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Normalization Example

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Swathi Senthilkumar
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5 views4 pages

Normalization Example

Uploaded by

Swathi Senthilkumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Normalization Example

We will use the Student_Grade_Report table below, from a School


database, as our example to explain the process for Normalization.

Student_Grade_Report (StudentNo, StudentName, Major, CourseNo,


CourseName, InstructorNo, InstructorName, InstructorLocation, Grade)

Figure 1 Dependency diagram

The abbreviations used in Figure1 are as follows:

 PD: partial dependency


 TD: transitive dependency
 FD: full dependency (Note: FD typically stands for functional
dependency. Using FD as an abbreviation for full dependency is only
used in Figure1)

First Normal Form (1NF)


In the first normal form, only single values are permitted at the
intersection of each row and column; hence, there are no repeating
groups.

To normalize a relation that contains a repeating group, remove the


repeating group and form two new relations.

The PK of the new relation is a combination of the PK of the original


relation plus an attribute from the newly created relation for unique
identification.
We will use the Student_Grade_Report table below, from a School
database, as our example to explain the process for 1NF.

Student_Grade_Report (StudentNo, StudentName, Major, CourseNo,


CourseName, InstructorNo, InstructorName, InstructorLocation, Grade)
In the Student Grade Report table, the repeating group is the course
information

 Remove the repeating group. In this case, it’s the course information
for each student.
 Identify the PK for your new table.
 The PK must uniquely identify the attribute value (StudentNo and
CourseNo).
 After removing all the attributes related to the course and student, you
are left with the student course table (StudentCourse).
 The Student table (Student) is now in first normal form with the
repeating group removed.
 The two new tables are shown below.

Student (StudentNo, StudentName, Major)


StudentCourse (StudentNo, CourseNo, CourseName, InstructorNo,
InstructorName, InstructorLocation, Grade)

Second Normal Form (2NF)


For the second normal form, the relation must first be in 1NF. The
relation is automatically in 2NF if, and only if, the PK comprises a single
attribute.

If the relation has a composite PK, then each non-key attribute must be
fully dependent on the entire PK and not on a subset of the PK (i.e., there
must be no partial dependency or augmentation).

To move to 2NF, a table must first be in 1NF.

Process for 2NF

 The Student table is already in 2NF because it has a single-column


PK.
 When examining the Student Course table, we see that not all the
attributes are fully dependent on the PK; specifically, all course
information. The only attribute that is fully dependent is grade.
 Identify the new table that contains the course information.
 Identify the PK for the new table.
 The three new tables are shown below.

Student (StudentNo, StudentName, Major)


CourseGrade (StudentNo, CourseNo, Grade)
CourseInstructor (CourseNo, CourseName, InstructorNo,
InstructorName, InstructorLocation)

Third Normal Form (3NF)


To be in third normal form, the relation must be in second normal form.
Also all transitive dependencies must be removed; a non-key attribute
may not be functionally dependent on another non-key attribute.

Process for 3NF

 Eliminate all dependent attributes in transitive relationship(s) from


each of the tables that have a transitive relationship.
 Create new table(s) with removed dependency.
 Check new table(s) as well as table(s) modified to make sure that
each table has a determinant and that no table contains inappropriate
dependencies.
 See the four new tables below.

Student (StudentNo, StudentName, Major)


CourseGrade (StudentNo, CourseNo, Grade)
Course (CourseNo, CourseName, InstructorNo)
Instructor (InstructorNo, InstructorName, InstructorLocation)

At this stage, there should be no anomalies in third normal form.


Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF)
Student (StudentNo, StudentName, Major)

CourseGrade (StudentNo, CourseNo, Grade)


Course (CourseNo, CourseName, InstructorNo)
Instructor (InstructorNo, InstructorName, InstructorLocation)
These relations in BCNF; every determinant is a key.

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