Faculty of Engineering Yemeni Republic

Electrical Engineering Ministry of higher

G;lfjgd;flgjklfgjkgklgjgfkljjklgjdfkgkl

Department Education and

Second Semester Scientific research
General System University of Sana’a

O.S.T and S.C.T of Single-Phase Transformer

Done by : Supervision:
Mohammed atwile Ali aluqahbi
(202370158) s

Sana’a 2024
 Contents
Introduction 3
Objectives 3
Tools 3
Connection Diagram 3
Procedures 4
Equations and Calculations 4
Results 5
Conclusion 6
Discussion 6

2
Introduction:
Electrical transformer are essential components in electrical power system, used for
transferring electrical energy from one voltage level to another.
This experiment aims to understand and analyze the behavior of single-phase
transformers by conducting two fundamental tests: the open circuit test and the short
circuit test.

Objectives:
-Determination of the shunt branches of the equivalent circuit (𝑹𝒄 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑿𝑴 ).
-Determination of the shunt branches of the equivalent circuit (𝑹𝒆𝒒 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑿𝒆𝒒).

Tools:
1-110V/220V single-phase transformer.
2-AC power supply (0-250).
3-AV Ometers .
4-Wattmeter.
5-Connection wires.

Connection Diagram:

Figure 1 this connection diagram for short circuit test

3
Figure 2 this connection diagram for open circuit test

Procedures:
In the open circuit test:
1-Connect the circuit as shown in figure2.
2-Increase 𝑽𝑳𝑽 in steps from zero to the rated voltage of the transformer, and take
reading of 𝑷𝑳𝑽 , 𝑰𝑳𝑽 and 𝑽𝑯𝑽 for each value of 𝑽𝑳𝑽 .
3-Caluculate the value of 𝑹𝒄 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑿𝑴 of the equivalent circuit at rated voltage .
4-Determine the value of the transformer turns ratio and the transformer iron losses.
In the short circuit test:
1-Connect the circuit as shown in figure1.
2-Increase 𝑽𝑯𝑽 in steps from zero to the value which gives full load current in both
windings ,and take reading of 𝑷𝑯𝑽 , 𝑰𝑯𝑽 and 𝑰𝑳𝑽 for each value of 𝑽𝑯𝑽 .
3-Caluculate the value of 𝑹𝒆𝒒 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑿𝒆𝒒 and the value of transformer copper losses at full
load current.
4-Using the results of the open circuit test, draw the equivalent circuit of the
transformer.

Equations and Calculations:

Figure 3 Equivalent circuit

4
From the figure 3
𝑰
𝒀= < −𝑷. 𝒇
𝑽
= 𝑮 − 𝒋𝑩
𝟏
𝑹𝒄 =
𝑮
𝟏
𝑿𝑴 =
𝑩
𝑽
𝒁= <𝝋
𝑰
= 𝑹𝒆𝒒 − 𝒋𝑿𝒆𝒒 and 𝑹𝒆𝒒 = 𝑹𝒑 − 𝒂𝟐 𝑹𝒔
Results:
𝐍𝐩 = 𝟑𝟗𝟎 𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐬
𝑵𝒔 = 𝟐𝟎𝟓 𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒏𝒔

For the O.C.T

𝑰𝒑 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝑨
P=14 W
P.f=0.45 𝐨𝐫 𝐜𝐨𝐬( 𝟔𝟓°)
For the S.C.T
𝑰𝒑 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟖𝑨
P=4 W
P.f=0.98 𝐨𝐫 𝐜𝐨𝐬( 𝟏𝟐°)

5
Conclusion:
1. Deep Understanding of Transformers: Gain comprehensive knowledge of how
single-phase transformers operate.
2. Performance Evaluation: Assess the transformer's efficiency by measuring power
losses.
3. Data Analysis Skills: Improve your ability to analyze and interpret collected data.
4. Practical Applications: Learn to apply theoretical concepts in a practical
environment.
5. Hands-On Experience: Acquire practical skills in using necessary instruments and
equipment.
6. Problem-Solving Skills: Enhance your problem-solving abilities by facing challenges
during the experiment.
7. Teamwork Development: Improve collaboration skills by working with peers in a
group setting.
Discussion:
1. Determine the value of 𝑹𝒄 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑿𝑴 referred to low voltage side,
and another time for high voltage side .
From the results we will first determine voltage at open circuit
We can determine voltage by using power low
𝑷𝒐𝒄 = 𝑽𝒐𝒄 ∗ 𝑰𝒐𝒄 ∗ 𝐜𝐨𝐬(∅)
𝑷𝒐𝒄
𝑽𝒐𝒄 = 𝑰
𝒐𝒄 ∗𝐜𝐨𝐬(∅)

𝟏𝟒
𝑽𝒐𝒄 = ≈ 𝟐𝟎𝟕. 𝟒𝑽
𝟎. 𝟏𝟓 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓
Determine 𝑹𝒄
𝑽𝟐𝒐𝒄 𝟐𝟎𝟕. 𝟒𝟐
𝑹𝒄 = = ≈ 𝟑𝟎𝟐𝟏. 𝟏𝜴
𝑷𝒐𝒄 𝟏𝟒

Determine 𝑿𝑴
6
 𝑽𝒐𝒄 𝟐𝟎𝟕. 𝟒
𝑿𝑴 = = ≈ 𝟏𝟑𝟕𝟔
𝑰𝒑 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓
Changing to the low side (𝑳𝒗 )
First determine turn ratio 𝒂
𝑵𝒑 𝟑𝟗𝟎
𝒂= = ≈ 𝟏. 𝟗𝟎𝟐
𝑵𝒔 𝟐𝟎𝟓
Changing 𝑹𝒄 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑿𝑴 to the low voltage
𝑹𝒄,𝑯𝒗 𝟑𝟎𝟐𝟏. 𝟏
𝑹𝒄,𝒍𝒗 = 𝟐
= 𝟐
≈ 𝟖𝟑𝟒. 𝟓
𝒂 (𝟏. 𝟗𝟎𝟐)
𝑿𝑴,𝑯𝒗 𝟏𝟑𝟕𝟔
𝑿𝒄,𝒍𝒗 = = ≈ 𝟑𝟖𝟒. 𝟔
𝒂𝟐 (𝟏. 𝟗𝟎𝟐)𝟐
2. Why can't we place measurement devices on the open circuit side
to determine𝑹𝒄 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑿𝑴
When measuring transformer characteristics on the open circuit side, the load is
disconnected, meaning the transformer is not carrying any current. In this case:
- No Current: Since 𝑰𝒐 , the resistance 𝑹𝒄 and reactance 𝑿𝑴 cannot be directly
measured, as these measurements depend on the presence of current to determine these
values.
- Inductive Effects: The transformer relies on magnetic induction, and any
measurement on the open circuit will not accurately reflect the true values of the
components, leading to inaccurate measurements.
3. Although we measure the power 𝑷𝒐𝒄 of the transformer, there is no
output power, but a small value is measured on the wattmeter.
Explain why.

When measuring the power in the transformer on the open circuit side:

7
-Measured Power: The measured power 𝑷𝒐𝒄 reflects the power required to maintain
the magnetic field in the transformer, not the power output due to a load.
- Loss Current: Even in the open circuit condition, there is a small current (loss current)
flowing through the transformer windings due to resistance. This current results in
power loss in the form of heat, contributing to the reading on the wattmeter.
- Other Factors: There are also effects such as core losses (iron losses) that contribute to
the measured power, resulting in a small reading even when there is no actual load on
the transformer.

4.To determine 𝑹𝒆𝒒 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑿𝒆𝒒 at the side of low voltage and high
voltage from the result
From the results we will first determine voltage at open circuit
𝑷 = 𝑽𝒐𝒄 ∗ 𝑰𝒑 ∗ 𝑷𝑭 so
𝑷
𝑽𝒐𝒄 = 𝑰
𝒐𝒄 ∗𝑷𝑭

𝟏𝟏
𝑽𝒐𝒄 = ≈ 𝟏𝟔. 𝟒𝑽
𝟎. 𝟔𝟖 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟗𝟒
Determine 𝑹𝒆𝒒
𝑽𝟐𝒐𝒄 𝟏𝟔. 𝟒𝟐
𝑹𝒆𝒒 = = ≈ 𝟐𝟒. 𝟑𝜴
𝑷 𝟏𝟏

Determine 𝑿𝒆𝒒
𝑽𝒐𝒄 𝟏𝟔. 𝟑
𝑿𝒆𝒒 = = ≈ 𝟐𝟒. 𝟏𝟐𝜴
𝑰𝒑 𝟎. 𝟔𝟖
Changing to the low side (𝑳𝒗 )
First determine turn ratio 𝒂

8
 𝑵𝒑 𝟑𝟗𝟎
𝒂= = ≈ 𝟏. 𝟗𝟎𝟐
𝑵𝒔 𝟐𝟎𝟓
Changing 𝑹𝒆𝒒 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑿𝒆𝒒 to the low voltage
𝑹𝒆𝒒,𝑯𝒗 𝟐𝟒. 𝟑
𝑹𝒆𝒒,𝒍𝒗 = = ≈ 𝟔. 𝟒𝟕𝜴
𝒂𝟐 (𝟏. 𝟗𝟎𝟐)𝟐
𝑿𝒆𝒒,𝑯𝒗 𝟐𝟒. 𝟏𝟐
𝑿𝒆𝒒,𝒍𝒗 = = ≈ 𝟔. 𝟓𝟖𝜴
𝒂𝟐 (𝟏. 𝟗𝟎𝟐)𝟐

5. Based on the values obtained in the open circuit test for the same
transformer, draw two equivalent circuits of the transformer:
(a) Equivalent circuit for the low voltage side (LV):
1. Equivalent Resistance (𝑹𝒆𝒒,𝒍𝒗 ): 6.74 Ω
2. **Equivalent Reactance (𝑿𝒆𝒒,𝒍𝒗 ): 6.58 Ω
3. **Open Circuit Voltage (𝑽𝒐𝒄 ): 16.4 V

Equivalent Circuit:
- Voltage source: 𝑽𝒐𝒄
- Connected in series with resistance 𝑹𝒆𝒒,𝒍𝒗 and reactance 𝑿𝒆𝒒,𝒍𝒗 .

(b) Equivalent circuit for the high voltage side (HV):

1. Equivalent Resistance (𝑹𝒆𝒒,𝑯𝒗 ): 24.3 Ω
2. Equivalent Reactance (𝑿𝒆𝒒,𝑯𝒗 ): 24.12 Ω
3. Open Circuit Voltage (𝑽𝒐𝒄 ): Transformed voltage according to the turns ratio.

9
Equivalent Circuit:
- Voltage source: Transformed high voltage
- Connected in series with resistance 𝑹𝒆𝒒,𝑯𝒗 and reactance 𝑿𝒆𝒒,𝑯𝒗 .

6. Although we measure the power 𝑷𝒐𝒄 of the transformer, there is

no output power, but a small value is measured on the wattmeter.
Explain why.
When measuring the power in the transformer on the open circuit side:
- Measured Power: The reading on the wattmeter reflects the power required to
maintain the magnetic field in the transformer, not the power output due to a load.
- Loss Current: There is a small current flowing through the transformer windings due
to resistance, resulting in power loss.
- Core Losses: There are also core losses that contribute to the measured power, leading
to a small reading even when there is no actual load on the transformer.

7. Why should the short circuit test be carried out at reduced voltage?

- Prevent Damage: Conducting the short circuit test at reduced voltage minimizes the
risk of damage to the transformer due to high currents.
- Safety: It helps protect equipment and individuals from electrical hazards.
- Accurate Measurements: It allows for better measurement of transformer
characteristics without the effects of high voltage.

10