CHƯƠNG 1

Computers impact your daily life in many ways, including the use of
embedded computers in vehicles, ATMs, and stores, and the “Internet of
Things” that allows smart home appliances and other devices to
communicate over the Internet or a wireless network. Computers have
evolved from large, inefficient, and expensive devices that used
technology such as vacuum tubes to smaller, more powerful connected
devices such as PCs, smartphones, and more. Artificial intelligence, virtual
reality, and augmented reality use logic and simulations to make
predictions, educate, and entertain. Users with limitations or disabilities
can use many different devices and software that enable them to access
and use technology. There are many ways you can
employ green computing practices to help reduce your impact on the
environment.
Technology has had a large impact on the professional world, including
intelligent workplaces. Education, transportation, healthcare, and
manufacturing all use technology to reduce costs and increase safety and
efficiency. There are many careers available to you in the technology field,
including IT, security, software development, and more. To prepare for a
career in technology, you should create a professional
online presence and take advantage of certification options.

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Alternative text (alt text) is descriptive text added to an object, such

as a picture or drawing

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) requires any company with 15

or more employees to make reasonable attempts to accommodate the
needs of physically challenged workers

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) requires that

public schools purchase or acquire funding for adaptive technologies.

Digital literacy (also called computer literacy) involves having a

current knowledge and understanding of computers, mobile devices, the
web, and related technologies. Being digitally literate is essential for
acquiring a job, using and contributing to global communications, and
participating effectively in the international community.

Data is raw facts, such as text or numbers. A computer includes hardware

and software.

Hardware is the device itself and its components, such as wires, cases,
switches, and electronic circuits
Software consists of the programs and apps that instruct the computer
to perform tasks. Software processes data into meaningful information

Enterprise computing refers to the use of technology by a company’s

employees to meet the needs of a large business

telecommuting (working from home), or traveling halfway around the

world.

Intelligent workplace uses technology to enable workers to connect to

the company’s
network, communicate with each other, use productivity software and
apps, meet via web conferencing, and more

BYOD (bring your own device) policy, enabling employees to use their
personal devices to conduct business

learning management system (LMS) to set up web-based training

sites where students can check their progress in a course, take practice
tests, and exchange messages with the instructor or other students.

mobile health (mHealth) trend refers to healthcare professionals using

smartphones or tablets to access health records stored in the cloud, and
patients using digital devices to monitor their conditions and treatments,
reducing the need for visits to the doctor’s office

computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) to streamline production and

ship products more quickly

A company’s computers monitor assembly lines and equipment using

machineto-machine (M2M) communications.

Information Technology (IT) department. IT staff are responsible for

ensuring that all the computer operations, mobile devices, and networks
run smoothly

microprocessor is the “brains”of a computer, a chip that contains a

central processing unit.

IBM followed Apple’s lead in 1981, introducing its personal computer

(PC).

The Internet of Things (IoT) is an environment where processors are

embedded in every product imaginable (things), and these things
communicate with one another via the Internet or wireless networks. . IoT-
enabled devices often are referred to as smart devices

An embedded computer is a computer that functions as one component

in a larger product, and which has a specific purpose.
chip-and-pin technology that stores data on an embedded chip instead
of a magnetic stripe.

A is a freestanding booth usually placed in a public a kiosk read that can

contain a display device used to show information to the public or event
attendees.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is the technological use of logic and prior

experience to simulate human intelligence

Virtual reality (VR) is the use of computers to simulate a real or

imagined environment that appears as a three-dimensional (3-D) space.

Augmented reality (AR) is a type of VR that uses an image of an actual

place or thing and adds digital information to it

digital divide hose who have access to technology and its resources and
information, especially on the Internet, and those who do not.
Socioeconomic and demographic factors contribute to the digital divide,
which can impact individuals, households, businesses, or geographic
areas.

digital citiz en , you should be familiar with how to use technology to

become
an educated and productive member of the digital world.

Natural language processing is a form of data input in which

computers interpret and digitize spoken words or commands.

Digital assistants like Amazon’s Alexa or Apple’s Siri use natural

language processing to respond to your verbal commands or questions,
using search technology to provide answers or perform a task

Robotics is the science that combines engineering and technology to

create and program robots.
1. (True or False) A microprocessor is the “brains” of a computer.
2. (True or False) Embedded computers are standalone products
that have many functions.
3. The basic premise of ___________ is that objects can be tagged,
tracked, and monitored through a local network, or across the
Internet.
a. intelligent workspaces b. the digital divide
c. the Internet of Things d. artificial intelligence
4. (True or False) Computers with AI use human intelligence to
make decisions.
5. (True or False) A digital citizen uses technology to be
productive and efficient.
6. (True or False) A kiosk is a freestanding booth usually placed in
a public area that can contain a display device used to show
information to the public or event attendees.
7.------------------- are smart devices that respond to a user’s verbal
commands by using search technology to provide an answer to a
question or perform a task.
a. ATMs b. Green computers
c. Integrated circuits d. Digital assistants
8.------------------- text is descriptive text added to an
a. Associative object. b. Alternative
c. Accessible d. Assistive
9. (True or False) The ENERGY STAR program encourages
manufacturers to reduce the amount of electricity used by
computers and related devices.
10. BYOD stands for Bring Your Own .----------------
a. Device b. Daily planner
c. Database d. Data
11. (True or False) An intelligent classroom is one in which
technology is used to facilitate learning and communication.
12. Colleges use ------------- management systems (LMSs) to set
up web-based training sites where students can check their
progress in a course, take practice tests, and exchange messages
with the instructor or other students.
a. learning b. linked
c. locational d. live
13. (True or False) Automated vehicles decrease independent
transportation options for people with disabilities.
14. (True or False) The mobile health (mHealth) trend refers to
doctors and nurses using smartphones or tablets to access health
records stored on mobile devices.
15. A company’s computers monitor assembly lines and
equipment using ------------------ communications.
a. CAM b. AI c. IT d. M2M

16. A company’s department oversees the centralized computer

equipment and administers the network.
a. operations b. management
c. technical support d. information security
17. (True or False) When looking for a job, you should use
humorous or informal names for your account profiles, blog, or
domain name to make yourself stand out.
 CHƯƠNG 2
In this module, you learned that the web is part of the Internet, a global
collection of millions of computers linked together to share information
worldwide. A webpage is an electronic document that can contain text,
graphics, sound, video, and links to other webpages, while a website is a
collection of webpages. You use a browser to display webpages and enter
web addresses, or URLs, which identify the location of webpages on the
Internet. In a URL, the three-letter extension after the period indicates a
top-level domain (TLD), which identifies the type of organization
associated with the domain. The TLD provides a clue about the content of
the website. For example, “.com” is for commercial enterprises, .edu is for
educational institutions, and .gov is for U.S. government agencies.
Nonprofit organizations set the rules for the Internet, such as the names of
top-level domains. The IETF sets standards for IP addresses. The W3C
publishes standards for websites and webpages. Websites can be
classified into one or more categories, such as blogs, content aggregators,
or entertainment sites. A web portal combines pages from many sources
and provides access to those pages. Search sites use search engines,
software designed to find webpages based on your search criteria. In
addition to using a browser to visit websites and display webpages, you
can use it to access web apps, which are apps you run in a browser. A web
app offers the advantages of convenience and portability, but involves
risks to security and privacy. Webpages typically include five major areas:
header or banner, navigation bar or menu, body, sidebar, and footer. Each
area is designed to display specific types of content. A secure website
uses encryption to safeguard transmitted information. Signs of a secure
website are a lock icon and the https protocol in the address bar. In an
insecure website, the URL starts with“http,” indicating an unprotected
protocol for transmitting information. E-commerce refers to business
transactions on an electronic network such as the Internet. The three
types of e-commerce are business-to-business (B2B), business-to-
consumer (B2C), and consumer-to-consumer (C2C). For consumers, e-
commerce websites provide the benefits of variety, convenience, and
cost, but have the drawbacks of reduced security, fraud, and indirect
experience. B2B e-commerce involves transferring goods, services, or
information between businesses. Most e-commerce is actually between
businesses. To make a purchase at a B2C website, you visit an electronic
storefront, collect items in a shopping cart, and then enter personal data
and the method of payment to complete the purchase. To make secure
online payments, use e-commerce websites with the 3D Secure or TLS
protocol. You can also use an online payment service such as PayPal, an
app such as ApplePay to scan your
mobile phone or smartwatch, or a virtual account number. To find deals for
goods and services online, visit comparison shopping sites and use digital
deals. Websites such as BizRate, NexTag, and PriceGrabber let you
compare prices from multiple vendors. Digital deals come in the form of
gift certificates, gift cards, and coupons at websites such as Groupon and
RetailMeNot and with browser extensions such as Honey. How you find,
evaluate, use, and communicate online information depends on your
information literacy. You become information literate by understanding
and selecting the tools, techniques, and strategies for locating and
evaluating information. When you perform an online search, a general
search engine compiles a database of information about webpages. The
search engine refers to its database index when you enter a search term
and then lists pages that match the term, ranked by how closely they
answer your query. A search tool finds online information based on criteria
you specify or selections you make. Search tools include search engines,
search boxes on webpages, and web directories, which are online guides
to subjects or websites, usually arranged in alphabetic order. If an online
search produces too many results or irrelevant results, refine the search
by using search operators, characters, words, or symbols that focus the
search. To broaden a search, you can use a word stem, which is the base
of a word. For example, instead of using businesses as a keyword, use
business . To find academic information for research, you can use a
specialty search engine, which lets you search databases, news providers,
podcasts, and other online information sources that general search
engines do not always access. Specialty search engines include Wolfram
Alpha, Blinkx, and Google Scholar.

When evaluating online information, look for sites from trusted, expert
institutions or authors. Avoid sites that show bias or contain outdated
information. Evaluate a website using the CARS (credibility, accuracy,
reliability, supportability) checklist.
As you gather content from webpages, follow ethical guidelines and be
aware of ownership rights to avoid legal, academic, and professional
sanctions. Observe intellectual property rights and copyrights to be a
responsible member of the online community.
When you use the Internet for research, you face ethical decisions. Ethics
is the set of moral
principles that govern people’s behavior. Ethically and legally, you can use
other people’s ideas in your research papers and presentations as long as
you cite the source for any information that is not common knowledge.

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webpage is an electronic document that can contain text, graphics,

sound, video, and links to other webpages, most webpages makes them
visually appealing. The links make it possible to pursue information in a
nonlinear fashion, following a route that looks more like a web than a
straight line.

A company, organization, institution, group, or person creates and

maintain a websites
browser, an app designed to display webpages.

You use the tools in a browser to navigate the web, or move from one
webpage to another.

The webpage that appears when you open a browser is called the home
page or start page.

To display a different webpage, you use links, short for hyperlinks, words
or graphics you can click to display a webpage or other resource on the
Internet, such as a file.

uniform resource locator (URL), an address that identifies the location

of the page on the Internet.

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), the most common way to

transfer information around the web, to retrieve the page.

A web server delivers webpages to computers requesting the pages

through a browser.

IP address is a unique number that consists of four sets of numbers from

0 to 255 separated by periods, or dots

domain name more IP addresses, such as cengage.com

A browser displays the URL for the current webpage in its address bar

The navigation bar in a browser includes buttons such as Back and

Forward that you can use to revisit webpages along the breadcrumb path.

breadcrumbs—the path you followed to display a webpage

top-level domain (TLD), such as the “com” in “cengage.com”.

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). This group sets standards that
allow devices, services, and applications to work together across the
Internet. For example, the IETF sets standards for IP addresses

World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which consists of hundreds of

organizations and experts that work together to write web standards

blogs, which are informal websites with time-stamped articles, or posts,

in a diary or journal format.

content aggregator site such as News360 or Flipboard gathers,

organizes, and then
distributes web content.

media sharing site, such as YouTube or Flickr, you can manage media
such as photos, videos, and music and share them with other site
members.

An online social network, also called a social networking site or social

media site, is a
website that encourages members to share their interests, ideas, stories,
photos, music, and videos online with other registered users.

A web portal, or portal, is a website that combines pages from many

sources and provides access to those pages.

Search sites use search engines, software designed to find webpages

based on your search criteria.

web apps, which are apps you can run entirely in a browser
E-commerce, short for electronic commerce, refers to business
transactions on an
electronic network such as the Internet.

electronic storefront, which contains product descriptions, images, and

a shopping cart to collect items you want to purchase.

B2C website tracks your selected items using cookies, small text files
generated by a
web server that act like a storage bin for the items you place in your
shopping cart. Cookies store shopping cart item numbers, saved
preferences, and other information.

3D Secure is a standard protocol for securing credit card transactions

over the Internet.

Transport Layer Security (TLS) to encrypt data. This helps protect

consumers and businesses from fraud and identity theft when conducting
commerce on the Internet.

How you find, evaluate, use, and communicate online information

depends on your
information literacy

general search engine such as Google, Bing, or Yahoo! and enter a

search term or phrase such as mobilephone

It uses programs called spiders or crawlers, software that combs the

web to find webpages and add new data about them to the database.
These programs build an index of terms and their locations. When you
enter a search term, or query, a general search engine refers to its
database index and then lists pages that match your search term, ranked
by how closely they answer your query.

search tool finds online information based on criteria you specify or

selections you
make. Search tools include search engines and search boxes on
webpages.

Another type of search tool is a web directory, or subject directory, an

online guide to
subjects or websites
Specializ ed search toolsconcentrate on specific resources, such as
scholarly journals or the United States Congress

you could search using augmented reality as the keyword

Search engines list the most relevant results, or hits, on the first page

Each type of filter offers related features. For example, if you filter Google
search results to show only images, you can filter the images by size,
color, and usage rights, which indicate when you can use, share, or
modify the images you find online.

You can also refine a web search by using search operators, also called
Boolean operators, which are characters, words, or symbols that forcus
the search.

To broaden a search, you can use a word stem, which is the base of a
word.

Specialty search engine, which lets you search databases, news

providers, podcasts, and other online information sources that general
search engines do not always access.

If you copy a photo from the Internet and use it in a report, you might be
violating the photographer’s intellectual property rights, which are
legal rights protecting those who
create works such as photos, art, writing, inventions, and music.

A copyright gives authors and artists the legal right to sell, publish, or
distribute an original work

digital rights management (DRM), which are techniques such as

authentication,
copy protection, or encryption that limit access to proprietary materials.

public domain, which means that the item, such as a photo, is available
and accessible to the public without requiring permission to use, and
therefore not
subject to copyright

the United States fair use doctrine allows you to use a sentence or
paragraph of
text without permission if you include a citation to the original source.

Creative Commons (CC) is a nonprofit organization that helps content

creators keep
copyright to their materials while allowing others to use, copy, or
distribute their work.
Ethics is the set of moral principles that govern people’s behavior. Many
schools and other organizations post codes of conduct for computer use,
which can help you make ethical decisions while using a computer.

citation is a formal reference to a source, such as a published work.

citation style Instructors often direct you to use a particular citation

style, such as MLA, APA, or Chicago

plagiarism, which is using the work or ideas of someone else and

claiming them as your own.

paraphrase, which means to restate an idea using words different from

those
used in the original text, you are still trying to claim someone else’s idea
as your own.
1.Each webpage is assigned a(n) , an address that identifies the
location of the page on the Internet.
a. Internet Protocol (IP) b. uniform resource locator (URL)
c. top-level domain (TLD) d. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
2. In the web address www.microsoft.com, the “.com” is the
meaning .
a. web server name; World Wide Web
b. pathname; location of the webpage
c. top-level domain (TLD); commercial enterprise
d. domain name; name of the organization
3. (True or False) The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) sets
standards for webpage design.
4. A(n) website gathers, organizes, and then distributes web
content.
a. content aggregator b. media sharing
c. entertainment d. search engine
5. (True or False) You must be online to use web apps.
6. On a webpage, a provides supplemental material such as social
networking feeds and ads.
a. navigation bar b. header
c. footer d. sidebar
7. Which of the following indicates a secure website connection?
a. https in the URL b. http in the URL
c. the message “secure website” in the address bar d. a shield icon in
the address bar
8. Which of the following is an advantage of not e-commerce for
consumers?
a. You save time by visiting websites instead of stores.
b. You have little risk of having your credit card number intercepted.
c. You can choose goods from any vendor in the world.
d. You can shop no matter your location, time of day, or conditions.
9. Which of the following describes business-tobusiness (B2B) e-
commerce purchases?
a. The consumer is the decision maker. b. Pricing can vary for
each customer.
c. Customers bid on items being sold by other customers.
d. Customers can pick up the purchased item in a physical store.
10. A business-to-consumer (B2C) website tracks the items you
place in a shopping cart using .
a. an electronic wallet b. the Transport Layer Security (TLS)
protocol
c. crawlers d. cookies
11. (True or False) A digital coupon provides a promotional code
you enter when you check out and pay for online purchases.
12. If you have , you can evaluate whether information is
misleading, biased, or out of date.
a. information protocols b. technical proficiency
c. information security d. information literacy
13. (True or False) When you perform a search, a general search
engine searches the entire Internet.
14. Who or what creates the index for a web directory?
a. a digital spider b. a human editor
c. a wiki d. a search operator
15. Which search operator would you use to locate webpages
containing the exact phrase augmented reality , with words in the
same order?
a. augmented + reality b. – augmented reality
c. “augmented reality” d. ~augmented reality~
16. Which of the following is an example of a specialty search
engine?
a. Bing b. Wolfram Alpha
c. Google d. NexTag
17. Checking a website author’s credentials is one way to
establish a site’s .
a. copyright b. information literacy
c. credibility d. security
18. Which of the following lets you use a sentence or paragraph
of text without permission if you include a citation to its source?

a. fair use doctrine b. Creative Commons

c. CARS checklist d. citation style

19. Plagiarism is best defined as -------------

a. moral principles that govern our behavior b. the act of citing

sources
c. using another’s work and claiming it as your own

d. rights belonging to a work’s creator

 Chương 3:
In this module, you have learned to categoriz e the v arious types of
computer hardware. Computer hardware components include the central
processing unit (CPU), memory, input devices, and output devices. You
also learned how to identify the different types of memory such as random
access memory, read-only memory, and virtual memory. In addition, you
learned about processor logic and the four steps in the machine cycle:
fetching, decoding, executing, and storing. You learned that computers
represent data using binary, which consists of 0s and 1s. Various types of
computers exist, including all-in-ones, tablets, mobile devices, and
desktop computers. This module reviewed the pros and cons of using each
of these types of computers. The benefits of different types of storage,
including internal, external, and cloud-based storage, were also discussed.
You learned about hardware features that are necessary to consider when
purchasing a
computer for yourself, such as hardware requirements, selecting a form
factor, selecting a platform, and buying add-on devices. Input and output
devices are common types of computer hardware. Types of input devices
discussed in this module include keyboards, pointing devices,
touchscreens, pen input devices, cameras, scanners, game controllers,
and microphones. Types of output devices discussed in this module
include monitors, speakers, headphones, projectors, printers, and voice
output. In addition to learning about these devices, you also learned the
proper steps to install these devices. Finally, this module has discussed
the steps required to maintain and protect hardware components for
various types of computers and mobile devices. You can measure the
performance of computer hardware by determining a computer’ s clock
speed, bus speed, and buswidth. You also learned about benchmarking,
and how that can be a fairly accurate representation of how a computer
performs. This module also discussed how to restore devices and solve
common problems including restoring an operating system, solving
display problems, and updating device drivers.

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The central processing unit (CPU) is a complex integrated circuit

consisting of millions of electronic parts and is primarily responsible for
converting input (data) into meaningful output (information).

Processors with multiple cores are referred to as multi-core processors

processor cache stores this data next to the processor so that it can
easily and quickly be retrieved.

The control unit manages the flow of instructions within the processor,
The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is responsible for performing arithmetic
operations.

Random access memory (RAM) is stored on one or more chips

connected to the main
circuit board of the computer (also referred to as the motherboard), and
temporarily stores data needed by the operating system and apps you
use. RAM are lost when power is removed. Memory that loses its contents
when power is removed is said to be volatile. Memory that is
nonvolatile does not lose its contents when power is removed.

Read-only memory (ROM) is permanently installed on your computer

and is attached to the motherboard. The BIOS also performs a power-on
self test (POST), which tests all computer components for proper
operation. Computer manufacturers often update the instructions on the
ROM chip, which are referred to as firmware. These updated instructions,
or firmware version, can enable your computer to perform additional tasks
or fine-tune how your computer communicates with other devices.

When this takes place, your computer is said to be using virtual

memory.

The area of the hard drive temporarily used to store data that cannot fit in
RAM is called a swap file or paging file.

An input device communicates instructions and commands to a

computer. On a computer, the most common input device might be a
keyboard, which can communicate text and instructions

An output device conveys information from the computer to the user. On

a computer or mobile device, the most common output device might be
its display device.

A binary system is a number system that has two digits, 0 and 1. Each 0
or 1 is called a bit. A bit (short for binary digit) is the smallest unit of data
a computer can process. When 8 bits are grouped together, they form a
byte

ASCII is an 8-bit coding scheme, which means that 8 bits are used to
represent uppercase and lowercase letters, mathematical operators, and
logical operations.

Unicode is a 16-bit coding scheme that is an extension of ASCII and can

support more than 65,000 symbols and characters, including Chinese,
Japanese, Arabic, and other pictorial characters.

When using a computer, the most common storage medium is the internal
hard drive

A solid state drive (SSD) is a hard drive without moving parts, and is
faster and more durable than magnetic drives
External hard drives can add storage capacity to your computer, are
housed in a separate case, and typically connect to your computer using a
USB cable

Optical media include CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs (BDs), but their use
as storage media is declining.

Cloud storage involves storing electronic files on the Internet, not on a

local computer, a practice called storing data “in the cloud.”

all-in-one computer is similar to a desktop computer, but the monitor

and system unit are housed together

A desktop computer, typically consists of the system unit, monitor,

keyboard, and
mouse

A mobile device is a portable or handheld computing device, such as a

smartphone or a tablet, with a screen size of 10.1 inches or smaller.

A tablet is a small, flat computer with a touch-sensitive screen that

accepts input from a digital pen, stylus, or your fingertip

A computer’ splatform refers to the software, or operating system, it

uses.

The form factor refers to the shape and siz e of the computer. Not all
form factors may support the hardware you need.

A laptop, also called a notebook, is a portable computer that is smaller

than the average briefcase and light enough to carry comfortably

peripheral device, is a device such as a keyboard, mouse, printer, or

speakers that can connected to and extend the capability of a computer

A is a slot port on the computer where you can attach a peripheral

device.

A USB hub is an external device that contains many USB ports

Experiment with Input Devices

A keyboard is an input device that contains keys you can press to enter
letters, numbers, and symbols

A pointing device is used to point to and select specific objects on the

computer screen.

The mouse is the most common pointing device used with computers. A
mouse fits under your hand and can connect to your computer either with
a wire or wirelessly
A touchpad is a flat surface that is touch-sensitive, and you move your
finger around the touchpad to move the pointer on the screen

A trackball is a stationary pointing device with a ball anchored inside a

casing, as well as two or more buttons

A touchscreen is a display that lets you touch areas of the screen to

interact with software.

Multitouch screens can respond to multiple fingers touching the screen

simultaneously.

A stylus is a small device, shaped like a pen, that you can use to draw,
tap icons, or tap keys on an on-screen keyboard.

A digital pen is similar to a stylus, but is more capable because it has

programmable buttons.

A microphone is used to enter voice or sound data into a computer.

Cameras are input devices because they support you adding pictures or
videos to a computer.

Webcams which primarily are used for videoconferencing, chatting, or

online gaming

A scanner is an input device that converts an existing paper image into

an electronic file that you can open and work with on your computer.

A game controller is an input device you use when playing a video

game.

 A joystick is a handheld vertical lever, mounted on a base

 A gamepad is held in both hands and controls the movement and
actions of players or objects
 A dance pad is a flat, electronic device divided into panels
 A wheel is a type of game controller that mirrors the functionality
 A motion-sensing controller allows users to guide on-screen
elements with air gestures.

Experiment with Output Devices

Speakers are used to convey audio output, such as music, voice, sound
effects, or other
sounds.

Headphones consist of a pair of small listening devices that fit into a

band placed over your ears.

Earbuds are speakers that are small enough to place in your ears.
Headsets include one or more headphones for output, and a
microphone for input.

A printer creates hard copy output on paper, film, and other media. A
printer can be
connected to a computer via a cable, a network, or wirelessly

Projectors can display output from a computer on a large surface such as

a wall or screen

A voice synthesiz erconverts text to speech.

Some devices, called plug- and-play devices, will begin functioning

properly as soon as you connect them to your computer.

A device driver is a program that controls a device attached to your

computer, such as a printer, monitor, or video card.

clock speed measures the speed at which it can execute instructions.

The bus width determines the speed at which data travels, and is also
referred to as the word size.

benchmark is a test run by a laboratory or other organiz ation to

determine processor speed and other performance factors.

An uninterruptable power supply (UPS) is a short-term battery

backup that comes on automatically in case of power loss.

A surge suppressor is a device that prevents power fluctuations from

damaging electronic components.

When you restore an operating system, you are reverting all settings
back to their default, or migrating back to the operating system’ s
previous version

Video card is a circuit board that processes image signals. Consider

taking the computer to a professional for repair.

1.(True or False) Flash memory is a type of volatile memory.

2. (True or False) Volatile memory loses its contents when power
is removed.
3. (True or False) In an 8-bit coding scheme, 8 bits can represent
one character.
4. Which of the following storage devices requires an Internet
connection?
a. internal hard drive
b. cloud storage
c. solid state drive
d. flash memory
5. In which of the following types of computers is the system unit
in separate housing from the monitor?
a. desktop computer
b. all-in-one computer
c. laptop computer
d. tablet
6. (True or False) In general, a high-powered processor is not
necessary for a computer that will be used primarily to check
email and browse the web.
7. All of the following are pointing devices except:
a. trackball
b. touchpad
c. mouse
d. touchpointer
8. (True or False) Plotters are small, lightweight printers that
easily can be connected to mobile devices.
9. Which of the following tells your computer how to connect to
devices you might connect?
a. device manager
b. device driver
c. configuration manager
d. communication manager
10. (True or False) The speed at which data travels on a bus is
referred to as the word siz e.
11. Under which of the following circumstances might you be
most likely to contact a professional to repair your computer or
mobile device?
a. screen is broken
b. computer cannot synchroniz e with Bluetooth accessories
c. computer or device is too hot
d. printer will not print
12. (True or False) Uninterruptable power supplies and surge
suppressors will help protect your computer from power outages.
13. If you are experiencing display problems on your computer,
which of the following troubleshooting techniques might you
attempt first?
a. Contact a professional for assistance.
b. Replace the cables.
c. Check to see that all cables are properly connected.
d. Purchase a new monitor.
 CHƯƠNG 4:
In this module you have learned that system software is the software that
runs a computer, including the operating system and utilities. The
operating system manages the complete operation of your computer or
device and lets you interact with it. Operating systems come in three
basics types: desktop operating systems, server operating systems, and
mobile operating systems. Every program or app requires RAM, which is
the volatile and temporary storage for
open apps and data. An operating system uses buffers to manage the
process of turning input into output. You can customiz e elements of
system software, including the brightness or resolution of the screen and
adding a theme. You also can use the operating system to customiz e
hardware, such as the keyboard or pointing device, and to manage and
work with windows. An operating system controls the system resources,
such as the processor, storage space, and connected devices. User
accounts identify the resources a user can access.
You can compress files to save space or make them easier to send via
email. You can save files to your hard disk, a flash drive, or the cloud.
Every file has properties, such as its name, type, location, and siz e.
Within your file manager, you can move, copy, and delete folders.

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System software is the software that runs a computer, including the

operating system and utilities.

An operating system (OS) is a program that manages the complete

operation of your computer or mobile device and lets you interact with it.
An operating system also is called a platform.

graphical user interface (GUI), which is a collective term for all the
ways you interact with the device.

Utilities, which enable you to perform maintenance-type tasks related to

managing the computer or device.

Software as a Service (SaaS) is software that is distributed online for a

monthly subscription or an annual fee.

An operating system installed on a single computer is called a personal

computer (PC)

operating system, or a desktop operating system

Closed source programs keep all or some of the code hidden, enabling
developers to control and profit from the program they create.
Open source programs and apps (including operating systems) have no
restrictions from the copyright holder regarding modification and
redistribution.

A server operating system is a multiuser operating system because it

controls a
single, centraliz ed server computer that supportsmany users on
networked computers.

Virtualiz ationis the practice of sharing computing resources, such as

servers or storage devices, among computers and devices on a network.

Smartphones, tablets, and other mobile devices use a mobile operating

system.
The main workspace is called the desktop

window is a rectangular-shaped work area that displays an app or a

collection of files, folders, and tools. Every time you open a new program
or file, a new window opens.

menu is a list of related items, including folders, applications, and

commands.

Dialog boxes are windows with controls that let you tell the operating
system
how you want to complete a command.

A file is a collection of information stored on your computer

A data file contains words, numbers, and pictures that you can
manipulate.

An executable file contains the instructions your computer or device

needs to run programs and apps.

File format refers to the organiz ation and layout of data in a file

A file extension is three- or four-letter sequence, preceded by a period,

at the end of a file name that identifies the file as a particular type of
document

A folder is a named location on a storage medium that usually contains

related documents.

A library is a special folder that catalogs specific files and folders in a

central location, regardless of where the items are actually stored on your
device.
Memory of electronic components that store instructions waiting to be
executed by the processor, data needed by those instructions, and the
results of processing the data into information. A byte is the basic storage
unit in memory
Volatile memory is temporary, and loses its contents when the power is
turned off.

Nonvolatile memory is permanent, and its contents remain on the

computer or device even when it is turned off

RAM (random access memory) is the storage location that temporarily

stores open apps and document data while a computer or device is on.

Cache, which is a temporary storage area designed to help speed up

processing time.

Virtual memory is the capability of an operating system to temporarily

store data on a storage medium until it can be “ swapped” into RAM.

Flash memory is a type of nonvolatile memory that can be erased

electronically and rewritten.

boot process, which triggers a series of steps and checks as the

computer loads the operating system, executes a series of tests to check
the components, including the RAM, keyboard, and storage, and identifies
connected devices and checks their settings.

The kernel is the core of an operating system. It manages memory, runs

programs, and assigns resources.

Input is any data and instructions entered into the memory of a device.

Output: the information processed into a useful form is referred

A buffer is an area of memory that stores data and information waiting to

be sent to an input or output device.

Placing data into a buffer is called spooling.

Default settings are standard settings that control how the

screen is set up and how a document looks when you first start typing.

Shortcuts do not place the actual file, folder, or app on the desktop– it
still
remains in the location where it is saved on your computer or device.

A pointing device is a hardware device that lets you interact with your
computer by controlling the movement of the pointer on your computer
screen;
A Maximiz e buttonand Minimiz e buttonon the title bar enable you to
expand a
window so that it fills the entire screen or reduce a window so that it only
appears as an icon on the taskbar.

A Close button closes the open window, app, or document.

The Restore Down button reduces a window to its last non-maximized

size

The Active window is the window you are currently using, which appears
in front of any other open windows.

You can use two types of windows on a desktop: a program window

displays
a running program; a folder window displays the contents of a folder,
drive, or
device.
• A tile is a shaded rectangle, such as on the Windows Start menu,
that represents an app or other resource.
• A nicon is a small picture that represents a program, file, or hardware
device.
• A button is a graphic that you click to execute commands you need to
work with an app, such as on a toolbar, taskbar, or the ribbon.

disk cleanup utility, which finds and removes unnecessary files, such as
temporary Internet files or files in the Recycle Bin.

Control Panel is collection of utility programs that determine how

Windows appears and performs on your computer.

The Settings app contains touch-friendly categories of the most

commonly used
Windows settings; more advanced settings are found in the Control Panel.

A shortcut menu is a list of frequently used commands that relate to an

object, typically displayed by right-clicking; the commands on a shortcut
menu are related to the item you right-clicked.

A virtual machine enables a computer or device to run another

operating system in addition to the one installed.

User accounts identify the resources, such as apps and storage

locations, a user can access when working with the computer.

An administrator account provides full access to the computer.

Additional re er or device for work or recreation. Sponsibilities associated
with an administrator account include installing programs and apps,
adjusting security settings, and managing network access.

File size is usually measured inkilobytes (KB) (thousands of bytes of

data), megabytes (MB) (millions of bytes of data), or gigabytes (GB)
(billions of bytes of data). The more data, the larger the file, and the more
storage space it takes up.

The is a storage area located on a serv cloud er that you access through
the
Internet or a network.

Clipboard, which is a temporary Windows storage area that holds the

selections you copy or cut so you can use them later.
1. (True or False) An operating system is a program that
manages the complete operation of your computer or mobile
device and lets you interact with it.
2. GUI stands for ______ user interface.
a. Google
b. graphical
c. government
d. general
3. (True or False) A data file contains the instructions your
computer or device needs to run programs and apps.
4. (True or False) The operating system manages interactions
between hardware and software.
5. Which of the following is NOT true about RAM?
a. Every program and app requires RAM.
b. The system can assign virtual memory to function as RAM.
c. RAM is nonvolatile memory.
d. RAM stores open apps and document data while a computer or device
is on.
6. (True or False) The kernel is the core of an operating system.
7. ______ is any data and instructions entered into the memory.
a. Input
b. Information
c. Output
d. Objection
8. (True or False) A shortcut icon puts the actual file, folder, or
app on the desktop, removing it from the location where it is
saved on your computer or device
9. (True or False) CAPS LOCK is a sticky key.
10. The ______ window is the window you are currently using,
which appears in front of any other open windows.
a. active
b. forward
c. native
d. default
11. (True or False) When you move a file to the Recycle Bin or
Trash, it is permanently deleted.
12. Which of the following units measure millions of bytes of
data?
a. kilobytes
b. megabytes
c. gigabytes
d. terabytes
13. (True or False) When you work on a file using a web app,
changes are saved as you make them.
14. (True or False) File properties are the same no matter what
type of file.
15. What is the temporary Windows storage area that
a. the cloud holds items you copy or cut called?
b. the buffer
c. the Library
d. the Clipboard
16. (True or False) Moving or copying a folder affects all of the
contents of the folder.
17. (True or False) When you open the file manager you have
access to frequently or recently opened files and folders, favorite
files and folders, and the main folders on your computer or
device.