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 Table of Contents
Frontmatter
1. Mission Impossible
1. Short course
2. And a few more things…
2. Text and Math
3. Typing text
4. Text environments
5. Typing math
6. More math
7. Multiline math displays
3. Document Structure
8. Documents
9. The AMS article document class
10. Legacy documents
4. pdf Documents
11. The PDF file format
12. Presentations
13. Illustrations
5. Customization
14. Commands and environments
6. Long Documents
15. BibTEX
16. MakeIndex
17. Books in LATEX
Backmatter
George Grätzer

More Math Into LATEX

5th ed. 2016
George Grätzer
Toronto, ON, Canada

ISBN 978-3-319-23795-4 e-ISBN 978-3-319-23796-1

DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-23796-1

Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London

Library of Congress Control Number: 2015953672

© Springer International Publishing AG 2016

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher,
whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the
rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,
broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way,
and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic
adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology
now known or hereafter developed.

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks,

service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence
of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.

The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the
advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate
at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the
editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material
contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.

Printed on acid-free paper

Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer
Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
To the Volunteers
without whose dedication,
over 25 years,
this book could not have been done
and to the young ones
Emma (10),
Kate (8),
Jay (3),
Foreword
It was the autumn of 1989—a few weeks before the Berlin wall came
down, President George H. W. Bush was president, and the American
Mathematical Society decided to outsource TEX programming to Frank
Mittelbach and me.
Why did the AMS outsource TEX programming to us? This was, after
all, a decade before the words “outsourcing” and “off-shore” entered the
lexicon. There were many American TEX experts. Why turn elsewhere?
For a number of years, the AMS tried to port the mathematical
typesetting features of AMS-TEX to LaTeX, but they made little progress
with the AMSFonts. Frank and I had just published the New Font Selection
Scheme for LaTeX, which went a long way to satisfy what they wanted to
accomplish. So it was logical that the AMS turned to us to add AMSFonts
to LaTeX. Being young and enthusiastic, we convinced the AMS that the
AMS-TEX commands should be changed to conform to the LaTeX
standards. Michael Downes was assigned as our AMS contact; his insight
was a tremendous help.
We already had LaTeX-NFSS, which could be run in two modes:
compatible with the old LaTeX or enabled with the new font features. We
added the reworked AMS-TEX code to LaTeX-NFSS, thus giving birth to
AMS- LaTeX, released by the AMS at the August 1990 meeting of the
International Mathematical Union in Kyoto.
AMS- LaTeX was another variant of LaTeX. Many installations had
several LaTeX variants to satisfy the needs of their users: with old and
new font changing commands, with and without AMS- LaTeX, a single and
a multi-language version. We decided to develop a Standard LaTeX that
would reconcile all the variants. Out of a group of interested people grew
what was later called the LaTeX3 team—and the LaTeX3 project got
underway. The team’s first major accomplishment was the release of
LaTeXe in June 1994. This standard LaTeX incorporates all the
improvements we wanted back in 1989. It is now very stable and it is
uniformly used.
Under the direction of Michael Downes, our AMS- LaTeX code was
turned into AMS packages that run under LaTeX just like other packages.
Of course, the LaTeX3 team recognizes that these are special; we call
them “required packages” because they are part and parcel of a
mathematician’s standard toolbox.
Since then a lot has been achieved to make an author’s task easier. A
tremendous number of additional packages are available today. The LaTeX
Companion, 2nd edition, describes many of my favorite packages.
George Grätzer got involved with these developments in 1990, when
he got his copy of AMS- LaTeX in Kyoto. The documentation he received
explained that AMS- LaTeX is a LaTeX variant—read Lamport’s LaTeX book
to get the proper background. AMS- LaTeX is not AMS-TEX either—read
Spivak’s AMS-TEX book to get the proper background. The rest of the
document explained in what way AMS- LaTeX differs from LaTeX and
AMS-TEX. Talk about a steep learning curve …
Luckily, George’s frustration working through this nightmare was
eased by his lengthy e-mail correspondence with Frank and lots of
telephone calls to Michael. Three years of labor turned into his first book
on LaTeX, providing a “simple introduction to AMS- LaTeX ”. This edition is
more mature, but preserves what made his first book such a success. Just
as in the first book, Part I, Mission Impossible, is a short introduction for
the beginner. Chapter 1 , Short Course , dramatically reducing the steep
learning curve of a few weeks to a few hours in only 30 pages. Chapter 2
, And a few more things… adds a few more advanced topics useful
already at this early stage.
The rest of the book is a detailed presentation of everything you may
need to know. George “teaches by example”. You find in this book many
illustrations of even the simplest concepts. For articles, he presents the
LaTeX source file and the typeset result. For formulas, he discusses the
building blocks with examples, presents a Formula Gallery, and a Visual
Guide for multiline formulas.
Going forth and creating “masterpieces of the typesetting art”—as
Donald Knuth put it at the end of the TEXbook—requires a fair bit of
initiation. This is the book for the LaTeX beginner as well as for the
advanced user. You just start at a different point.
The topics covered include everything you need for mathematical
publishing.

Instructions on creating articles, from the simple to the complex

Converting an article to a presentation
Customize LaTeX to your own needs
 The secrets of writing a book
Where to turn to get more information

The many examples are complemented by a number of easily

recognizable features:
Rules

which you must follow

Tips

on what to be careful about and how to achieve some specific results

Experiments

to show what happens when you make mistakes—sometimes, it can

be difficult to understand what went wrong when all you see is an
obscure LaTeX message

This book teaches you how to convert your mathematical

masterpieces into typographical ones, giving you a lot of useful advice on
the way. How to avoid the traps for the unwary and how to make your
editor happy. And hopefully, you’ll experience the fascination of doing it
right. Using good typography to better express your ideas.
If you want to learn LaTeX, buy this book and start with the Short
Course . If you can have only one book on LaTeX next to your computer,
this is the one to have. And if you want to learn about the world of LaTeX
packages as of 2004, also buy a second book, the LaTeX Companion, 2nd
edition.

Rainer Schöpf
LaTeX3 team
Rainer SchöpfLATEX3 team
Preface to the fifth edition
My book Practical LaTeX [42] was published last year. Many of the
changes in this fifth edition are based on Practical LaTeX and on my
articles “What Is New in LaTeX?” in the Notices of the American
Mathematical Society [36–41] and [43].
Part I. Short Course of the fourth edition was revised under the title
Chapter 1 . Short Course . I renamed Part I: Mission Impossible . This
part now has a second chapter: And a few more things … The new
Chapter 1 is what you absolutely, unquestionably must know to write
your first TEX document. It’s only 30 pages long, should not take more
than a few hours to read and understand. No typing is necessary, the files
you need are provided for you, see Section 1.​1.​2
The new Chapter 2 adds a few more topics that is helpful to know
such as the aux files, what is their role, how to handle them. It deals in
some detail with error messages. Finally, it contains Brian Davey’s list of
LaTeX mistakes most often made by authors.
To create “vector graphics” illustrations (see page 343 for an
example), many users switched to Till Tantau’s Ti k Z package. We
introduce Ti k Z in Chapter 13 . We hope that the few commands we
discuss are sufficient to get you started.
I carefully revised all the material in this book. One would think that
this is not necessary in a fifth edition. But as Fred says, there are infinitely
many typos in any book, and even our best efforts remove only finitely
many. And so many of the links have changed…
Finally, I should mention that I renamed the awkward user-defined
commands to custom commands . How come I have not thought of this
before?
George Grätzer
Toronto, ON, Canada
Introduction
Is this book for you?
This book is for the mathematician, physicist, engineer, scientist, linguist,
or technical typist who has to learn how to typeset articles containing
mathematical formulas or diacritical marks. It teaches you how to use
LaTeX, a typesetting markup language based on Donald E. Knuth’s
typesetting language TEX, designed and implemented by Leslie Lamport,
and greatly improved under the guidance of AMS.
Part I provides a quick introduction to LaTeX, from typing examples
of text and math to typing your first article such as the sample article on
page 4 and creating your first presentation such as the sample
presentation—four slides of which you find in Figure 1.​5 —in a very short
time. The rest of the book provides a detailed exposition of LaTeX.
LaTeX has a huge collection of rules and commands. While the basics
in Part I should serve you well in all your writings, most articles and
presentations also require you to look up special topics. Learn Part I well
and become passingly familiar with the rest of the book, so when the
need arises you know where to turn with your problems.
You can find specific topics in the Short Contents, the detailed
Contents, and the Index.
Mathematicians find LaTeX very strange. A typical article in
mathematics deals with a field defined by a few axioms, and the topic of
the article needs only a few more. In contrast, LaTeX has hundreds of
axioms. We try to ease the transition by introducing at the start as few
commands as possible. For instance, we introduce presentations with only
five new commands.

What is document markup?

When you work with a word processor, you see your document on the
computer monitor more or less as it looks when printed, with its various
fonts, font sizes, font shapes (e.g., roman, italic) and weights (e.g.,
normal, boldface), interline spacing, indentation, and so on.
Working with a markup language is different. You type the source file
of your article in a text editor, in which all characters appear in the same
font. To indicate changes in the typeset text, you must add text markup
commands to the source file. For instance, to emphasize the phrase detailed
description in a LaTeX source file, type
\emph{detailed description}
 The \ emph command is a markup command. The marked-up text
yields the typeset output
detailed description
In order to typeset math, you need math markup commands . As a

simple example, consider the formula . To mark it up in

LaTeX, type
$\int \sqrt{\alpha^{2} + x^{2}}\,dx$
You do not have to worry about determining the size of the integral
symbol or how to construct the square root symbol that covers α 2 + x 2 .
LaTeX does it all for you.

The three layers

The markup language we shall discuss comes in three layers: TEX, LaTeX,
and the AMS packages, described in detail in Appendix C. Most LaTeX
installations automatically place all three on your computer. You do not
have to know what comes from which layer, so we consider the three
together and call it LaTeX.

The three platforms

Most of you run LaTeX on one of the following three computer types:

A Windows computer, a computer running Microsoft Windows

A Mac, a Macintosh computer running OS X
A computer running a UNIX variant such as Solaris or Linux

The LaTeX source file and the typeset version both look the same
independent of what computer you have. However, the way you type your
source file, the way you typeset it, and the way you look at the typeset
version depends on the computer and on the LaTeX implementation you
use.

What’s in the book?

Part I is Mission Impossible; it helps you to get started quickly with
LaTeX, to type your first articles, to make your first presentations, and it
prepares you to tackle LaTeX in more depth in the subsequent parts.
 Chapter 1 is the Short Course . You start writing your first article —
as typeset on page 4—and prepare your first presentation —see some of
the slides typeset on page 26. This chapter introduces how LaTeX uses
the keyboard and how to type text . You do not need to learn much to
understand the basics. Text markup is quite easy. You also learn math
markup, which is not so straightforward. Several sections in this chapter
ease you into mathematical typesetting. There is a section on the basic
building blocks of math formulas. Another one discusses equations.
Finally, we present the two simplest multiline formulas, which should
cover most of your everyday needs. We also cover the elements of
presentations with a simple example.
In Chapter 2 , we explain how things work, the structure of LaTeX,
the auxiliary files, the logical and visual design of an article, LaTeX error
messages. Finally, we present a long list of dos and don’t to help you
write good LaTeX.
Part II introduces the two most basic skills for writing with LaTeX in
depth, typing text and typing math.
Chapters 3 and 4 introduce text and displayed text. Chapter 3 is
especially important because, when you type a LaTeX document, most of
your time is spent typing text. The topics covered include special
characters and accents, hyphenation, fonts, and spacing. Chapter 4
covers displayed text, including lists and tables, and for the
mathematician, proclamations (theorem-like structures) and proofs .
Typing math is the heart of any mathematical typesetting system.
Chapter 5 discusses inline formulas in detail, including basic constructs,
delimiters, operators, math accents, and horizontally stretchable lines.
The chapter concludes with the Formula Gallery .
Math symbols are covered in three sections in Chapter 6 . How to
space them, how to build new ones; we introduce the new set of some
2,000 STIX math symbols. We also look at the closely related subjects of
math alphabets and fonts. Then we discuss tagging and grouping
equations.
LaTeX knows a lot about typesetting an inline formula, but not much
about how to display a multiline formula. Chapter 7 presents the
numerous tools LaTeX offers to help you do that. We start with a Visual
Guide to help you get oriented.
Part III discusses the parts of a LaTeX document. In Chapter 8 ,
you learn about the structure of a LaTeX document. The most important
topics are sectioning and cross-referencing . In Chapter 9 , we discuss
the amsart document class for articles. In particular, I present the title page
information. Chapter 9 also features secondarticle.tex , a sample article for
amsart , somewhat more advanced than firstarticle.tex typeset on page 4. You
can learn a lot about LaTeX just by reading the source file one paragraph
at a time and seeing how that paragraph is typeset. We conclude this
chapter with a brief description of the AMS distribution, the packages and
document classes, of which amsart is a part.
In Chapter 1 0 the most commonly used legacy document classes
are presented, article , report , and letter (the book class is discussed in
Chapter 17 ), along with a description of the standard LaTeX distribution.
Although article is not as sophisticated as amsart , it is commonly used for
articles not meant for publication.
In Part IV , we start with Chapter 1 1 , discussing PDF files,
hyperlinks, and the hyperref package. This prepares you for presentations,
which are PDF files with hyperlinks. In Chapter 1 2 we utilize the beamer
package for making LaTeX presentations and Chapter 1 3 introduces its
sister package Ti k Z for illustrations.
Part V ( Chapter 1 4 ) introduces techniques to customize LaTeX:
custom commands and environments created by users, and command
files. We present a sample command file, newlattice.sty , a nd a version of
the second sample article utilizing this command file. You learn how
parameters that affect LaTeX’s behavior are stored in counters and length
commands, how to change them, and how to design your own custom
lists. A final section discusses the pitfalls of customization.
In Part VI ( Chapters 15 and 16 ), we discuss the special needs of
longer documents. Two applications, contained in the standard LaTeX
distribution, BIB TEX and MakeIndex , make compiling large bibliographies
and indexes much easier.
LaTeX provides the book and the amsbook document classes to serve as
foundations for well-designed books. We discuss these in Chapter 1 7 .
Better quality books have to use document classes designed by
professionals.
You will probably find yourself referring to Appendices A and B time
and again. They contain the math and text symbol tables. You can also
find them in the samples file.
Appendix C relates some historical background material on LaTeX. It
gives you some insight into how LaTeX developed and how it works.
Appendix D discusses the many ways we can find LaTeX material on the
Internet. Appendix E is a short introduction to the use of PostScript fonts
in a LaTeX document. Appendix F briefly describes the use of LaTeX for
languages other than American English.
LaTeX on an iPad is introduced in Appendix G .
Finally, Appendix H discusses what we left out, points you towards
some areas for further reading, and mentions some recent developments.
Lots of sample files help you save typing examples, see Section 1.​1.​2
You also get PDF files of Mission Impossible, the symbol tables, and the
STIX symbols.

Mission statement
This book is a guide for typesetting mathematical documents within the
constraints imposed by LaTeX, an elaborate system with hundreds of
rules. LaTeX allows you to perform almost any mathematical typesetting
task through the appropriate application of its rules. You can customize
LaTeX by introducing custom commands and environments and by
changing LaTeX parameters. You can also extend LaTeX by invoking
packages that accomplish special tasks.
It is not my goal

to survey the hundreds of LaTeX packages you can utilize to enhance

LaTeX
to teach how to write TEX code to create your own packages
to discuss how to design beautiful documents by writing document
classes

The definitive book on the first topic, as of 2004, is Frank Mittelbach

and Michel Goosens’s The LaTeX Companion, 2nd edition [56] (in
collaboration with Johannes Braams, David Carlisle, and Chris Rowley).
The second and third topics still await authoritative treatment.

Conventions
To make this book easy to read, I use some simple conventions:

Explanatory text is set in this typeface: Times.

Computer Modern typewriter is used to show what you should type, as well as messages
from LaTeX. All the characters in this typeface have the same width, making it easy to
recognize.
I also use Computer Modern typewriter to indicate
Commands ( \ newpage)
Environments ( \ align)
Documents ( firstarticle.tex )
Document classes ( amsart )
Document class options ( draft )
Folders or directories ( work )
The names of packages —extensions of LaTeX ( verbatim )
When I show you how something looks when typeset, I use
Computer Modern, TEX’s standard typeface:
I think you find this typeface sufficiently different from the other
typefaces I have used. The strokes are much lighter so that you
should not have much difficulty recognizing typeset LaTeX material.
When the typeset material is a separate paragraph or paragraphs,
corner brackets in the margin set it off from the rest of the text—
unless it is a displayed formula.
For explanations in the text, such as Compare iff with iff, typed as iff
and if { f } , respectively. the same typefaces are used. Because they
are not set off spatially, it may be a little more difficult to see that iff
is set in Computer Modern roman (in Times, it looks like this: iff ),
whereas iff is set in the Computer Modern typewriter typeface.
Compare: iff, iff, iff , and a larger version: iff, iff, iff .
I usually introduce commands with examples, such as
\\[22pt]
However, it is sometimes necessary to define the syntax of a
command more formally. For instance,
\\[ length ]
where length , typeset in Computer Modern typewriter italic font,
represents the value you have to supply.

Good luck and have fun.

E-mail:
[email protected]
Home page:
http://server.maths.umanitoba.ca/homepages/gratzer/
Contents
I Mission Impossible 1

1 Short course

1.​1 Getting started

1.​1.​1 Your LATEX

1.​1.​2 Sample files

1.​1.​3 Editing cycle

1.​1.​4 Typing the source file

1.​2 The keyboard

1.​3 Your first text notes

1.​4 Lines too wide

1.​5 A note with formulas

1.​6 The building blocks of a formula

1.​7 Displayed formulas

1.​7.​1 Equations

1.​7.​2 Symbolic referencing

1.​7.​3 Aligned formulas

1.​7.​4 Cases

1.​8 The anatomy of a document

1.​9 Your own commands

 1.​10 Adding an illustration

1.​11 The anatomy of a presentation

2 And a few more things…

2.​1 Structure

2.​2 Auxiliary files

2.​3 Logical and visual design

2.​4 General error messages

2.​5 Errors in math

2.​6 Your errors:​Davey’s Dos and Don’ts

II Text and Math 43

3 Typing text

3.​1 The keyboard

3.​1.​1 Basic keys

3.​1.​2 Special keys

3.​1.​3 Prohibited keys

3.​2 Words, sentences, and paragraphs

3.​2.​1 Spacing rules

3.​2.​2 Periods

3.​3 Commanding LATEX

3.​3.​1 Commands and environments

3.​3.​2 Scope
3.​3.​3 Types of commands

3.​4 Symbols not on the keyboard

3.​4.​1 Quotation marks

3.​4.​2 Dashes

3.​4.​3 Ties or nonbreakable spaces

3.​4.​4 Special characters

3.​4.​5 Ellipses

3.​4.​6 Ligatures

3.​4.​7 Accents and symbols in text

3.​4.​8 Logos and dates

3.​4.​9 Hyphenation

3.​5 Comments and footnotes

3.​5.​1 Comments

3.​5.​2 Footnotes

3.​6 Changing font characteristics

3.​6.​1 Basic font characteristics

3.​6.​2 Document font families

3.​6.​3 Shape commands

3.​6.​4 Italic corrections

3.​6.​5 Series

3.​6.​6 Size changes

 3.​6.​7 Orthogonality

3.​6.​8 Obsolete two-letter commands

3.​6.​9 Low-level commands

3.​7 Lines, paragraphs, and pages

3.​7.​1 Lines

3.​7.​2 Paragraphs

3.​7.​3 Pages

3.​7.​4 Multicolumn printing

3.​8 Spaces

3.​8.​1 Horizontal spaces

3.​8.​2 Vertical spaces

3.​8.​3 Relative spaces

3.​8.​4 Expanding spaces

3.​9 Boxes

3.​9.​1 Line boxes

3.​9.​2 Frame boxes

3.​9.​3 Paragraph boxes

3.​9.​4 Marginal comments

3.​9.​5 Solid boxes

3.​9.​6 Fine tuning boxes

4 Text environments
 4.​1 Some general rules for displayed text environments

4.​2 List environments

4.​2.​1 Numbered lists

4.​2.​2 Bulleted lists

4.​2.​3 Captioned lists

4.​2.​4 A rule and combinations

4.​3 Style and size environments

4.​4 Proclamations (theorem-like structures)

4.​4.​1 The full syntax

4.​4.​2 Proclamations with style

4.​5 Proof environments

4.​6 Tabular environments

4.​6.​1 Table styles

4.​7 Tabbing environments

4.​8 Miscellaneous displayed text environments

5 Typing math

5.​1 Math environments

5.​2 Spacing rules

5.​3 Equations

5.​4 Basic constructs

5.​4.​1 Arithmetic operations

5.​4.​2 Binomial coefficients

5.​4.​3 Ellipses

5.​4.​4 Integrals

5.​4.​5 Roots

5.​4.​6 Text in math

5.​4.​7 Hebrew and Greek letters

5.​5 Delimiters

5.​5.​1 Stretching delimiters

5.​5.​2 Delimiters that do not stretch

5.​5.​3 Limitations of stretching

5.​5.​4 Delimiters as binary relations

5.​6 Operators

5.​6.​1 Operator tables

5.​6.​2 Congruences

5.​6.​3 Large operators

5.​6.​4 Multiline subscripts and superscripts

5.​7 Math accents

5.​8 Stretchable horizontal lines

5.​8.​1 Horizontal braces

5.​8.​2 Overlines and underlines

5.​8.​3 Stretchable arrow math symbols

 5.​9 Building a formula step-by-step

5.​10 Formula Gallery

6 More math

6.​1 Spacing of symbols

6.​1.​1 Classification

6.​1.​2 Three exceptions

6.​1.​3 Spacing commands

6.​1.​4 Examples

6.​1.​5 The phantom command

6.​2 The STIX math symbols

6.​2.​1 Swinging it

6.​2.​2 The STIX project

6.​2.​3 Installation and usage

6.​3 Building new symbols

6.​3.​1 Stacking symbols

6.​3.​2 Negating and side-setting symbols

6.​3.​3 Changing the type of a symbol

6.​4 Math alphabets and symbols

6.​4.​1 Math alphabets

6.​4.​2 Math symbol alphabets

6.​4.​3 Bold math symbols

 6.​4.​4 Size changes

6.​4.​5 Continued fractions

6.​5 Vertical spacing

6.​6 Tagging and grouping

6.​7 Miscellaneous

6.​7.​1 Generalized fractions

6.​7.​2 Boxed formulas

7 Multiline math displays

7.​1 Visual Guide

7.​1.​1 Columns

7.​1.​2 Subsidiary math environments

7.​1.​3 Adjusted columns

7.​1.​4 Aligned columns

7.​1.​5 Touring the Visual Guide

7.​2 Gathering formulas

7.​3 Splitting long formulas

7.​4 Some general rules

7.​4.​1 General rules

7.​4.​2 Subformula rules

7.​4.​3 Breaking and aligning formulas

7.​4.​4 Numbering groups of formulas

 7.​5 Aligned columns

7.5.1 An align variant

7.5.2 eqnarray , the ancestor of align

7.​5.​3 The subformula rule revisited

7.5.4 The alignat environment

7.​5.​5 Inserting text

7.​6 Aligned subsidiary math environments

7.​6.​1 Subsidiary variants

7.​6.​2 Split

7.​7 Adjusted columns

7.​7.​1 Matrices

7.​7.​2 Arrays

7.​7.​3 Cases

7.​8 Commutative diagrams

7.​9 Adjusting the display

III Document Structure 227

8 Documents

8.​1 The structure of a document

8.​2 The preamble

8.​3 Top matter

8.​3.​1 Abstract
 8.​4 Main matter

8.​4.​1 Sectioning

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 Nearer Palembang we visited the tombs of later princes. A high
wall encloses several separate buildings from twenty to thirty feet
square, and surmounted by domes, and within are the coffins, much
like that already described. Other massive rectangular tombs are
seen outside. None of these appear to be very old.
From Palembang to the mouth of the Musi is about fifty miles, and
yet there is plenty of water for the largest steamers to come to the
city. The Musi is therefore the largest river in Sumatra; and
Palembang gains its importance from its position as the head of
navigation on this river, which receives into itself streams navigable
for small boats for many miles. On the south is the Ogan, which, in
its upper part, flows through a very fertile and well-peopled region,
and which, from the descriptions given me, I judge is a plateau
analogous to that at Kopaiyong, near the source of the Musi. This
region of the Ogan produces much pepper. North of the Musi is the
country of the Kubus, who have been described to me here and at
Tebing-Tingi as belonging to the Malay race. They are said to clothe
themselves with bark-cloth, and to eat monkeys and reptiles of all
kinds. They shun all foreigners and other natives, and are very rarely
seen. They appear to be very similar in their personal appearance
and habits to the Lubus that I saw north of Padang, and perhaps
form but a branch of that people.[58] It was to this place that the
author of the “Prisoner of Weltevreden” came on his filibustering
expedition, and was seized and carried to Batavia, whence he
escaped. The open-hearted and generous manner in which I have
been everywhere received and aided, both by the government and
by private persons, as has constantly appeared on these pages,
convinces me that any American, whose character and mission are
above suspicion, will be treated with no greater kindness and
consideration by any nation than by the Dutch in the East Indian
Archipelago.
May 13th.—Took a small steamer for Muntok, on the island of
Banca, where the mail-boat from Batavia touches while on her way
to Singapore. Muntok is a very pretty village. The houses, which
mostly belong to Chinamen, are neatly built and well painted. The
streets are kept in good repair, and the whole place has an air of
enterprise and thrift. Here I had the pleasure of making the
acquaintance of the chief mining engineer on the island. One
morning we rode out a few miles to a granite hill, from the top of
which I had a fine view over the Strait of Banca to the low,
monotonous coast of Sumatra. There are but few elevations on
Banca, and none of any considerable height. All are covered with a
thick forest. The rocks of which Banca is composed are chiefly
granite, and a red, compact sandstone or grit. The tin is
disseminated in small particles through the whole mass of granite,
which has slowly disintegrated and decomposed, and the clay and
sand thus formed have been washed into the nearest depressions.
The tin, being the heaviest of these materials, has settled near the
bottom of each basin, when they have been somewhat assorted by
the action of water. The upper strata being removed, the particles of
tin are found in the lower strata, and obtained by washing, just as in
the process of washing similar alluvial deposits for gold. When the
beds of all the basins on the island have been thoroughly washed,
the yield of tin will be at an end, because it does not occur, as at
Cornwall, in veins in the granite, but only in small scattered grains.
The washing is almost wholly done by Chinese, who chiefly come
from Amoy.
The income of Banca[59] has been for some time over three million
guilders per year, after deducting the salaries of all the officials on
the island, and the annual expense of the garrison. The chief
engineer thinks that about two-thirds of all the tin on the island has
now been taken out, but that the present yield will continue for some
years, and a less one for many years after. This tin-bearing range of
granite begins as far north on the west coast of the peninsula of
Malacca as Tavoy. It has been obtained at Tenasserim, and on the
island of Junk Ceylon, and large quantities are annually taken out at
Malacca. It is also found on the Sumatra side of the strait, in the
district of Kampar. The range reappears in the islands of Banca and
Billiton, and again in Bali, at the eastern end of Java.
May 14th.—In the evening the steamer arrived from Batavia. For
fellow-passengers I found the captain and doctor of an English ship
that had lately been burned in the Strait of Sunda while bound from
Amoy to Demarara with a cargo of coolies. A passenger from her
was also on board, who had written a book on Cochin China, giving
his experience while a captive in that land.
May 18th.—We continue, this morning, to pass small islands, and
now, by degrees, we are able to make out many ships and steamers
at anchor in a bay, and soon the houses by the bund or street
bordering the shore begin to appear. We are nearing Singapore. A
year and fourteen days have passed since I landed in Java. During
that time I have travelled six thousand miles over the archipelago,
and yet I have not once set foot on any other soil than that
possessed by the Dutch, so great is the extent of their Eastern
possessions.
The activity and enterprise which characterize this city are very
striking to one who has been living so long among the phlegmatic
Dutchmen. Singapore, or, more correctly, Singapura, “the lion city,” is
situated on an island of the same name, which is about twenty-five
miles long from east to west, and fourteen miles wide from north to
south.
When the English, in 1817, restored the archipelago to the Dutch,
they felt the need of some port to protect their commerce; and in
1819, by the foresight of Sir Stamford Raffles, the present site of
Singapore was chosen for a free city. In seven years from that time
its population numbered 13,000; but has since risen to 90,000. Its
imports have risen from $5,808,000 in 1823 to $31,460,000 in 1863,
and its exports from $4,598,000 in 1823 to $26,620,000 in 1863.
As soon as I landed, I found myself among American friends, and
one of them kindly introduced me to the Governor of the Straits
Settlements, who received me in the most polite manner and kindly
offered to assist me in any way in his power. At my request, he gave
me notes of introduction to the Governor of Hong Kong and the
admiral commanding her Majesty’s fleet in the seas of China and
Japan. A few days of rest after my long journeys over Sumatra soon
glided by, and I was ready to continue my travels.
From Singapore my plan was to proceed directly to China, but
finding in port a French ship which was bound for Hong Kong, via
Saigon, the capital of Cochin China, I engaged a passage on her in
order to see something also of the French possessions in the East.
Just as we were ready to sail I met a gentleman who had lately
returned from a long journey to Cambodia, whither he had gone to
photograph the ruins of the wonderful temples in that land. He had a
specimen for me, he said, which I must accept before I knew what it
was, a condition I readily complied with, but when the “specimen”
appeared I must confess I was not a little surprised to find it was an
enormous python. It had been caught by the natives of Bankok after
it had gorged itself on some unfortunate beast, but that was some
time before, and the brute was evidently ready for another feast. My
cans containing alcohol were already on board the ship, but I took
the monster with me when I went off to her late in the evening,
designing to drown it in its box and then transfer his snakeship to a
can. The captain, with the greatest politeness, met me at the rail,
and showed me my state-room in the after-cabin, and the sailors
began to bring my baggage, when first of all appeared the box
containing the python! I shouted out to the cabin-boy that that box
must be left out on deck, and then, in a low tone, explained to the
captain that it contained an enormous snake. “Un serpent? un
serpent?” he exclaimed, raising up both hands in horror, in such an
expressive way as only a Frenchman can, and proceeding to declare
that he ought to have known that a passenger who was a naturalist
would be sure to fill the whole ship with all sorts of venomous beasts.
All the others were little less startled, and shunned me in the half-
lighted cabin, as if I were in league with evil spirits, but I quieted their
fears by ordering a sailor to put the box into a large boat that was
placed right side up on the main deck and promising to kill the great
reptile to-morrow.
May 24th.—Early this morning we made sail, and I concluded to
let my troublesome specimen remain until we were out of the harbor,
but now, in the changing of the monsoons, the winds are light and
baffling and we finally came to anchor once more; and a sailor who
got up into the boat said something about “le serpent.” I was on the
quarter-deck at the time, and determining at once not to be troubled
more with it, jumped down on the main-deck, ran to the side of the
boat, and seizing the box gave it a toss into the sea, but just as it
was leaving my hands I thought to myself, “How light it is!” and the
sailor said, “Le serpent n’est pas encore!—pas encore!” We all
looked over the ship’s side and there was the box floating quietly
away, and it was evident that the monster had escaped. Every one
then asked, “Where is he?” but no one could tell. I assured the
captain that he was in the box when I put it on the sampan to come
off to the ship. “Is he on board?” was the next question from the
mouths of all. We looked carefully in the boat and round the deck,
but could detect no trace of him whatever, and all, except myself,
came to the conclusion that he was not brought on board, and then
went back to their work. The box in which he had been confined was
about a foot and a half long by a foot high and a foot wide, and over
the top were four or five strips of board, each fastened at either end
with a single nail. On inquiring more closely, the sailor told me that
before I seized the box, the side with the slats was one of the
perpendicular sides, and had not been placed uppermost, as it ought
to have been. “Then,” I reasoned, “he is here on board somewhere
beyond a doubt, and I brought him here, and it’s my duty to find him
and kill him.”

KILLING THE PYTHON.

 We had four horses on deck, and the middle of the boat was filled
with hay for them, and under that it was probable the great reptile
had crawled away. In the bottom of the boat, aft, was a triangular
deck, and, as I climbed up a second time, I noticed that the board
which formed the apex of the triangle was loose, and moved a little
to one side. Carefully raising this, I espied, to my horror, the great
python closely coiled away beneath, the place being so small that
the loose board rested on one of his coils. I wore a thin suit, a
Chinese baju, or loose blouse, a pair of canvas shoes, and a large
sun-hat. Throwing off my hat, that I might go into the dreadful
struggle unimpeded, I shouted out for a long knife, knowing well that
what I must try to do was to cut him in two, and that he would
attempt to catch my hand in his jaws, and, if he should succeed in
doing that, he would wind himself around me as quick as a man
could wind the lash of a long whip around a fixed stick, and certainly
he was large enough and strong enough to crush the largest horse.
The cook handed me a sharp knife, more than a foot long, and,
holding the board down with my feet, I thrust the blade through the
crack, and, wrenching with all my might, tried to break the great
reptile’s back-bone, and thus render all that part of the body behind
the fracture helpless. Despite my utmost efforts, he pulled away the
knife, and escaped two or three feet forward, where there was more
room under the deck. By this time there was the greatest confusion.
The captain, evidently believing that discretion is the better part of
valor, ran below the moment he was satisfied that I had indeed
discovered the monster, seized a brace of revolvers, and, perching
himself upon the monkey-rail, leaned his back against the mizzen-
rigging, and held one in each hand, ready to fire into the boat at the
slightest alarm. The sailors all gathered round the boat, and stood
perfectly still, apparently half-stupified, and not knowing whether it
would be safest for them to stand still, climb up in the rigging, or
jump overboard. The first mate armed himself with a revolver, and
climbed on to the stern of the boat. Indeed, every moment I expected
to hear a report, and find myself shot by some of the brave ones
behind me. The second mate, who was the only real man among
them all, seized a large sheath-knife, and climbed into the boat to
help me. I knew it would not do to attempt to strike the monster with
a knife where he had room enough to defend himself; I therefore
threw it down, and seized a short handspike of iron-wood, the only
weapon within my reach, and told the second mate to raise the deck,
and I would attempt to finish my antagonist with the club, for the
thought of escaping while I could, and leave for others to do what
belonged to me, never entered my mind. As the deck rose I beheld
him coiled up about two feet and a half from my right foot. Suffering
the acutest agony from the deep wound I had already given him, he
raised his head high out of the midst of his huge coil, his red jaws
wide open, and his eyes flashing fire like live coals. I felt the blood
chill in my veins as, for an instant, we glanced into each other’s
eyes, and both instinctively realized that one of us two must die on
that spot. He darted at my foot, hoping to fasten his fangs in my
canvas shoe, but I was too quick for him, and gave him such a blow
over the head and neck that he was glad to coil up again. This gave
me time to prepare to deal him another blow, and thus for about
fifteen minutes I continued to strike with all my might, and three or
four times his jaws came within two or three inches of my canvas
shoe. I began now to feel my strength failing, and that I could not
hold out more than a moment longer, yet, in that moment,
fortunately, the carpenter got his wits together, and thought of his
broad-axe, and, bringing it to the side of the boat, held up the
handle, so that I could seize it while the reptile was coiling up from
the last stunning blow. The next time he darted at me I gave him a
heavy cut about fifteen inches behind his head, severing the body
completely off, except about an inch on the under side, and, as he
coiled up, this part fell over, and he fastened his teeth into his own
coils. One cut more, and I seized a rope, and, in an instant, I tugged
him over the boat’s side, across the deck, and over the ship’s rail into
the sea. The long trail of his blood on the deck assured me that I was
indeed safe, and, drawing a long breath of relief, I thanked the Giver
of all our blessings.
This was my last experience in the tropical East. A breeze sprang
up, and the ship took me rapidly away toward the great empire of
China, where I travelled for a year, and passed through more
continued dangers and yet greater hardships than in the East Indian
Archipelago.
Transcriber’s Note: Map is clickable for a larger version.

Map
To Illustrate Mr. Bickmore’s Travels
IN THE EASTERN ARCHIPELAGO

Edwᵈ Weller
 APPENDIX A.
Area of the Principal Islands, according to Baron
Melville van Carnbée.

Square
English
geographical
miles.
Java and Madura 38,251.2
Sumatra 128,560.0
Pulo Nias 1,200.0
Babi 480.0
Pagi 560.0
Banca 3,568.0
Billiton 1,904.0
Borneo 203,888.0
Celebes 57,248.0
Buton 1,379.2
Bali 16,848.0
Lombok 16,560.0
Sumbawa 4,448.0
Floris 4,032.0
Timur 9,808.0
Sandal-wood Island 3,784.0
Tenimber Islands 2,400.0
Aru Islands 1,040.0
Islands of Banda 17.6
Ceram 4,944.0
Buru 2,624.0
Gilolo 5,016.0
Bachian 800.0
Ternate 11.2
Amboina 2,128.0
Total area of the Netherlands India 445,411.2
 APPENDIX B.
Population of the Netherlands India, 1865.

Other
islands. Europeans. Natives. Chinese. Arabs. Eastern Total.
nations.
Java and Madura 27,105 13,704,535 156,192 6,764 22,772 13,917,368
“West Coast” of
Sumatra, including the
1,188 872,173 3,172 54 1,110 877,703
islands from Nias to the
Pagis
Residency of Bencoolen 174 119,691 596 6 47 120,514
” Lampong 52 88,113 180 8 4,666 93,019
” Palembang 182 622,345 2,790 1,716 67 527,050
Banca 116 37,070 17,097 56 54,339
Billiton 34 12,786 1,781 1,223 15,824
Rhio 136 10,454 19,972 2 119 30,683
Borneo (the parts under
328 802,889 26,393 1,736 597 931,843
the Dutch Government)
Celebes 1,176 292,619 4,385 42 298,222
Residency of Amboina 1,219 104,841 311 85 817 107,273
” Banda 545 5,876 153 12 6,586
” Ternate 732 2,062 427 70 3,291
The Minahassa 550 102,423 1,437 11 104,418
Timur 190 Unknown. 752 3 945
Bali and Lombok 863,725 863,725
Total 33,677 17,641,602 235,535 10,565 31,424 17,952,803
 APPENDIX C.
A Table of Heights of the Principal Mountains in
the Archipelago.

Height in
Place.
Eng. feet.
Amboina.
Salhutu (highest peak on the island) 4,010
Ternate (peak of) 5,510
Tidore (peak of) 5,440
Minahassa.
Mount Klabat 6,560
Mount Sudara 4,390
Mount Batu Angus 2,290
Mount Lokon 5,140
Mount Massarang 4,150
Mount Tompasso 3,850
Mount Saputan 5,960
Mount Mahawut 4,170
Mount Sempo 4,900
Mount Katawak 3,970
Mount Kawin 3,430
Lake of Tondano 2,272
HEIGHTS IN JAVA.
Mount Krawang 5,771
Salak 7,244
Mandalawangi 9,940
Gedeh 9,750
Sedaratu 9,591
Alun-alun 9,100
Papandayang 7,477
Pasir Alang 8,387
Taman Saāt 7,908
Chikorai 9,233
Telaga Bodas 5,874
Highest edge of Galunggong 5,320
Galunggong 3,825
Slamat 11,329
Sindoro 10,316
Merbabu 10,219
Sumbing 10,947
Lawu 10,727
Dorowati 8,480
Kawi 9,408
Arjuno 10,947
Sémiru 12,235
Budolembu, highest peak in the Tenger Mountains 8,705
Boromo 7,545
Ajang 9,896
Raon 10,177
HEIGHTS IN SUMATRA.
Padang Hill (Apenberg) 341
Kayu Tanam 403
Padang Panjang 2,432
Fort Gugur Sigandang, the highest point on the col
3,677
between Singalang and Mérapi
From this place to Matua is the plateau of Agam—Matua
3,389
is
Bambang 2,028
Pisang 1,685
Kumpodang (where we crossed the brook and found a
670
controleur making a bridge, etc.)
Bondyol 735
Water-shed just before coming to Libu Siképing 2,132
Libu Siképing 1,511
Rau 972
Water-shed between Rau and Kota Nopan 2,132
That above Kota Nopan 1,351
Water-shed between Tobing and Uraba 2,451
600 to
Last hills crossed before coming down to Eik Bediri
800
Dundgus Nasi (island passed in coming from Siboga) 800
Mount Talang (Crawfurd’s Dictionary) 10,500
Mount Singalang 9,634
Mount Mérapi 9,570
Mount Sago, about 5,862
Mount Ophir 9,770
Mount Kalabu (west of Rau) 5,115
Mount Seret Mérapi 5,860
Mount Pitya Kéling 680
Lubu Rajah 6,234
Height of the plateau of Toba, about 4,000
Sinkara, greatest depth 1,193
Bottom of Silindong Valley 3,144
Bukit Gedang, the edge of the old crater crossed in
3,624
going down to Manindyu
Lake of Manindyu 1,541
Tanjong Alam, on the road from Fort van der Capellen to
3,428
Paya Kombo
Paya Kombo 1,704
Height of Silindong Valley (e. g., at Uta Galong) 3,144
Height of Toba Valley about 4,000
Mount Indrapura, estimated at 12,255
Mount Lusé, in the territory of Achin, in 3° 40′ N.
11,250
(Crawfurd)
Mount Lombok, according to Melville van Carnbée, by
12,363
triangulation, about
 APPENDIX D.
Coffee sold by the Government at Padang.

year. Total quantity. Exported to U. S. Average price.

Piculs. Piculs. Guilders.
1856 125,000 65,521 30.84
1857 150,000 6,037 33.78
1858 185,000 72,010 25.25
1859 145,000 46,285 32.09
1860 151,000 19,536 34.59
1861 150,000 18,715 34.67
1862 135,000 15,971 41.15
1863 23,745
1864 164,400 48,543 39.56
 APPENDIX E.
Trade of Java and Madura during 1864.

countries. No. of ships. Tonnage.

arrivals.
From Holland 197 143,250
From other parts of Europe 69 34,193
From the United States 24 12,610
From the Cape of Good Hope 7 4,132
From India 18 9,060
From China, Manilla, and Siam 128 45,067
From Mauritius 4 1,034
From Japan 4 843
From Australia 68 29,548
From the eastern parts of the archipelago 2,138 141,462½
Total 2,657 423,083½
departures.
For Holland 396 267,260
For other parts of Europe 9 3,338
For the United States 3 2,258
For India 8 4,755
For China, Manilla, and Siam 73 22,508
For Japan 5 1,878
For Australia 20 4,338
For the eastern parts of the archipelago 2,245 151,066½
Total 2,759 577,401½

TOMB OF THE SULTAN—PALEMBANG.

See page 131.

 APPENDIX F.
A List of the Birds collected by the
Author on the island of Buru.
Pandion leucocephalus, Gould, B. of Aust., vol. i., pl. 6.
Baza Rheinwardtii, Schleg. and Müll., P.Z.S.,[60] 1860, p. 342.
Tinnunculus moluccensis, Hornb. and Jacq., P.Z.S., 1860, p. 343.
Ephialtes leucoapila, Gray, P.Z.S., 1860, p. 344.
Caprimulgus macrourus, Horsf., P.Z.S., 1863, p. 22.
Hirundo javanica, Sath., P.Z.S., 1860, p. 345.
Cypselus mystaceus, Sess., P.Z.S., 1863, p. 22.
Eurystomus pacificus, Gray, P.Z.S., 1863, p. 25.
Todiramphus collaris, Bon., P.Z.S., 1863, p. 23.
Todiramphus sanctus, Bon., P.Z.S., 1863, p. 23.
Alcyone pusilla, Gould, B. of Aust., vol. ii., pl. 26.
Nectarinia zenobia, Gray, P.Z.S., 1863, p. 32.
Nectarinia proserpina, Wall., P.Z.S., 1863, p. 32.
Dicæum erythothorax, Sess., P.Z.S., 1863, p. 32.
Tropidorynchus bouruensis, Wall., P.Z.S., 1863, p. 31.
Acrocephalus australis, Gould, B. of Aust., vol. iii., pl. 37.
Sylvia flavescens, Gray, P.Z.S., 1860, p. 349.
Cysticola rustica, Wall., P.Z.S., 1863, p. 25.
Cysticola ruficeps, Gould, B. of Aust., vol. iii., pl. 45.
Motacilla flavescens, Shaw, P.Z.S., 1860, p. 350.
Criniger mysticalis, Wall., P.Z.S., 1863, p. 28.
Mimeta bouruensis, Wall., P.Z.S., 1863, p. 26.
Rhipidura tricolor, Gray, P.Z.S., 1860, p. 351.
Rhipidura bouruensis, Wall., P.Z.S., 1863, p. 29.
Rhipidura, sp.
Monarcha loricata, Wall., P.Z.S., 1863, p. 29.
Musicapa, sp.
Camphega marginata, Wall., P.Z.S., 1863, p. 31.
Artaurus leucogaster, Gray, P.Z.S., 1860, p. 354.
Dicrurus amboinensis, Gray, P.Z.S., 1860, p. 354.
Calornis obscura, Gray, P.Z.S., 1860, p. 355.
Calornis metallica, Bon., P.Z.S., 1860, p. 355.
Munia molucca, Blyth, P.Z.S., 1860, p. 355.
Platycercus dorsalis, Quoy and Gaim, (P. hypophonius, Gray)
P.Z.S., 1860, p. 356.
Eos rubra, Wagl., P.Z.S., 1860, p. 356.
Trichoglossus cyanogrammus, Wagl., P.Z.S., 1860, p. 357.
Eclectus puniceus, Gm., P.Z.S., 1860, p. 357.
Eclectus polychlorus, Scop., P.Z.S., 1860, p. 358.
Tanygnathus affinis, Wall., P.Z.S., 1863, p. 20.
Geoffroius personatus, Gray, P.Z.S., 1860, p. 358.
Eudynornis ramsomi, Bon., P.Z.S., 1860, p. 359.
Centropus medius, Müll., P.Z.S., 1863, p. 23.
Cuculus caroides, Müll., P.Z.S., 1860, p. 359.
Cuculus assimilis, Gray, P.Z.S., 1858, p. 184.
Cacaomantis sepulchris, Bon., P.Z.S., 1860, p. 359.
Ptilonopus superbus, Steph., P.Z.S., 1858, p. 184.
Ptilonopus prassinorrhous, Gray, P.Z.S., 1858, p. 185.
Ptilonopus viridis, Gm., P.Z.S., 1863, p. 34.
Treron aromatica, Gray, P.Z.S., 1863, p. 33.
Carpophaga perspicillata, Gray, P.Z.S., 1860, p. 360.
Carpophaga melanura, Gray, P.Z.S., 1860, p. 361.
Macropygia amboinensis, Gray, P.Z.S., 1860, p. 361.
Macropygia, sp.
Chalcophaps moluccensis, Gray, P.Z.S., 1860, p. 361.
Megapodius Forsteri, Temm., P.Z.S., 1860, p. 362.
Megapodius Wallacii, Gray, P.Z.S., 1860, p. 362.
Glareola grallaria, Temm., P.Z.S., 1863, p. 35.
Ardetta flavicollis, Sath., Gould, B. of Aust., vol. vi., pl. 65.
Ardea novæ-hollandiæ, Sath., Gould, B. of Aust., vol. vi., pl. 53.
Herodias immaculata, Gould, B. of Aust., vol. vi., pl. 58.
Butorides javanica, Blyth, P.Z.S., 1863, p. 35.
Limosa uropygialis, Gould, B. of Aust., vol. vi., pl. 29.
Sphoeniculus magnus, Gould, B. of Aust., vol. vi., pl. 33.
Sphoeniculus subarquatus, Gould, B. of Aust., vol. vi., pl. 32.
Sphoeniculus albescens, Gould, B. of Aust., vol. vi., pl. 31.
Actitis empusa, Gould, B. of Aust., vol. vi., pl. 31.
Totanus griseopygius, Gould, B. of Aust., vol. vi., pl. 38.
Numenius uropygialis, Gould, B. of Aust., vol. vi., pl. 43.
Gallinula mystacina, Temm.
Rallus pectoralis, Cuv., Gould, B. of Aust., vol. vi., pl. 76.
Rallus, sp.
Dendrocygna guttulata. Gray, P.Z.S., 1863, p. 36.
Sterna velox, Rüpp., P.Z.S., 1860, p. 366.
Sula fusca, Gould, B. of Aust., vol. vii., pl. 78.
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