Integrated Engineering Team Project (IETP 4115)

Project Title: Design and Prototype of Car Toll Gate System

Project Proposal (GROUP-18)
Id Name Dept.
ETS1017/13 Natnael Meseret Werma Software Eng.
ETS0697/13 Kalkidan Kiros Molla Software Eng.
ETS0502/13 Feven Ayalew Electrical Eng.
ETS1571/13 Sosena Tadele Tedla Electrical Eng.
ETS0754/13 Lemi Nigisa Bikila Civil Eng.
ETS0353/13 Daniel Mulugeta Hailemariam Civil Eng.
ETS0612/13 Henok Birhanu Kelemu Electromechanical Eng.
ETS0578/13 Hamid Mulugebia Seid Electromechanical Eng.
ETS1100/13 Robel Getnet Shumye Mechanical Eng.
ETS0641/13 Hizkias Leykun Berhanu Mechanical Eng.

Submitted To: Advisor, Yemane Gebremeskel.

Submission Date: Dec 1, 2023.

 Design and Prototype of Car Toll Gate System

Table of Contents
CHAPTER-ONE ............................................................................................................................. 5

1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 5

1.1 Background analysis ........................................................................................................ 5

1.2 Problem of statement ........................................................................................................ 6

1.3 Objectives ......................................................................................................................... 7

1.3.1 General Objectives .................................................................................................... 8

1.3.2 Specific Objectives ................................................................................................... 8

1.4 Purpose and significance of the project............................................................................ 9

1.5 Scope of the project ........................................................................................................ 10

1.5.1 Project Exclusions ................................................................................................... 10

1.5.2 Application and Specific Use Cases ....................................................................... 10

1.6 Limitations and constraints ............................................................................................ 13

1.7 Organization of the project ............................................................................................. 13

CHAPTER-TWO .......................................................................................................................... 14

2. Literature Review.................................................................................................................. 14

2.1 RFID nature and implementation ................................................................................... 14

2.2 Security........................................................................................................................... 15

2.3 The issue of the integration of the RFID with the whole toll gate system. .................... 15

2.4 Sensor ............................................................................................................................. 15

2.5 Case studies and evaluations .......................................................................................... 16

CHAPTER-THREE ...................................................................................................................... 17

3. Methodology ......................................................................................................................... 17

3.1 Project approach ............................................................................................................. 18

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3.1.1 Hardware Setup:...................................................................................................... 18

3.1.2 Software Development: .......................................................................................... 18

3.1.3 System Workflow: .................................................................................................. 18

3.1.4 Testing and Validation: ........................................................................................... 19

3.2 Project Design ................................................................................................................ 19

3.2.1 Barrier Gate System ................................................................................................ 20

3.2.2 RFID Reader Mounting and Enclosure................................................................... 20

3.2.3 Vehicle Detection and Access Control Mechanisms .............................................. 20

3.2.4 Networking Infrastructure and Supporting Systems ............................................... 21

3.2.5 Safety and Emergency Features .............................................................................. 21

3.2.6 Serviceability and Maintenance .............................................................................. 21

3.3 Prototyping and Testing ................................................................................................. 21

3.4 Data collection technique ............................................................................................... 22

3.5 Methodology data analysis ............................................................................................. 22

3.6 Project Plan and Timeline .............................................................................................. 23

3.6.1 Task Allocation ....................................................................................................... 23

3.6.2 Project Flow ............................................................................................................ 26

3.6.3 Gantt Chart .............................................................................................................. 27

3.7 Risk Management ........................................................................................................... 27

3.7.1 Potential risks to be considered............................................................................... 28

3.7.2 Risk Management Strategies................................................................................... 29

3.8 Resources and materials required ................................................................................... 30

3.9 Budget ............................................................................................................................ 31

3.9.1 Cost Breakdown ...................................................................................................... 31

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 Design and Prototype of Car Toll Gate System

4. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 32

References ..................................................................................................................................... 33

List of Figure
Fig 1.1/ an example of car toll gate ................................................................................................ 6
Fig 3.1/flowchart representation of our project ........................................................................... 17
Fig 3.2/ Arduino connection diagram ........................................................................................... 19
Fig 3.3/ project flow of our project ............................................................................................... 26
Fig 3.4/ Project timeline for our project ....................................................................................... 27
Fig 3.5/ chart representation of risk management strategies ....................................................... 29

List of Table
Table 3.1/ Cost break-down .......................................................................................................... 32

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 Design and Prototype of Car Toll Gate System

CHAPTER-ONE

1. Introduction
In an era marked by rapid technological advancements, transportation systems face new challenges
that demand innovative solutions. The evolution of road network necessitates not only efficient
toll collection methods but also robust security measures, sustainable road funding models, and
comprehensive data and a transformative solution that revolutionize the way we approach
transportation management

A car toll system is a transportation management system that is designed to collect tolls or fees
from vehicles using specific roads, bridges, tunnels, or other infrastructure. The car toll system
typically involves the installation of toll collection points, which can be physical toll booths or
electronic gantries equipped with sensors and cameras. The car toll system addresses security
concerns in modern transportation by utilizing advanced technologies like encryption and secure
communication protocols. It also plays a crucial role in sustainable road funding, promoting
financial sustainability and facilitating targeted investments in infrastructure. The system also
provides real-time data on traffic patterns, congestion hot spots, and road network performance,
enabling efficient traffic flow optimization and improved transportation planning.

With its ability to integrate seamlessly with various payment methods and vehicle types, the Car
Toll System ensures widespread adoption and comprehensive data collection. This inclusive
ability allows authorities to gather a diverse range of data, including vehicle types, usage patterns,
and travel distances. Such data serves as a valuable resource for transportation planners, enabling
evidence-based decision-making, targeted policy formulation, and long-term infrastructure
planning.

1.1 Background analysis

William Vickrey, an economist, significantly influenced toll systems like the Car Toll System by
advocating for "value pricing," which sets tolls based on the benefits drivers derive from using a
specific road or infrastructure, aiming to optimize road usage and promote fairness in
transportation funding. The Car Toll System represents a significant advancement in transportation
management, offering a streamlined approach to toll collection and road funding. This innovative

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system incorporates secure payment mechanisms, and dynamic pricing models to enhance
efficiency, convenience, and sustainability. [1]

The traditional Car Toll System, before electronic methods, used manual toll collection processes,
with drivers stopping at toll booths to pay for tolls. This method generated revenue for road
maintenance and infrastructure development, but also faced human errors, security concerns, and
the need for toll operators. Despite these limitations, it played a crucial role in funding road
infrastructure. The Car Toll System addresses challenges by introducing dynamic pricing models
and data-driven decision-making, adjusting toll rates based on factors like traffic patterns and road
network performance, enabling efficient transportation planning and policy formulation.

Fig 1.1/ an example of car toll gate

1.2 Problem of statement

The existing car toll gate systems in operation face numerous limitations and challenges that
impede their effectiveness and efficiency. These issues highlight the necessity for a novel and
improved design, accompanied by a functional prototype, for a car toll gate system. The following
key problems are associated with existing toll gate systems:

1. Inaccurate Toll Collection

Human errors inherent in manual toll collection processes pose a substantial threat to the accuracy
of toll charges, resulting in financial losses for both toll operators and motorists. Instances of cash

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 Design and Prototype of Car Toll Gate System

miscounting, lost tickets, and malfunctioning toll machines further exacerbate inaccuracies,
leading to disputes and operational inefficiencies. The proposed system aims to eradicate these
inaccuracies by implementing automated toll collection technologies, mitigating errors and
ensuring precise toll charges. [2]

2. Security and Fraud Risks: The new toll system will introduce advanced security measures like
biometric identification and license plate recognition to enhance transaction integrity and deter
fraudulent activities.

3. Lack of Data Analytics: The proposed system utilizes advanced data analytics tools to provide
toll operators with real-time insights, enabling informed decision-making for toll fare adjustments,
resource allocation, and traffic management. [3]

4. Limited Payment Options: Many existing toll gate systems may have limited payment options,
restricting users to specific methods. The proposed system should offer a variety of payment
options, including contactless payments, mobile apps, and electronic wallets, to enhance user
convenience and accommodate diverse preferences.

5. Compatibility and Interoperability: The proposed toll gate system addresses challenges in
interoperability, focusing on standardized protocols and compatibility with diverse transportation
management systems to facilitate seamless integration and efficient toll operations.

6. Scalability and Future Expansion: The car toll gate system is designed for scalability,
adapting to future growth and traffic patterns. It incorporates advanced technologies, ensuring
longevity and relevance in toll collection. The system aims to streamline operations, enhance
accuracy, improve security, and provide real-time data analytic s, optimizing traffic flow and
revenue collection.

1.3 Objectives
The objective of designing and prototyping the car toll system for your project is aim to bring an
innovative solution that addresses the specific challenges and requirements identified in the toll
system industry. The aim is to create a car toll gate system that improves traffic flow, enhances
accuracy and efficiency in toll collection, strengthens security measures, and provides a seamless
experience for motorists.

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1.3.1 General Objectives

➢ Design and Prototype of Car Toll Gate System

1.3.2 Specific Objectives

The specific objectives of designing and prototyping a car toll gate system that aligns with the
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are:

➢ Conduct a comprehensive needs assessment to understand the requirements and challenges

of existing toll gate systems. Factors such as traffic volume, efficiency, user experience,
and revenue collection will be considered.
➢ Define clear and comprehensive system requirements based on the needs assessment.
Factors like scalability, security, reliability, compatibility with different vehicle types, and
integration with existing infrastructure will be taken into account.
➢ Create a well-structured project proposal that clearly communicates the purpose, scope,
methodology, expected outcomes, and potential impact of the car toll gate system. The
proposal will include a detailed budget and resource allocation plan.
➢ Design an intuitive and user-friendly interface that enables drivers to navigate the toll
gate system easily, make payments, and receive transaction feedback. The interface will be
designed to accommodate different user profiles and ensure accessibility and inclusivity.
➢ Develop a secure and efficient payment system that supports various payment methods,
including cash, electronic cards, and mobile payments. And also apply robust security
measures to protect user data and prevent fraud activities.
➢ Explore and integrate advanced technologies such as RFID to automate toll collection and
enhance the accuracy and speed of transactions.
➢ Prototype and Test: Develop a functional prototype of the toll gate system and conduct
rigorous testing to evaluate its performance, reliability, and usability. Test the system under
various scenarios, including high traffic volume and adverse weather conditions.
➢ Gather user feedback to identify areas for improvement and enhance usability.
➢ Prepare informative materials, including posters and a three-minute video, to showcase the
benefits and features of the car toll gate system.

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1.4 Purpose and significance of the project

This project aims to design and develop an automated toll gate system using RFID technology,
revolutionizing toll collection and data collection for road infrastructure development.

➢ Improve efficiency: The automated system is expected to significantly improve toll gate
efficiency by enabling faster vehicle processing, reducing waiting times, and improving
traffic flow.
➢ Improve accuracy: By automating and digitalizing the process, the system will minimize
errors caused by humans that are often associated with the manual process of toll collection,
ensuring a more accurate and reliable toll collection process.
➢ Enhance security: This system will leverage RFID tags, significantly enhancing security
at the toll gates by enabling a more effective and efficient system with less human
interaction, thereby aiding in security management.
➢ Optimize traffic management: The Toll Gate System improves traffic management by
implementing restrictions on unauthorized vehicles and variable toll pricing based on
location and time, eliminating human intervention.
➢ Streamline infrastructure development data collection: This automated system
revolutionizes infrastructure planning by eliminating manual data collection, minimizing
human error, and ensuring the timely acquisition of critical information for future projects.
➢ Promote public transport and environmentally friendly vehicles: Implementing a
variable toll rate for public transport and environmentally friendly vehicles can encourage
people to use or switch to these modes, promoting environmental sustainability
➢ Reduce waste and improve environmental quality: By relying on RFID tags, this system
effectively eliminates the need for plastic paper materials used on manual toll gates and
improves air quality by improving traffic flow.
➢ Improve scalability and adaptability: By eliminating unnecessary steps in the process
and significantly improving the fundamental operations, this system provides better
compatibility with diverse locations and technologies than manual toll collection systems.

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1.5 Scope of the project

1.5.1 Project Exclusions
➢ Physical infrastructure and installation: The project scope focuses on the design,
development, and implementation of the automated toll collection system prototype, not
the physical infrastructure or installation aspects.
➢ Integration with existing toll collection systems: The project scope primarily focuses on
developing a standalone prototype system and doesn't explicitly address integration with
existing toll collection systems or networks. This may require additional considerations
and modifications for seamless integration.
➢ Real-time data management and analysis: The project scope outlines the establishment
of a data storage system but doesn't explicitly include real-time data management and
analysis functionalities. This may require additional development efforts in the future.
➢ Image recognition for vehicle identification: The project scope doesn't include the
implementation of image recognition capabilities for vehicle identification. This feature
could be considered for future enhancements.
➢ Backend system integration: The project's scope primarily focuses on prototype
development, neglecting backend system integration, potentially necessitating additional
development efforts for centralized data management and analysis.
➢ Deployment and operation plans: The project primarily focuses on prototype
development and documentation, excluding detailed deployment and operation plans. It
includes site selection, equipment installation, system integration, maintenance procedures,
and operational staff training.
The project focuses on core functionality and prototype development of an automated toll
collection system, prioritizing solid foundation before expanding into complex features, ensuring
effective completion within constraints.

1.5.2 Application and Specific Use Cases

The proposed automated toll collection system offers a versatile solution applicable to a wide range
of transportation scenarios, each with its own unique benefits and contributions to improved traffic
management and infrastructure development.

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➢ Highways and Existing Toll Gates: On highways and existing toll roads, the system can
replace the current infrastructure to efficiently collect tolls, reducing congestion and
improving traffic flow. This streamlined process eliminates the need for manual toll booths,
minimizing delays and enhancing overall traffic management.
➢ Bridges and Tunnels: In bridges and tunnels, the system can effectively collect tolls from
vehicles, eliminating the need for space-consuming toll booths that often hinder traffic
flow. This space optimization, especially in congested urban areas, translates to reduced
delays, improved safety, and a more seamless user experience.
➢ Parking Lots: The system automates parking fee collection, eliminating the hassle of
traditional ticketing systems. This automated solution reduces the risk of lost or stolen
tickets, streamlines the parking process, and enhances overall user convenience.
➢ Facility Entry Points: At facility entry points, the system enhances security by
automatically registering every passing vehicle, ensuring accurate record-keeping, and
facilitating access control measures.
➢ Roads with Strict Policies: On roads with specific restrictions, such as weight limits for
trucks, the system can automatically detect and reject vehicles that do not meet the specific
requirements. This automated enforcement helps to protect road infrastructure, prevent
accidents, and ensure compliance with regulations.
➢ Roads with security regulation: On roads with extra security regulation, this system helps
law enforcement register driver data and check legal clearance.
➢ Roads with Crucial Traffic Data: On roads with crucial traffic data that can help
infrastructure development, the system automatically records passing vehicles, providing
a comprehensive and reliable data source. This data can inform road improvement projects,
traffic signal optimization, and the development of sustainable transportation strategies.
➢ Local Access Roads: To promote environmentally friendly vehicles and public
transportation, cities can implement the system on local access roads. This targeted
approach encourages the use of sustainable modes of transportation, reducing congestion
and promoting a greener urban environment.

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Direct Stakeholders:

➢ Ministry of Transportation: The Ministry of Transportation, as the governing body for

transportation infrastructure development, will play a crucial role in evaluating and
potentially implementing the proposed automated toll collection system.
➢ Department of Road Transport and Highways: The Department of Road Transport and
Highways will implement a system to improve traffic flow and optimize toll collection
processes, ensuring seamless integration and maximum benefits.
➢ Toll Road Operators: Toll road operators stand to gain from enhanced efficiency, reduced
costs, and potential revenue growth. Their input is crucial for integrating the system with
existing infrastructure and optimizing user experience.
➢ Software Development, System Integrators, and RFID Technology Companies:
Transportation software companies, system integration specialists, and RFID companies
will benefit from showcasing their skills and advancing technology, while RFID companies
will gain a new market.

Academic Stakeholders:

➢ Academic Advisor: The primary stakeholder, the college advisor, will provide guidance
and support throughout the project, ensuring it aligns with academic goals and contributes
to the overall learning experience. Academic advisor feedback will be invaluable in
refining the project methodology, strengthening its academic rigor, and ensuring relevancy.
➢ Faculty Members: Relevant faculty members with expertise in the chosen field of study
can provide valuable insights and feedback. Their involvement can significantly enhance
the academic value and impact of the project.

Indirect Stakeholders:

➢ Drivers: The system's primary users, motorists, will benefit from reduced congestion,
improved traffic flow, and streamlined toll payment processes, providing valuable
feedback for operational efficiency and overall driving experience.
➢ Businesses: Transportation-dependent businesses will benefit from improved traffic flow
and efficiency. Their insights will be valuable in optimizing supply chains.

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➢ Residents: Residents will benefit from reduced congestion and improved air quality.

1.6 Limitations and constraints

Limitation and constraint of the car toll gate system and automated toll collection project:-

✓ The initial cost of implementation: The main limitation of implementing a car toll gate
system and automated toll collection is the cost involved. The initial investment required
to set up the infrastructure, equipment, and software can be significant.
✓ The installation of the necessary infrastructure such as: This includes the installation of
cameras, sensors, toll booths, and other hardware, as well as the development of software
to manage the system. Ongoing maintenance and support costs also need to be factored in.
✓ The potential for technical issues or malfunctions, which could lead to delays or even
accidents.
✓ Regular maintenance and testing of the system is necessary to ensure its proper functioning.

There may be concerns around privacy and data security, particularly if the system collects
personal information from drivers. Appropriate measures must be taken to protect this information
and ensure that it is not misused.

1.7 Organization of the project

The project involves a team of experts in software, electrical, mechanical, electromechanical, and
civil engineering, working closely with government agencies for compliance with regulations and
standards. The organization depends on size, complexity, technology, and security measures.

• Stakeholder engagement: Collaboration between government agencies, private

companies, and community groups is essential to ensure the project meets the needs of all
stakeholders.
• Technology selection: The selection of technology should be based on its effectiveness,
reliability, and security features. It is important to choose technology that can be easily
integrated with existing systems and is scalable for future growth.
• Security measures: Security is critical for the success of the project. Measures such as
encryption, authentication, and access controls should be implemented to protect user data
and prevent unauthorized access.

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• Revenue allocation: Revenue generated from toll collection should be allocated to

infrastructure improvements that benefit disadvantaged communities and promote
sustainable development goals.

By considering these factors, the organization of a car toll gate system and automated toll
collection project can contribute to several sustainable development goals, including sustainable
cities and communities, reduced inequalities, climate action, and partnerships for the goals.

❖ Partnerships for the Goals: The implementation of toll systems often requires
collaboration between different stakeholders, including government agencies, private
companies, and community groups. This collaboration can help to build partnerships and
promote sustainable development goals.

CHAPTER-TWO

2. Literature Review
To ensure as old foundation for this project a comprehensive literature review will be conducted.
The review will encompass articles, research papers, and industry reports related to electronic and
RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) - based toll gate systems. The literature review will provide
valuable insights, help identify best practices, and guide the decision - making process throughout
the project-key areas of focus for the literature review includes:

2.1 RFID nature and implementation

RFID technology in toll systems offers benefits such as improved efficiency, cost savings,
enhanced vehicle identification, and convenience for users. It reduces waiting times, increases
vehicle passing through gates, eliminates manual handling, and ensures accurate vehicle
identification, preventing revenue loss and disputes. However, it also presents challenges and
requires careful implementation. RFID technology in toll systems requires significant
infrastructure investment, requiring better designs than existing infrastructures. Standardization of
RFID tag types and protocols is crucial for seamless integration across different systems. Security
and privacy of user data must be ensured.

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Toll authorities must assess road passage infrastructure, plan RFID reader installation, and
consider factors like coverage range, tag reading speed, and system scalability. Establishing a
reliable system for RFID tag distribution and management, integrating with back-end systems, and
following interoperability standards are crucial. User awareness campaigns, guides, and support
channels are essential for educating drivers about RFID technology and resolving issues.

2.2 Security
Electronic toll collection (ETC) systems prioritize security measures to protect user data, prevent
fraud, maintain system integrity, and maintain public trust. These include robust authentication
procedures, secure login for administrators, toll operators, and users, and access control
mechanisms.

Encryption is a crucial security measure in ETC systems, protecting sensitive data and preventing
unauthorized access. Secure communication protocols ensure data transmission between servers
and devices. Fraud Detection and Prevention measures, such as detection, pattern recognition, and
machine learning, detect and prevent fraudulent activities. Regular security assessments and
awareness of emerging threats are essential for maintaining robust system security.

2.3 The issue of the integration of the RFID with the whole toll gate system.
To integrate prepaid toll payment systems with RFID technology, users must first set up a prepaid
account, load funds in advance, and link their RFID tags to their accounts. RFID tags are
distributed through toll plazas, customer service centers, or online orders, with unique identifiers.
RFID reader installation is needed at toll plazas and gantries, ensuring compatibility with RFID
technology. Back end integration is crucial for validating prepaid account status and deducting toll
amounts. Tag registration and activation are necessary for seamless toll payment.

The Toll Deduction Process involves a vehicle with an RFID tag passing through a toll plaza,
allowing RFID readers to verify the tag's unique identifier and deduct the appropriate toll amount
from the user's prepaid account. A Testing and Pilot Phase is crucial for successful implementation.

2.4 Sensor
Infrared proximity sensors are widely used in toll gate systems for precise vehicle detection and
gate control. These sensors can be installed at the sides of toll gates to detect approaching vehicles

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and activate the gate accordingly. They enable automated toll collection, classify vehicles based
on size, and contribute to safety and security by detecting vehicles in real-time. They can also be
integrated with access control systems to regulate entry and exit at toll gates and prevent
unauthorized access. Infrared sensors also provide valuable data for traffic analysis, congestion
management, and infrastructure planning. Their widespread use and proven effectiveness make
them crucial in optimizing toll gate operations and improving transportation efficiency.

2.5 Case studies and evaluations

There have been several case studies and evaluations of similar projects implemented in different
regions. The following few examples are:

➢ Singapore's ERP system uses gantry-mounted sensors to charge tolls based on distance
traveled and time of day.

➢ The E-Z Pass system in the US uses RFID technology and sensors to automatically collect
tolls as vehicles pass through designated lanes.

India has implemented sensor-based tolling systems like the F as tag system, which reduce travel
time, improve toll collection efficiency, and reduce corruption. These case studies offer insights
into the implementation, operation, and impact of sensor-based tolling systems, providing lessons
learned and best practices for future projects.

The article discusses toll gate lanes, which have two main operating modes: manual and automatic.
Manual mode involves manual operation, while automatic mode uses a toll station's mote terminal
for monitoring. Free mode allows vehicles to pass without classification and payment, with each
assigned a free payment method. Automatic mode uses transponders, which are RFID technology.
The article focuses on toll system modes, charging methods, and equipment, but mentions the use
of high-sensitivity cameras and infrared spot lights for vehicle classification. Sensor-based gate
activation mechanisms are not mentioned, but an inductive presence loop records vehicles on the
payment axis.

This article analyzes car toll gate systems in Russia, focusing on their operational details and
characteristics. It discusses the stages of passing through lane modes, transport capacity, and the
purpose of lane equipment elements. The selection of toll system and gate locations is based on

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economic feasibility, traffic flow structure, and traffic interchanges. The article emphasizes
maximizing profits from toll road operations.

CHAPTER-THREE

3. Methodology
This project aims to create an Arduino-based car toll system, automating the toll collection process,
accurately detecting vehicles, calculating toll fares, and facilitating seamless payment transactions.
Vehicle owners must register their vehicles with the Road Transport Authority, who assign a
unique RFID-enabled tag to each vehicle. The owner deposits a minimum amount to maintain
transaction history. When a registered vehicle approaches a toll booth, Infrared sensors detect the
vehicle's presence, activate the RFID circuit, and the transaction begins. The software updates
details in a centralized database server, generates bills, and sends a text message to the user. Any
vehicle with the same ID as a stolen vehicle is easily identified.

Fig 3.1/flowchart representation of our project

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3.1 Project approach

3.1.1 Hardware Setup:
➢ Arduino Board: Select a suitable Arduino board (e.g., Arduino Uno) as the central
controller for the toll system.
➢ RFID Reader: Integrate an RFID reader to identify vehicles equipped with RFID tags.
➢ Sensors: Install sensors (e.g., ultrasonic or infrared) to detect the presence of vehicles at
the toll booth.
➢ Display Unit: Connect an LCD or LED display unit to provide real-time information to
drivers and toll operators.
➢ Communication Module: Include a communication module (e.g., GSM/GPRS) for
transmitting data to the central server and processing online payments.

3.1.2 Software Development:

➢ Arduino Programming: Develop the firmware for the Arduino board to handle RFID tag
detection, sensor input, display output, and communication with the server.
➢ Data-Storage Mechanism: Create a database or other file system to store vehicle
information, toll rates, and transaction records.
➢ User Interface: Design a user-friendly interface for toll operators to monitor and manage
the system.

3.1.3 System Workflow:

➢ Vehicle Detection: The system will use sensors to detect the presence of a vehicle at the
toll booth.
➢ RFID Tag Identification: If a vehicle is detected, the RFID reader will scan the vehicle's
RFID tag to identify its unique identifier.
➢ Toll Calculation: Using the RFID tag information, the system will retrieve the vehicle's
details from the database and calculate the toll fare based on distance traveled or other
factors.
➢ Display and Payment: The toll fare will be displayed to the driver on the display unit, and
payment options will be presented (e.g., cash, card, or online payment).

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➢ Transaction Processing: Once the payment is made, the system will update the transaction
records and provide a receipt if necessary.
➢ Data Transmission: The system will transmit the transaction data to the central server for
further processing and reporting.

3.1.4 Testing and Validation:

➢ Conduct extensive testing of the hardware and software components to ensure proper
functionality and reliability.
➢ Validate the accuracy of toll fare calculations and payment processing.
➢ Verify the system's performance under different traffic conditions and scenarios.

Arduino connection diagram

Fig 3.2/ Arduino connection diagram

3.2 Project Design

Designing and integrating mechanical components for a car toll gate system involves the creation
of robust and reliable physical elements that contribute to the smooth operation of the entire
system. Here's a detailed breakdown of the key mechanical components and the integration
process:

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3.2.1 Barrier Gate System

➢ Barrier Arm Design: Design a durable and lightweight barrier arm, considering factors
such as length, material strength, and weather resistance. Material options may include
aluminum, steel, or reinforced composite materials.
➢ Traffic Flow Management: The barrier gate system must effectively regulate the flow of
vehicles, opening to allow passage for authorized vehicles and closing to restrict
unauthorized access.
➢ Speed and Response Time: The system should be designed to operate swiftly, minimizing
wait times for vehicles while maintaining safety and security measures.
➢ Durability and Weather Resistance: Barrier gates need to withstand continuous operation
and varying weather conditions, so the selection of materials and components is crucial.
➢ Actuation System: Select and design the mechanism for raising and lowering the barrier
arm. This may involve a motorized system, hydraulic actuator, or pneumatic mechanism,
depending on the specific requirements and operational environment.
➢ Control Mechanism Integration: Integrate the mechanical elements with the overall control
and automation system, ensuring that the barrier arm operates in synchronization with user
authentication signals and access control mechanisms.

3.2.2 RFID Reader Mounting and Enclosure

➢ Mounting Infrastructure: Design the mounting infrastructure for RFID readers, ensuring
stable and secure positioning within the toll booth structure.
➢ Environmental Protection: Create protective enclosures for RFID readers to shield them
from environmental elements such as moisture, dust, and temperature variations.
➢ Cabling and Connections: Plan for the integration of power and data cabling to connect the
RFID readers with the central control system and the vehicle identification infrastructure.

3.2.3 Vehicle Detection and Access Control Mechanisms

➢ Physical Mounting: Plan the physical mounting of the sensors, ensuring proper alignment
with vehicle traffic lanes and suitable environmental protection.
➢ Interface with Control System: Integrate the mechanical components of vehicle detection
with the central control system, establishing seamless communication and data exchange.

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3.2.4 Networking Infrastructure and Supporting Systems

➢ Cable Management: Plan for the integration and routing of power and data cables for
various mechanical components, ensuring organized and efficient cable management.
➢ Environmental Sealing: Consider environmental sealing and protection for cables and
connectors to safeguard against moisture and temperature fluctuations.

3.2.5 Safety and Emergency Features

➢ Emergency Release Mechanism Integration: Design and integrate emergency release
mechanisms for the barrier gate system, ensuring quick and reliable operation in emergency
situations.
➢ Safety Considerations: Collaborate with safety engineers to ensure that mechanical
components meet and adhere to relevant safety standards and regulations.

3.2.6 Serviceability and Maintenance

➢ Accessibility for Maintenance: Design mechanical components with consideration for easy
access and serviceability, simplifying maintenance and inspection efforts.
➢ Component Longevity: Select materials and components known for longevity and
reliability to minimize the frequency of maintenance and replacement.

3.3 Prototyping and Testing

The prototype and testing approach enables the refinement and optimization of the car toll gate
system before its implementation, resulting in a more robust and user-friendly solution. These
approaches are:

➢ Prototype Development: design and develop a functional prototype of a car toll gate system,
implementing core features like vehicle detection, toll calculation, payment processing, and
gate operation using RFID, sensors, and software applications.

➢ Usability Testing: to evaluate the prototype's usability, set tasks, collect feedback, and spot
usability problems like unclear interfaces or challenging task completion, conduct usability
testing on a varied user group.

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➢ Functionality Testing: functionality of the prototype is tested by building test cases that cover
various parts of the toll gate system. To guarantee precise and effective operation, results are
documented and flaws are found and fixed.

➢ Performance Testing: Conduct performance testing on a prototype car toll gate system,
examining traffic volumes and response times to pinpoint bottlenecks, latency problems, and
performance constraints for improvement.

➢ Integration Testing: integrate car toll gate system components, test hardware-software
interoperability, verify subsystem interoperability, and validate data flow and communication
for seamless operation and accurate information exchange.

➢ Security Testing: perform security testing to find weaknesses, make sure the system is
resilient, evaluate security solutions that are still in the prototype stage, carry out penetration
testing, and confirm that industry standards and legal requirements are being followed.

➢ User Acceptance Testing: during user acceptance testing, representative users are
incorporated into a real-world setting. Feedback on expectations, dependability, and level of
satisfaction is gathered, and the prototype is refined and improved accordingly.

➢ Iterative Development: refine the prototype's functionality and design based on feedback
from different testing techniques to make sure it satisfies requirements and desired outcomes.
Repeat testing as necessary.

3.4 Data collection technique

The data collection instrument will be surveying, interviews, field observation, existing data
analysis, prototype testing, social media, and more literature reviews.

3.5 Methodology data analysis

The data analysis process will provide valuable insights into the car toll gate system, enabling
informed decision-making, system improvements, and policy changes. This methodology data
analysis follows this methods:

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➢ Data Collection: collect data from users, toll gate operators, and stakeholders using
surveys, interviews, and field observations to understand user preferences, expectations,
and system performance.
➢ Data Preprocessing: remove duplicates, maintain consistency, clean up the data and apply
data reduction techniques and transform data into suitable analysis formats to handle
enormous data sets efficiently.
➢ Performance Evaluation: the car toll gate system's performance will be evaluated through
data analysis, benchmark comparison, and user feedback surveys to assess efficiency and
effectiveness.
➢ Data Visualization: visualize data and findings using charts, graphs, or dashboards to
communicate key insights, identify trends, and track system performance metrics over time
for improvement.
➢ Interpretation and Conclusion: the outcomes of the data analysis will be examined, and
judgments will be made regarding the car toll gate system, along with suggestions for
improvements, process optimization s, or policy modifications.

3.6 Project Plan and Timeline

3.6.1 Task Allocation
Here we tried to show the general tasks allocated for each individual team members respective
to their field of study.

1. Software Department

➢ Members Name: Natnael Meseret and Kalkidan Kiros.

➢ Task
• Responsible for writing a software program that controls the operation of the toll
gate.
• Manage the e-portfolio, develop a task allocation plan and establish a weekly
progress tracking mechanism on the e-portfolio.
• Organize and assemble project documentation by ensuring documentation adheres
to IEEE standards.

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➢ Resource Requirement: Skilled software engineers, Arduino IDE, programming

languages (C/C++), and also may need web development tools.

2. Electrical Department

➢ Members name: Feven Yohannes and Sosena Tadele.

➢ Tasks
• System Design: we collaborate with other engineering departments to design
the car toll gate mechanism, ensuring the integration of electrical components,
determining power requirements, selecting suitable parts, and building
infrastructure.
• Power Distribution: We collaborate with other engineering departments to
design the car toll gate mechanism, ensuring electrical component integration,
power requirements determination, suitable parts selection, and infrastructure
construction.
• Control System: we create and design the system’s control system, which
governs how it operates.
• Sensor Integration: This project makes use of a variety of sensors. We are
in charge of incorporating these sensors into the overall system architecture.
To deliver precise and trustworthy data, we make sure there is adequate conne
ctivity and interface with the control system.
• Maintenance and verify that electrical components are operating as
intended: we assist in the detection and correction of electrical problems.
➢ Resource Requirement: Skilled electrical engineers.

3. Electro-mechanical Department

➢ Members name: Henok Birhanu and Hamid Mulugebia.

➢ Tasks
• System Design and Integration: We will design and integrate the car toll
system architecture, collaborating with software and electrical engineers to
ensure seamless integration of Arduino-based components.

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• Hardware Selection and Integration: We will be responsible for selecting

and configuring the appropriate Arduino boards, sensors, actuators, and other
hardware components required for the toll system.
• Sensor Integration: we will integrate various sensors into the toll system to
detect and monitor vehicles. This include ultrasonic sensors and RGID reader
to detect the presence and movement of vehicles at toll gates.
• Actuator Integration: We will design and implement mechanisms for
controlling barriers, gates, or other physical components for toll collection,
connecting them to an Arduino board and developing control algorithms for
smooth operation.
➢ Resource Requirement: Skilled electrical engineers and Proteus software.

4. Civil Department

➢ Members name: Lemi Nigisa and Daniel Mulugeta.

➢ Tasks
• Responsible for making the platform and closure of the prototype.
• research and suggest perfect locations to implement the design in real life
➢ Resource Requirement: Skilled civil engineers, material for the platform and closure
of the system, knowledge and experience in transportation system.

5. Mechanical Department

➢ Members name: Robel Getnet and Hizkias Leykun.

➢ Tasks
• Responsible for the design and integration of physical components such as
barrier gates, RFID readers and associated mechanisms. They ensure that these
components are robust, durable, and capable of withstanding continuous
operation under various weather conditions.
• Creating a Computer-Aided Design (CAD) for a car toll gate system by detailed
planning, accurate measurements, and precise modeling to develop a

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comprehensive representation of the physical and mechanical aspects of the toll

gate infrastructure.
➢ Resource Requirement: Skilled mechanical engineers, Solid-Work software.

3.6.2 Project Flow

Fig 3.3/ project flow of our project

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3.6.3 Gantt Chart

Fig 3.4/ Project timeline for our project

3.7 Risk Management

The design and prototype of an automatic toll gate system using RFID, Arduino and other
technology, like any project, comes with its own set of risks. It’s crucial to identify these risks
early on and develop strategies to manage them effectively. Therefore, mitigation strategies will
be developed for each risk.
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3.7.1 Potential risks to be considered

1. Technological Risks: There are always risks associated with hardware or software failure,
system errors, or technical glitches. To mitigate these, the project will include thorough
testing and validation stages to identify and address any technical issues before the system
is fully developed and there will be full documentation of the prototype and each
component of the system to be used for regular system checks and maintenance after
development. [3]
2. Security risks: Automated toll gate systems collect comprehensive vehicle and driver data,
including license plate numbers and travel patterns. This data can be utilized for individual
tracking and movement monitoring. To mitigate potential risks associated with data
misuse, access to the database should be strictly restricted to authorized personnel only.
3. User Acceptance Risks: There is a risk that users (both toll operators and motorists) may
resist the change to an automated system. To mitigate this risk, the system will have a very
user-friendly interface and user feedback will be sought throughout the project to identify
and address any concerns or issues.

4. Schedule Risk:

• Delays in procurement and delivery of required equipment and materials.

• Underestimation of the time required for system development, testing, and
integration.
• Dependencies on external factors, such as permits or approvals, causing schedule
disruptions.
5. Financial Risk:
• Budget overruns due to unforeseen expenses or changes in project scope.
• Fluctuating costs of hardware, software, and infrastructure components.
• Inaccurate cost estimation leading to insufficient funds for project completion.
6. Stakeholder Risk:
• Resistance or lack of cooperation from key stakeholders, such as government
authorities or toll road operators.
• Misalignment of expectations and requirements between stakeholders and the
project team.
• Inadequate involvement or support from stakeholders, affecting project progress.
7. Operational Risk:
• System failures or malfunctions during peak traffic periods.
• Insufficient user training and support leading to confusion or errors in system usage.
• Inadequate maintenance and monitoring procedures, resulting in downtime or
performance issues.

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8. Legal and Regulatory Risk:

• Non-compliance with applicable laws, regulations, and industry standards.
• Changes in regulations during the project timeline, requiring system modifications or
updates.
• Legal disputes or litigation related to intellectual property rights or contractual
obligations.

It is important to note that these risks are not exhaustive, and a comprehensive risk assessment
should be conducted during the project planning phase. The project team should develop
appropriate risk mitigation strategies and contingency plans to address these risks effectively.
Regular monitoring, communication, and adaptation of risk management strategies throughout the
project lifecycle are crucial for successful project execution.

3.7.2 Risk Management Strategies

Fig 3.5/ chart representation of risk management strategies

1. Identification of Risks:

• Technology Risks: Incompatibility, technical challenges, lack of expertise.

• Schedule Risks: Delays in procurement and development time underestimation.
• Financial Risks: Budget overruns, fluctuating costs. - Security Risks: System
vulnerabilities, data breaches.

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• Stakeholder Risks: Resistance, misalignment of expectations. - Operational Risks: System

failures, insufficient user training.

2. Risk Assessment:

• Evaluate the likelihood and impact of each identified risk.

• Prioritize risks based on their potential impact on project objectives, timeline, and
budget.
• Assign a risk rating to each risk, considering both its likelihood and impact.

3. Risk Mitigation Strategies:

• Technology Risks: Conduct research, engage experts.

• Schedule Risks: Develop a realistic schedule, monitor progress.
• Financial Risks: Detailed cost estimation, establish contingency reserves.
• Security Risks: Implement security measures, comply with regulations.
• Stakeholder Risks: Foster communication, collaborate closely.
• Operational Risks: Conduct thorough testing, provide user training.

4. Risk Monitoring and Control:

• Regularly review and reassess identified risks throughout the project lifecycle.
• Implement risk mitigation strategies as planned and monitor their effectiveness.
• Establish a risk management plan to guide the project team in identifying, assessing,
and responding to new risks.
• Maintain open lines of communication among project team members and stakeholders
to promptly address emerging risks.
• Document and learn from past risks and mitigation strategies for future projects.

By incorporating a comprehensive risk management approach into the project proposal for the
design and prototype of an automatic toll gate system, the project team can proactively identify,
assess, and mitigate potential risks, thereby increasing the chances of project success and
minimizing negative impacts.

3.8 Resources and materials required

The materials to be used for the project are:

➢ Arduino UNO

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➢ Infrared sensor
➢ LCD
➢ RFID reader and tags/card
➢ Keypad
➢ Servo motor
➢ Resistor
➢ Jumper wires
➢ line PCB A4 size
➢ Power supply
➢ LED lights
➢ Enclosure

3.9 Budget
3.9.1 Cost Breakdown
Table 3.Materials Unit(S) Unit Price Total Price

Arduino UNO 1 3000* 3000*

Infrared sensor 2 520 1040

LCD 1 780 780

RFID reader and 1 845* 845*

tags/card

Keypad 1 520 520

Servo motor 1 624 624

Resistor 10 10 100

Jumper wires 50 10 500

line PCB A4 size 1 520 520

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Power supply 12v- 1 650 650

2A

LED lights 10 13 130

Enclosure 1 1000 1000

Overall Price = 9709 Birr

*-price may change

Table 3.1/ Cost break-down

4. Conclusion
In conclusion, through the integration of cutting-edge technologies, the proposed car toll gate
system seeks to optimize traffic flow, streamline toll payment, and improve user experience. Data
analysis, system performance, and traffic patterns are all gathered through testing, prototype
development, and user needs. A working toll gate system will be produced throughout the
prototype development phase, guaranteeing security, performance, usability, and integration.
Benefits of the system include increased accuracy in toll collecting, decreased traffic, and customer
convenience. By automating the toll payment procedure, it reduces wait times and enhances the
quality of the travel experience. Toll rates and policies can be optimized with the use of
sophisticated data analysis tools. The suggested approach has the power to completely transform
the tolling business and make transportation more fun and sustainable for all parties involved.

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References

[1] W. K. T. Bhagwant Persaud, ntelligent Transportation Systems: Principles and Practice,

2019.

[2] J. Z. Y. &. W. W. (. Gao, Automated Toll Collection Technologies: A Review and

Comparative Analysis., 2020.

[3] L. C. H. &. L. Z. Wang, Real-time Data Analytics for Toll Operations Optimization., 2019.

[4] M. M. Bissonette, Project Risk Management: A Practical Guide to Managing Project Risks,
Wiley, 2011.

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