Acknowledgement

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Mr. Ashok, our Physical

Education teacher, for his continuous support and guidance throughout the
completion of this project on cricket and football. His valuable insights and
encouragement have helped me understand the importance of both sports in
physical education and their impact on fitness and teamwork.

I would also like to thank my classmates and family for their constant
motivation and assistance in gathering relevant information. Their support made
this project a rewarding learning experience.
 CRICKET

Dimensions of a Cricket Field

1. Field Shape: Oval, with the pitch in the center.

2. Diameter of Field: Ranges from 137 meters to 150 meters.
3. Pitch Length: 22 yards (20.12 meters) between the two stumps.
4. Pitch Width: 3.05 meters.
5. Boundary Line: Distance varies but is typically 65-90 meters from the center
of the pitch.
6. Crease Dimensions:
Bowling Crease: Line where the stumps are placed, 8 feet 8 inches wide.
Popping Crease: Parallel to the bowling crease, 4 feet in front.
Return Crease: Lines perpendicular to the popping and bowling crease, 4 feet 4
inches from each other.
Cricket Equipment

For Batters

1. Bat: Wooden, usually made of willow.

Maximum Length: 38 inches
Maximum Width: 4.25 inches
2. Helmet: Hard shell with a metal grill to protect the head and face.
3. Batting Pads: Worn on legs to protect against the impact of the ball.
4. Batting Gloves: Provide hand protection and a firm grip on the bat.
5. Thigh Guard: Worn on the thigh for added protection from fast
deliveries.
6. Arm Guard: Protects the batter’s forearm from injury.
7. Chest Guard: Optional padding worn under the shirt to protect the chest
area.
8. Abdominal Guard (Box): Hard plastic cup worn to protect the groin
area.

For Bowlers

1. Ball: Hard leather, used to bowl at batters.

Weight: 155.9 to 163 grams
Circumference: 22.4 to 22.9 cm
2. Bowling Shoes: Special shoes with extra grip and cushioning for safe
delivery strides.
3. Bowling Hand Glove (optional): Provides grip and minor protection for
bowlers.
4. Sweatband: Often worn on the wrist to prevent sweat from reaching the ball.
5. Bowling Cap or Sun Hat: Protects from sun glare.

For Fielders

1. Helmet (Close-in Fielders): Fielders positioned close to the batter, like at silly
point, may wear a helmet.
2. Fielding Gloves (Wicket-Keeper Only): Special padded gloves with a web
between thumb and index finger for catching.
3. Thigh and Shin Pads (Optional): Close-in fielders may wear these for added
protection.
4. Sunglasses or Cap: To reduce sun glare while fielding.
5. Body Protectors (Close-in Fielders, Optional): Padded vests or guards for
extra protection in high-risk positions.

For Officials (Umpires)

1. Counter: Clicker device used to keep track of balls in the over.

2. Protective Helmet (optional): Some umpires may wear helmets, especially in
limited-overs games.
3. Notebook and Pen: To record game scores, decisions, and relevant details.
4. Signal Cards: Cards showing signals, like powerplay indicators in limited-
overs cricket.
5. Sunglasses or Hat: Protects against sun glare.
6. Coat or Jacket with Pockets: Umpires typically wear coats with pockets to
hold counters, pens, and other small items.
Fundamental batting skills:
A. Front Foot Shots

1)Front Foot Defensive: A defensive shot played with the front foot forward,
blocking the ball safely along the ground.

2)Drive: An attacking front foot shot played with a full swing of the bat, aiming
to score runs. Example:
a)Off Drive: Played toward the off-side near mid-off, aiming to drive the ball
past fielders.
b)On Drive: Played toward the leg-side near mid-on, directing the ball through
that region.
c)Cover Drive: A stylish drive played through the cover area, typically
between point and extra cover.
d)Square Drive: Played square of the wicket on the off-side, typically to balls
wide of the off stump.
3)Lofted Drive: A drive hit in the air over the infield, intended to clear fielders
and score boundaries.
4)Sweep: A cross-batted shot where the batter sweeps the ball toward the leg-
side, usually against spin.
5)Reverse Sweep: A variation where the bat is swept across the body in the
opposite direction, toward the off-side.

B. Back Foot Shots

1)Back Foot Defensive: A defensive shot played with weight on the back foot,
blocking the ball along the ground.
2)Leg Glance: A subtle shot glancing the ball off the bat toward the fine leg or
backward square leg.
3)Pull: A powerful shot played on the back foot, pulling the ball to the leg-side,
usually between mid-wicket and square leg.
4)Hook: Similar to the pull but aimed at a shorter, bouncier delivery, often
directed toward fine leg or backward square leg.
5)Cut: A back foot shot played square on the off-side, typically to a ball outside
the off stump.

Fundamental bowling skills:

1. Full Toss: A delivery reaching the batter without bouncing, often at

a low height, aiming to surprise the batter but can be risky if
mistimed.
2. Yorker: A delivery aimed at the batter’s feet or the base of the
stumps, landing near the popping crease, designed to be hard to hit
and often effective in dismissing batters.
3. Bouncer: A short-pitched delivery bouncing high toward the batter's
chest or head, typically used to intimidate or unsettle them.
4. Inswinger: A delivery that swings in the air from the off-side to the
leg-side toward the batter, aiming to hit the stumps or induce an inside
edge.
5. Outswinger: A delivery that swings away from the batter, moving
from the leg-side to the off-side, often tempting an edge to the slips or
wicketkeeper.
6. Off-Cutter: A delivery that slightly deviates or “cuts” off the pitch
toward the off-side, often used to deceive the batter with its
movement.
7. Leg-Cutter: A delivery that cuts toward the leg-side after pitching,
creating subtle deviation to confuse the batter's timing and placement.
Match formats:

1. T20 Cricket
Format: Each team plays 20 overs, aiming to score quickly with aggressive
batting.
Duration: Lasts around 3-4 hours, making it the shortest format.
Power Play:
First 6 overs: Only 2 fielders allowed outside the 30-yard circle.
Post Power Play: Up to 5 fielders allowed outside the circle, encouraging
aggressive play.
Explanation: T20 is a fast-paced format focused on high-intensity batting and
entertainment, with limited overs and fielding restrictions that favor aggressive
play.

2. One Day Internationals (ODIs)

Format: Each team plays 50 overs, balancing attacking and strategic play.
Duration: Lasts around 8-9 hours, a full-day event.
Power Play:
First 10 overs: Only 2 fielders allowed outside the 30-yard circle.
11th to 40th overs: Up to 4 fielders allowed outside the circle.
41st to 50th overs: Up to 5 fielders allowed outside the circle.
Explanation: ODIs combine strategy and aggression, with multiple phases of
fielding restrictions to balance both offense and defense across a longer match
duration.

3. Test Cricket
Format: Played over five days with two innings per team, focusing on technique
and endurance.
Duration: Lasts up to 5 days with a total of 30 hours of play.
Power Play:
First two hours of each day: Only 5 fielders allowed outside the 30-yard circle.
.Explanation: Test cricket is the longest format, focusing on skill, patience,
and tactical play, with each day having a specific power play period that allows
for attacking strategies in the morning sessions.

Some famous personalities:

1)Sachin Tendulkar: The Master Blaster of Cricket

Sachin Ramesh Tendulkar, often regarded as one of the greatest cricketers of all
time, was born on April 24, 1973, in Mumbai, India. He is known for his
exceptional cricketing skills, and his achievements on the field have earned him
the title of "The Master Blaster." Tendulkar made his international debut in
1989, at the age of 16, in an ODI match against Pakistan, marking the beginning
of a legendary career.

Over his career, Tendulkar became the highest run-scorer in the history of
international cricket, amassing more than 34,000 runs in all formats combined.
He holds numerous records, including being the first player to score 100
international centuries, and he is the only player to have scored more than 2,000
runs in a single World Cup. His 200* in an ODI against South Africa in 2010
was a historic achievement, as he became the first player to score a double
century in the format.

Tendulkar’s cricketing style was marked by his flawless technique, versatility,

and ability to adapt to different formats. He excelled in all forms of the game –
Tests, ODIs, and T20s. His composure and consistency under pressure made
him a fan favorite and a true ambassador of the sport.

In 2013, Tendulkar retired from international cricket, leaving behind a legacy

that continues to inspire generations of cricketers. His contributions to cricket
earned him India’s highest civilian honor, the Bharat Ratna, in 2014.
Tendulkar’s name will forever be synonymous with excellence in cricket.
2) Joel Garner: The "Big Bird" of West Indies Cricket

Joel Garner, a towering fast bowler from Barbados, is widely regarded as one of
the most fearsome bowlers of his era. Born on December 16, 1952, Garner was
known for his immense height (6 feet 8 inches) and his ability to generate
bounce, which made him a challenging opponent for batsmen worldwide. He
represented the West Indies in both Test and One Day International (ODI)
cricket from the 1970s to the 1980s, becoming one of the key players in the
West Indies' golden era of cricket.

Garner made his Test debut in 1977 and quickly established himself as a potent
force in the West Indian bowling attack. Over his career, he played 58 Test
matches and 98 ODIs, taking over 400 wickets combined. His ability to bowl
Yorkers and his disciplined line and length made him especially effective in
limited-overs cricket. In ODIs, he was a key player in the West Indies' victory in
the 1975 and 1979 World Cups, with his outstanding death-bowling skills
helping secure crucial victories.

Nicknamed "Big Bird" due to his imposing stature, Garner was known for his
calm demeanor on the field, which contrasted with his devastating impact on the
opposition. His contribution to West Indies cricket, particularly in their World
Cup triumphs, cemented his place as one of the greatest fast bowlers in history.

Garner retired from international cricket in 1987, but his legacy lives on, and he
is remembered as one of the greatest bowlers of his time, admired for both his
skill and sportsmanship.
Governing bodies:

1)Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI)

The Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) is the governing body for
cricket in India and one of the most powerful and influential cricket
organizations globally. Established in 1928, the BCCI’s primary responsibility is
to oversee all cricketing activities in India, including domestic competitions,
international relations, and player management. It is recognized as the official
governing body by the International Cricket Council (ICC), making it a key
player in the global cricketing landscape.

The BCCI is credited with revolutionizing Indian cricket, contributing to the

sport's growth both domestically and internationally. Under its leadership, India
has become one of the strongest cricketing nations, producing world-class
players and consistently performing at the highest level. The board is also
known for managing the Indian Premier League (IPL), one of the most lucrative
and widely watched cricket tournaments in the world, which has brought a
significant transformation to the game with its commercial success.

BCCI’s influence extends beyond just the national team. It organizes and
controls domestic tournaments such as the Ranji Trophy, Syed Mushtaq Ali
Trophy, and the Duleep Trophy, providing a platform for players to showcase
their talent. The BCCI has also been involved in promoting cricket
infrastructure, youth development, and coaching across the country.

In addition to its cricketing operations, the BCCI plays a pivotal role in the
administration of cricket laws and policies, ensuring the growth and global
prominence of the sport. With its continued dominance, the BCCI remains a
cornerstone of cricket, influencing both the sport's evolution and its business
aspects worldwide.
2) International Cricket Council (ICC)
The International Cricket Council (ICC) is the global governing body for
cricket, responsible for overseeing the sport's rules, regulations, and
international competitions. Founded in 1909 as the Imperial Cricket
Conference, the ICC was later renamed in 1989 to its current name. It comprises
over 100 member countries, ranging from full members like India, Australia,
and England to associate members from all over the world, promoting the
growth and development of cricket globally.

The ICC plays a crucial role in organizing international tournaments, the most
notable being the ICC Cricket World Cup, held every four years, which is one of
the sport’s most prestigious events. Other major tournaments managed by the
ICC include the ICC T20 World Cup and the ICC Champions Trophy, offering
platforms for teams worldwide to compete at the highest level.

In addition to organizing tournaments, the ICC also works to standardize the

laws of the game, ensuring consistency in the rules across all formats of cricket.
It also oversees the ICC Rankings, which are crucial in determining the world’s
top teams and players. The ICC's Anti-Corruption Unit works to safeguard the
integrity of the sport, combating match-fixing and illegal betting.

The ICC’s efforts also include promoting grassroots development, assisting

emerging cricketing nations, and advancing the sport's reach to a global
audience. Through its policies, events, and governance, the ICC continues to
shape the future of cricket, making it a truly global sport.
 FOOTBALL

Dimensions of a Football Field:

1. Length (Touchline):

Minimum: 90 meters (100 yards)

Maximum: 120 meters (130 yards)

2. Width (Goal Line):

Minimum: 45 meters (50 yards)

Maximum: 90 meters (100 yards)

3. Goal Area:

Distance from the goal line: 5.5 meters (6 yards)

Distance from the goalposts: 5.5 meters (6 yards)

4. Penalty Area:

Distance from the goal line: 16.5 meters (18 yards)

Distance from the goalposts: 16.5 meters (18 yards)

5. Centre Circle:

Radius: 9.15 meters (10 yards)

6. Penalty Spot:

Distance from the goal line: 11 meters (12 yards)

7. Goalposts:

Width: 7.32 meters (8 yards)

Height: 2.44 meters (8 feet)
Football Equipment
1. Players' Equipment:

Shirt: A team jersey worn by players.

Shorts: Comfortable shorts to allow for easy movement.
Socks: Worn over shin guards to protect the legs.
Shin Guards: Essential for protecting the lower legs from injury during tackles.
Footwear: Cleats or boots designed for grip and stability on the field.
Gloves (for goalkeepers): Worn by goalkeepers to enhance grip and protect the
hands while catching or blocking the ball.

2. Goalkeeper's Equipment:

Goalkeeper Jersey: Usually long-sleeved for added protection.

Goalkeeper Gloves: Designed to protect the hands and provide a better grip on
the ball.
Goalkeeper Shorts: Comfortable for agility and mobility.
Shin Guards: Worn by goalkeepers for leg protection.
Football Boots: Specially designed for traction on the field, sometimes with
additional padding for protection.

3. Officials' Equipment:

Referee's Shirt: Typically a bright color to distinguish the official from players.
Whistle: Used to signal the start, stop, and foul calls during the game.
Red and Yellow Cards: To indicate warnings and expulsions for players who
commit fouls.

Flag (for Assistant Referees): Used by assistant referees to signal offside or

other fouls.

Watch: To keep track of the match time.

Notebook: To record game events, player details, and fouls.

Fundamental Skills of Football:
1. Kicking:

a)In step Kick: A basic kick where the player uses the inside of the foot to strike
the ball, typically for accuracy and control.
b)Out Step Kick: A kick using the outside of the foot, often used for curling the
ball or passing it with more spin.
c)Toe Kick: A kick where the ball is struck with the toe of the boot, typically
resulting in more power but less control.
d)Drop Kick: A technique where the ball is allowed to bounce on the ground
before being kicked, commonly used by goalkeepers to clear the ball.

2. Dribbling:

Dribbling involves controlling the ball while running, using short touches with
the feet to maneuver around opponents, maintaining possession, and creating
space.

3. Heading:

Heading is the technique of using the forehead to direct the ball, typically for
scoring goals, clearing the ball, or passing to teammates.

4. Tackling:

a)Block Tackle: A defensive maneuver where the player uses their body or foot
to block the ball from an attacking player, typically aiming to win possession
cleanly.
b)Kicking the Ball Away: A tackle technique where the defender kicks the ball
away from the attacker, often with the aim of gaining possession.

5. Passing:
a)Short Pass: A quick, close-range pass to a teammate, usually aimed at
maintaining possession or setting up a play.

b)Long Pass: A pass over a longer distance, typically aimed at switching play or
setting up a counter-attack. It requires more precision and power.
Some important tournaments:

1)FIFA World Cup

The FIFA World Cup is the most prestigious and widely watched football
(soccer) tournament in the world. Organized by the Fédération Internationale de
Football Association (FIFA), it has been held every four years since its inception
in 1930, except for 1942 and 1946 due to World War II. The tournament brings
together the top national football teams from around the world to compete for
the coveted title of world champion.

The first FIFA World Cup took place in Uruguay, and since then, it has grown in
scale and importance, with more teams and countries participating in each
edition. The tournament has become a global celebration, showcasing not only
incredible footballing talent but also fostering unity among nations and cultures.
The World Cup is a platform for players to showcase their skills, and it has
produced some of the greatest football players in history, including Pele, Diego
Maradona, Zinedine Zidane, and Lionel Messi.

The World Cup is divided into two stages: the qualification phase and the final
tournament. Teams from different continents compete in regional qualifiers to
secure a spot in the final tournament. The final competition involves 32 teams,
who are divided into groups for the first round, followed by knockout stages.
The tournament culminates in the final, where the two best teams battle for the
trophy.

Brazil holds the record with five World Cup titles, followed by Germany and
Italy with four each. The FIFA World Cup not only celebrates football
excellence but also serves as a global cultural event, uniting millions of fans
around the world.
2)Durand Cup

The Durand Cup is one of the oldest and most prestigious football tournaments
in India, founded in 1888 by Sir Mortimer Durand, the then British Foreign
Secretary in India. It is named after him and was originally established as a
competition for the British Indian Army regiments. Over time, it evolved into a
prominent football tournament in the Indian subcontinent, attracting both
military and civilian teams.

The tournament has a rich history and holds significant importance in the Indian
football landscape. It is held annually and features top clubs from both India and
sometimes from other countries, competing for the coveted trophy. The
competition is organized by the Durand Football Tournament Society, with the
All India Football Federation (AIFF) overseeing the event.

The Durand Cup is typically played in knockout format, where teams from
various parts of the country compete for the championship. The tournament
provides a platform for young and talented footballers to showcase their skills
and has seen the emergence of several renowned Indian footballers.

Historically, the competition was initially dominated by military teams but later
opened up to civilian clubs, increasing its popularity and competition level.
Teams from top domestic leagues, such as the Indian Super League (ISL) and
the I-League, now participate, making it one of the key football events in India.

With a legacy spanning over 130 years, the Durand Cup continues to be a
symbol of excellence in Indian football, fostering the sport’s growth and
promoting football talent across the country.
Some famous personalities:

1)Baichung Bhutia: "The Sikkimese Sniper"

Baichung Bhutia, born in 1976 in Tinkitam, Sikkim, is one of the most iconic
and celebrated footballers in Indian history. Known for his speed, skill, and
precise finishing, Bhutia earned the nickname "The Sikkimese Sniper" due to
his ability to score goals from almost any situation. His sharp instinct for goal-
scoring and calmness in front of the net made him a lethal forward for both club
and country.

Bhutia's career began in the early 1990s, and he quickly rose through the ranks
of Indian football. He played for several top clubs, including Mohun Bagan and
East Bengal, where he became a fan favorite. His impressive performances in
domestic leagues and international tournaments brought him recognition not
just in India but across Asia.

Baichung's most notable achievement came with the Indian national team,
where he played a pivotal role in their success in various tournaments. He was
an integral part of the Indian squad that won the 2008 AFC Challenge Cup,
securing India’s qualification for the 2011 AFC Asian Cup. Bhutia also
represented India in multiple South Asian Football Federation (SAFF)
Championship victories, further cementing his place as one of India’s football
greats.

After his retirement, Bhutia shifted focus to football development in India,

becoming an ambassador for the sport and working towards its growth. His
contribution to Indian football and his reputation as "The Sikkimese Sniper"
continue to inspire young footballers across the nation.
2)Pelé: "The King of Football"

Pelé, born Edson Arantes do Nascimento in 1940 in Três Corações, Brazil, is

widely regarded as one of the greatest footballers of all time. Known as "The
King of Football," Pelé’s exceptional skill, vision, and goal-scoring ability
revolutionized the sport and made him an international icon.

Pelé's professional career began at just 15 years old when he debuted for Santos
FC in Brazil. His impact was immediate, as he led the team to numerous
victories, including multiple Copa Libertadores titles. Pelé also made his mark
on the international stage with the Brazilian national team, where he won three
FIFA World Cups (1958, 1962, and 1970), a record that remains unmatched.

His playing style was characterized by a combination of agility, creativity, and

clinical finishing, making him a deadly forward. Pelé scored over 1,000 career
goals, a feat few players have ever achieved, and his contributions to football
extended beyond just his playing ability—he helped popularize the sport
worldwide.

After retiring from professional football, Pelé continued to be involved in the

sport through charity work, promotion, and ambassadorial roles. His legacy as
"The King of Football" endures, inspiring millions of footballers and fans
around the world. Pelé’s influence on the game and his unmatched
achievements have solidified his status as one of the most legendary figures in
the history of football.
Governing bodies:
1)All India Football Federation(AIFF):

The All India Football Federation is the governing body for football in India,
responsible for overseeing the sport’s development, organization, and regulation
in the country. Founded in 1937, AIFF is a member of FIFA and the Asian
Football Confederation (AFC), playing a pivotal role in shaping the future of
football in India. The headquarters of AIFF is located in New Delhi, and it is
responsible for organizing national leagues, international competitions, and
grassroots football initiatives.

AIFF’s primary responsibility is to organize the Indian national football team

and ensure its participation in major international tournaments, including the
AFC Asian Cup, FIFA World Cup qualifiers, and the SAFF Championship. The
federation also manages various age-group teams, helping nurture young talent
for future national-level representation.

In addition to the senior national team, AIFF is deeply involved in promoting

and managing club football in India. It oversees top-tier competitions like the
Indian Super League (ISL) and the I-League, which bring together some of the
best footballing talent in the country. AIFF has been working to raise the
standard of domestic football, focusing on infrastructure, coaching, and youth
development programs.

AIFF also plays a crucial role in expanding the sport at the grassroots level,
organizing tournaments, coaching certifications, and programs to increase
football participation across India. While facing challenges such as
infrastructure and popularity, AIFF continues to work tirelessly to grow football
and make it a significant sport in India.
2)Fédération Internationale de Football Association(FIFA):
Fédération Internationale de Football Association is the international governing
body of football, responsible for overseeing the sport’s global organization,
development, and promotion. Founded in 1904 and headquartered in Zurich,
Switzerland, FIFA is tasked with setting the rules, organizing international
competitions, and ensuring the smooth functioning of the global football
community. With 211 member associations, FIFA is one of the largest and most
influential sports organizations in the world.

The most well-known event organized by FIFA is the FIFA World Cup, the
premier international football tournament held every four years. The World Cup
is watched by millions of fans worldwide and features teams from across all
continents competing for the prestigious title. Since its inception in 1930, the
tournament has grown in stature, and winning the World Cup is regarded as the
pinnacle of international football achievement.

In addition to organizing the World Cup, FIFA is also responsible for overseeing
regional and continental tournaments such as the UEFA European
Championship, Copa América, and the AFC Asian Cup. It plays a crucial role in
developing football at all levels by implementing initiatives that promote the
growth of the sport, from grassroots to professional levels, across both men’s
and women’s football.

FIFA’s role is also to ensure fair play, promote anti-doping measures, and
maintain the integrity of the sport. Despite facing controversies over governance
and corruption issues in the past, FIFA remains the central authority in global
football, shaping the future of the sport and its global popularity.
 Bibliography

 en.wikipedia.org

 britannica.com

 www.icc-cricket.com

 www.bcci.tv

 www.espncricinfo.com

 www.fifa.com

 www.bbc.com

 www.espn.in

 www.thefa.com

 www.the-aiff.com