way of returning data from multiple tables.
Subqueries can be used with the following SQL statements along with the comparison operators
like =, <, >, >=, <= etc.
 SELECT
 INSERT
 UPDATE
 DELETE
 A query is called correlated subquery when both the inner query and the outer query are
interdependent. For every row processed by the inner query, the outer query is processed as
well. The inner query depends on the outer query before it can be processed.

SELECT p.product_name FROM product p

WHERE p.product_id = (SELECT o.product_id FROM order_items o

WHERE o.product_id = p.product_id);

Nested Subquery
1) You can nest as many queries you want but it is recommended not to nest more than 16
subqueries in oracle
Non-Corelated Subquery
2) If a subquery is not dependent on the outer query it is called a non-correlated subquery
Subquery Errors
3) Minimize subquery errors: Use drag and drop, copy and paste to avoid running subqueries
with spelling and database typos. Watch your multiple field SELECT comma use, extra or to
few getting SQL error message "Incorrect syntax".
SQL Subquery Comments
Adding SQL Subquery comments are good habit (/* your command comment */) which can
save you time, clarify your previous work .. results in less SQL headaches
Subquery Reference
SQL Subquery optimization is a good habit .. more on SQL Query Fine Tuning SQL Query
Optimization.

View:

SQL CREATE VIEW Statement

In SQL, a view is a virtual table based on the result-set of an SQL statement.

A view contains rows and columns, just like a real table. The fields in a view are fields from one or
more real tables in the database.

You can add SQL functions, WHERE, and JOIN statements to a view and present the data as if the
data were coming from one single table.
CREATE VIEW Syntax

CREATE VIEW view_name AS

SELECT column1, column2, ..

FROM table_name

WHERE condition;

SQL CREATE VIEW Examples

If you have the Northwind database you can see that it has several views installed by default.

The view "Current Product List" lists all active products (products that are not discontinued) from
the "Products" table. The view is created with the following SQL:

CREATE VIEW [Current Product List] AS

SELECT ProductID, ProductName
FROM Products
WHERE Discontinued = No;

Then, we can query the view as follows:

SELECT * FROM [Current Product List];

SQL Dropping a View

You can delete a view with the DROP VIEW command.

SQL DROP VIEW Syntax

DROP VIEW view_name;

SQL Joins

A JOIN clause is used to combine rows from two or more tables, based on a related column
between them.

Different Types of SQL JOINs

Here are the different types of the JOINs in SQL:

 (INNER) JOIN: Returns records that have matching values in both tables
 LEFT (OUTER) JOIN: Return all records from the left table, and the matched records
from the right table
  RIGHT (OUTER) JOIN: Return all records from the right table, and
the matched recordsfrom the left table
 FULL (OUTER) JOIN: Return all records when there is a match in either left or
right table

SQL INNER JOIN :

The INNER JOIN keyword selects records that have matching values

in both tables.Syntax:

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table1

INNER JOIN table2 ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name;

SQL INNER JOIN e.g.:

SELECT Orders.OrderID,
Customers.CustomerNameFROM Orders
INNER JOIN Customers ON Orders.CustomerID = Customers.CustomerID;

SQL LEFT JOIN :

The LEFT JOIN keyword returns all records from the left table (table1), and thematched
records from the right table (table2). The result is NULL from the right side, if there is no
match.

LEFT JOIN Syntax :

SELECT column_name(s)

FROM table1

LEFT JOIN table2 ON table1.column_name =

table2.column_name;

Example :

SELECT Customers.CustomerName,
Orders.OrderIDFROM Customers
LEFT JOIN Orders ON Customers.CustomerID =
Orders.CustomerIDORDER BY Customers.CustomerName;

The LEFT JOIN keyword returns all records from the left table (Customers), even
if there are nomatches in the right table (Orders).
SQL RIGHT JOIN :

The RIGHT JOIN keyword returns all records from the right table (table2), and the
matched recordsfrom the left table (table1). The result is NULL from the left side,
when there is no match.

RIGHT JOIN Syntax :

SELECT column_name(s)

FROM table1

RIGHT JOIN table2 ON table1.column_name =

table2.column_name;

Example:

SELECT Orders.OrderID,
Employees.LastName,
Employees.FirstNameFROM Orders
RIGHT JOIN Employees ON Orders.EmployeeID =
Employees.EmployeeIDORDER BY Orders.OrderID;

The RIGHT JOIN keyword returns all records from the right table (Employees), even if
there are nomatches in the left table (Orders).

SQL FULL OUTER JOIN Keyword

The FULL OUTER JOIN keyword return all records when there is a match in either
left (table1) orright (table2) table records.

Note: FULL OUTER JOIN can potentially return very large

result-sets!FULL OUTER JOIN Syntax

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table1

FULL OUTER JOIN table2 ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name;

 SQL FULL OUTER JOIN :

The FULL OUTER JOIN keyword returns all the rows from the left table (Customers),
and all the rows from the right table (Orders). If there are rows in "Customers" that do not
have matches in "Orders", or if there are rows in "Orders" that do not have matches in
"Customers", those rows will be listed as well.

SELECT
Customers.CustomerName,
Orders.OrderIDFROM Customers
FULL OUTER JOIN Orders ON
Customers.CustomerID=Orders.CustomerIDORDER
BY Customers.CustomerName;

SQL Self JOIN:

A self JOIN is a regular join, but the table is joined with

itself. Self JOIN Syntax

SELECT
column_name(s
) FROM table1
T1, table1
T2WHERE
condition;

Example:

The following SQL statement matches customers that are from the same city:

SELECT A.CustomerName AS CustomerName1, B.CustomerName

AS CustomerName2, A.CityFROM Customers A, Customers B
WHERE A.CustomerID <>
B.CustomerIDAND A.City
= B.City
ORDER BY A.City;

Conclusion: Thus we have successfully implemented all joins, subquery and view.
Questions:

1. Explain different Joins.

2. Explain concept of view.
3. What is Inner Join?
4. Explain nested query.