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Maths project integral

Mathematics (Delhi Technological University)

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APPLICATION OF SURFACE
INTEGRAL AND LINE INTEGRAL
SUBMITTED IN COMPLETE FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
AWARD OF THE DEGREE

Of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN

(Computer Engineering)

Submitted by:
Under the supervision of
Professor

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CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION

We, (Student of B-TECH (Compute

engineering). hereby declare that the
project Dissertation titled “Application of
surface integral and line integral” which is
submitted by me to the Department of
Applied Mathematics, Delhi in partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the award
of the degree of Bachelor of Technology, is
original work , is original. This work has
not previously formed the basis for the
award of any Degree Diploma Associate-
ship, Fellowship or other similar title or
recognition.

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ABSTRACT

SURFACE INTEGRAL: In mathematics, particularly

multivariable calculus, a surface integral is a
generalization of multiple integrals to integration over
surfaces. It can be thought of as the double integral
analogue of the line integral. Given a surface, one may
integrate a scalar field over the surface, or a vector field.

LINE INTEGRAL: In mathematics, a line integral is an

integral where the function to be integrated is evaluated
along a curve. The terms path integral, curve integral, and
curvilinear integral are also used; contour integral is used
as well, although that is typically reserved for line integrals
in the complex plane.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In performing our major project, we had to take the help and

guideline of some respected persons, who deserve our greatest
gratitude. The completion of this project gives us much pleasure.
We would like to show our gratitude, Mentor for major project.
Giving us a good guideline for report throughout numerous
consultations. We would also like to extend our deepest gratitude
to all those who have directly and indirectly guided us in writing
this assignment.
Many people, especially, our classmates and have made valuable
comment suggestions on this proposal which gave me the
inspiration to improve my project. We thank all the people for
their help directly and indirectly to complete my project.
In addition, I would like to thank the Department of Applied
Mathematics, for giving us the opportunity to work on this topic

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CONTENTS
Title Page i
Candidate’s Declaration ii
Certificate iii
Abstract iv
Acknowledgment v
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 LINE INTEGRAL
1.2 SURFACE INTEGRAL
CHAPTER 2 HISTORY
CHAPTER 3
APPLICATION'S
3.1Application of line integral
3.2 Application of surface integral
over line integral
CHAPTER 4 CONCLUCION

REFERENCES

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1. INTRODUCTIONN
Line integral in vector calculus can be thought of as a measure
of the total effect of a given tensor field along a given curve.

Definition: For some scalar field f:U C R^n à R, the line

integral along a piecewise smooth curve C C R is
defined as

where r : [a,b] is an arbitrary bijective parametrization of the curve

C such that r(a) and r(b) give the endpoints of C and a < b. Here, and in
the rest of the article, the absolute value bars denote the standard
(Euclidean) norm of a vector.

The function f is called the integrand, the curve C is the domain of

integration, and the symbol ds may be intuitively interpreted as an
elementary arc length. Line integrals of scalar fields over a curve C
do not depend on the chosen parametrization r of C .

Surface Integral : Chop up the surface S into many

small

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pieces. Multiply the area of each tiny piece by the value of the
function f on one of the points in that piece. Add up those
values.

To find an explicit formula for the surface integral over a surface S, we

need to parameterize S by defining a system of curvilinear
coordinates on S, like the latitude and longitude on a sphere. Let such a
parameterization be x(s, t), where (s, t) varies in some region T in
the plane. Then, the surface integral is given by

where the expression between bars on the right-hand side is the magnitude
of the cross product of the partial derivatives of x(s, t), and is known as the

surface element. The surface integral can also be expressed in the equivalent form
where g is the determinant of the first fundamental form of the surface
mapping x(s, t).

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2. HISTORY
The first documented systematic technique capable of determining integrals is
the
method of exhaustion of the ancient
Greek astronomer Eudoxus (ca. 370 BC),
which sought to find areas and volumes
by breaking them up into an infinite
number of divisions for which the area
or volume was known. This method was
further developed and employed by
Archimedes in the 3rd century BC and
used to calculate the area of a circle,
the surface area and volume of a sphere,
area of an ellipse, the area under a
parabola, the volume of a segment of a
paraboloid of revolution, the volume of a segment of a hyperboloid of revolution,
and the area of a spiral.

The major advance in integration came in

the 17th century with the independent
discovery of the fundamental theorem of
calculus by Leibniz and Newton.[10] The
theorem demonstrates a connection between
integration and differentiation. This
connection, combined with the comparative
ease of differentiation, can be exploited to
calculate integrals. In particular, the
fundamental theorem of calculus allows one
to solve a much broader class of problems.
Equal in importance is the comprehensive
mathematical framework that both Leibniz and Newton developed. Given the name
infinitesimal calculus, it allowed for precise analysis of functions within continuous
domains. This framework eventually became modern calculus, whose notation for
integrals is drawn directly from the work of Leibniz.
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3. APPLICATIONS
3.1 APPLICATION'S OF LINE INTEGRAL
Line integral has several applications. A line integral is used to
calculate the surface area in the three-dimensional planes. Some of
the applications of line integrals in the vector calculus are as follows:

1. Mass of a Wire
Suppose that a piece of a wire is described by a curve C in three dimensions. The mass per
unit length of the wire is a continuous function ρ(x,y,z). Then the total mass of the wire is
expressed through the line integral of scalar function as

If C is a curve parameterized by the vector function r(t)=(x(t), y(t), z(t)), then the mass
can be computed by the formula

If C is a curve in the xy-plane, then the mass of the wire is given by

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or in parametric form

Center of Mass and Moments of Inertia of a Wire

Let a wire is described by a curve C with a continuous density function ρ(xy,z). The
coordinates of the center of mass of the wire are defined as

Where

are so-called first moments.

The moments of inertia about the x-axis, y-axis and z-axis are given by the formulas

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Work
Work done by a force F on an object moving along a curve C is given by the line integral

were F is the vector force field acting on the object, dr is the unit tangent vector
The notation F⋅dr means dot product of F and dr.Note that the force field F is not
necessarily the cause of moving the object. It might be some other force acting to
overcome the force field that is actually moving the object. In this case the work of the
force F could result in a negative value.

If a vector field is defined in the coordinate form

then the work done by the force is

calculated by the formula

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the object is moved along a curve C in the xy-plane, then the following formula is valid:

If a path C is specified by a parameter t (t often means time), the formula for

calculating work becomes

where t goes from α to β

If a vector field F is conservative, then then the work on an object moving from A to B can
be found by the formula

where u(x,y,z)is a scalar potential of the field.

Ampere’s Law
To determine the magnetic field that is produced by an electric current in
configurations that have a high degree of symmetry. Ampere’s Law states:

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Where Ienc is the net

current that crosses the
surface that is defined by
the closed path.
The line integral of a magnetic field B around a closed path C is equal to the total
current flowing through the area bounded by the contour C.

This is expressed by the formula

where μ0 is the vacuum permeability constant, equal to 1,26×10−6H/m.

Faraday’s Law

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The electromotive force ε induced around a closed loop C is equal to the rate of
the change of magnetic flux ψ passing through the loop

The laws of Gauss and Ampère relate fields to sources.

The statement of charge conservation implied by these two laws
relates these sources. Thus, the previous three sections either relate
fields to their sources or interrelate the sources. In this and the next
section, integral laws are introduced that do not involve the charge
and current densities.

3.2 APPLICATION'S OF SURFACE INTEGRAL

Surface integrals are used in multiple areas of physics and engineering. In particular, they
are used for calculations of

Mass of a Surface
Let S be a smooth thin shell. The mass per unit area of the shell is described by a

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continuous function μ(x,y,z). Then the total mass of the shell is expressed through
the surface integral of scalar function by the formul

Center of Mass and Moments of Inertia of a Surface

Let a mass m be distributed over a thin shell S with a continuous density function . The
coordinates of the center of mass of the shell are defined by the formulas

Where

are so- called the first

moments about
the coordinate planes x=0,y=0, andz=0, respectively.

The moments of inertia about the x−axis, y−axis, and z−axis are given by

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The moments of inertia of a shell about the xy−plane, yz−plane, and xz−plane are defined by
the formulas

Gravitational Force
Let m be a mass at a point (x0,y0,z0) outside the surface S

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Then the force of attraction between the surface S and the mass m is given by

where r= (x−x0,y−y0,z−z0), G is gravitational constant, μ(x,y,z) is density function

The total normal outward gravitational flux through a closed surface is equal to −4πG
times the total mass enclosed by the surface. This is Gauss's theorem. ∫∫g⋅dA=−4πG∫∫∫ρdV.

PRESSURE FORCE
Suppose a surface S be given by the position vector r and is stressed by a pressure force
acting on it. Examples of such surfaces are dams, aircraft wings, compressed gas storage
tanks, etc. The total force F create by the pressure P(r) is given by the surface integral

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By definition, the pressure is directed in the direction of the normal of S in each point.
Therefore, we can write:

where n is the unit normal vector to the surface S

Fluid Flux and Mass Flux

If the vector field is the fluid velocity v(r), the flux across a surface S is called the fluid
flux. It is equal to the volume of the fluid passing across S

Similarly, the flux of the vector field F = ρv, where ρ is the fluid density, is called the mass
flux and is given by

It is equal to the mass passing across a surface S per unit time.

Surface Charge
Let σ ( x , y ) be the surface charge density. The total amount of charge
distributed over the conducting surface S is expressed by the formula
Since the distance from the point (x,y,z) to the xy-plane is z, let the charge
density be f(x,y,z)=kz for some constant k. The total charge on the cylindrical
surface S is the surface integral of f over S: ∬SfdS.

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Gauss’s Law
The electric flux D through any closed surface S is proportional to the charge Q enclosed
by the surface:

Where D = ε ε 0 E , E is the magnitude of the electric field strength, ε is permittivity of

material, and is permittivity of ε=8.85×10^(-12) F/m free space.

For the discrete case the total charge Q is the sum over all the enclosed charges.
Gauss’ Law is a general law applying to any closed surface. For geometries of sufficient
symmetry, it simplifies the calculation of electric field. Gauss’ Law is the first of Maxwell’s
equations, the four fundamental equations for electricity and magnetism.

4. CONCLUSION
 Integration should be thought of as multiple entities behaving as if they were a single entity to
achieve common organizational goals.

 Integration can be achieved through multiple mechanisms: organizational structure, integrative

processes, and organizational culture. Culture is, by far, the most important, yet the most difficult, to
put into effect.

 Efforts to achieve true business integration must be driven both from the top down and from the
bottom up. Top-down change is driven by senior leadership commitment to an organizational
structure that will not impede integration, formal disciplined processes that create a forum for
integration, and a culture that will facilitate integration. Bottom-up efforts to achieve integration
should be driven by measurement and reward structures that incentivize integrative behaviors, and
education and training opportunities that demonstrate to individual people the benefits that can
derive from true business integration.

 To known the applications of surface integral over line integral.(line integral is not sufficient to
calculate the integration of 2D or 3D structures.so to calculate the integration of 2D surface we use
surface integral.)

 To known about working applications of line integral or surface integral in physics and the
applications of surface integral over line integral.

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REFERANCES
 https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral

 https://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=2481853&seqNum=9#:~:te
xt=Integration%20should%20be%20thought%20of,integrative%20processes%
2C%20and%20organizational%20culture.

 Edwards, C. H. (1994). Advanced Calculus of Several Variables. Mineola,

NY: Dover. p. 335. ISBN 0-486-68336-2.

 Hazewinkel, Michiel (2001). Encyclopedia of Mathematics. Springer.

pp. Surface Integral. ISBN 978-1-55608-010-4.

 https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://books.goo
gle.com/books/about/Engineering_Mathematics.html%3Fid%3DmRY8BAAAQ
BAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26source%3Dkp_read_button%26newbks%3
D1%26newbks_redir%3D1&ved=2ahUKEwiimonystPvAhXqxTgGHbcjBfoQzo4
CKAAwAnoECAQQBQ&usg=AOvVaw1UIaAryqFWsLPSwBSEfB3t

 Apostol, Tom M. (1967), Calculus, Vol. 1: One-Variable Calculus with

an Introduction to Linear Algebra (2nd ed.), Wiley, ISBN 978-0-471-
00005-1

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