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Microsoft Visual C# Step by Step
Ninth Edition

John Sharp
Microsoft Visual C# Step by Step, Ninth Edition
Published with the authorization of Microsoft Corporation by: Pearson
Education, Inc.
Copyright © 2018 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission
must be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage
in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding
permissions, request forms, and the appropriate contacts within the Pearson
Education Global Rights & Permissions Department, please visit
www.pearsoned.com/permissions/. No patent liability is assumed with respect to
the use of the information contained herein. Although every precaution has been
taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no
responsibility for errors or omissions. Nor is any liability assumed for damages
resulting from the use of the information contained herein.
ISBN-13: 978-1-5093-0776-0
ISBN-10: 1-5093-0776-1
Library of Congress Control Number: 2018944197
1 18

Trademarks
Microsoft and the trademarks listed at http://www.microsoft.com on the
“Trademarks” webpage are trademarks of the Microsoft group of companies. All
other marks are property of their respective owners.

Warning and Disclaimer


Every effort has been made to make this book as complete and as accurate as
possible, but no warranty or fitness is implied. The information provided is on an
“as is” basis. The author, the publisher, and Microsoft Corporation shall have
neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss
or damages arising from the information contained in this book.
Special Sales
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opportunities (which may include electronic versions; custom cover designs; and
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interests), please contact our corporate sales department at
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For questions about sales outside the U.S., please contact [email protected].
Editor-in-Chief
Brett Bartow
Acquisitions Editor
Trina MacDonald
Development Editor
Rick Kughen
Managing Editor
Sandra Schroeder
Senior Project Editor
Tracey Croom
Copy Editor
Christopher Morris
Indexer
Erika Millen
Proofreader
Jeanine Furino
Technical Editor
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Editorial Assistant
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Cover Designer
Twist Creative, Seattle Compositor
codemantra
Contents at a Glance
Acknowledgments
About the Author
Introduction

PART I INTRODUCING MICROSOFT VISUAL C# AND MICROSOFT


VISUAL STUDIO 2017
CHAPTER 1 Welcome to C#
CHAPTER 2 Working with variables, operators, and expressions
CHAPTER 3 Writing methods and applying scope
CHAPTER 4 Using decision statements
CHAPTER 5 Using compound assignment and iteration statements
CHAPTER 6 Managing errors and exceptions

PART II UNDERSTANDING THE C# OBJECT MODEL


CHAPTER 7 Creating and managing classes and objects
CHAPTER 8 Understanding values and references
CHAPTER 9 Creating value types with enumerations and structures
CHAPTER 10 Using arrays
CHAPTER 11 Understanding parameter arrays
CHAPTER 12 Working with inheritance
CHAPTER 13 Creating interfaces and defining abstract classes
CHAPTER 14 Using garbage collection and resource management

PART III DEFINING EXTENSIBLE TYPES WITH C#


CHAPTER 15 Implementing properties to access fields
CHAPTER 16 Handling binary data and using indexers
CHAPTER 17 Introducing generics
CHAPTER 18 Using collections
CHAPTER 19 Enumerating collections
CHAPTER 20 Decoupling application logic and handling events
CHAPTER 21 Querying in-memory data by using query expressions
CHAPTER 22 Operator overloading

PART IV BUILDING UNIVERSAL WINDOWS PLATFORM


APPLICATIONS WITH C#
CHAPTER 23 Improving throughput by using tasks
CHAPTER 24 Improving response time by performing asynchronous operations
CHAPTER 25 Implementing the user interface for a Universal Windows
Platform app
CHAPTER 26 Displaying and searching for data in a Universal Windows
Platform app
CHAPTER 27 Accessing a remote database from a Universal Windows Platform
app
Index
Contents
Acknowledgments
About the Author
Introduction

PART I INTRODUCING MICROSOFT VISUAL C# AND MICROSOFT


VISUAL STUDIO 2017

Chapter 1 Welcome to C#
Beginning programming with the Visual Studio 2017 environment
Writing your first program
Using namespaces
Creating a graphical application
Examining the Universal Windows Platform app
Adding code to the graphical application
Summary
Quick reference

Chapter 2 Working with variables, operators, and expressions


Understanding statements
Using identifiers
Identifying keywords
Using variables
Naming variables
Declaring variables
Specifying numeric values
Working with primitive data types
Unassigned local variables
Displaying primitive data type values
Using arithmetic operators
Operators and types
Examining arithmetic operators
Controlling precedence
Using associativity to evaluate expressions
Associativity and the assignment operator
Incrementing and decrementing variables
Prefix and postfix
Declaring implicitly typed local variables
Summary
Quick reference

Chapter 3 Writing methods and applying scope


Creating methods
Declaring a method
Returning data from a method
Using expression-bodied methods
Calling methods
Specifying the method call syntax
Returning multiple values from a method
Applying scope
Defining local scope
Defining class scope
Overloading methods
Writing methods
Refactoring code
Nesting methods
Using optional parameters and named arguments
Defining optional parameters
Passing named arguments
Resolving ambiguities with optional parameters and named
arguments
Summary
Quick reference

Chapter 4 Using decision statements


Declaring Boolean variables
Using Boolean operators
Understanding equality and relational operators
Understanding conditional logical operators
Short-circuiting
Summarizing operator precedence and associativity
Using if statements to make decisions
Understanding if statement syntax
Using blocks to group statements
Cascading if statements
Using switch statements
Understanding switch statement syntax
Following the switch statement rules
Summary
Quick reference

Chapter 5 Using compound assignment and iteration statements


Using compound assignment operators
Writing while statements
Writing for statements
Understanding for statement scope
Writing do statements
Summary
Quick reference

Chapter 6 Managing errors and exceptions


Coping with errors
Trying code and catching exceptions
Unhandled exceptions
Using multiple catch handlers
Catching multiple exceptions
Filtering exceptions
Propagating exceptions
Using checked and unchecked integer arithmetic
Writing checked statements
Writing checked expressions
Throwing exceptions
Using throw exceptions
Using a finally block
Summary
Quick reference

PART II UNDERSTANDING THE C# OBJECT MODEL

Chapter 7 Creating and managing classes and objects


Understanding classification
The purpose of encapsulation
Defining and using a class
Controlling accessibility
Working with constructors
Overloading constructors
Deconstructing an object
Understanding static methods and data
Creating a shared field
Creating a static field by using the const keyword
Understanding static classes
Static using statements
Anonymous classes
Summary
Quick reference

Chapter 8 Understanding values and references


Copying value type variables and classes
Understanding null values and nullable types
The null-conditional operator
Using nullable types
Understanding the properties of nullable types
Using ref and out parameters
Creating ref parameters
Creating out parameters
How computer memory is organized
Using the stack and the heap
The System.Object class
Boxing
Unboxing
Casting data safely
The is operator
The as operator
The switch statement revisited
Summary
Quick reference

Chapter 9 Creating value types with enumerations and structures


Working with enumerations
Declaring an enumeration
Using an enumeration
Choosing enumeration literal values
Choosing an enumeration’s underlying type
Working with structures
Declaring a structure
Understanding differences between structures and classes
Declaring structure variables
Understanding structure initialization
Copying structure variables
Summary
Quick reference

Chapter 10 Using arrays


Declaring and creating an array
Declaring array variables
Creating an array instance
Populating and using an array
Creating an implicitly typed array
Accessing an individual array element
Iterating through an array
Passing arrays as parameters and return values for a method
Copying arrays
Using multidimensional arrays
Creating jagged arrays
Accessing arrays that contain value types
Summary
Quick reference

Chapter 11 Understanding parameter arrays


Overloading—a recap
Using array arguments
Declaring a params array
Using params object[ ]
Using a params array
Comparing parameter arrays and optional parameters
Summary
Quick reference

Chapter 12 Working with inheritance


What is inheritance?
Using inheritance
The System.Object class revisited
Calling base-class constructors
Assigning classes
Declaring new methods
Declaring virtual methods
Declaring override methods
Understanding protected access
Creating extension methods
Summary
Quick reference

Chapter 13 Creating interfaces and defining abstract classes


Understanding interfaces
Defining an interface
Implementing an interface
Referencing a class through its interface
Working with multiple interfaces
Explicitly implementing an interface
Interface restrictions
Defining and using interfaces
Abstract classes
Abstract methods
Sealed classes
Sealed methods
Implementing and using an abstract class
Summary
Quick reference

Chapter 14 Using garbage collection and resource management


The life and times of an object
Writing destructors
Why use the garbage collector?
How does the garbage collector work?
Recommendations
Resource management
Disposal methods
Exception-safe disposal
The using statement and the IDisposable interface
Calling the Dispose method from a destructor
Implementing exception-safe disposal
Summary
Quick reference

PART III DEFINING EXTENSIBLE TYPES WITH C#

Chapter 15 Implementing properties to access fields


Implementing encapsulation by using methods
What are properties?
Using properties
Read-only properties
Write-only properties
Property accessibility
Understanding the property restrictions
Declaring interface properties
Replacing methods with properties
Generating automatic properties
Initializing objects by using properties
Summary
Quick reference

Chapter 16 Handling binary data and using indexers


What is an indexer?
Storing binary values
Displaying binary values
Manipulating binary values
Solving the same problems using indexers
Understanding indexer accessors
Comparing indexers and arrays
Indexers in interfaces
Using indexers in a Windows application
Summary
Quick reference

Chapter 17 Introducing generics


The problem: Misusing with the object type
The generics solution
Generics vs. generalized classes
Generics and constraints
Creating a generic class
The theory of binary trees
Building a binary tree class by using generics
Creating a generic method
Defining a generic method to build a binary tree
Variance and generic interfaces
Covariant interfaces
Contravariant interfaces
Summary
Quick reference
Chapter 18 Using collections
What are collection classes?
The List<T> collection class
The LinkedList<T> collection class
The Queue<T> collection class
The Stack<T> collection class
The Dictionary<TKey, TValue> collection class
The SortedList<TKey, TValue> collection class
The HashSet<T> collection class
Using collection initializers
The Find methods, predicates, and lambda expressions
The forms of lambda expressions
Comparing arrays and collections
Using collection classes to play cards
Summary
Quick reference

Chapter 19 Enumerating collections


Enumerating the elements in a collection
Manually implementing an enumerator
Implementing the IEnumerable interface
Implementing an enumerator by using an iterator
A simple iterator
Defining an enumerator for the Tree<TItem> class by using
an iterator
Summary
Quick reference

Chapter 20 Decoupling application logic and handling events


Understanding delegates
Examples of delegates in the .NET Framework class library
The automated factory scenario
Implementing the factory control system without using
delegates
Implementing the factory by using a delegate
Declaring and using delegates
Lambda expressions and delegates
Creating a method adapter
Enabling notifications by using events
Declaring an event
Subscribing to an event
Unsubscribing from an event
Raising an event
Understanding user interface events
Using events
Summary
Quick reference

Chapter 21 Querying in-memory data by using query expressions


What is LINQ?
Using LINQ in a C# application
Selecting data
Filtering data
Ordering, grouping, and aggregating data
Joining data
Using query operators
Querying data in Tree<TItem> objects
LINQ and deferred evaluation
Summary
Quick reference

Chapter 22 Operator overloading


Understanding operators
Operator constraints
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
comfortable as he could be, and then returned to the parlor,
where Mary was curled up in the corner of the sofa, crying
as if her heart would break.

"Now, Mary, I want to know all that you can tell me


about this matter!" said Mrs. Willis, seating herself by Mary.
"Tell me the whole truth."

Sobbing so that she could hardly speak, Mary told her


mother the story.

"It is one of the most shameful things I ever heard of!"


said Mrs. Willis. "How could you join in such a piece of
wickedness?"

"I did not say anything, mamma," sobbed Mary.

"No, but by your silence, you consented to what Jane


said, when you might have prevented all this trouble by
speaking."

"I was going to tell Aunt Mary at first, but the girls
pulled me back and would not let me," said Mary, hanging
her head.

"Would not let you!" repeated Mrs. Willis. "How did they
hinder you?"

Mary had no answer ready, and her mother continued:

"Where was Helen Arnold? I should have expected


something better of her."

"She was not there, mamma," replied Mary, eagerly.


"She went away before Jane began. She wanted me to go
with her, but I was vexed and would not. Oh, if I had only
minded her!"
"If you had only minded your own conscience and your
own sense of what was right, you would not have needed
Helen to keep you out or mischief," said Mrs. Willis. "If you
had had one thought of doing as you would be done by, you
would not have allowed a wicked, silly girl to send your aunt
and your poor lame cousin Willie on such an errand."

"I did not know she was my aunt," said Mary.

"That makes no difference, Mary. You knew she was a


woman with a child, and the fact that you thought you were
playing a trick upon a poor person makes your fault worse
instead of better. Nor do I think you mend the matter by
saying that you did not speak a word. You ought to have
spoken, especially when the woman inquired for your own
mother."

"I know it was wicked and mean, mamma," said Mary.


"I have been sorry ever since. I wish Jane Marvin had never
come here!" she added, bursting into tears again. "She is
always making me do bad things and leading me into
mischief!"

"That is sheer nonsense, Mary. Jane could not make you


do anything you did not choose, nor lead you where you did
not choose to go. If you had been so very easily led, you
would have been governed by Helen, whom you have
known three times as long as you have known Jane, and
whom you have every reason to love and trust."

"You have done very wrong, Mary—very wrong, indeed,"


continued Mrs. Willis, after a moment's silence. "I cannot
excuse what you have done by throwing the blame on Jane.
Every one of the party who allowed the cruel imposition to
go on was guilty of helping on the cheat. I shall see that
Miss Lyman is informed in the morning of the way in which
her pupils amuse themselves, and you must expect to take
your share of the blame. Now go to bed, and when you say
your prayers, ask God to forgive your mean and cruel
conduct."

"Won't you forgive me, and kiss me, mamma?" sobbed


Mary.

"When I see that you are sensible of your fault, Mary. At


present you seem inclined to throw the blame entirely upon
somebody else, and to think you are to be excused because
'somebody made you' do what you knew was wicked and
cruel."

Mary went away to bed crying bitterly. She had never


been so miserable in all her life. It was not the first time
she had been "made" by Jane to do wrong. She had done
things in Jane's company which she was both afraid and
ashamed to have her mother know; but she had always
excused herself by thinking they were all Jane's faults.

Now, as she thought about the matter, she saw how


useless and vain were all such excuses. If she was so easily
led, why had she not been governed by Helen, whom she
had known more years than she had known Jane months,
who was always ready to give up her own convenience for
her sake, and whom she had never known to do a mean
action? Why was she not as easily led to do right as to do
wrong?

Mary learned more about herself that wretched night


than she had ever known before. She had always known
that she was a sinner—now she felt it, which is quite a
different thing. She thought of all the wrong things she had
done lately—the whispering, and reading story-books in
prayer-time, the playing truant from school and lying to
conceal it—the mysterious private talks about things of
which she ought never to have thought; much less spoken—
the secrets kept from her mother, to whom she used to tell
everything. Mary no longer tried to excuse herself. She felt
her own wickedness, and with real repentance asked her
Heavenly rather to forgive her for Christ's sake. Then
feeling a little comforted, she went to sleep.

She was awakened in the night by her mother sending


for Doctor Arnold. Poor Willie was very ill—so ill that for
several days no one thought he would live. Oh, how
miserable Mary was! She could find no comfort except in
running up and down-stairs and waiting upon her aunt and
Willie. Dr. Arnold had been informed of the cause of Willie's
illness, and the next morning he came into school and told
Miss Lyman the whole story, before the minister and all the
scholars. All the girls concerned in the trick were obliged to
beg Aunt Mary's pardon, and were not allowed any recess
for the rest of the term.

Mr. Marvin took Jane out of school, and every one was
glad when she was gone, for nobody loved her, not even
those who had been the most ready to be governed by her.
I am glad to say, however, that Jane herself was sorry when
she found out how much harm she had done, and that she
had almost caused the death of poor Willie. She went of her
own accord and begged his pardon, when he was well
enough to see her, and she gladly spent hours in reading to
him and amusing him.

But she could not undo the mischief she had done. The
lame knee, which might perhaps have been made well, was
so strained and inflamed by the long rough walk that it
could not be cured, and Willie never walked again without
crutches.
Jane learned a great deal from the gentle little Christian
boy and his kind mother, and I hope she will grow up a
good, useful woman. I think, after all, there was more
excuse for her than for Mary. Jane had never known the
care and teaching of a good mother. Her mother died when
she was a little baby, and she had been brought up by
servants and by her father, who was a foolish and bad man.
She had always heard him laugh at the Bible as an old book
of fables, and at religious people as fools or knaves, and
she naturally took her notion from him.

Mary, on the contrary, had every pains taken with her.


She had been taught her duty towards God and her
neighbor, she had the kindest of mothers, of teachers, and
friends, who all tried to influence her for good.

Girls, when you are ready to excuse yourselves for


doing wrong by saying somebody "made you," think
whether your words are true, and whether if "somebody"
had tried to "make you" do right, you would have been as
easily led. Remember that God sees your heart, and He will
accept no false excuses; and while He is always ready to
give you His Holy Spirit to guide you, you have no right to
let any human being "make you" do wrong.

"My son, if sinners entice thee, consent thou not."


LOUISA, OR, "JUST ONE MINUTE." Frontispiece.

LOUISA,
OR,

"JUST ONE MINUTE!"

"COME, Louisa, are you ready? The car will be here


directly."

"In just one minute," replied Louisa, throwing down the


book she had taken up for "just one minute," while she was
getting ready for school, and hastening to put on her hat
and gloves.

But in that minute the street-car passed. There was not


another car for twelve minutes. Then the drawbridge was
raised for the passage of a ship, which made a delay of ten
minutes more.

The consequence of all these delays was, that though


they walked themselves out of breath, Louisa and her little
sister Anna were ten minutes too late for school, and poor
Anna got a bad mark for no fault of her own except her
good-nature in waiting for her sister.

Louisa was in many respects a good girl. She was


amiable, truthful, and very obliging, yet she made more
trouble and caused more disappointments than any other
person in the family. She was much brighter than her sister
Anna, and yet she "missed" in school three times to Anna's
one. Louisa was truthful, and yet she was not to be trusted:
she was obliging, yet she often disobliged those whom she
tried to help, and if she was not fretful herself, she was very
often the cause of fretfulness in others. All these seeming
contradictions are easily explained. The answer to the riddle
lay in Louisa's favorite phrase, "just one minute."
For instance. An important message was to go to papa's
office and there was nobody to carry it but Louisa. Aunt
Maria had written to say that she was coming to make a
visit and bring her baby; but the measles were prevailing in
D—, and as the baby was a delicate little thing it would not
do to have her exposed to the disease. Papa had gone to his
office in the city before Aunt Maria's letter came.

"I must write a note to papa and ask him to send a


telegraphic dispatch to auntie," said Mrs. Winter; "and you,
Louisa, must carry it, for Anna is not well enough to go out.
Now, can I depend upon you to go straight to papa's
office?"

"Yes, mamma, of course I will!"

Louisa meant what she said, and for once she was
ready for the car when it came along. But, unluckily, to
reach her father's office, she had to pass a toy shop, the
window of which almost always presented some new
attraction, and had many a time delayed Louisa. She did
not mean to stop this time, but only to look at the window
in passing. But behold, there was a grand new baby-house
with the most wonderful rosewood furniture, and such a
kitchen as was never seen in a dolls' house before; and
there was her school-mate Jennie Atridge, looking through
the glass.

"Oh, Louisa, just look here!" she exclaimed, as she saw


Louisa. "Just see what a splendid doll's house! Mamma has
promised me one for my birthday. I wonder if she will buy
this?"

"I have got a doll's house, but it is not furnished," said


Louisa, stopping "just a minute," to look in at the window.
"We are going to buy the furniture next week, if Anna gets
well enough to come into town. She has been sick two days
with a bad cold. I wonder if we could get such a stove as
that?"

"I would rather have a range," said Jennie. "See, there


is a nice one over in that corner."

The "just a minute" lengthened out into ten, while the


girls discussed the furniture, and when Louisa reached the
office she found her father had gone out.

"He has gone over to the South End," said the office-
boy, "and will not be back till noon. It is a pity you did not
come before, for he has not been gone more than five
minutes."

When Mr. Winter came back, he found his wife's note


and sent a message directly. But it was too late. Aunt Maria
had started, and arrived next day to find Anna broken out
with the measles, and another of the children coming down
with the same disease. The baby took it, of course, and was
so ill that its life was despaired of for many days.

Louisa was very sorry, and would gladly have done


anything for her aunt or for baby, but she could not undo
the mischief she had done by "just one minute's" delay.

One would have expected such a severe lesson to do


Louisa some good, but it did not. The truth was that Louisa
had not learned to see that she was in fault. She was
"unlucky," she thought: "it always happened so." She was
sure that she was always ready to do anything that was
wanted of her, and she could not understand why her
mother should go for baby's medicine herself, instead of
sending her, and why Aunt Maria would not let her put into
the post-office box the letter which carried the news that
baby was at last out of danger.
"Miss Louisa, will you watch these cakes for me while I
run out and pick the beans for dinner?" said Mary the cook,
one day.

The girls were going to have a party to celebrate Anna's


birthday, and Mary had been making and frosting some of
the most wonderful cakes in the world. The great table was
covered with cocoanut cake, and chocolate cake, and
almond cake, and Mary had just put into the oven a pan of
macaroons.

"The oven is rather hot, and you must watch it, or the
cakes will burn," said Mary. "Just as soon as they begin to
brown, open the oven door and leave it."

Louisa promised, as usual. She had already looked at


the cakes once or twice, and was just going to look again,
when she heard the express man's wagon stop at the gate.

"I do wonder what he has brought this time?" said


Louisa to herself. "I mean to run to the front door and see.
It will not take more than a minute."

Away she ran, leaving the outside door open, and the
oven door shut. The express man had brought a number of
parcels, some of them containing presents for Anna from
friends in the city, and of course, Louisa had to stop "just a
minute" to see them opened. Meantime a beggar woman
with a large basket came through the side gate and into the
kitchen. No one was there. Louis had deserted her post, and
Mary, supposing that she was watching the cakes, was
looking over the bean vines and gathering all the beans
which were fit to pickle. It was the work of a moment for
the woman to slip the cakes into her big basket and slip
away herself. When Louisa and Mary came back, both at the
same moment, the table was bare and the kitchen full of
smoke.

"There now, Miss Louisa, that comes of trusting you!"


said Mary, very much vexed. "I thought you promised to
stay and see to my cakes?"

"I only went out just a minute," said Louisa.

"And what has become of all the other cakes?"


exclaimed Mary, turning to the table.

Louisa could only say that she did not know. The cakes
were safe when she went away.

"Who was that woman I saw going out just now?" asked
Mrs. Winter, who had come into the kitchen.

Louisa did not know. She had not seen any woman.

"It was one of those gypsies who are camped over


beyond Savin Hill, I'll be bound!" said Mary. "There is no
use in running after her. I don't see but poor Miss Anna
must go without her birthday cake unless we can send into
town and buy some."

"You were very much to blame, Louisa," said Mrs.


Winter.

"Why, mamma, I did not know that the woman was


coming in."

"That makes no difference. You knew that you had


promised to watch the cakes while Mary was away, and you
ought to have kept your word. You have been guilty of a
breach of trust!"
"But, mamma, I only meant to be gone a minute—"
Louisa was beginning, when her mother checked her
sharply.

"Hush, Louisa! Don't let me hear that odious excuse


again. Suppose it was only for a minute. Have you any
more right to do wrong for a minute than for a day? You are
always saying—'only a minute,' 'just a minute,' but your
minutes are very apt to lengthen into hours. It was your
stopping 'just a minute' when you were sent on an
important errand which almost cost the poor little baby its
life, last summer. It is your stopping 'just a minute' to read
or play or do something else to please yourself, which
makes you late at breakfast, at school, and at church;
which makes it impossible to trust you to do the least thing
or to believe your most serious premises."

"Oh, mamma! I don't tell lies!" said Louisa, crying. "I


am sure I never do that."

"I call breaking a promise telling a lie, Louisa. Did you


not tell Mary you would stay in the kitchen till she came
back?"

"Well, I meant to stay, mamma, only—" Louisa stopped.

She did not like to say again that she only went out a
minute.

"Only you thought of something else you wanted to do,


and so broke your promise. The consequence is that all poor
Anna's birthday cake is stolen or burnt up. I shall have to
leave my work, which is very inconvenient for me, to go
into town and buy more; and I shall have to use for it the
money I had set apart for another purpose. You can go to
your own room and stay there till four o'clock. If it were not
for grieving Anna still more, you should not come down
again to-day; and you must not ask me for any more
pocket-money till after Thanksgiving."

Louisa went to her room crying bitterly, and feeling as


though she had been very hardly used.

"Why, Louisa, why are you sitting crying up here to-day,


of all days in the year?" asked Aunt Wentworth, Louisa's
godmother, who had come out to Anna's party, and had
gone up to Louisa's room to arrange her dress and cap.
"What has happened to cause so much grief?"

"Mamma sent me up here!" sobbed Louisa. "She won't


let me come down till four o'clock, and she says I cannot
have one bit of pocket-money till after Thanksgiving—all of
three months—only just because I went to the door a
minute to see what the expressman had brought for Anna."

"Are you sure that was all?" asked Aunt Wentworth,


who, like all the family, had had experience of Louisa's fault.
"Was there no more than that about it?"

"Well, I couldn't help it!" replied Louisa, blushing a little.


"How could I know that the beggar woman would come into
the kitchen and steal the cake, or that the other cakes
would burn?"

"Oh!" said Aunt Wentworth. "I begin to understand. You


were left in the kitchen to take care of the cake, which was
stolen. Is that it?"

"Mary did not say anything about the cakes on the


table," persisted Louisa, "she only told me to watch the
cakes in the oven."

"Well, and what then?"


"I just went through to the front door a minute to see
what the expressman had brought for Anna, and while I
was gone the cakes in the oven burned up, and a woman
came in and stole all the rest of them. I am sure I could not
help that!"

"But, Louisa, don't you see that if you had done your
duty in watching the cakes in the oven, the cakes on the
table would not have been stolen?"

Louisa did not know. She only knew it was very hard to
be punished just for running to the front door a minute.

"Louisa, you are very much in fault," said Aunt


Wentworth, gravely. "You know that you have done wrong,
and yet, instead of being sorry, you are trying to justify
yourself and throw all the blame on somebody else. Now,
tell me, did you not promise to watch the cakes in the
oven? Answer yes or no. Don't begin 'I only.' Did you not
promise?"

"Yes, I did, then," said Louisa, sullenly.

"And is it not wrong to break a promise."

"I didn't mean to break it."

"But you did break it," interrupted Aunt Wentworth; "so


how can you say you did not mean to? You did not certainly
go away out of the kitchen without meaning it. That is
impossible. You promised to watch, and you did not watch—
that is, you broke a promise. Was not that wrong? Is not
breaking a promise without reason the same thing as telling
a lie?"

Louisa writhed and fidgetted. "I only meant to be gone


a minute. It was not as if I had gone away to stay."
"That makes no difference, Louisa. You have no more
right to sin for a minute than you have to sin for an hour, or
a day. Besides your minutes never are minutes. I know how
it was with your music when you used to come to our house
to practise. You would take up a story-book for just a
minute, and half your practise hour would be gone before
you had touched the piano. The fact is that you cannot
wilfully do wrong for 'just a minute.' You might just as well
set the house on fire and expect it to burn 'just a minute.'
What would you think of a sentinel in war time who should
admit the enemy into the camp to stay 'just a minute.'
When you commit a wilful sin, you make yourself the
servant of sin."

"I don't see any great sin in just going to the door a
minute!" said Louisa.

"The sin was not in going to the door, but in breaking


your promise, as you know perfectly well," said Aunt
Wentworth. "I do not at all wonder that your mother is
angry with you, Louisa. You not only do not try to get the
better of your fault, but you justify yourself in it: and I tell
you, in all seriousness, that it is a fault which will ruin your
character if you do not try to break yourself of it."

"It has come to that now that nobody can trust you to
do the least thing. If you are sent on an errand, there is no
certainty of your being in time. If you are set about any
piece of work, however necessary, you are more likely than
not to neglect it and to disappoint those who depend on
you. You are losing your standing in school, instead of
gaining, and you are a perpetual worry and discomfort to all
around you: and all because of this miserable habit of
indulging yourself 'just a minute' in doing what you know to
be wrong. As I said, I do not wonder that your mother is
displeased, or that she punishes you. The matter is growing
very serious, and I tell you, my child, unless you repent and
amend in time, your life will be a miserable failure, not only
in this world but in that which is to come."

Aunt Wentworth was a very old lady, and one to whom


all the family looked up with great respect. She very seldom
reproved the children of her nieces, for she was one who
understood to perfection the difficult art of minding her own
business, and she was very indulgent and kind to young
people.

Louisa had been cherishing a secret hope that Aunt


Wentworth would intercede with her mother, and, as she
said, "beg her off." But Aunt Wentworth had no intention of
doing anything of the kind. She knew how serious Louisa's
fault was, and that her mother would never have treated
her so severely for one single instance of forgetfulness.

For some time after the birthday party, Louisa was more
careful. She found it very unpleasant to be without
spending money week after week, especially as Aunt
Wentworth did not fill up her purse, as sometimes
happened, when she went to visit the old lady.

There was another thing which annoyed her even more,


and that was the fact that nobody asked her to do anything
or accepted her services when offered. She felt that she
was not trusted, and this was a worse punishment even
than the loss of her pocket-money. She really tried hard to
overcome her faults, and she succeeded so well that by-
and-by she found herself once more trusted to do errands
and other services by her mother and sisters.

But just here it was that Louisa made a great mistake.


She thought because she had gained a few victories over
her enemy that she was safe, and might relax her guard.
She left off watching and praying against her faults, and
presently she began to indulge in those "just a minute"
readings of story-books and magazines when she ought to
have been dressing, or reading her Bible, or learning her
lessons—those "just a minute" loiterings, which made her
late for school, and those "just a minute" longer morning
naps which left her no time to ask God's blessing upon the
duties and events of the day.

This was the state of the case when Louisa went to


make a little visit to her mother's cousin, Mrs. James
Perceval. It was always a treat to go and visit Cousin
Frances, not only because she was a very lovely woman,
but because she lived in a beautiful old place in the country,
only a mile from a famous bathing beach. The house was, in
fact, Aunt Wentworth's country-house, but the old lady only
went out there for a few weeks in summer, and Cousin
Frances kept the house open and in order the rest of the
year.

Cousin Frances had been very unfortunate with her


children. Three or four of them had died before reaching
their third year, and one had been killed by a terrible
accident. She had now only two remaining—a delicate,
sweet little girl of four years old, and a baby not quite two.
Louisa was fond of all children and especially of Milly, and as
she was always ready to play with and amuse the little one
in her own fashion—to play with the dolls, give tea-parties,
and "make believe," to any extent, it is no wonder that both
Milly and Milly's mamma loved her dearly.

It happened one day that Captain Perceval came with a


carriage to ask his wife to ride with him.

"I should like to go very much," said Cousin Frances,


"but nurse has gone into town for the day, and the other
servants are busy, so I have no one with whom to leave the
children."

"You can take Frank with you," said her husband; "and I
am sure Louisa will take care of Milly."

"Of course I will!" said Louisa. "Do go, Cousin Frances;


the ride will do you so much good."

Cousin Frances still looked rather doubtful.

"I don't wonder that you are anxious about your


children, my dear," said her husband; "but surely Louisa can
take care of Milly for an hour. Louisa is almost a woman
now, and if she cannot be trusted for so long a time as that,
what will she ever be good for?"

At last Cousin Frances consented to go, but the gave


Louisa many charges about Milly.

"Be sure you keep her in sight all the time, and do not
let her run about the grounds. It rained hard last night and
the grass is very wet."

Louisa promised, and Cousin Frances went away. For


the first half hour Milly played contentedly upon the veranda
with her dolls and books and her pet rabbits, while Louisa
worked at the sofa cushion she was making for Aunt
Wentworth's birthday. Presently Louisa found she had
mislaid some of her wool.

"What have I done with those shades of gray? Oh, I


know! I left them in the summer-house last night. I hope
they have not got wet. Now, Milly, you stay here and play,
and I will be back in a minute."

"Why can't I go?" asked Milly.


"Because it is too wet for you. Just stay here and I will
be back before you can count twenty."

Milly sat down very obediently and counted twenty two


or three times, and still Louisa did not come back. Then the
rabbit escaped from her and ran into the grass. Picture-
book in hand, Milly pursued him, and after quite a chase, in
which her shoes and stockings were wet through, she
succeeded in capturing him. Then finding herself in a shady
place among the trees, she sat down on the ground, and
began to turn over the leaves of her picture-book, the
rabbit sitting contentedly in her lap.

Meantime Louisa reached the pretty little Swiss cottage


called the summer-house, where she found her worsted
uninjured. Unluckily she also found something else—
namely, a new book of travels with beautiful wood-cuts,
which had been left there the night before.

"There now!" said Louisa, in a tone of triumph. "If I had


done that, what a fuss there would have been! I mean to
leave it here just to see what a hunt there will be for it. I
just want to look at that picture of the leaf-butterfly a
minute."

In looking for the leaf-butterfly, Louisa found many


other wonderful things, and she lingered, looking at picture
after picture, till the ringing of the noon-bell roused her. She
hastened back to the house, but Milly was nowhere to be
seen. She was not in the house nor yet in the garden.
Louisa had not found her when Cousin Frances drove up.

"Where is Milly?" was of course the first question, and


Louisa was obliged to confess that she did not know.

She had left her safely seated on the steps while she
went for some worsted, and when she came back the child
was gone.

"You were away more than a minute, Miss Louisa," said


the housemaid, "for I came out here twice and did not see
you. I supposed you had taken Milly up-stairs."

"I went to the summer-house for my wool," said Louisa.


"I did not mean to be gone more than a minute."

"But you were gone all of half an hour," said the


housemaid.

"Surely it did not take all that time to find your


worsted!" said Cousin Frances.

"I took up a book just a minute," said Louisa,


reluctantly.

"O yes, there it is!" said Cousin Frances. "But I cannot


stop to talk now. I must go and find Milly. I might have
known better than to trust your word, Louisa, but I was led
to think you had improved."

After a long search, Milly was found where we left her.


She had been sitting on the damp grass for about an hour,
with her shoes and stockings wringing wet. She told her
story very artlessly of how Cousin Louisa did not come
back, and she got tired of waiting, "and then the rabbit ran
away, and I ran after him, and when I caught him, I was
tired and sat down to rest. I did not mean to be naughty,
mamma," said the little girl, with a grieved face. "Mamma
did not tell Milly not to run after the rabbit."

"No, my darling," said Cousin Frances. "If I had told


you, you would have minded me. Louisa, did you not
promise me not to leave the child?"
For once Louisa had nothing to say for herself, and did
not try, even in her own mind, to excuse her conduct.

Milly was undressed directly, but before she could be


put into bed, she complained of being very cold, and was
presently attacked with a severe chill and pains in her head
and chest. Before night, it became plain that Milly had
inflammation of the lungs, and the next day her life was
despaired of.

Never was any one more wretched than Louisa. She


went home the same day, for though Captain Perceval was
a Christian man and tried to forgive as he would be
forgiven, he could not bear the sight of one who had, as it
seemed, been the cause of his child's death. Of course
Louisa's father and mother had to hear the story—indeed
Louisa herself told her mother all about the matter, with
many bitter tears.

"I shall always feel as if I had killed little Milly!" said


she. "Cousin James said my faithlessness had caused her
death, and I believe it is true."

"I am afraid so!" said Mrs. Grey, sadly. "I have always
feared that your besetting sin would lead to some terrible
consequences. I hoped you had seen it in its true light and
were trying to conquer it."

"I thought I had conquered it, mamma," said Louisa. "I


thought I had got all over it!"

"And so you left off watching and praying against it, did
you not?"

"Yes, mamma."
"Oh, Louisa, that was a great mistake! You ought never
to leave off watching and praying against your faults, for
you can never be sure you have quite conquered, especially
when a bad habit has been indulged as long as yours has
been."

"But what shall I do now, mamma?" sobbed Louisa.


"There is no use in my trying any more, now that I have
killed poor Milly. I am afraid God will never forgive me."

"You must not think so, my poor child. I hope dear Milly
may be spared to our prayers, but even if she is not, you
must not despair of God's forgiveness. 'Though your sins be
as scarlet they shall be white as snow.'"

"But, mamma, I have been wicked so long! And I have


done wrong on purpose. I have always known it was wrong
to waste my time so, and to indulge myself in everything I
wanted to do, excusing myself by saying that it was only for
a minute. I knew all the time it was wrong to leave Milly
alone so long, and yet I did it because I wanted to look at
the book."

"That is what I have always told you, Louisa—that you


were indulging in wilful sin. Now that you are sensible of
your fault, I shall have more hopes of you than ever before.
Do not distrust God's mercy, whatever you do, for that in
itself is a great sin, but humbly ask His forgiveness for
Jesus Christ's sake. Ask that your sins may be washed away
in His blood, and that you may have the help of the Holy
Spirit to keep you from sinning again!"

"Do you think He really will hear me, mamma?"

"My dear, I have no more doubt of it than I have that I


am alive," said her mother.
"But even if He does, that will not bring poor Milly to life
again!" said Louisa, despairingly.

"Milly is not dead yet, my dear, and it may be that God


will spare her in answer to our prayers. But even if He does
not see fit to do so, it is no less your duty to ask His
forgiveness and to trust in His mercy for the future. You
must not throw away the rest of your life, because you have
failed so far."

"Good news, good news, mamma! Good news, Louisa!"


cried Anna, coming in a few days after, with a beaming face.
"Cousin James has just been at the office to say that Milly is
out of danger. The doctor says she will get well. And oh,
Louis, Milly begs to see you all the time, and Cousin James
wants you to comp out to L— this afternoon. He will meet
you at the station."

Louisa looked at her mother, and then rising, she went


into her own room and shut the door. She did not come out
for an hour, and when she did, her eyes were red with
crying, but her face was calm and happy.

"Oh, mamma!" she whispered, as she was going away,


"I have always heard that God was good, but I never really
felt it before!"

"We will say nothing about the past, Louisa," said


Cousin James that night, as Louisa, with trembling words,
began to speak of the cause of Milly's illness. "Let by-gones
be by-gones; but let what has happened be a lesson to you
all your life. God has kindly spared us our little darling, and
saved you especially from a great sorrow. Show by your
actions that you are sensible of His goodness."

"Indeed, Cousin James, I hope I shall do so," said


Louisa, with tears. "I said this morning that if Milly only
lived, I would try never even for a moment to do what I
knew to be wrong."

"That is an excellent resolution, Louisa. But you must


remember that you can never keep it in your own strength.
You must constantly pray for the help of the Holy Spirit, and
you must constantly and faithfully watch against the first
beginning of temptation. You will no doubt find the bad
habit all the harder to break off because you have indulged
it so long; but you have every encouragement to persevere,
and if you do so, I have no doubt you will, in time, become
a useful Christian woman."
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