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sql command

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3 views

sql command

Uploaded by

arpit.tripathi0610
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SQL(structured query language)

commands

1. Data Definition Language (DDL)

Defines and manages the database structure.

 CREATE: Creates new objects like databases or tables.


Example:

CREATE TABLE employees (

id INT PRIMARY KEY,

name VARCHAR(50),

age INT,

department VARCHAR(50)

);

 ALTER: Modifies existing database structures.


Example:

ALTER TABLE employees ADD salary DECIMAL(10, 2);

 DROP: Deletes a table or other objects.


Example:

DROP TABLE employees;

 TRUNCATE: Removes all rows from a table, resetting it.


Example:

TRUNCATE TABLE employees;

2. Data Manipulation Language (DML)

Handles the data in the database.

 SELECT: Retrieves data from tables.


Example:

SELECT name, age FROM employees WHERE department = 'HR';


 INSERT: Adds new rows to a table.
Example:

INSERT INTO employees (id, name, age, department, salary)

VALUES (1, 'John Doe', 30, 'HR', 50000);

 UPDATE: Modifies existing data in a table.


Example:

UPDATE employees

SET salary = 55000

WHERE id = 1;

 DELETE: Removes specific rows from a table.


Example:

DELETE FROM employees WHERE age > 60;

3. Data Query Language (DQL)

Primarily involves data retrieval (subset of DML).

 SELECT: Queries data from one or more tables.


Example:

SELECT * FROM employees;

4. Data Control Language (DCL)

Manages access and permissions.

 GRANT: Grants permissions to users.


Example:

GRANT SELECT, INSERT ON employees TO user123;

 REVOKE: Removes granted permissions.


Example:

REVOKE INSERT ON employees FROM user123;

5. Transaction Control Language (TCL)

Manages the state of transactions.


 COMMIT: Saves changes made during the transaction.
Example:

INSERT INTO employees (id, name) VALUES (2, 'Jane Smith');

COMMIT;

 ROLLBACK: Undoes changes made during the transaction.


Example:

DELETE FROM employees WHERE id = 2;

ROLLBACK;

 SAVEPOINT: Sets a savepoint within a transaction.


Example:

SAVEPOINT before_update;

UPDATE employees SET age = 40 WHERE id = 1;

ROLLBACK TO before_update;

 SET TRANSACTION: Sets properties for a transaction.


Example:

SET TRANSACTION READ ONLY;

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